The property rights of the enterprise are extremely extensive. The company's capital may include both tangible and intangible objects, financial resources,. To implement the activities of the company, values that do not belong to it are often used. Such objects can be transferred under a leasing agreement. They must be reflected in the accounting records.
Off-balance accounts (AC) are intended to store information about the objects used by the company. Their key feature is that the enterprise does not have ownership rights to these objects. They are temporarily part of the company. Provided on the basis of various agreements. These objects may include:
The organization of off-balance accounts is based on the principle of property isolation. It states that the accounting for the assets of an organization should not coincide with the accounting for the assets of its owners, as well as the assets of other organizations that are under the care of this organization. The same principle applies not only to assets, but also to liabilities.
Temporarily included in the composition of assets, objects provided under certain agreements do not belong to the enterprise. Nevertheless, in a certain period of time, it is the enterprise that is responsible for them, which means that it must take them into account in a certain way. But it is impossible to mix such values together with those belonging by right of ownership within the same accounting accounts.
Off-balance accounts are auxiliary in the framework of accounting. They become relevant in the event that it is required to obtain information that is not contained in balance accounts. This feature explains their name. Balances from off-balance accounts will not be included in the balance sheet. They are displayed behind the total of this indicator. That is, they are fixed for balance.
IMPORTANT! Information from the accounts in question does not affect financial performance. For this reason, they will not appear in the company's financial statements.
Off-balance accounts perform the following functions:
Properly executed off-balance accounts allow you to get all the data on objects that are located on the territory of the enterprise, but do not belong to it. The information is necessary to analyze the creditworthiness of the company, to determine its financial stability.
The required type of off-balance sheet account is determined depending on which object is subject to accounting. There are the following types of SS:
Off-balance sheet accounts reflect the values that are the property of the enterprise, which were written off as expenses:
Off-balance accounts are relevant for collecting information required as additional information to the reporting explanations:
All account details are specified in a special accounting plan. The company may open other accounts that are not in the plan if it is required to ensure activities.
The organization has the right to open a sub-account to an existing off-balance account or to introduce a new account if it is not provided for by the plan. The main thing is that this change should be properly spelled out in the accounting policy.
IMPORTANT! The organization of off-balance accounts is extremely important. If, within the framework of a tax audit, objects are found that do not appear in the reporting in any way, they will be written off as non-operating income. That is, they will be subject to income tax.
Off-balance sheet accounts are presented in the form of a table with two columns. One of them shows debit, the other shows credit. Accounting at the AP is carried out according to a simplified system. Double entry is not required. That is, in debit and credit, you can not prescribe the same amount. In the debit column, the following operations must be indicated:
The credit column displays:
Debit will show income, and credit will show expenses.
On off-balance accounts, as well as on ordinary ones, procedures for registering and writing off valuables are carried out. You can also make sales from off-balance accounts. Some nuances should be taken into account.
The legislation does not regulate the accounting of individual off-balance sheet values, leaving the accounting department to independently choose a strategy, specifying it in the accounting policy. An organization can open an additional account for, for example, low-value property, assigning it a number following the planned ones and reflecting this in the policy. Low-value assets are conveniently accounted for on off-balance sheet accounts, because:
If managers have decided to sell an asset held on an off-balance sheet that they have previously used and continue to do so, this asset must be written off as a credit to the corresponding off-balance sheet account. The funds received from the sale must be reflected as income from sales and VAT must be added. At the same time, in tax accounting, this operation will entail the reflection of income falling into the income tax base.
ATTENTION! Since the initial cost of the asset has already been taken into account at the time of commissioning, it is not reflected in accounting or tax accounting, otherwise financial results may be distorted.
Objects can not only be taken into account on off-balance accounts, but, if necessary, written off from them. This happens if the asset has become completely unusable, or it is going to be sold, for these reasons it is no longer used in the activities of the enterprise. Information about the operation is entered in a special journal of material assets, which is maintained specifically for objects of off-balance accounts. It is mandatory to enter the following data:
After the write-off date is entered in the journal, the enterprise can no longer use the specified asset, which is confirmed by a special act.
Two companies entered into an agreement for the supply of goods. One of the parties provides payment security in the form of pledged equipment. The cost of the equipment is 200,000 rubles. Payment under the contract was not perfect, and therefore another company receives the equipment at its disposal, and then sells it. These transactions will be reflected using the following entries:
From this scheme, you can extract information about the movement of values, the amount of the transaction. All transactions are supported by primary documentation.
If the organization belongs to the budget, accounting for off-balance sheet values in it occurs according to a simplified scheme - there is no need to keep corresponding records. When the property is credited, the necessary entry is made in the debit of a certain off-balance account. At the time of write-off, this entry is made against the loan. It is allowed to introduce additional off-balance accounts for greater reliability of management accounting, of course, by indicating them when forming an accounting policy.
So.
Off-balance accounts allow you to display information about property that is located on the territory of the enterprise, but does not belong to its property. Other data is also stored on the AP. The presence of off-balance accounts during tax audits will allow you not to make extra tax deductions. It is also a source of important information about the company's activities. Information allows you to track the operations carried out by the enterprise.
Off-balance accounts are such accounting accounts that are designed to account for those inventory items that do not belong to the organization. In the article we will analyze the features of off-balance sheet accounting in budgetary institutions.
Not sure what an off-balance sheet account is? In the working plans of accounts used in accounting in both budgetary and commercial and non-profit organizations, there are main (balance sheet) and off-balance accounts. On the main accounts, accountants should conduct operations related to the movement of cash and other material assets, receipts and disposals, profits and mutual settlements with counterparties, information on various goods and works, as well as advertising and other services are taken into account. Off-balance accounts are used to account for inventory items that are temporarily at the disposal of the organization and do not belong to it on the basis of ownership. Off-balance accounts are also needed to reflect operations on those obligations that are pending fulfillment, and the movement of values \u200b\u200bthat are not intended for accounting on the main accounting accounts.
Such accounts are auxiliary accounting accounts. Their balances are not included in the balance sheet and are illustrated behind the results of the main balance sheet, that is, behind the balance sheet. They do not affect the financial result and are not reflected in the periodic and final reports of the organization.
Accounts for the balance sheet are opened by enterprises for such cases:
Off-balance accounts in budgetary institutions in 2020 are regulated by the approved Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 157n dated 01.12.2010 (Instruction No. 157n). The procedure is fixed by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 94n dated 10/31/2000. They are also regulated by 402-FZ "On Accounting" dated 06.12.2011 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. With these legal acts at hand, it is much easier and clearer to keep accounting records for off-balance sheet accounts.
The use of an off-balance sheet in the accounting of a budgetary institution is regulated by Instruction 157n (section 7). This section provides a list of values that should not be included in balance sheet accounts. Under current legislation, institutions have the right to correct this list and, if necessary, include other inventory items in it.
In accordance with clause 373 of Instruction 157n as amended on March 31, 2018, accounting is kept on off-balance accounts of budgetary institutions:
Do you know how many off-balance accounts have existed since 2015? Now 31 accounts are used in budget accounting!
You can get acquainted with all the accounts that are used in accounting in a budgetary institution in the table.
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Name |
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"Property received for use" |
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"Material values accepted for storage" |
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"Forms of strict reporting" |
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"Debt of insolvent debtors" |
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"Material values paid for by centralized supply" |
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"Debt of pupils and students for unreturned material values" |
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"Awards, prizes, cups and valuable gifts, souvenirs" |
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"Travel unpaid" |
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"Spare parts for vehicles" |
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"Enforcement of obligations" |
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"State municipal guarantees" |
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"Special equipment for R&D under contracts with customers" |
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"Experimental Devices" |
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"Settlement documents awaiting execution" |
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“Settlement documents not paid on time due to lack of funds on the account of a state (municipal) institution” |
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"Overpayment of pensions and benefits due to incorrect application of legislation on pensions and benefits, counting errors" |
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"Receipts of funds" |
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"Disposal of funds" |
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"Unexplained budget receipts of past years" |
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"Debt unclaimed by creditors" |
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"OS worth up to 10,000 rubles inclusive in operation" |
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"Material values received from centralized supply" |
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"Periodicals for Use" |
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"Property transferred to trust management" |
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"Property transferred for paid use (lease)" |
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"Property transferred for gratuitous use" |
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"Material values issued for personal use to employees (employees)" |
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"Settlements for the fulfillment of monetary obligations through third parties" |
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"Shares at par value" |
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"Assets in management companies" |
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"Budget investments implemented by organizations" |
Here are the ones that are most often used at work:
Off-balance sheet accounting ensures control over the use and safety of valuables held by the institution at temporary disposal, as well as the timely and correct execution of relevant accounting documentation and the organization of proper off-balance accounting.
Off-balance accounting is kept in a simple form, avoiding spam, that is, the amounts for transactions with assets taken off the balance sheet are reflected either in debit or in credit. Correspondence (double entry) is not conducted on them.
Postings are made according to the following rule: the required amount is recorded either in Dt or in Kt. The same transaction should not be carried out on the debit of one accounting account and on the credit of another. On Dt of the balance sheet, accounting records are formed on the receipt of property and the issuance of collateral, on Kt - the disposal of valuables and the completion of collateral.
The balance at the beginning of the period (month) indicates the presence of one or another type of value that is accounted for in a particular account. The balance at the end of the month at the AP is always debit.
The debit balance at the end of the period determines the balance of funds formed at the reporting date.
For non-profit organizations, typical entries will be as follows:
For a budget organization, fixed assets worth up to 10,000 rubles. are reflected in off-balance accounts 21 (clause 373 of Instruction No. 157n as amended on March 31, 2018).
The accounting entry for the write-off of the object will be as follows: Kt 21 - the fixed asset object is written off from accounting for the balance sheet.
Ask questions, and we will supplement the article with answers and explanations!
Almost every company uses off-balance sheet accounts. Does your company rent an office, buy work book forms, or pledge property? Then she can not avoid conducting off-balance sheet accounting. How to maintain an off-balance sheet.
In this article you will find:
The rules for reflecting information on off-balance accounts are contained in the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts. Off-balance sheet accounts are designed to summarize information about the presence and movement of values temporarily in the use and disposal of the company, conditional rights and obligations, as well as to control individual business transactions.
Features of accepting VAT for deduction on goods reflected on an off-balance account, in the article
Accounting of the listed objects is carried out according to a simple system. That is, the receipt of valuables and the issuance of obligations are taken into account only in the debit of the off-balance account, and the disposal - in the credit. Off-balance accounts do not correspond with other accounts.
Accountants often ask the question: is it necessary to reflect information behind the balance sheet? Here are some arguments in favor of off-balance sheet accounting.
Firstly, on the basis of the data of such accounting, a Certificate of availability of valuables accounted for on off-balance sheet accounts(hereinafter referred to as the reference), which is an appendix to the balance sheet. Recall that the forms of financial statements were approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n.
The organization can develop these forms independently, subject to the general requirements for financial statements given in PBU 4/99. So, reporting should give a complete and reliable picture of the financial position of the organization.
According to the author, without indicators of many off-balance sheet accounts, it is impossible to get a complete picture of the financial position of the company. Failure to reflect or incorrectly reflect off-balance sheet values in the financial statements may result in the entity receiving a qualified auditor's report if the amount of the misstatement exceeds a material amount.
Secondly, if the data on the objects accounted for are not indicated (incorrectly indicated) in the corresponding line of the certificate and the value of the indicator of this line is distorted by more than 10%, the officials of the organization can be fined in the amount of 2000 to 3000 rubles. This is established in Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
Thirdly, in some cases, the correct calculation of taxes depends on the correct reflection of information on off-balance accounts. In particular, when calculating the property tax on non-depreciable objects, the amounts of depreciation accrued beyond the balance sheet are taken into account.
Consider the features of accounting for various assets and liabilities on off-balance sheet accounts.
You have to restructure your work due to numerous amendments to the Tax Code. They affected all major taxes, including income tax, VAT and personal income tax.
Behind the balance sheet it is necessary to reflect the value of property temporarily located in the organization that does not belong to it. Paragraph 10 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories says the following. If the organization does not have the right of ownership (the right of economic management or operational management) to the received material assets, then to account for the latter, off-balance account. The receipt of such property is documented by a debit entry off-balance sheet accounting, and disposal - on credit.
On account 001 "Leased fixed assets" fixed assets received under a lease agreement should be taken into account. The need for off-balance accounting of such objects is established in paragraph 14 of the Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets. Their value is reflected in off-balance sheet accounts at the valuation specified in the lease agreement. It is recommended that the tenant draw up a separate inventory card for the received property. The basis for the reflection of the received property in the debit of account 001 is the act of acceptance and transfer of the object. Leased fixed assets located outside the Russian Federation are recorded on account 001 separately.
| Account number | Property, conditional rights and obligations reflected in the account | Object of analytical accounting |
|---|---|---|
| 001 | Lessor, object of leased fixed assets | |
| Fixed assets received for free use | Lender, object of received fixed assets | |
| 002 | Material assets received under contracts with a special transfer of ownership | Organization-owner of goods and materials, type, grade, place of storage of products and goods |
| Material values wrongly addressed to the organization | ||
| Tangible assets temporarily left at the place of acceptance and storage | ||
| Material assets of inadequate quality, temporarily held by the buyer | ||
| Other cases when material assets are in safekeeping | ||
| Products to be distributed among the participants in the joint activity | ||
| 003 | Materials and raw materials of the customer accepted for processing | Customer, type, grade, location of materials and raw materials |
| 004 | Goods accepted for commission | Principal, type of goods |
| 005 | Equipment received from the customer for installation | Individual object or aggregate |
| 006 | Forms of strict reporting | Type, place of storage of forms |
| 007 | debtor, debt | |
| 008 | Collateral received | |
| 009 | Issued collateral | |
| 010 | Depreciation of fixed assets | Property, plant and equipment |
| 011 | Fixed assets leased, leased and recorded on the balance sheet of the lessee (lessee) | Lessee (lessee), fixed assets leased or leased |
| - | Copyright holder, object of intangible assets | |
| - | Special equipment, the cost of which has been written off, but there are obligations to store it after the end of its useful life | Name of equipment or its groups |
| - | Income to be distributed among the participants in a joint activity | Member of a joint activity |
In addition, account 001 must also reflect the value of property received for free use. The fact is that the norms of Chapter 34 "Rent" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation apply to the contract for gratuitous use.
Often the landlord does not provide data on the value of the property transferred to the tenant. The accounting legislation does not spell out what the tenant should do in such situations. We recommend that organizations independently develop a methodology for determining the value of leased property by calculation and fix it in the accounting policy. If the value of such property is not reflected in the financial statements, its reliability may suffer.
Under the terms of a financial lease (leasing) agreement, the transferred property may be recorded on the balance sheet of the lessee (lessee). In this situation, the lessee reflects the received property on account 01 “Fixed assets”, and the value of such an object is taken into account by the lessor on the balance sheet. Information about the leased property is indicated by the lessor on the account 011 "Fixed assets leased out" in the assessment provided for in the contract.
Tolling materials are also taken into account on off-balance sheet accounts. These are raw materials and materials accepted by the organization (contractor) from the customer for processing or processing, performing other work or manufacturing products from them. Moreover, the contractor does not pay for the accepted materials and completely returns them in a processed or processed form, transfers products made from them or performs work with their help. The cost of tolling materials is reflected in the debit of the account 003 "Materials accepted for processing" at the prices stipulated in the contracts or invoices for their transfer. If there is no information on the value of the transferred valuables in these documents, then the organization can reflect customer-supplied materials off the balance sheet only in quantitative terms. Materials are debited from account 003 after they are used by the contractor for their intended purpose. The basis for the write-off is the report on the consumed materials submitted by the contractor to the customer.
Note: the customer organization, having transferred the materials for processing, does not write them off the balance sheet. The movement of material assets from the customer to the contractor is documented by internal entries on account 10 "Materials". The instructions for using the Chart of Accounts to account for materials transferred for processing provide for sub-account 10-7.
Recall that when performing work under a work contract, materials of both the customer and the contractor can be used (Articles 704 and 713 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The customer has the right not to transfer materials on a give-and-take basis, but to sell them to the contractor. Then the acquired material values become the property of the contractor and must be reflected in his balance sheet.
Stroymet LLC performs construction and repair work under two contracts: with CJSC Permyak and LLC Fialka. CJSC Permyak in July 2014 sold materials to the contractor for the performance of work under the contract, and LLC Stroymet paid for them. The materials were fully used in July 2014 when performing work under an agreement with CJSC Permyak. The purchase price of materials amounted to 430,000 rubles. (excluding VAT). In the same month, Fialka LLC handed over to Stroymet LLC the materials necessary for the performance of the work on a give-and-take basis. According to the invoice, the cost of these materials is 787,000 rubles. In August 2014, Stroymet LLC submitted to the customer Fialka LLC a report on the materials used in the amount of 236,500 rubles.
In the accounting of Stroymet LLC, the following entries were made:
July 2014
Debit 10-1 Credit 60
- 430,000 rubles. - materials purchased from CJSC Permyak were credited;
Debit 20 Credit 10-1
- 430,000 rubles. - materials purchased from CJSC Permyak and used up are included in expenses;
Debit 003
- 787,000 rubles. - the off-balance sheet reflects the materials received from Fialka LLC on a give-and-take basis;
August 2014
Credit 003
- 236,500 rubles. - Partially written off the cost of expended tolling materials.
The cost of any equipment transferred by the customer to the contractor for installation is taken into account on the invoice 005 "Equipment accepted for installation" in the assessment indicated in the accompanying documents for the equipment. Account 005 is credited after the equipment is installed.
On account 004 "Goods accepted for commission" the cost of goods received by the intermediary on the basis of a commission agreement is taken into account. After all, according to paragraph 1 of Article 996 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, things received by the commission agent from the principal or at the expense of the principal are the property of the latter. On account 004, the cost of goods is accounted for at the prices indicated in the acceptance certificates, including VAT (clause 158 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories).
Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia No. 132 dated December 25, 1998 approved the List of goods accepted for commission (form No. KOMIS-1). This document is used when concluding a commission agreement and receiving goods from a commission agent. However, as of January 1, 2013, it is optional. In column 7 of form No. KOMIS-1, the cost of the commission goods is entered, at which the commission agent must sell it. This amount is reflected in the debit of account 004 on the date of receipt of the goods. It is necessary to write off the commission goods on the day of sale to its buyers. If the committent and the intermediary use form No. KOMIS-1, then you can use the data of this document, where column 9 indicates the date of sale of the goods.
How should a commissioner conduct off-balance sheet if the obligations of the intermediary under the commission agreement are to purchase goods for the committent? To account for the values purchased at the expense of the committent, an account is used 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". Entries in the debit of account 002 are made on the date of receipt of goods from the supplier according to the consignment note. The goods are accounted for at the cost specified in the seller's invoice. Write-off of such property from account 002 is made on the date of its transfer to the committent.
Other people's property accepted by the organization for safekeeping should be accounted for on account 002. Cases when goods and materials can be received for safekeeping are listed in paragraph 155 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories.
Goods may be delivered for safekeeping under contracts with a special procedure for the transfer of ownership. Suppose that under the terms of the contract of sale, the buyer becomes the owner of the goods only after full payment. Shipment made before payment. Then the buyer reflects the cost of the goods on account 002 from the day it was received until the date of payment. Similarly, property received under an exchange agreement is taken into account. After all, according to Article 570 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the ownership of the exchanged goods passes to the parties to the exchange agreement simultaneously after the fulfillment of the obligations to transfer the relevant goods by both parties.
The balance sheet includes property erroneously addressed to the organization in the amount corresponding to its market valuation. As soon as the indicated material assets are returned to the addressee, their value is debited from account 002. It is necessary to distinguish between the values mistakenly addressed to the organization and the uninvoiced deliveries. Uninvoiced deliveries are understood as inventories received by the organization for which there are no settlement documents - an invoice, a payment request or other documents accepted for settlements with a supplier (clause 36 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories). Such inventories are reflected in the inventory accounts, and not off the balance sheet. Only those deliveries that were originally intended for the organization that received them are considered uninvoiced.
In practice, it happens that the finished product is paid for and accepted by the buyer (customer) in the warehouse of the supplier (seller), but temporarily left at the place of acceptance for safekeeping. This is possible if the shipment of products is delayed for technical or other valid reasons. In this case, the supplier (seller) takes into account the property stored by him on account 002.
Sometimes the buyer's warehouse receives goods from the seller that have lost their quality due to damage, breakage, do not meet the standards, specifications, provisions of the contract, etc. The buyer who refuses to accept such goods does not transfer ownership of it. However, for a certain period of time, the buyer is forced to keep the damaged goods with him until the supplier takes it out. Consider how such transactions will be reflected in the accounting of the buyer.
In the economic activities of organizations, other situations may arise when inventory items are deposited for safekeeping.
note: it is obliged to take into account the balance of the property received for safekeeping actual keeper. Therefore, for example, organizations that are custodians under the terms of storage agreements reflect the bailor's property on off-balance sheet accounts. True, if the custodian cannot dispose of the goods deposited. Otherwise, the property of the bailor will be taken into account on the balance sheet of the custodian.
Information on the availability and movement of forms of strict accountability, which are stored and issued under the report, is reflected in the account of the same name 006 .
Recall that organizations, subject to the issuance of documents equated to cash receipts, may not use cash registers in cash settlements and payment cards. The forms of these documents are forms of strict accountability, which are recorded on account 006. In addition, forms of strict accountability include forms of work books, certificates, diplomas, securities, etc.
The movement of these documents must be recorded in the books of accounting forms. Based on these records, accounting entries are made. Off-balance sheet accounting is necessary to control change in quantity copies of forms. The valuation of these documents is not important, so on account 006 they can be taken into account in the conditional valuation. Expenses for the acquisition or production of strict reporting forms are included in accounting as part of the costs.
Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts prescribe to take into account monetary documents (paid air tickets, postage stamps) on account 50-3 “Money documents”. Let's see how they differ from strict reporting forms.
A monetary document certifies the right to receive a certain service, the cost of which is reflected in the document itself. For example, a ticket contains a fare for transportation services. Thus, on account 50-3, the air ticket is reflected at the cost of the fare indicated in it. And the forms of air tickets that have not yet been issued by the company selling them will be accounted for as strict reporting forms on account 006.
The travel company CJSC "Alba-Tour" ordered the printing house to produce strict reporting forms in the form No. TUR-1 in the amount of 2000 pieces. The cost of preparing forms is 1000 rubles, tour packages were received in June 2014.
In the same month, Alba-Tour CJSC sold a tourist package to the buyer of Svyatogor LLC for 20,000 rubles. (excluding VAT). Since payments for the ticket were made in cash, Alba-Tour CJSC issued a strict reporting form to the client in the form No. TUR-1.
According to the report of the manager of CJSC Alba-Tour, in June 987 strict reporting forms were completed and issued to customers according to the form No. TUR-1.
In the accounting records of Alba-Tur CJSC in June 2014, these operations are reflected as follows:
Debit 97 Credit 60
- 1000 rubles. - taking into account the costs for the production of tour package forms;
Debit 006
- 2000 rub. - the received forms are reflected off the balance sheet in a conditional assessment of 1 rub./piece;
Debit 62 Credit 90-1
- 20,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of the tourist product to the buyer LLC "Svyatogor";
Debit 50 Credit 62
- 20,000 rubles. - payment was received from Svyatogor LLC;
Debit 20 Credit 97
- 494 rubles. (1000 rubles? 2000 pieces? 987 pieces) - the cost of the forms used in June was written off for current expenses;
Credit 006
- 987 rubles. (987 pcs. ? 1 rub.) - the copies of the forms used in June were written off from the off-balance sheet.
In the accounting records of Svyatogor LLC in June 2014, the following entry was made:
Debit 50-3 Credit 71
- 20,000 rubles. - the purchased voucher is reflected as a monetary document.
Accounts are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of received and issued guarantees to secure obligations and payments. 008 "Securities for obligations and payments received" and 009 "Securities for obligations and payments issued".
To the collateral reflected on off-balance sheet accounts, include pledge, mortgage (pledge of real estate), surety, deposit, bank guarantee.
The cost of collateral in the form of a pledge is reflected in the debit of account 008 with the pledgee and in the debit of account 009 with the pledgor as of the date when the right of pledge arises. That is, from the moment of conclusion of the pledge agreement. If, under the terms of the transaction or at the request of the law, the subject of the pledge must be transferred to the pledgee, then the right of pledge arises from the moment the pledged property or rights are transferred (Article 341 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The mortgage agreement is considered concluded and comes into force from the moment of its state registration. The basis is paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Federal Law of July 16, 1998 No. 102-FZ “On Mortgage”. The pledge is terminated with the repayment of the obligation secured by the pledge, at the request of the pledgor, in the event of the destruction of the pledged property or its sale at public auction. On the date of termination of the pledge, the value of the property is debited from off-balance accounts.
The relations of the parties under the surety agreement are governed by the norms of paragraph 5 of Chapter 23 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The guarantor assumes liability to the creditor of another person - the debtor - to be responsible for the performance of the obligation by this debtor in whole or in part. As a rule, the surety does not specify the amount within which the surety is liable. Then, for accounting purposes, collateral is reflected in off-balance sheet accounts at the cost of the underlying obligation.
A deposit is recognized as a sum of money issued by one of the parties to the transaction on account of payments due from it under the agreement to the other party. The deposit ensures the execution of the main contract and serves as evidence of its execution (Article 380 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). This type of security is reflected in the balance sheet of the parties to the deposit agreement on the date of its actual issuance and is debited from the account at the time it is offset against payments under the agreement.
Another type of collateral is a bank guarantee. It can be issued by a bank, other credit institution or insurance organization. The guarantor undertakes to pay a sum of money to the creditor of the principal organization after the creditor submits a written request to this effect (Article 368 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). A bank guarantee shall enter into force from the date of its issuance, unless otherwise provided for in the guarantee. This is indicated in Article 373 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
In order to secure obligations under the contract for the supply of goods concluded by the supplier OOO Trade with the buyer OAO Retail, the credit institution Sigma provided the seller with a bank guarantee in the amount of 30 million rubles. The warranty is dated July 16, 2014 and is valid until March 1, 2015.
In the accounting records, Trade LLC reflected the received bank guarantee on July 16, 2014 in the debit of account 008.
The balance reflects data on the state of the accounts receivable of insolvent debtors written off at a loss. Bad debts are recognized for five years from the date of write-off. This is necessary to monitor the possibility of debt collection if the debtor's property situation changes. Debts included in expenses are debited to the account 007 "Debt written off at a loss of insolvent creditors".
Consider the last of the off-balance sheet accounts provided for by the Chart of Accounts, namely the account 010 "Depreciation of fixed assets". It takes into account the depreciation of fixed assets, the cost of which is not depreciated. These are fixed assets of non-profit organizations (clause 17 PBU 6/01). They are subject to monthly depreciation based on the useful life of each item. In addition, depreciation is charged on housing stock, external improvement and other similar objects, productive livestock, buffaloes, oxen, deer, perennial plantations that have not reached the operational age.
Sometimes accounting legislation prescribes to reflect certain information off the balance sheet, and the corresponding off-balance account not in the Chart of Accounts. Then the organization has the right to introduce an additional off-balance sheet account or use one of the existing ones. In any case, such a decision should be fixed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes. So, in accordance with paragraph 39 of PBU 14/2007, intangible assets received for use are accounted for by the user organization on an off-balance sheet account in the assessment adopted in the contract, and a special off-balance sheet account is not provided for these purposes.
| Help lines | Off-balance sheet accounts |
|---|---|
| Leased fixed assets | 001 |
| including leasing | 001 |
| Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping | 002 |
| Goods accepted for commission | 004 |
| Written-off debt of insolvent debtors | 007 |
| Collateral for obligations and payments received | 008 |
| Security for obligations and payments issued | 009 |
| Depreciation of the housing stock | 010 |
| Depreciation of objects of external improvement and other similar objects | 010 |
| Intangible assets received for use | An off-balance account that reflects information on intangible assets received for use |
Comstek LLC on August 1, 2014 acquired from the copyright holder for 30,000 rubles. (excluding VAT) non-exclusive rights to a copy of the computer program. The program has been used for the management purposes of the organization since August 1, 2014. The period of use of the program is not specified in the contract.
The accounting policy of Komstek LLC establishes the following:
In the accounting of Komstek LLC, the following entries were made:
Debit 97 Credit 76
- 30,000 rubles. - A computer program was purchased;
Debit 012
- 30,000 rubles. - an intangible asset accepted for use is reflected on the off-balance sheet account;
Debit 26 Credit 97
- 1250 rubles. (30,000 rubles? 24 months) - part of the cost of the program for August 2014 is included in the current expenses.
Recommendation to consider special equipment the balance sheet is contained in paragraph 23 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Special Instruments, Special Devices, Special Equipment and Special Clothing. This is necessary if the cost of the tooling is fully written off when it is transferred to production, and the organization must store the tooling after the end of its service life.
The requirement to account for property and liabilities off the balance sheet is established in paragraph 7 of PBU 20/03. A joint venture participant who performs the final stage of a joint production process takes into account off-balance sheet share of products due to other parties to the contract. These products can be reflected on account 002. If the contract provides for the sale of products (works, services), then the balance sheet reflects income to be distributed among other participants in the joint activity. In this case, the information can be reflected on an additionally entered off-balance sheet account.
Some accountants consider keeping records on off-balance accounts a relic of the times and a mere formality. There is an opinion that the absence of postings outside the balance sheet does not entail any negative consequences for the enterprise. In practice, the situation is somewhat different. Firstly, the imposition of sanctions for the lack of off-balance sheet accounting is within the competence of the tax authorities. Secondly, the neglect of an important section of accounting significantly reduces the chances of obtaining a positive opinion on the results of the audit.
The lack of accounting on off-balance accounts excludes the possibility of reflecting a reliable and complete picture of the property owned by the organization and its professional activities. An example is the reflection on account 001 of leased fixed assets. The reception avoids additional questions from the checking inspectors related to the repair of such assets. Moreover, detailed information relating to the property of the company transferred to partner enterprises as collateral or for rent is ideal for drawing up financial plans and maintaining management records.
The law suggests that accountants use 11 off-balance sheet accounts. Although for a number of objects special accounts are not provided. Such tasks are solved by independent introduction of new accounts or opening sub-accounts to existing ones. The main thing is not to forget to register innovations when developing the accounting policy of the enterprise.
According to Instruction No. 94 from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, there is a conditional division of off-balance sheet accounts into three groups depending on the objects of accounting:
To keep records of values in budgetary organizations, a simple scheme is used that eliminates the need to maintain corresponding records. At the time of capitalization of the property, an entry is made in the debit of the selected off-balance account, and when it is written off, a similar entry is made on the loan. To ensure the reliability of management accounting data, the introduction of off-balance accounts of an additional order is allowed. The characteristics of the used off-balance accounts must be prescribed in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
If the property becomes unusable or is subject to sale, the object is removed from the off-balance account, about which a corresponding entry is made in the journal of material assets. This journal is kept for all objects, accounting for which is kept on off-balance accounts. When making an entry in the journal, the date of commissioning, name, cost, inventory number, as well as the full name of the responsible person must be indicated. After the write-off, the date of deregistration is entered in the journal. The company does not have the right to use the decommissioned property for its own purposes. To confirm the fact of write-off, a special act is drawn up.
On off-balance accounts, not only the leased property of the enterprise, but also low-value property is taken into account. The features of its accounting are not spelled out in the legislation, therefore, each accountant develops them independently, with subsequent consolidation in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
One of the best ways to account for low-value assets is to put them on off-balance sheet accounts. Firstly, this will not allow the “low value” to get lost on the 10th account. Secondly, the property will be assigned to a specific employee, who will be responsible for safety. To start maintaining off-balance sheet accounting for "Low-value property", it is enough to assign an appropriate name, for example, to account 012.
Often, the management of the enterprise decides to sell the property that is in operation. In this case, the accountant is required to write off the value of the asset in a specific off-balance sheet account. At the same time, sales revenues, and, as a result, expenses, are reflected in the form of accrued value added tax. At the same time, income from sales is reflected in tax accounting, which must be included in the income tax return. To avoid distortion of the financial result and the tax base, the purchase price of the sold asset is not reflected in accounting and tax accounting, since it was already taken into account at the time of commissioning.
Off-balance accounts are used to account for material and commodity assets that do not belong to the enterprise, but are temporarily in the use of the company. Contingent liabilities and rights are also maintained on off-balance sheet accounts, which can be used in parallel to control individual business transactions. Control over the movement of material assets is implemented within the framework of the norms and rules of the current legislation. As part of accounting on off-balance accounts, it is necessary to ensure the timely execution of documentation related to the receipt and disposal of material assets.
Advice from Sravni.ru: Many accountants do not keep records on off-balance sheet accounts, because they consider it a waste of time. Perhaps for small businesses, this position is really acceptable. But accounting in a large company, which actively uses a large amount of property that does not belong to it, is greatly facilitated precisely through the use of off-balance accounts, as well as sub-accounts opened for them.
Accountants are often faced with the need to make an entry for property that is not the property of their business. But only values to which the organization has unconditional rights can be deposited on the balance sheet account. At the same time, cases of storing or using something for which the organization does not have such rights are not uncommon. At such moments, it is time for an off-balance sheet account.
An off-balance account is an account that stores information that is not included in the reporting. They belong to class 0. Their main purpose is to assist accountants in keeping records and during checks. It is believed that if there are no postings on accounts outside the balance sheet, then this will not affect the enterprise in any way. But it is not always the case. After all, property that is not listed anywhere, but located on the territory of the enterprise, can easily be assigned by inspectors to the category of surplus, and you already have to pay tax on this.
Material (inventory) off-balance accounts first appeared because the assets on the balance sheet of an enterprise (due to the peculiarities of the legal theory of accounting) should belong to this enterprise. But situations of storage or use by the enterprise of assets that do not belong to it occur in every second case. Ownership of such assets lies with the owner, not with the "guardian".
In this regard, in the middle of the 19th century, creditors - mainly bankers - insisted on the introduction of such a method of accounting for calculating liquidity when collecting accounts payable. For a simpler understanding of "one's own" and "alien", as well as to facilitate its calculation, a division was introduced. Own property is on the balance sheet, and the rest goes for him.
Until the middle of the 20th century, off-balance accounts were double-entry, for which a corresponding account was artificially created. However, this is not practiced today.
In fact, the existence of an off-balance account is a relic of legal theory that is still alive today. At a minimum, this is understandable for the first and second groups of accounts.
Most often, they can come in handy in situations where there is something in the organization that does not belong to it. For example, goods that are in safekeeping. The organization can take property for storage and, of course, give it back after some period of time. The organization does not receive ownership of this property. However, it is still worth fixing the fact that it is in stock, for the following reasons:
When making postings to such accounts, you need to consider the following:
The law requires accountants to maintain eleven off-balance sheet accounts with a three-digit code. In addition to them, there are 4 additional ones. Although they do not cover a number of objects. Therefore, it is allowed to create additional ones necessary for specific cases at enterprises. It is only important to register this in the accounting policy of the organization.
Instruction of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 94 assumes the division of accounts into three groups:
The company must have eleven off-balance sheet accounts
Interestingly, for some types of economic entities, other off-balance sheet accounts are used. For example, in the Chart of Accounts, determined by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 157n, 26 off-balance accounts are indicated for individual state institutions, which can be used by these institutions if necessary.
In budgetary organizations, accounting is maintained using a simple scheme in which there is no need for correspondence. During the initial accounting of goods, a record of this is made in the debit of the account. At the time of write-off - the same entry in the loan. For the reliability of accounting, budgetary organizations can also make additional accounts and do not forget to take them into account when developing an accounting policy.
At the moment when the values become unusable, returned or sold, they are written off from the off-balance sheet account. In parallel, it is necessary to make an appropriate entry in the journal of material assets.
Such a journal should include data on all property stored on off-balance accounts. In addition to the date of commissioning, price, name and inventory number, the full name is also recorded there. responsible person. When a value, for some of the above reasons, retires, this is recorded in the journal with the date of retirement. The organization has no right to use decommissioned property for personal purposes. At the time of write-off, an appropriate act must be drawn up.
In addition to leased valuables, low-value property (for example, overalls) also falls into off-balance sheet accounting. The rules for its accounting are not regulated by law, therefore the accountant develops them for himself independently (fixing innovations in the policy of the enterprise). The amounts from these accounts do not fall into the main balance.
