Fundamentals of working with text.
1. How to get started with text?
Read the text carefully before answering the questions. Some answers to many questions are contained in the text itself.
It is important in the process of preliminary reading to clearly define to which content line of the course of social science the proposed text refers (“Society”, “Knowledge”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Economic sphere of society”, “Social relations”, “Politics” and “Law "). Such a correlation is necessary because, as has been noted more than once, some tasks involve the involvement of contextual knowledge.
2. Is it necessary to determine the main idea of the text?
Yes need.
3. In what order should the questions be answered?
The general principle is simple - answer in the order in which they are presented in the work. It is sometimes impossible to complete the subsequent task if the answer to the previous question is not found.
4. How to understand for yourself - whether to look for the answer in the text or do you need to remember what was studied in the lessons?
Just answer the question, don't think about how, you just need to answer.
5. What to pay attention to when completing assignments?
Read the task carefully;
understand what exactly is required for a successful response;
understand what parts the task consists of;
try to complete all the tasks;
if you can answer only part of the task, be sure to answer, you may get part of the points
do not go beyond the scope of the question, do not try to write everything you know about the problem, do not evaluate the author's opinion and do not seek to express your point of view, if this is not expressly provided for by the task;
try to illustrate the answer with specific facts;
Having formulated the answer, check its correctness.
The first task out of four (C1) is aimed at identifying the awareness of perception and the accuracy of reproducing the information contained in the text. It is required to find and present in the answer the information contained in the text in the form in which it is given in the author's text. The second task (C2) is aimed at the reproduction and interpretation of information. The third task (C3) most often involves characterizing the text. This task involves the involvement of additional knowledge on the subject. The fourth task (C4) is aimed at using the knowledge obtained from the text in a different situation. Tasks C3 and C4 are the most difficult. The reason for the difficulties is that graduates do not pay attention to the requirement to perform “based on the text”.
Task example
Text for tasks C1-C4.
The state in a market economy
All agents of the economy are united by a single market space of the country, where the same rules of the game for all monitor and support special state institutions ... The market itself is not able to support competition. Maintaining and stimulating competition in the economic sphere is a function of the state. Fighting monopoly, supporting competition, the state is both within the market model and outside it, guaranteeing the stability of the market system as a whole. Maintaining stability is no less important than protecting competition. A favorable social climate in the country, the stability of the financial system, and ... the expansion of the production of public goods - especially in the sphere of services, education, science, healthcare, culture - the creation of a legal framework in the business sphere depend on the verified, active role of the relevant state institutions ... Therefore even in the theoretical market model, the state plays the most important role - the preservation of the market system itself by expressing common, or public interests. No private business, no matter how gigantic it may reach, by its very nature can ignore its own interests and shoulder the interests of the whole society. However, the state can cope with such duties only if it is part of a democratic society. In such a society, along with the market mechanism, a democratic mechanism of control of voters over the state apparatus is established, and the judicial system provides legal protection to all citizens in accordance with the law.
(A. Porokhovsky)
C1.
C2. The author lists the socio-economic phenomena of the life of society, which are directly dependent on the active role of the state in their regulation. Name any three of them and illustrate one with an example.
C3.
C4.
Answer:
C1. What three economic functions of the state in a market economy are named in the text?
The following functions can be named in the response: |
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Three functions specified |
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Two functions specified |
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One function specified OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
The correct answer must contain the following items: |
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Three phenomena are named, one is illustrated by an example |
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Three phenomena are named without an example OR two phenomena are named, one of them is illustrated by an example |
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Less than three phenomena are named without examples OR one phenomenon is named and illustrated by an example OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
C3. The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in the preservation and development of competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, give three confirmations of the importance of competition for a market economy.
The answer may include the following positions explaining the role of competition: |
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Three positions listed |
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Two positions listed |
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One function specified |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
C4. Different points of view are expressed on the issue of the relationship between a market economy and democracy. What is the position of the author? Name the two arguments he gave and explain either of them with an example.
The correct answer must contain the following elements: |
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The author's point of view is given, two arguments are given, no example is given OR the author's point of view is given, one argument is given and one example is given OR the author's point of view is not explicitly given, two arguments and one example are given |
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The author's point of view is given, an argument is given without an example OR the author's point of view is given, an example is given, no arguments are given OR the author's point of view is not explicitly given, two arguments are given, there is no example OR the author's point of view is not explicitly stated, one argument and an example are given |
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Maximum score |
Social science has been, according to statistics, the most demanded subject at the Unified State Examination for a number of years and one of the most difficult to pass the exam. The complexity is explained by the integrative nature of the subject: social science includes eight content lines and unites six social disciplines - philosophy, jurisprudence, economics, sociology, cultural studies, political science.
However, preparing for the exam is quite realistic. There are three ways to prepare: individual lessons with a tutor, classes in preparatory courses, self-training. Classes in courses and with a teacher require certain material costs, and besides, they are not always possible for children living in the outback. Today it is quite realistic to prepare yourself for the exam, because there are many resources for this - study guides, online courses, various computer programs.
Where to start preparing? First of all, you need to download the social studies program on the website of the Ministry of Education (preferably not a basic, but a specialized level). Distribute the material by topic, and draw up a lesson plan, distributing topics and individual questions by day. Be sure to leave time for repetition of the studied material (approximately 10-20% of the total time). Preparation for the exam should be systematic, so you need to study every day (leaving Sunday for rest) for 1.5 hours. At the same time, do not forget to alternate work and rest - 45 minutes of work, then a 10-minute break, and again devote 45 minutes to studying the material.
When preparing for the exam, it is advisable to use not only school textbooks, but also other teaching aids. Today, a huge number of different printed materials are offered, but they often contain outdated information, inaccuracies, etc., so you need to choose textbooks recommended by the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements or the Ministry of Education.
When working on the material, be sure to make notes in a structured way, drawing up a plan for the topic, tables, diagrams. When working with theoretical material, it is important to focus on the main ideas. Use a different pen color when writing material so that important points stand out when you repeat them.
It is especially important to work with concepts correctly, writing them down in a separate notebook, and periodically repeating. A good way to learn concepts is to compile a table of concepts, which is cut into pieces, like a kind of puzzle, and then a term is selected to define the concept.
It is possible to compose nests of concepts when, along with a given concept, broader concepts are included that include this concept, and more particular concepts included in it.
Since the main difficulties in the exam are the tasks of the third part, you need to constantly train your skills and abilities for their successful completion.
To prepare for task C8, practice writing a complex plan for each topic being studied. It consists of at least three paragraphs, two of which have subparagraphs. Do not forget that the wording of the points of the plan should reveal the topic as much as possible.
It is very important to practice your essay writing skills in advance (task C9).
Remember that a good essay must contain the essence of the problem, a clear statement of your personal position on it, supported by well-reasoned examples (definitions, quotes), and conclusions. It is very important to learn how to identify a social science problem from a statement and translate it into the category of course concepts. To do this, you need to pay attention to the category to which the statement belongs.
Constantly perform various tests to familiarize yourself with their structure and design. At the same time, be sure to note the time for their implementation, since the time for the exam is limited. The correctness of the tests of groups A, B can be checked on the sites, the tasks of group C can be shown to your teacher. Be sure to complete the demo tests on the FIPI website not only for 2013, but also solve tests for previous years. In the same place, read the assessment criteria for the same essay, which will help you better understand what the experts expect to see in it.
Since some tasks of group A and part of the tasks of group C require a broad outlook, regularly follow the news through newspapers, television, and the Internet to keep abreast of current socio-political events in the country.
After completing the study of the material, use the rule of “three pencils”: highlight well-learned material in one color, poorly learned material in the second color, those questions that you don’t know at all or know very poorly in the third color. After that, start the repetition with poorly learned topics, then with poorly learned ones, and at the end repeat the well-learned topics. This will allow you to close knowledge gaps.
The last day before the exam should be devoted to general review - reviewing topic plans, your notes, and completed tests.
It's pretty hard to overestimate. Thanks to this process, a particular industry develops, manufacturers improve the quality of their goods in order to attract the maximum number of buyers. Competition also has a positive effect on consumers. But with all the advantages, this process also has disadvantages. Competition forces weak start-up companies to leave the market, while strong ones, on the contrary, only strengthen their positions. In addition, there is instability. The functions of competition in a market economy are designed to improve the process and reduce shortcomings.
The economic rivalry of commodity producers for attracting the largest number of buyers, respectively, obtaining the maximum profit is called competition. Economics founder Adam Smith called competition the "invisible hand" of the market. He said that thanks to this process, the desire of producers for maximum income also serves the benefit of society, as the product becomes better.
Like many other terms, competition can be considered in both a broad and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, competition is understood as part of the market mechanism that regulates and ensures the interaction between participants in the economy. In a narrow sense, this process is presented as a rivalry between individual companies for a "place in the sun", a competition between firms in any industry. The functions of competition in a market economy determine the course of action and objectives to be met.
Speaking more broadly, we can distinguish two main perfect and imperfect. Perfect competition is not subdivided into models, which cannot be said about imperfect competition. At first glance, it is perfect competition that is the ideal situation in the market. Its essence is that all manufacturers produce the same product that meets certain requirements.
The manufacturer can attract buyers only with the help of advertising moves, but you cannot change the product itself. In reality, this kind of competition is very difficult to find. As an example, one can only cite the farms of farmers who grow the same vegetables and fruits.
This direction is the most widely represented in the world at the moment. Monopoly is one of the models of imperfect competition. It is an abundance of small firms that produce goods and offer their services. The essence and functions of competition in a market economy are most widely represented in this form of this process. After all, in a monopoly, you can compete in almost all ways: change the price, product quality, advertise, create a new brand, etc.
There are many examples of such competition: it can be travel companies, beauty salons, and bookmakers. In every city there are various organizations that provide services or produce goods. These enterprises are representatives of the monopoly.
This market has one distinctive feature: it should not operate more than ten manufacturers at the same time. The functions of competition in a market economy here are doomed to two outcomes: either they help companies negotiate partnerships, or firms begin to outlive and crowd out each other.
In an oligopoly, the state monitors the price level so that manufacturers do not become impudent and do not set high prices for goods that are much cheaper. All companies operating in this market are large and successful. It is almost impossible for new enterprises to take a place next to them. Examples include mobile operators and the chemical industry.
This market differs from others in that there is only one manufacturer. The functions and place of competition in this case do not mean anything. If there is only one manufacturer, then he has no one to compete with, since he is a monopolist in one industry or another. The state must exercise control, since a monopoly firm can practically set its own rules. In most cases, under pure monopoly, there is no development of production. Often, the same product is produced for years, which is not improved. This leads to stagnation in the economy. Examples include water utilities and gas companies.
To begin with, it is necessary to highlight the general functions of competition in a market economy briefly. Then all this will be disassembled in more detail. So, firstly, this process should ensure the efficient use of factors of production. In other words, it should help to adapt modern production to new conditions.
Secondly, competition should help to ensure that the main goal of any entrepreneur - maximizing profits - is combined with the development of technological progress. Thirdly, competition provides freedom of activity. It offers an alternative for absolutely any activity.
Now about each in more detail. Let's try to consider all the functions of competition in a market economy with examples. The market is based on the balance of supply and demand. The regulatory function helps to identify the volume of production that will satisfy the needs of the buyer.
To determine this, you need to draw a graph that will reflect the demand and quantity of output. There is a balance point on the graph that reflects the right amount of goods. For example, a company is engaged in dairy products. On the day she produces 50 packs of milk and 20 cans of sour cream. If the company starts to produce 10 packages less milk, there will be a shortage. And if by 10 more, then there will be a surplus. Both have a negative impact on production, so this function is very important.
No less important in the modern world is that at present everything is changing very quickly, and the improvement of production, the acquisition of the latest equipment is becoming a necessity. However, not all firms are willing to spend huge sums of money on various innovations. Although thanks to them, working conditions improve, the quality of products increases. The experience of other companies shows that it is necessary to apply all the functions of competition in a market economy. Examples can be varied, but let's focus on one of them.
At the end of the 20th century, the steel casting company Nucor Steel was no different from its competitors. In 1986, the president of the company was able to obtain documents on the new technology. This development was unfinished, and its implementation required a huge amount of money, which the company did not have. However, the president took the risk, and now Nucor Steel is an industrial giant that has outstripped all competitors and has become a leader in this industry.
Like all other functions of competition in a market economy, distribution is very important. In other words, it is motivation. According to statistics, half of the firms cease to exist a year after the appearance. 65% leave within three years. This indicates a lack of knowledge and a low level of motivation. A company that aims to win over customers will do everything possible to achieve this. This firm will apply in its activities all the functions of competition in a market economy.
The plan also plays an important role. Planning your activities is necessary, as it helps to clearly identify all stages of the company's development, and also determines the mission and purpose of the enterprise.
Control in a competitive environment should exist in the form of any bodies. In the markets of monopolies and oligopolies, there is such a body - the Antimonopoly Committee. Under conditions of pure monopoly, there is no controlling body, since there is no need for it. Many economists do not single out the function of control, since not a single manufacturer will set the price higher than others with a low-quality product, since this will lead to the loss of customers and, accordingly, the bankruptcy of the enterprise. It is necessary to work on the mistakes and improve the product in order to break into the lead among similar firms.
Having considered all the functions of competition in a market economy, we can conclude that all of them are extremely important, and no enterprise can exist without them. The given examples fully reflect the significance of each of the functions. Every company needs to work on its mistakes, but not necessarily on its own. The experience of other firms is invaluable, and before making any important decision, you should find out if there have been such cases in history and how they ended.
Now there is a World Wide Web, which is in the public domain, so this is very easy to do. Also, one should not forget about the literature that will help a novice entrepreneur to apply all the functions of competition in a market economy. The book of A. S. Eliseev "Economics", among other things, is an excellent start for studying the principles of economics.
Text for tasks C1-C4.
The state in a market economy
All agents of the economy are united by a single market space of the country, where the same rules of the game for all monitor and support special state institutions ... The market itself is not able to support competition. Maintaining and stimulating competition in the economic sphere is a function of the state. Fighting monopoly, supporting competition, the state is both within the market model and outside it, guaranteeing the stability of the market system as a whole. Maintaining stability is no less important than protecting competition. A favorable social climate in the country, the stability of the financial system, and ... the expansion of the production of public goods - especially in the sphere of services, education, science, healthcare, culture - the creation of a legal framework in the business sphere depend on the verified, active role of the relevant state institutions ... Therefore even in the theoretical market model, the state plays the most important role - the preservation of the market system itself by expressing common, or public interests. No private business, no matter how gigantic it may reach, by its very nature can ignore its own interests and shoulder the interests of the whole society. However, the state can cope with such duties only if it is part of a democratic society. In such a society, along with the market mechanism, a democratic mechanism of control of voters over the state apparatus is established, and the judicial system provides legal protection to all citizens in accordance with the law.
(A. Porokhovsky)
C1.
C3.
C4.
Tasks for text fragments (С1-С4).
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Characteristic Tasks |
It is aimed at revealing the awareness of perception and the accuracy of reproducing the information contained in the text in an explicit form. |
On the transformative reproduction and interpretation of the text without involving contextual knowledge (formulation of the title, definition of the main idea of the text, similar or different positions of the two presented fragments, etc.). |
It requires the involvement of additional material, it aims at characterizing the text or its individual provisions in connection with the studied course, at interpreting the content of the text based on one's own knowledge. |
It is aimed at using the knowledge obtained from the text in another situation, one's own argumentation and the formulation of value judgments regarding the positions stated in the text (or formulated in a question to it). |
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Example |
What three economic functions of the state in a market economy are named in the text? |
Name any three of them and illustrate one with an example. |
The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in the preservation and development of competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, give three confirmations of the importance of competition for a market economy. |
Different points of view are expressed on the issue of the relationship between a market economy and democracy. What is the position of the author? Name the two arguments he gave and explain either of them with an example. |
The use of texts included in the USE KIMS in social studies lessons
In the learning process, it is necessary to acquaint students with texts of various types, showing their originality and characteristic features. This is not, of course, a serious textual analysis. It is enough to accustom students to start working with the text from the "recognition" of its species - this will facilitate its interpretation and analysis. The "recognition effect", as practice shows, is extremely important for the successful completion of examination tasks in relation to the tasks of part C. It is appropriate to use the recommendations described in the methodological literature.
“It should be remembered:
if the main thing in the text is a statement, an argumentation of some truth, it is most likely a scientific text;
if the norms of behavior are set out (prohibitions, prescriptions, opportunities), this is most likely a legal document;
if the text is based on value judgments, the attitude towards something is clearly shown - this is a journalistic text;
if quantitative indicators are presented that reflect the state or development trend of an object, these are static materials;
if the text contains assessments of the state of society and forecasts, promises, plans for improvement, this is most likely a political document;
if only facts are stated (a description of something, some actions or someone's judgments is given), these are informational materials ”(L. N. Bogolyubov, E. L. Rutkovskaya).
How to write on an exam
1. C Why start with text?
It is necessary to carefully read both the text and the questions to it. "Solid" reading useful in that it makes it possible to orient in the text, preliminarily (not always explicitly, more often in a filmed form) determine its structure, note key provisions, correlate its content with tasks and questions.
Important in the process of pre-reading Clearly determine which content line of the course of social science The suggested text applies. Such a correlation is necessary because, as has been noted more than once, some tasks involve the involvement of contextual knowledge.
2. Is it necessary to determine the main idea of the text?
It is not necessary to look for exact formulations (unless, of course, among the tasks there is one that directly prescribes to determine the main idea of the author); it is enough to answer the question: “What is the text talking about?”.
3. In what order should the questions be answered?
The general principle is simple - answer in the order in which they are presented in the work. It is sometimes impossible to complete the subsequent task if the answer to the previous question is not found.
However, if there are difficulties, you should not stop working on the text. Each task is evaluated, and even a not very convincing answer may contain the correct elements that deserve an extra point.
4. How to understand for yourself- Do you look for the answer in the text or do you need to remember what was studied in the lessons?
Read the assignment carefully. It gives the appropriate instructions: find in the text; what the author says what signs does the author name; Based on the knowledge of the course and your own experience, describe; specify the opinion of the author, based on knowledge of the course. The conclusion is obvious: you need to carefully read the task.
5. What to pay attention to when completing assignments?
understand what exactly is required for a successful response;
understand what parts the task consists of;
try to complete all the tasks;
if you can answer only part of the task, be sure to write down the answer (each element of the answer is evaluated, incomplete, but the correct answer will bring you extra points);
do not go beyond the scope of the question, do not try to write everything you know about the problem, do not evaluate the author's opinion and do not seek to express your point of view, if this is not expressly provided for by the task;
Answer
C1. What three economic functions of the state in a market economy are named in the text?
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Positions: 1) the socio-economic phenomena given in the text are named: Favorable social climate in the country, stability of the financial system; Expanding the production of public goods; Creation of a legal framework in the financial sector. 2) one of the socio-economic phenomena is illustrated by an example, for example: Adoption of the Civil Code (legal field); Fight against corruption (favorable social climate); Carrying out reform of the education system, health care (production of public goods). Other examples can be given |
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Three phenomena are named, one is illustrated by an example |
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Three phenomena are named without an example OR two phenomena are named, one of them is illustrated by an example |
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Less than three phenomena are named without examples OR one phenomenon is named and illustrated by an example OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
C3. The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in the preservation and development of competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, give three confirmations of the importance of competition for a market economy.
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The answer may include the following positions explaining the role of competition: 1) ensures freedom of market pricing; 2) creates conditions for the realization of the economic freedom of the producer, which contributes to the independence of the economic choice of the consumer; 3) stimulates the improvement of the quality of goods and services produced; 4) stimulates the reduction of production costs. |
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Three positions listed |
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Two positions listed |
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One function specified |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
C4. Different points of view are expressed on the issue of the relationship between a market economy and democracy. What is the position of the author? Name the two arguments he gave and explain either of them with an example.
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: 2) two arguments are given, for example: In a democratic society A mechanism has been set up to control voters over the state apparatus; The judiciary provides legal protection to citizens. 3) an example is given as an explanation, for example: An entrepreneur can file a lawsuit against the illegal actions of the city department in relation to his enterprise; Voters may demand from their deputy a report on his vote on economic matters. Other arguments and other examples may be given. |
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The author's point of view is given, two arguments are given, no example is given OR the author's point of view is given, one argument is given and one example is given OR the author's point of view is not explicitly given, two arguments and one example are given |
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The author's point of view is given, an argument is given without an example OR the author's point of view is given, an example is given, no arguments are given OR the author's point of view is not explicitly given, two arguments are given, there is no example OR the author's point of view is not explicitly stated, one argument and an example are given |
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Maximum score |
What do we mean by politics? This concept has an extremely broad meaning and covers all types of self-management activities. They talk about the monetary policy of the banks, about the policy of the trade union during the strike; one can speak of the school politics of an urban or rural community, the politics of corporate governance, and finally, even the politics of a smart wife who seeks to rule her husband. Of course, now we do not take such a broad concept as the basis of our reasoning. We intend in this case to speak only of leading or influencing the leadership of a political union, that is, in our day, a state.
So "politics" seems to mean the desire to participate in power or to influence the distribution of power, whether between states, whether within a state between the groups of people that it contains ...
The state, as well as the political unions that historically preceded it, is a relation of domination of people over people, based on legitimate (that is, considered legitimate) violence as a means ...
Any domination, as an enterprise that requires constant management, needs, on the one hand, the installation of human behavior in subordination to the masters, and on the other hand, through this subordination, the disposal of those things that, if necessary, are involved in the use of physical violence: a personal headquarters controls and material controls…
(Max Weber)
C1. Write out from the text the definitions of the concept of "politics" in the broad sense and in the sense in which the author characterizes it.
C2. Which political actors in an "extremely broad sense" are named in the text? List any four.
C3. Find in the text two characteristics of the state as an institution of political power and two conditions for the exercise of power by the state. Specify them.
C4. Based on the text and social science knowledge, indicate any three areas of modern public policy and illustrate each of them with an example.
C1. Write out from the text the definitions of the concept of "politics" in the broad sense and in the sense in which the author characterizes it.
C2. Which political actors in an "extremely broad sense" are named in the text? List any four.
C3. Find in the text two characteristics of the state as an institution of political power and two conditions for the exercise of power by the state. Specify them.
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Points |
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The correct answer must contain the following Positions: 1) Characteristics states: The state is a relation of domination; The state is an instrument of constant government; 2) Terms exercise of state power: The state requires the setting of human behavior for submission; For the exercise of power, the state requires a headquarters and material means of control; The state uses legitimate violence as a means of domination. |
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Two characteristics and two conditions are given |
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Two characteristics and one condition are given, OR one characteristic and two conditions |
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One characteristic and one condition given, OR two characteristics, no conditions specified, OR two conditions without characteristics |
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One characteristic is given without specifying the conditions OR one condition is given without specifying the characteristics OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
C4. Based on the text and social science knowledge, indicate any three areas of modern public policy and illustrate each of them with an example.
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Examples may be given: 1) foreign policy, interstate (activities in the UN); 2) economic policy (adoption of antimonopoly laws), 3) social policy (pension reform). Other correct positions are possible. |
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Three directions are indicated and illustrated with examples |
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Two or three directions are indicated and two of them are illustrated with examples. |
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One - three directions are indicated and one of them is illustrated with examples |
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Direction(s) given without example, OR example(s) given without direction, OR answer incorrect |
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Maximum score |
social mobility
The social structure of society is not fixed; fluctuations and movements are constantly taking place in it, that is, social mobility is characteristic of it.
Social mobility is a change in social position by a social group or individual. The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology by P. A. Sorokin, who considered social mobility as movement along the social ladder in two directions: vertical - movement up and down, horizontal - movement at the same social level. During periods of social change, there is mass group mobility. In stable periods, social mobility increases at the time of economic restructuring. In this case, education is an important "social lift" that provides upward mobility. Social mobility is a fairly reliable indicator of the level of openness or closeness of a society. In modern society, social mobility gives rise to the phenomenon of social marginality.
Marginality is a concept that characterizes borderline, intermediate, cultural phenomena, social subjects and statuses ... Marginalization implies a break, loss of objective belonging to a certain social community without subsequent entry into another community or without full adaptation in it. A marginal is a person who is related to two different groups, without completely belonging to either of them ... The subjective idea of a marginal about himself and his objective position are contradictory: he is placed in a situation of struggle for survival. Therefore, a marginal personality has a number of characteristic features: anxiety, aggressiveness, unjustified ambition. The social behavior of the marginal creates difficulties both for the person himself and for the people who communicate with him. For a long time in sociology marginality was assessed negatively. Recently, sociologists have changed their attitude towards it, seeing a positive side in this social phenomenon.
(Minaev V.V., Arkhipova N.I., Bezborodov A.B., Kosyakova N.I.)
C1. Based on the text, indicate the feature that defines the essence of social mobility. What (according to P. A. Sorokin) are the main directions of social mobility?
C2. Under what two social conditions, according to the authors, is education an important "social lift"? Explain any of these conditions.
C4.Recently, as the authors note, sociologists have seen a positive side in marginality. List any three manifestations of the positive side of marginality.
C1. Based on the text, indicate the feature that defines the essence of social mobility. What (according to P. A. Sorokin) are the main directions of social mobility?
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score |
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Elements: Trait specified- change in social position (or moving up the social ladder); Named two directions(according to P. A. Sorokin): vertical and horizontal. |
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A line is indicated, two directions are named |
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A line is indicated, one direction is named |
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Named one or two directions without a line, OR one line without directions is indicated, OR the answer is wrong |
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Maximum score |
C2. Under what two social conditions, according to the authors, is education an important "social lift"? Explain any of these conditions.
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score |
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The response must contain the following Elements: Two conditions are named: Stable period of development of society; Structural restructuring of the economy; Explanation given, for example: structural restructuring of the economy leads to the emergence of new jobs that require highly skilled workers; there is a growing demand for specialists in new professions that cannot be obtained without education. Another explanation may be given. |
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Two conditions are named and the correct explanation is given |
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One condition is named and the correct explanation is given |
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One or two conditions are named, no explanation given, OR an explanation is given, conditions are not named, OR the answer is wrong |
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Maximum score |
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score |
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The response must contain the following Elements: Defined, for example: a marginal is a person related to two “different groups, without completely belonging to any of them”; Three examples are given let's say: A person who has recently moved to live in a city from a village; Citizen working in the countryside after graduation; A representative of an Asian country who came to work in a European state. Other correct definitions may be given and other examples given. |
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Definition given and three examples given |
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Definition given and two examples given |
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A definition is given and one example is given, OR three examples without definition |
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The definition is given without examples, OR one or two examples are given without definition, OR the answer is wrong |
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Maximum score |
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score |
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The answer should indicate three manifestations, for example: The absence of rigidly defined norms and connections contributes to an increase in the social activity of the individual; Marginals are more receptive to cultural and social innovations; Outcasts are easier to adapt to the ever-changing conditions of life. Other manifestations may be indicated. |
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Three true expressions |
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There are two correct expressions |
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One correct expression indicated |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4
Family structures are falling apart all over the world. Divorce rates are on the rise in both the developed and underdeveloped world, as is the number of female-headed households.
Family values are not threatened by government programs that interfere with the formation of families (although there are such programs), and not by media broadcasts that belittle the family (although there are such broadcasts); they are threatened by the economic system itself. This system simply does not allow families to exist in the old way, with the father providing most of the earnings and the mother doing most of the work of raising children. There is no longer a middle-class family with one breadwinner.
Social relations are not determined by economics: there can be many possibilities at the same time, but whatever these relations may be, they must be compatible with economic reality. Traditional family relationships are not like that. As a consequence, the family as an institution is in the process of change and pressure. It is not a matter of "character building" but of stubborn economic selfishness, or rather, an unwillingness to subordinate one's own interest to that of the family. The economic reality forced us to reconsider the basic questions of family organization.
C2. The interaction of what spheres of society's life is revealed by the author using the family as an example? What, in the author's opinion, is the nature of this interaction?
C3. Why is the traditional patriarchal family becoming a thing of the past? Based on the text of the source and, using social science knowledge, indicate three reasons.
C4. What type of family is more consistent with the realities of post-industrial society? Drawing on knowledge from the social science course, indicate two of its features.
Answer
C2. The interaction of what spheres of society's life is revealed by the author using the family as an example? What, in the author's opinion, is the nature of this interaction?
C3. Why is the traditional patriarchal family becoming a thing of the past? Based on the text of the source and, using social science knowledge, indicate three reasons.
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Points |
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The following reasons may be given in response: The current economic system in many cases makes the earnings of one father insufficient to maintain the standard of living of the family; The values of personal achievement are being strengthened to the detriment of family solidarity; Women tend to expand the range of their social roles, to go beyond the roles of mothers, wives, housewives. |
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There are three correct reasons |
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There are two correct reasons |
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One reason correctly |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
C4. What type of family is more consistent with the realities of post-industrial society? Drawing on knowledge from the social science course, indicate two of its features.
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Points |
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In the answer, the type of family is called: partner (democratic). The following signs can be named: Joint decision-making affecting the interests of family members; A more even distribution of family responsibilities. |
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The type of family is correctly named, two of its features are indicated |
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The type of family is correctly named, one of its signs is indicated |
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Correct family type |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
The spiritual sphere appears before us as the most sublime. Spiritual needs are born here, starting with the most elementary and ending with the most refined; here the production of ideas unfolds; this is where their consumption takes place to a large extent.
For the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, spiritual production is carried out, the single, general goal of spiritual production is the reproduction of social consciousness in its integrity.
Among the functions of spiritual production, we single out, first of all, spiritual activity aimed at improving all other spheres of society (economic, political, social).
However, the process of spiritual production cannot be considered complete as soon as new ideas, applied and fundamental, are received. Here everything is the same as in material production: the product of labor must reach the consumer, that is, pass through the stages of distribution and exchange, which in spiritual production take on a specific form. In this regard, we can talk about the function of producing knowledge about these ideas and disseminating (broadcasting) this knowledge. This function is carried out by general education and higher schools, cultural and educational institutions, and the media.
There is another important function of spiritual production - the production of public opinion. It is not difficult to guess that this function is inseparable from the function of production and dissemination of knowledge, as if woven into it, while singling it out as a relatively independent one, we emphasize the important circumstance that the ideological moment is more clearly expressed in it.
(S. E. Krapivensky)
C1. Name three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life, highlighted by the author.
C2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.
C3. Give one example of spiritual activity aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres of public life.
C1. Name three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life, highlighted by the author.
C2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.
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Points |
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The correct answer must contain the following Positions: 1) Target spiritual production: "the reproduction of social consciousness in its entirety"; 2) Functions spiritual production: Improving other spheres of society; Production of knowledge about knowledge; Its distribution (broadcast); production of public opinion. |
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The purpose and two functions of spiritual production are named |
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The goal and one function of spiritual production are named OR two functions of spiritual production are not specified |
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Only one goal or one function of spiritual production is named, OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
C3. Give one example of spiritual activity aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres of public life.
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Points |
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Examples may be given: 1) development of an economic theory aimed at substantiating economic reforms (improving the economic sphere); 2) the creation of social doctrines that have influenced the development of society (improvement of the social sphere); 3) development of doctrines about the state, separation of powers (improvement of the political sphere). Other correct answers are possible. |
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One example is given for each of the indicated spheres of public life. |
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Two examples are given for different spheres of public life |
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An example (examples) illustrates activities in one of the areas |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
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Points |
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The correct answer may contain, for example, the following arguments: 1) the transmitted information is objectively not neutral, i.e. initially contains a certain assessment, attitude; 2) often the dissemination of information is carried out by a person who, due to his life views, adds certain evaluative points; 3) on the basis of the perceived information, the ideological attitudes of its consumers are formed; 4) as a rule, by disseminating knowledge, information, social institutions aim to form a certain public attitude to specific problems. Other valid arguments are possible. |
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Given three arguments |
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Given two arguments |
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Given one argument |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
Federal Law on Education (extract)
Art. 14 General requirements for the content of education
ensuring self-determination of the individual, creating conditions for its self-realization;
development of society;
strengthening and improvement of the rule of law.
adequate to the world level of the general and professional culture of the society;
formation of a student's picture of the world adequate to the modern level of knowledge and the level of the educational program (degree of education);
integration of personality into national and world culture;
the formation of a person and a citizen integrated into contemporary society and aimed at improving this society;
reproduction and development of the personnel potential of the society.
3. Vocational education at any level should ensure that students receive a profession and appropriate qualifications.
State educational authorities ensure the development of exemplary educational programs based on state educational standards.
6. An educational institution, in accordance with its statutory goals and objectives, may implement additional educational programs and provide additional educational services (on a contractual basis) outside the educational programs that determine its status.
C1. What tasks does society set for the content of education?
C2. What rights of participants in the educational process (students, educational institutions) are named in this fragment?
C3. What are the three possible education options listed in the text of the law? Expand them with examples?
C4. How do you understand the legislator's statement that education is focused on improving and strengthening the rule of law? Illustrate your thoughts with examples.
C1. What tasks does society set for the content of education?
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Points |
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The response should contain the following items: 1) ensuring self-determination of the individual; 2) the development of society; 3) strengthening and improvement of the rule of law. |
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Three positions are correct and there are no incorrect ones. |
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One or two positions are correctly indicated in the absence of incorrect ones OR three positions are correctly indicated, but along with the correct ones, the incorrect position (s) is (s) |
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One or two positions are correctly indicated, but along with the correct ones, the incorrect position (s) is given OR the answer is incorrect |
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Maximum score |
C2. What rights of participants in the educational process (students, educational institutions) are named in this fragment?
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Points |
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The response must contain the following Positions: The rights of students to: 1) obtaining by them a profession and relevant qualifications in the system of vocational education; 2) free choice of opinions and beliefs: Rights of educational institutions: 3) independently develop and implement a training program; 4) for additional educational services. |
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Three or four positions are correct |
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Two positions are correct |
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One position indicated; wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
C3. .What are the three educational options listed in the text of the law? Expand them with examples?
C4. How do you understand the legislator's statement that education is focused on improving and strengthening the rule of law? Illustrate your thoughts with examples.
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Points |
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Based on the text and your knowledge of the rule of law, an explanation is given, for example: 1) the knowledge necessary for a citizen is acquired; 2) a legal culture is formed - the desire to follow legal norms; 3) the values of the rule of law are accepted; 4) develop the ability to exercise and protect their rights. |
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Two or three positions are correctly indicated and relevant examples are given. |
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One position is correctly indicated and a corresponding example is given |
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One position is correctly indicated, there is no example; or a particular example is given without generalization |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
It is customary to call science a theoretical systematized idea of the world, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and based on scientific research data ...
Science, being a part of culture, is a system of knowledge and a kind of spiritual production.
As a kind of spiritual production, science includes the specific activity of a person to increment the existing and obtain new knowledge. The result of this activity is a system of scientific knowledge, which together form a scientific picture of the world.
The scientific picture of the world is formed under the influence of two models of the development of scientific knowledge. According to the first model - evolutionary - science is a special kind of "humanity's social memory". According to the second model - revolutionary - science periodically experiences a radical change in the ideas that dominate it ...
The term "science" is also used to refer to certain branches of scientific knowledge. Initially, branches of science were formed in accordance with those aspects of reality that were involved in the process of cognition. In modern science, new areas of knowledge arise in connection with the advancement of certain theoretical or practical problems. The problematic nature of the development of modern science has led to the emergence of interdisciplinary and complex research conducted by means of several different disciplines by a special scientific community ...
In modern society, science is the most important social institution, deeply penetrating into all spheres of public life. Science turns into a direct productive force of society, becomes a mass activity.
(I. V. Bezborodova, M. B. Bulanova, etc.)
C1. Indicate any three of the definitions of science given in the text.
C3. Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary research, and the sciences that study these problems.
C1. Indicate any three of the definitions of science given in the text.
C3. Based on the knowledge of the course, indicate any three social problems that are the subject of interdisciplinary research, and the sciences that study these problems.
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Points |
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Issues such as: The problem of the social essence of a person (studied by psychology, sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, pedagogy, etc.); The process of socialization of the individual (they study pedagogy, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, political science, jurisprudence, etc.); Ecological problems (they study biology, geography, social anthropology, economics, political science, etc.). Other problems may be indicated |
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Three problems and sciences studying them are indicated |
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Two or three problems and sciences studying two of them are indicated. |
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From one to three problems and the science studying one of them are indicated |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
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Points |
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The following examples could be given, for example: 1) dynamically developing science requires an influx of qualified personnel, i.e., the education sector is actively developing; 2) changes in social realities in connection with the achievements of science, including the use of cybernetic models; 3) there is a change in the economic structure of society, including the structure of employment. Other examples may be given. |
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Three examples are given |
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Two examples are given |
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One example given |
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Wrong answer |
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Maximum score |
We have already spoken about the need for parties in a representative order, about the advantages and disadvantages arising from their struggle. Political freedom calls on social forces to participate in state affairs. Because of this, the political movement takes place here only through the interaction of those various currents and directions into which society is divided. Here lies the main source of political life in constitutional states.
Parties naturally arise on the basis of public opinion. The necessity of discipline and organization for collective action transforms an unorganized mass of free random thoughts into more or less strong and durable forces capable of being subjects of political action.
With organized parties, it is possible to calculate, act, direct disparate strivings towards a common goal; the more stable the parties are, the more they have grown together with the history of the people, the more determined their program is, the more correctly the political life based on freedom flows. On the other hand, where the party represents only a vague fermentation of infinitely varied tendencies, there political freedom gives rise to nothing but chaos. On the other hand, only with political freedom can real parties be formed, because only then does it become possible and necessary to act together in the political field, to achieve certain goals through the constant and joint efforts of many. But freedom alone is not enough for this; it is necessary that the elements necessary for the parties exist in society, that political meaning be developed, that the main directions be determined, that people be grouped around certain principles created by them, and finally, that political mores be developed, which are created by any social activity that requires joint efforts. In short, only a mature public opinion gives rise to real political parties. And under these conditions, they do not arise suddenly, but are formed slowly, in a political struggle, they must go through many trials before they receive the proper strength and strength. Therefore, one should not think that with the establishment of a representative order, parliamentary government is immediately established. It is impossible until the parties have accumulated work experience and have not proved their ability to govern the state.
(B. N. Chicherin)
Indicate, based on the text, any four conditions for the transformation of political parties into "subjects of political action."
What words does the author use to characterize organized and unorganized parties in society? (Write out one author's judgment characterizing each of these groups of parties). Give an example confirming the author's description of the activity of one of the existing (or existing) organized parties
Some people think that parliamentary government begins immediately after the election of certain party representatives to the authorities. Does the author share this opinion? Support your answer with the words of the text and give an example confirming the validity of this judgment.
Answer:
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Points |
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The answer should be the following Positions: 1) a call to participate in public affairs; |
Using social science knowledge, name and illustrate with examples any three types (kinds) of competition. (First name the type (kind) of competition, then give an appropriate example.)
Explain the term "human capital" used by the author. Suggest why the quality of human capital is of particular importance in the modern economy. (Using social science knowledge and social facts, make two assumptions.)
Text 11
The modern external environment creates unstable conditions for long-term sustainability and business development and is characterized by such features as the continuous increase in competition, the dynamic saturation of the product offer, the transformation of the "seller's market" into a "buyer's market", ... the complexity and multidimensionality of the external environment. In such a situation, it becomes increasingly difficult for businesses to respond flexibly to these rapidly changing environmental conditions. Adaptation to these changes of large corporations, characterized by the complexity of the organizational structure, multi-level management, bureaucratization of the decision-making process and the inflexibility of numerous interrelated business processes, looks like an even more intractable task.
This makes it necessary to actively look for mechanisms and tools for adapting to the challenges of the external environment, the use of which will help maintain the stability of the corporation and increase the financial results of its activities in the long term.
In such conditions, only those companies that learn how to work effectively in the circumstances, find a way to make their product or service the best choice of their customers, will survive and take a strong and leading position. In this situation, the main priority of the management activities of the entire corporation is logically defined as meeting and anticipating the needs of customers at all levels of management.
However, in practice, due to the diverse current activities of the corporation, many heads of various departments forget that it is the client who is the central figure in the exchange and the main source of profit inflow to the organization, and the resulting goal of the work of all functional departments of the corporation is to form consumer value ...
This simple relationship contributes to the formation of an understanding of businessmen and experts that the main guarantee of the effective long-term development of a company, corporation is building long-term partnerships with customers ...
Many companies that share the idea of being customer-centric are more likely to describe themselves as such or try to appear as such…
(G.A. Reznik, O.V. Yashina)
What features of a large corporation are listed in the text? Name any three traits. Why, according to the authors, is an active search for new mechanisms and tools for adapting to the challenges of the external environment being carried out?
How is the main priority of the corporate management activity formulated in the text? What difficulties associated with the implementation of the idea of customer orientation do the authors note? Name two difficulties.
The authors write about the need to build long-term partnerships with clients. Why is it important? (Give an explanation.) Based on social science knowledge and personal social experience, indicate two ways to consolidate such relationships, turning them into long-term ones.
Text 12
The globalization of the world economy is a relatively new concept, introduced into wide scientific circulation in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Until this period, the term "globalization" was used primarily to refer to a specific, specific phenomenon in the modern economy of the unification of individual markets for the products of large international companies.
Since the processes of globalization are complex, affecting both the economy and other spheres of society, globalization becomes the subject of research not only in economics, but also in other social sciences: philosophy, sociology, political science, cultural studies, history, jurisprudence.
The factors of globalization include the processes that are unfolding and gaining strength within the framework of the world economy ... the transnationalization of economic life, the growth and development of large transnational companies and financial groups.
Market competition has a huge impact on modern globalization processes not only in national markets, but also on a global scale. The main means of competition are cost reduction, quality improvement and expansion of the range of goods and services that become the "engine" of globalization.
The globalization of economic activity is unfolding simultaneously on two planes. At the macro level, which is manifested in the strengthening of the interdependence of national economies, the intensification of international economic relations in all their forms. At the micro level, globalization means, first of all, a change in the strategy of behavior and activities of companies of market entities, primarily transnational corporations.
International economic relations are turning into the most important form of the very existence of all the constituent parts of the world economy; none, even the most powerful,
The state cannot now develop in the regime of absolute self-sufficiency, without close interaction with the external environment.
(M.N. Osmova, A.V. Boychenko)
Using the facts of public life, illustrate with three examples the authors' statement that the processes of globalization are complex and affect different spheres of public life.
The authors note that no state can now develop in the mode of absolute self-sufficiency without close interaction with the external environment. Using the text, social science knowledge and facts of public life, give three arguments in support of this opinion.
Text 13
The transition to market relations has led to significant changes
in the regulation of income, which primarily determine the well-being of people. First of all, the role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has also increased ...
The quality of life depends on many factors, ranging from where a person lives to the general socio-economic
and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The demographic situation, living and working conditions, the volume and quality of consumer goods, etc., can affect the quality of life to one degree or another. All the most significant factors can be combined into groups: economic, social, environmental, scientific and technical factors.
Depending on the degree of satisfaction of needs in the economy, it is customary to single out different levels of living of the population: prosperity, the use of benefits that ensure the comprehensive development of a person; normal level - rational consumption according to scientifically based standards, providing a person with the restoration of his physical and intellectual strength; poverty consumption of goods at the level of maintaining working capacity as the lower limit of the reproduction of the labor force; poverty
consumption of a set of goods and services that is minimally acceptable according to biological criteria, which only allow maintaining human viability.
The population, adapting to market conditions, uses various additional sources of income, including income from personal subsidiary plots, from entrepreneurial activities, etc.
As a result, the structure of monetary incomes of the population is changing. The basis of the material well-being of the population is cash income.
At the household level, the monetary incomes of their individual members are accumulated, determining the material basis of the family's life - the budget. The volume and structure of revenue items of the budget are the most important characteristics of the level and quality of life.
(N.S. Mikhailova)
The twenty-sixth task of the Unified State Examination in social science involves the disclosure of theoretical provisions through examples. For example, you need to name three public authorities of our country and give one example of their powers, or you can indicate three functions of the state and illustrate them with examples.
The maximum possible primary score for this task is 3. It is awarded if, say, three authorities are correctly indicated and three powers are given. 2 points are given if 3 bodies are named and 2 powers are indicated, or if 2 bodies are named, but 3 or more powers.
One point can be obtained if 1-3 bodies are named and only one authority is indicated, or if one body is named, but 2-3 or more powers are indicated, or only 2 bodies are named.
If not a single body is named, but the powers are written, not a single primary score will be given. In general, the task is not difficult, and you can definitely get, if not 3, then 1-2 primary points on it. Let's look at some possible options for task 26.
Name and illustrate with examples any three main duties of an employee, enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Here it is important not to confuse the rights of the employee with his duties. For example, he has the right to join trade unions, but is not obliged to do so - he may or may not join. Let's look at a number of employee responsibilities under the Labor Code of the Russian Federation:
We illustrate them with examples (we illustrate 5, three are enough for the exam)
The main duties of an employee, enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation:
Name any three bases of social stratification and illustrate each of them with an example.
As we remember, social stratification is the differentiation of members of society (dividing them into different groups - for example, estates, castes, classes) depending on various characteristics. These are the signs we need to name in the task. Most often, three types of social stratification are distinguished - political, economic and professional. Therefore, the grounds for differentiation are: access to power, the amount of income received and the professional functions performed. However, wealth and education can also serve as a basis. Let's think of examples.
A person who has access to power can influence the life of society and change the policy pursued by the state
The standard of living of the general population is lower than the standard of living of rich people
Wealthy people have more opportunities to study abroad
If a person has a prestigious profession, he receives more income.
The higher the level and quality of education, the greater the chances of getting a good job
Name any three social functions of the state and illustrate each of them with an example.
The social function of the state is aimed at ensuring the social security of citizens, creating normal conditions for their life. Social functions include providing employment for the population, setting a living wage and a minimum wage, supporting those who, for objective reasons, cannot work, pensions, healthcare, and insurance. It's not that hard to come up with examples here. One of the answers looks like this:
Each district has an employment center and a labor exchange, where people looking for work can apply.
The state pays pensions and scholarships
Each district has public clinics and hospitals, vaccinations are provided free of charge
The state every year establishes the size of the subsistence minimum, which coincides with the minimum wage.
