Ural economic region located at the junction of the European and Asian parts of Russia. He borders with the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga and West Siberian economic regions. In the south it borders on Kazakhstan. The Ural is a land area, but along the Ural, Kama, Volga rivers and canals it has exit to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. Here developed transport network: transit railways and roads, as well as oil and gas pipelines. transport network connects Ural with the European part of Russia and Siberia.
The territory of the Urals includes Ural mountain system, stretching from north to south for more than 2 thousand km. with a width of 40 to 150 km (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Ural Mountains ()
By the nature of the relief and landscapes allocate Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern Urals. The main territory is medium-high ridges and ranges from 800 to 1200 m high. Only a few peaks reach a height of 1500 m above sea level. highest peak- Mount Narodnaya (1895 m), which is located in the Northern Urals (Fig. 3). In the literature, there are two variants of stress: Folk and Folk. The first is substantiated by the presence of the Naroda River at the foot of the mountain, and the second refers to 20-30 years. of the last century, when people sought to dedicate names to the symbols of the state.
Rice. 3. Mount Narodnaya ()
Mountain ranges stretch in parallel in the meridian direction. The ridges are separated by longitudinal mountain depressions, in which rivers flow. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Karst is developed on the western slopes, there are many caves. One of the most famous is the Kungur Ice Cave.
Karst- a set of processes and phenomena associated with the activity of water and expressed in the dissolution of rocks such as gypsum, limestone, dolomite, rock salt, and the formation of voids in them (Fig. 4).
natural conditions unfavorable. The mountain range of the Urals influenced climate region. It changes in three directions: from north to south, from west to east and from the foot of the mountains to the peaks. The Ural Mountains are a climatic barrier to the transfer of moist air masses from west to east, i.e. from the Atlantic. Despite the insignificant height of the mountains, they prevent the spread of air masses to the east. Thus, the Cis-Urals receives more precipitation than in the Trans-Urals, and permafrost is also observed in the north of the Ural Mountains.
Diversity mineral resources The Urals is unparalleled among the economic regions of Russia (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Economic map of the Urals. ()
The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. There are 15 thousand deposits of various minerals here. The main wealth of the Urals is ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ore raw materials prevail in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, in the eastern foothills and the Trans-Urals. 2/3 of the iron ore reserves of the Urals are contained in the Kachkanar deposit. Oil fields are concentrated in the Perm Territory, Udmurtia, Bashkiria and the Orenburg Region. The largest gas condensate field in the European part of the country is located in the Orenburg region. Copper ores - in Krasnouralsk, Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Karabash (Chelyabinsk region), Mednogorsk (Orenburg region). Small reserves of coal are located in the Chelyabinsk basin, and brown coal - in Kopeysk. The Urals has large reserves of potash and table salts in the Verkhnekamsk basin. The region is also rich in precious metals: gold, silver, platinum. More than 5 thousand minerals have been found here. In the Ilmensky Reserve, on an area of 303 km 2, 5% of all minerals of the Earth are concentrated.
40% of the territory of the Urals is covered with forest. Forest performs recreational and sanitary functions. Northern forests are mainly for industrial use. The Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Bashkiria and Udmurtia are rich in forests. Cultivated lands and arable lands predominate in the structure of land. Soils almost everywhere are depleted as a result of human impact.
Rice. 6. Nature of the Perm Territory ()
The Urals is also rich in rivers (Fig. 6). There are 69 thousand of them here, but the region is unevenly provided with water resources. Most of the rivers are located on the western slope of the Urals. Rivers originate in the mountains, but in the upper reaches they are shallow. The region contains the most important educational tourism centers, historical and architectural monuments - such cities as Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Solikamsk, Izhevsk. Here are interesting objects of nature: Kungur Ice Cave (5.6 km long, consisting of 58 ice grottoes and a huge number of lakes (Fig. 7)), Kapova Cave (Republic of Bashkiria, with ancient wall paintings), as well as the Chusovaya River - one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia ( Fig. 8).
Rice. 7. Kungur ice cave ()
Rice. 8. River Chusovaya ()
Many of the resources of the Urals have been exploited for more than 300 years, so it is not surprising that they are depleted. However, it is premature to talk about the impoverishment of the Urals economic region. The fact is that the region is poorly studied geologically, the subsoil has been explored to a depth of 600-800 m, and it is possible to carry out geological exploration in width in the north and south of the region.
Celebrities of Udmurtia - Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov
Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich - design engineer of small arms, creator of the world-famous AK-47 (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. M. Kalashnikov with an AK-47 assault rifle ()
In 1947, the Kalashnikov assault rifle was put into service. Mikhail Timofeevich was born on November 10, 1919 in the village. Kurya Altai Territory. He was the 17th child in a large family. In 1948, Mikhail Timofeevich was sent to the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant to organize the manufacture of the first batch of his AK-47 assault rifle (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. M.T. Kalashnikov ()
In 2004, in the city of Izhevsk (the capital of Udmurtia), a small arms museum named after M.T. Kalashnikov. The basis of the museum includes a large collection of military and civilian weapons of Russian and foreign production, weapons accessories and personal belongings of Mikhail Timofeevich. Mikhail Timofeevich died on December 23, 2013 in the city of Izhevsk.
Ural - the border between Europe and Asia
The border between Europe and Asia is most often drawn along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains and Mugodzhar, the Emba River, along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, along the Kuma-Manych depression and the Kerch Strait (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Obelisk in Yekaterinburg ()
General length border on the territory of Russia is 5524 km, of which along the Ural ridge - 2 thousand km, and along the Caspian Sea - 990 km. Another option for determining the border of Europe is often used - along the watershed of the Ural Range, the Ural River and the watershed of the Caucasus Range.
Lake Turgoyak
Lake Turgoyak is one of the most beautiful and cleanest lakes in the Urals. It is located in a mountain basin near the city of Miass, Chelyabinsk region (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Lake Turgoyak ()
The lake is recognized as a natural monument. It is deep - its average depth is 19 m, and the maximum reaches 36.5 m. Lake Turgoyak is famous for its very high transparency, which reaches 10-17 m. Turgoyak water is close to Baikal water. The bottom of the lake is rocky - from pebbles to cobblestones. The shores of the lake are high and steep. Only a few small streams flow into the lake. The main source of nutrition is groundwater. Interestingly, the water level in the lake fluctuates. There are several archaeological sites on the shores of Lake Turgoyak.
Bibliography
1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9, textbook for students of educational institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
2. Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
Homework
1. Tell us about the geographical location of the Urals.
2. Tell us about the relief and climate of the Urals.
3. Tell us about the mineral and water resources of the Urals.
Answered by: Guest
The population of Africa is over 1 billion people.
Africa is considered the ancestral home of mankind, because it was on the territory of this continent that the remains of the most ancient species of Homosapiens were discovered. In addition, Africa can be called the birthplace of religions, because in the regions of Africa you can find a huge variety of cultures and religions.
Africa is home to:
Algerian, Moroccan, Sudanese, Egyptian Arabs;
Yoruba;
hausa;
amhara;
other nationalities.
On average, 22 people live per 1 km2, but the most densely populated place on the continent is the island of Mauritius (about 500 people live per 1 km2), and Libya is the least populated (1-2 people live per 1 km2).
The northern part of the African continent is inhabited by the peoples of the Indo-Mediterranean race, south of the Sahara is inhabited by the peoples of the Negro-Australoid race (they are divided into 3 small races - Negro, Negril, Bushman), and the northeast of Africa is inhabited by the peoples of the Ethiopian race.
There is no official language in Africa: they are the languages of groups that have lived in this territory for a long time. The main ones are the Afrosian, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Kordofan, Khoisan, Indo-European language families. But the actual language is English.
Large African cities: Lagos (Nigeria), Cairo (Egypt), Alexandria (Egypt), Casablanca (Morocco), Kinshasa (Congo), Nairobi (Kenya).
The population of Africa professes Islam, Christianity, Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism.
Lifespan
Africans live on average 50 years.
The African continent is characterized by rather low life expectancy rates (on average, people in the world live up to 65 years).
Tunisia and Libya are leaders: here people live on average up to 73 years, residents of Central and East Africa - up to 43 years, and Zambia and Zimbabwe scored the lowest - here people live only 32-33 years (this is due to the widespread spread of AIDS) .
Low life expectancy is due to outbreaks of epidemics: people die not only from HIV / AIDS, but also from tuberculosis. And children often die from measles, malaria and malnutrition.
Health problems largely depend on the lack of medical workers (doctors and nurses flock to developed countries).
Traditions and customs of the peoples of Africa
An integral part of the customs and traditions of the peoples of Africa are shamans with supernatural powers and unique knowledge. All rituals are performed by shamans in special masks, which can be made in the form of the head of a non-existent animal or monster.
Africa has its own ideals of female beauty: beautiful women here are those that have long necks, so they hang rings on their necks and never take them off (otherwise the woman will die, because the neck loses muscle due to wearing hoops).
Africa is a hot and wild continent: despite the fact that today planes fly to all its corners, it is still a mysterious land of alluring dreams for us.
Answered by: Guest
A 1
B xs
AT 4
G-8
D5 but it will be more accurate to look on the internet
Answered by: Guest
Negative:
1 TO Every year, a person extracts about a hundred billion tons of ore from the earth to the surface.
2.
Often, due to the misuse of land, equipment, fertilizers by man, thousands of hectares of fertile soil turn into a lifeless desert.
3. Unsustainable farming practices
4. Pollution of the earth.
5. In the process of economic activity, a person can increase the natural salinization of soils.
Positive:
1. A person crosses plants and gets new types of plants.
2. Digging the soil
3. No matter how strange it may sound, cemeteries are soil enrichment
4. Animals also enrich the soil...well...you get the idea
Unfortunately, I don't know anymore, I helped as much as I could (
Answered by: Guest
Significant territories within Africa, South America and Australia are located at low latitudes, due to which they receive a large amount of heat. These three continents are often called the Southern Tropical Continents. It is also significant that the arrival of solar radiation in these latitudes changes relatively little during the year.
*Africa, South America and Australia are more or less equally located in relation to the oceans surrounding them with similar current systems: the western coasts of all three continents are washed by warm currents in equatorial latitudes, and predominantly cold currents in tropical and subtropical latitudes; the eastern coasts are influenced mainly by warm currents; from the south, all the southern continents are washed by the powerful cold current of the Western winds, which has a great impact on the properties of their nature. The existence of this current largely determines the natural features of Antarctica.
Lecture: Natural and economic zoning of Russia. Regions of Russia. Features of the geographical location, nature, population, economy and history of the development of large geographical regions: the North and North-West of Russia, Central Russia, the Volga region, the South of the European part of the country, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East
Natural economic regions
On the territory of Russia, natural and economic regions are distinguished, which are combined according to the similarity of the population, natural conditions, and economic specialization:
Northern,
Northwestern,
Central,
Volga,
South European,
Ural,
Siberian,
Far Eastern regions.
These areas are called geographical. There is a division of the territory into economic regions. Their boundaries are somewhat different. So the Central geographical region includes three economic regions: the Central, Volga-Vyatka and Central Black Earth regions. The geographical region of the Urals unites the Middle Urals and the Southern Urals.
The Russian economy has sectoral and territorial specialization. Sectoral division is associated with sectors of the economy. Territorial division is carried out on the basis of the branch of specialization of the region. In addition, when identifying areas, a number of other factors are taken into account: historical, natural, economic. Historical factors determine the historical and geographical aspects of the settlement and development of the territory. For example, the Central region is characterized by earlier settlement and development of the territory, earlier than other regions industrial production centers were formed here. Natural factors determine the raw material base of the region, depending on the relief, geological structure, this or that territory has significant reserves of natural resources. For example, the West Siberian region, rich in oil and gas deposits, is located on a lowland where there was once a sea, which led to the formation of minerals. The economic factor determines the location of industrial interconnected enterprises that are focused on the production of certain products. There are 11 economic regions.
central Russia
The formation of this area is largely due to historical factors. The presence of large rivers, which were used as transport routes for communication with neighboring states, determined an advantageous economic and geographical position. In turn, central Russia is divided into four subdistricts: Northwestern, Northeastern, Eastern and Southern. The Northwestern subregion has historically developed as a border region. Ancient cities (Smolensk, Tver) were founded as fortresses. The region specializes in agriculture and tourism. Climatic conditions favored the development of agriculture. The cities of the region specialize in mechanical engineering. In Smolensk, mechanical engineering is represented by the electric power industry, instrument making, and aircraft building. There is also a textile and knitwear industry. There is also a unique cutting production. Passenger cars are produced in Tver. There is a textile and a large printing plant. The geographical position of the North-Eastern subregion is connected with the Volga. Yaroslavl is the largest multifunctional city, famous as a historical and cultural center. It was built one of the first automobile factories, which determined the specialization of the city. In the future, related industries began to develop: chemical, oil refining. Kostroma is one of the oldest cities with a developed textile industry. A thermal power plant was built near the city.
The eastern subdistrict is the center of the country's textile industry. Famous for folk crafts. The southern subregion was formed as a defensive line of Muscovite Rus. Tula arms factories have saved the country from invaders more than once. At present, Tula remains the center for the production of weapons. In Kaluga they produce transport, devices, radio electronics. Bryansk is a large transport hub of Russia, a center of transport engineering.
The Volga-Vyatka region was formed around the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It has a favorable geographical position, located at the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers. In the past, a large shopping center of international importance. Now it is a major center of automotive and defense engineering. There is a shipbuilding base here. A hydroelectric power plant and several thermal power plants have been built on the Volga, there is an oil refining, chemical and pulp and paper industry.
The Central Black Earth region is the breadbasket of the country. On fertile soils, crops are grown for export. In addition, metallurgical plants operate in the subarea on the basis of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, on the basis of which the aviation and agricultural industries are developed in the subarea. There are factories producing equipment for the mining and chemical industries, radio equipment, and electrical equipment. A resort based on mineral springs has been opened near Lipetsk. Building materials are produced in Belgorod.
Northwestern region
A small area with a favorable economic and geographical position. Even Peter I foresaw the flourishing of this area, so he moved the capital to St. Petersburg. From the very beginning, this city was built as a port city, having access to the sea and connecting Russia with the West. The second largest transport and industrial hub in Russia. The city has several hundred research institutes, the Russian Academy of Sciences, higher educational institutions. In industrial development, the leading role is played by mechanical engineering, shipbuilding plants that create ships, nuclear icebreakers and missile carriers. Optical-mechanical production produces optical instruments, cameras, periscopes. Radio electronics, chemical industry is located in Novgorod.
European North
In terms of natural and climatic conditions, natural resources and population density, this area resembles the Siberian region. The region developed as a fuel and energy base of the western part of the country. The area has reserves of coal, oil, gas, peat, shale. There are large reserves of forest resources on the territory. Access to the sea characterizes the profitability of the region's EGP.
The timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries are the main branches of the region's specialization, as well as a significant part of exports. Apatites of the Kola Peninsula serve as raw materials for phosphate plants, and concentrates are export products. Gas produced in Komi is supplied to St. Petersburg. There are also deposits of titanium and aluminum ores. In Cherepovets, there is a metallurgical complex operating on imported raw materials and scrap metal.
European South
The economic and geographical position of the region is determined by access to the Azov and Black Seas.
In economic terms, several complexes are distinguished: agro-industrial, machine-building and fuel and energy. Favorable climatic conditions and fertile soils contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex. In addition to grain, industrial crops, plants of a subtropical climate are grown here: tea, citrus fruits, pomegranates. Winter wheat, corn, rice are grown from cereals. There are also livestock complexes. The industry is focused on the processing of agricultural products. Metal-intensive industries are represented by the Atommash plant in Volgodonsk. Electric locomotives are produced in Novocherkassk. The need for agricultural machinery contributed to the development of agricultural engineering (harvesters, equipment for the food industry). Oil and gas reserves in the foothills provide the region with fuel and energy resources. The area is the main recreational resource of the country; 80% of medical and resort facilities are located here.
Volga region
The Volga region stretches for 1500 km. along the Volga river. The territory of the region is elongated in the meridional direction, like the Urals. The natural resources of the Volga region are quite diverse. Agro-climatic, gas, oil, salt deposits and fish resources stand out in particular. Industry in the area began to develop in Soviet times. Automotive, aircraft, bearing production enterprises were moved here. Now the branch of specialization of the region is science-intensive engineering, production is located in Kazan, Samara, Saratov. In the same cities, the production of aerospace equipment is located. The share of the Volga region in the automotive industry is 80% cars and 20% trucks. Tractors, oil and chemical equipment are produced in the Volga region. Oil refineries in Nizhnekamsk and Samara operate on their own and imported oil. The fuel and energy complex operates on its own raw materials. Volga hydroelectric power plants provide electricity to the European part of the country. Agriculture of the region provides 20% of grain, a third of tomatoes and watermelons.
Ural
The Ural region specializes in the production of structural materials and mechanical engineering. One of the oldest industries is metallurgical, working on its own resources. The forest resources of the region ensured the functioning of the chemical-forest complex. The district produces mineral fertilizers, soda, coke, products of the wood chemical industry. Ural military products have been known since the Great Patriotic War: artillery pieces, tanks. Part of the territory of the Urals is closed due to the production of missiles and nuclear weapons in them. The Urals ranks third after the Volga region in terms of agricultural production. The branch of agricultural specialization is the cultivation of spring wheat. Orenburg downy shawls are known all over the world, as it is here that a special breed of goats is grown.
Western Siberia
The West Siberian region belongs to the Eastern macroregion, located behind the Ural Mountains. It is this region that provides 70% of oil, 92% of gas to the country. Oil and gas fields occupy 2 million square meters. km. Reserves of brown and hard coal account for 30% of the total in the country. In Siberia, iron ore deposits stretched along the Yenisei. Wetlands provide peat and bog phosphate reserves. Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in Novokuznetsk, non-ferrous in Novosibirsk. Metals are used in mechanical engineering, machine tool building, and instrument making. Agricultural machines are produced in Novosibirsk. Defense industry enterprises are located in Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The energy industry runs on coal from Kuzbass, as well as on natural gas. Agricultural production is represented by farming (growing spring wheat) and meat and dairy cattle breeding. The population is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The southern part is a strip of the main settlement, in the north the population density is low, and the outflow of the population to the south continues.
Eastern Siberia
The East Siberian region occupies ¼ of the country, but the population density is low (9 million people). Remoteness from the central regions makes inter-district communications difficult. Remoteness from the oceans determines the dominance of the continental climate. Difficulties delivers and terrain. Most of the region is occupied by mountains and plateaus. The economy has a heterogeneous structure. The region is rich in various natural resources, but with harsh climatic conditions that increase production costs and contribute to the rise in the cost of living for the population. Eastern Siberia is rich in energy, ore, forest and water resources.
The wealth of energy resources is provided by the full-flowing rivers of Siberia: the Yenisei and the Lena with their tributaries. The coal basins provide 45% of the country's coal production. In the Kansko-Achinsk basin, coal is mined in an open way. Oil and gas fields have been discovered. Deposits of non-ferrous and valuable metals are located in Norilsk, the Irkutsk region, in Transbaikalia, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Mining industry and electric power industry are the main branches of specialization of the region. Non-ferrous and chemical plants in Bratsk, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Angarsk operate on cheap energy. There are wood processing plants in Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk. Norilsk is distinguished by the presence of a wide variety of industries, including the production of copper, nickel and cobalt. Agriculture is developed in more favorable southern regions. The central and northern part of the district is specialized in sheep and deer breeding.
Far East
The geography of the region determines the contrast in climatic conditions, on which the development of the economic complex depends. In the north of the region, natural conditions are extremely difficult; in the south, plants of a subtropical climate are grown. The northern part is sparsely populated (focal settlement) and poorly developed industrially. The monsoon climate of the southern regions is favorable for the development of agriculture and human life. The Far Eastern Territory is rich in various natural resources, which were formed in the folded Pacific metallogenic belt. There are large deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, Yakutian diamonds, and gold. The region owns large reserves of tin and tungsten in Yakutia, Magadan region, in the central part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge. The Lena coal basin is the largest in the Far East, but due to natural conditions, only 5% of coal is extracted. Sakhalin, the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Lena-Vilyui basin contain oil and gas fields. The legendary Ussuri taiga is rich in forest resources, as well as unique species of plants and animals, many of which are under state protection. Hydroelectric power plants provide the region with electricity. The port of Vladivostok is the main base of the Pacific Fleet, an industrial and scientific center. At present, much attention is paid to the development of the Far East.
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The structure of the modern Ural Federal District includes the following regions: Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions, as well as the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The total area of the district is about 1790 thousand km2. The capital of the federal district is the center of the Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg.
The Ural Federal District has a very favorable economic and geographical position. Located in the central part of the country between the economically developed western part of Russia and the eastern territories rich in natural resources, the Urals plays the role of a transit macro-region. Close proximity to the markets for finished products allows you to reduce the cost of logistics of goods and services. The favorable economic and geographical position of the Urals enhances its role in the interregional geographical division of labor.
The study of the historical and geographical features of the development and settlement of the territory of the Urals is dictated by the need to identify cultural, historical, socio-economic and natural prerequisites and factors that contributed to the formation of the modern economic complex of the Urals as an old industrial region. To understand the term "old industrial region" it is necessary to analyze the theory of deindustrialization and postindustrial society by D. Bell. It states that the economic development of society goes through three main stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. In a pre-industrial society, the main industries are extractive industries, agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. The industrial society is dominated by processing industries - mechanical engineering, light and food industries. In the post-industrial stage, the main sectors that will be the basis of economic development are the branches of non-material production: science, education, trade, finance, insurance, health care. The leading role in the post-industrial society is acquired by the service sector, science and education, corporations give way to universities, and businessmen give way to scientists and professional specialists.
The old-industrial regions include those regions in which the backbone industries, due to fluctuations in demand and under the influence of scientific and technological progress, stagnate, are unprofitable or have ceased to exist. As a result of this kind of territory, they move from the rank of highly developed to depressive. But, as a rule, at present, negative processes in the industry associated with scientific and technological progress affect only small areas, since modern production is diversified. As an old industrial region, the Urals is characterized by a high level of industrial development with an established stable structure of the production complex. Traditionally, the Urals specializes in the fuel and energy complex, mining and metallurgical industry, mechanical engineering, defense industry, basic chemistry and petrochemistry industries.
We will consider the stages of economic development and settlement of the territory of the Urals within the framework of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The pre-revolutionary period is analyzed from the end of the 16th century, that is, from the moment the Russian colonization of the Urals began, until the October Socialist Revolution of 1917. The Soviet period covers the time period from 1917 to 1989.
As a methodological basis for the allocation of chronological periods, a formational approach is adopted. Within its framework, the idea of socio-economic formations that successively replace each other is clearly distinguished: the primitive communal system, the slave-owning system, feudalism, socialism, communism. Consequently, the pre-revolutionary period corresponds to the feudal and capitalist formation, and the Soviet period corresponds to the socialist formation.
The development of the first settlements in the Urals began with the arrival of the first Russian settlers. The location of the Urals on the border of Europe and Asia was of great importance for the further development of Siberia and the Far East. The middle position of the Urals between the European and Asian parts of Russia determined its role as an intermediary in economic relations between them. The deepest development of the Urals began with the arrival in the XVI-XVIII centuries. the first Russian explorers mainly from the north-west and west of Russia. The objective necessity of mastering such a vast territory as the Urals was explained by the peculiarities of the ethno-geopolitical position of the Russian state. It is located inland, away from the main world sea routes, and the internal dynamism of the Russian nation contributed to the involvement in the economic circulation of the richest natural resources of undeveloped or sparsely populated territories.
The further advancement of settlers deep into the Urals required the construction of fortified settlements that would serve as control over the territory. For this purpose, on the eastern slope of the Urals, along the route of the first Russian settlers, the towns of Lozvinsk (founded in 1589) and Pelym (founded in 1593) were built and fortified, which also performed the function of collecting road tax - yasak. The construction of these first two towns can be considered a turning point in the development of the entire Urals.
Simultaneously with the construction of fortified towns in the middle parts of the Trans-Urals and the Urals, further development of trade relations is taking place, which requires the construction of a new, shorter land road. In 1595, a decree was issued on the creation of a direct road from Solikamsk to the upper reaches of the river. Tours, and Artemy Babinov, the “Solikamsk” townsman, managed to do this. In official correspondence, this road was called the Solikamsko-Verkhotursky tract, and among the people it was known as the Babinovsky road.
Thus, an increasing number of new territories were drawn into the sphere of influence of the Slavic population. Not taking into account the fact that the Russian settlers tried to maintain stable and good-neighbourly relations with the local population, the increasingly intensive trade turnover required the construction of a fortified settlement, with which it would be possible to secure transport links along the new road. The new settlement would have to perform not only military-strategic, but also administrative and commercial functions. In 1598, the governor of Cherdyn, Sarych Shestakovich, built a new customs town, Verkhoturye, on the site of the native town of Neromkur, which acquired an outstanding importance in the life of the Trans-Urals. The road passing through Verkhoturye became the main "sovereign", since it was forbidden to travel by roads for fiscal purposes. Consequently, the main flow of the Yamskaya chase went through Verkhoturye. Two years after the founding of Verkhoturye, in the middle of the way between Verkhoturye and Tyumen, on the river. Ture, in 1600, the city of Turinsk arises - the second in time of occurrence in the Middle Urals.
Further development of the Trans-Urals in the middle of the 17th - 18th centuries led to the growth of numerous peasant settlements and monastic estates on the rivers Tura, Neiva, Tagil, Iset. The developing agricultural region was protected by lines of built towns - fortresses. In this period, the Russian settlement of Siberia and the Urals of the 17th - 18th centuries is a settlement with fortified wooden walls, with a commercial fishing and industrial profile, with state, religious, private services and buildings.
A radical change in the development of the Urals occurs in the 18th century and is associated with the beginning of the reign of Peter I. In this historical period, a mining industry arises in the Urals, the development of which had a huge impact on the settlements, changing their functional structure, layout and socio-professional composition of the population. At the end of the 17th century, most of the ironworks in Russia were concentrated in two regions - Tula-Kashirsky and Olonets. At the same time, the quality of the produced Russian iron was unsatisfactory, and the volume of its output was insufficient for the needs of the domestic market. These circumstances required an increase in the production of metal and an improvement in its quality. The growth of domestic demand for iron was facilitated by the Great Northern War, in which Russia fought for access to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the construction of metallurgical plants in the Urals was intended, first of all, to provide the army with high-quality metal for armaments.
Accordingly, the functional structure of the settlements began to gradually transform from agricultural to industrial (mining) and commercial. Those settlements that arose in an earlier period and whose functions did not undergo transformation turned out to be incapable of further positive development. In this regard, the example of Verkhoturye is indicative, the main function of which (military-administrative) turned out to be unclaimed in the changed economic conditions.
The location of the first metallurgical manufactories in the Middle Urals at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century was subject to the following requirements: the proximity of iron ore deposits; the presence of a river capable of setting in motion factory mechanisms (there were a large number of small rivers in the Urals); sufficient amount of forest as a source of fuel; the proximity of navigable rivers for the transportation of factory products and the possibility of supplying the population. Therefore, the first mining settlements arose around large deposits of ore minerals, on the basis of which the first metallurgical plants were created.
The prevailing part of the numerous factory and administrative-trade settlements was formed in the middle Urals and Trans-Urals in the first third of the 18th century, forming a kind of semicircle, inside which, especially on its eastern side, all the factories were located. The nature of the location of the first metallurgical plants - Nevyansky (1701), Kamensky (1701), Alapaevsky (1704), Uktussky (1704), Vyisky (1722), Nizhny Tagil (1725), Yekaterinburg ( 1723), formed inside the semicircle of settlements-fortresses (Solikamsk, Verkhoturye, Kungur, Ufa, Irbit, Tyumen, Turinsk, Cherdyn) clearly characterizes this.
By the end of the 18th century, a peculiar type of territorial organization of the mining and metallurgical industry was formed in the Urals, characterized by a clear multi-level organization. On the first level there was a metallurgical plant, to which mines and land and forest lands (factory dachas) were attached. If a group of dachas belonged to one owner, a factory district was allocated - a production and economic unit, which included groups of factories.
Most factories were immediately built in the form of large manufactories. The specifics of the technique and technology of metallurgical production of that period, which consisted in the relative complexity of factory devices and the limited possibilities of water energy, predetermined the emergence of a kind of division of labor: internal - within the plant (between workshops) and external - between plants. While maintaining the original unity of the production process (although it could not be continuous in the conditions of manufactory production), this led to the complication of production relations and, accordingly, to the complex structure of the production complex. This feature led to the fact that each such manufactory began to represent a historically established complex of metallurgical enterprises - the main (blast-furnace) and auxiliary (iron-making) enterprises, which were closely interconnected and had a single raw material, transport, and often energy system. The nature of industrial relations led to the strengthening of inter-settlement economic and industrial ties.
A typical example of this kind were the Nizhny Tagil factories. At the beginning of the XIX century. this included two blast furnaces (Nizhne-Tagilsky and Verkhne-Saldinsky), six ironworks (two Laisky, Chernoistochinsky, Visimo-Utkinsky, Visimo-Shaitansky and Nizhne-Saldinsky), as well as the Vyisky copper smelter, interconnected by factory paths. Together with the raw material base (mines and forests located on the territory of the factory "dachas"), they constituted a single territorial and production complex of the district factory economy.
Period XVII - XVIII centuries. became the most decisive for the development of the Urals. During this period, a general pattern was formed for the location of settlements on the territory of the Urals, which arose on the basis of a spatial combination of ore and coal mining, semi-finished products and finished products. Of great importance for the further development of the Middle Urals was the movement to the south of the Siberian Highway and its crossing section through the Urals to Yekaterinburg (on the Iset River). Therefore, many settlements that found themselves aloof from the transport routes under construction fell into decay.
The next stage in the development of the Urals is associated with the development of capitalist relations. During its highest development in the XVIII century. Ural plants produced most of the iron and copper in the country. At the end of the XVIII century. The Central Urals mining industry entered a period of stagnation that lasted for more than 100 years. The crisis of the mining industry, in our opinion, was due mainly to the extensive nature of the development of the territory when locating metallurgical industries, the predominant use of serf labor and the imperfection of management. Therefore, the remaining elements of the feudal system hindered the further industrial development of the Urals, which led to losses in the competitive struggle with the industrial South of Russia.
The district system, which had shown its effectiveness in the feudal period, turned out to be incapable of further industrial-capitalist transformation. The normal functioning of the district system was possible only under the conditions of serfdom, as well as the monopoly position of the Ural breeders. Economic preferences ensured optimal management of the entire production system, which made it possible to clearly respond to changing economic conditions. The "self-sufficiency" of the Ural mining system contributed to its technological stability, but had a negative impact on the development of market mechanisms for management.
The crisis in which the district system found itself was primarily reflected in the mining villages and industrial settlements, which were in close socio-economic dependence on metallurgical plants. In settlements, there was no growth in the economic structure, the core of which was the mining industry, while at the same time there was insufficient development of the so-called "urban" functions related to servicing the population. As a result, the rate of emergence of mining settlements slows down; new urban settlements did not arise until the abolition of serfdom (1861).
During the 19th century there is a growth of large administrative and industrial centers (in particular, Yekaterinburg). This was due to the beginning of large-scale railway construction and the concentration of industry in areas rich in iron ore (the eastern slopes of the Ural Range and its axial zone). Other settlements, especially those that housed ironworks of an auxiliary type (conversion), gradually fell into decay (for example, Visimo-Shaitansk, Laya).
After the abolition of serfdom, the Urals lost in the competition for the right to supply metal to the domestic market of the country. As a result, the pace of development of urban settlements in the Middle Urals is slowing down. At that time, the main part of the urban population was concentrated in the mining part of the Middle Urals and on the plains of the Trans-Urals.
Thus, in the pre-revolutionary period, most of the settlements arose in the mining zone, and their core was a factory, a pond and a dam. In the mining settlements, one-story buildings prevailed, and the largest buildings were administrative buildings or churches.
The beginning of the Soviet period in the development of the Urals took place in extremely contradictory conditions. The October Revolution of 1917 led to a sharp and inconsistent change in the vector of the country's socio-economic development with a simultaneous transition to a fundamentally different type of management - planned. There was a profound gap in the formed mechanisms of urbanization and in the established traditions of urban life in the Urals. Urbanization processes began to transform on an industrial basis. The emphasis of the state economic policy on the industrialization of the country and the creation of a second ore and metallurgical base in the Urals determined the priority development of heavy industries. Since then, "socialist industrialization" and urbanization have been inextricably linked in the process of the historical development of Soviet society. Therefore, the role of the state in the development of urbanization processes since the 1930s. intensified, which led to a rapid growth of the urban population.
In the existing historical conditions, this process turned out to be hypertrophied and compressed in time. This happened under the influence of two groups of factors - external, which stemmed from the objective situation of the country, and internal, introduced by the political system - the command-administrative management system, limiting control and disposal of resources from the center, the forced nature of development with limited and austerity resources. The development of settlements was closely linked with the development of the economy on the basis of five-year plans, which were an integral part of the long-term master plans for the development of the country's economy.
A large number of diverse mineral resources and the established traditions of the mining industry predetermined the further specialization of the economy of the Middle Urals in heavy industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, processing and harvesting of wood, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, production of building materials, etc.
The industrialization of the country led to the gradual formation of a new socio-professional structure of society. Social groups of workers and employees appeared. The construction of new enterprises required labor, which was not enough during the first five-year plans. The main source of replenishment of the working class was the peasantry. The labor reserves released from agriculture gradually moved to cities and urban-type settlements.
In connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, the plan for the development of the national economy, scheduled for the third five-year plan, was not completed. The entire industry of the Urals restructured its work to meet military needs. The bulk of the evacuated enterprises and the arriving population were located in cities. In the post-war period, the tendency to further concentration of industrial production in the already established industrial centers and centers persisted. The process of the emergence of new settlements practically stops, their number is gradually stabilizing, since their quantitative growth has turned into a qualitative one. Social infrastructure is being developed in cities and towns, housing, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, etc. are being built.
Stabilization of the number of settlements since the mid-1970s. occurred primarily for economic reasons. The focus on increasing production indicators in five-year plans practiced in Soviet economic planning, although apparently positive, led to the accumulation of resource-factor contradictions in the economy. Due to the limited labor and natural resources, the extensive growth of settlements has reached its limit. The available resources could not provide a growth factor. Therefore, there was a gradual decline in the volume of production at industrial enterprises.
This was especially evident in the field of mining enterprises. An increase in production plans, in particular, in the volume of extraction of mineral raw materials, led to a faster depletion of the resource base. At the same time, there was a need to develop other deposits, upgrade and reconstruct industrial production assets. In addition, the industrial development of other territories began in the country, financial and labor resources were redistributed. The underestimation of the economic situation in foreign sales markets in the long term has led to the fact that the opportunities for diversification or reorientation of the economic sphere of settlements at the present stage have been lost.
The historical and geographical analysis of the formation of the socio-economic image of the Ural region showed that it has gone through several stages of its development. The main economic and geographical features of the region are due to more than three hundred years of industrial development.
7. Ural region: economic and geographical resource science
The development of territorial socio-economic systems and society is associated with the use of natural resources and energy, which are those natural benefits that are already being used or can be used by man in the foreseeable future. Therefore, in the block of geographical and regional sciences, a separate scientific discipline has been formed - economic and geographical resource science, which deals with the problems of studying the territorial distribution of natural resources, their structure and territorial combinations, economic assessment and rational use. Thus, by natural resources we understand the components of the natural environment that a person uses in his economic activity.
Large territorial differences in combinations of natural resources have a significant impact on the development of productive forces. First of all, the development of production is influenced by the presence of mineral and raw materials and fuel and energy resources and water. Enterprises engaged in the processing of mineral resources are located in areas with an advantageous transport and geographical position (this reduces the time of delivery of products to consumers), or within transport accessibility to sources of raw materials. Non-ferrous metallurgy is a more energy-intensive production, and, as a rule, tends to areas where it is more rational to transport fuel and energy, or to those where there is an excess of them. Aluminum production requires a large amount of electricity per unit of output. Therefore, a large number of aluminum production is located in areas abundant with sources of inexpensive electricity, primarily hydroelectric power plants. Ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards large transport arteries or sources of raw materials.
Chemical industries (production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, rubber, etc.), due to the difficulty of transporting products, are located near consumer enterprises, oil pipelines, developed oil fields and seaports.
One of the main limiting factors in the location of industry is water resources. They are valued in terms of stocks, quality and seasonal fluctuations in quantity and quality. Particularly water-intensive industries are the chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, and hydropower. Unfortunately, every year the reserves of usable clean fresh water are decreasing, which is especially important for the food industry. This circumstance forces enterprises to change the properties of water through post-treatment, but this causes additional costs. In this regard, much attention is paid to the choice of water supply sources, and environmental requirements for the quality of treatment facilities are increasing. The richness of reserves and the diversity of natural resources create additional competitive advantages for the development of industry.
The main characteristic of natural resources is the possibility of their use at a given level of development of the productive forces to meet the needs of society and industry. To include certain elements of nature in the category of natural resources, criteria are applied for the economic feasibility of use and the availability of consumer needs, as well as the technical possibility of involving them in economic circulation.
In the process of production activities, natural resources are processed into products with desired properties that the consumer needs. Those resources that have undergone changes in the course of production processes and are subject to subsequent processing are transferred to the category of raw materials (for example, mined ore). The other part of natural resources, which is quantified and suitable for use at the level of development of productive forces achieved, is reserves.
The main types of natural resources can be classified according to the following criteria:
1.by origin– mineral resources, biological resources (vegetable and animal), land, climatic, water resources;
2. by way of use– industrial and agricultural production, non-production sphere;
3.by the degree of reserves and the possibility of renewal- exhaustible, including renewable (biological, land, water, etc.) and non-renewable (mineral), practically inexhaustible (solar energy, geothermal and hydropower).
In addition to the classification of natural resources, their quantitative and qualitative assessment is carried out, and the study of their territorial combinations (TSPR) in the regions as a factor in the development of commercial production clusters. The overall assessment of the natural resources of the region is formed from private assessments of individual types of resources, which makes it possible to determine their totality - natural resource potential (NRP).
The natural resource potential serves as the basis for natural resource zoning, in which natural resource regions are singled out. They are territories, each of which, within certain boundaries, differs from its neighboring territories by the size and structure of its natural resource potential. The resulting assessment of the PDP serves as the basis for studying the structure and degree of application of this potential in a given territory. The difference between the total value of the PRP and that part of it that is used in economic activity reflects the further opportunities for the exploitation of the natural resources of the territory. One of the main components of the PDP assessment is the economic assessment of natural resources. Since the Middle Urals is characterized by a high level of development of the mining industry, we will dwell on the assessment of mineral resources in more detail. Mineral raw materials are obtained by developing mineral deposits, in which a useful substance is contained in an amount that economically justifies its extraction. All deposits are evaluated from a geological, technical and economic point of view.
The geological assessment of the deposit shows the quantity and quality of the mineral, conditions, depth, form of occurrence (layer, vein or stock) and other necessary information about it. Of primary importance is the quantity (reserve) of the mineral in the deposit. Reserves are divided into balance and off-balance. The former include such reserves in which the minerals in terms of their size, quality and conditions of occurrence meet the requirements of consumers (industrial enterprises) and the requirements for extraction. All other reserves that do not meet these requirements are transferred to off-balance sheet. The transfer of off-balance reserves to the category of balance reserves occurs, as a rule, after the depletion of the latter.
Today in the Sverdlovsk region there is no large-scale industrial development of iron and copper ore deposits with a low content of useful substance (for iron ores - less than 10-12%, for copper - less than 2-3%). With the exhaustion of rich deposits, such deposits will be in demand, so they can be classified as off-balance. Off-balance deposits can also include those deposits, the development of which was stopped 10-15 years ago due to economic inefficiency at that time, although the ore body was not fully developed. Examples are the Levikhinsky copper ore deposit and the Bulanash coal mine. It should be noted that these mines have been flooded several times, so the reactivation will require other mining technologies, such as in-situ leaching or oxidation. Therefore, with the improvement of equipment and technology of development, off-balance reserves can move into the category of balance ones.
Another element of the geological assessment of deposits is their division into four categories according to the degree of exploration: A, B, C and C2.
Category A includes those reserves that are already ready for development; as a result of the preparation of mine workings, the quality of the mineral is satisfactory, and the technologies for its processing and use have been worked out.
Category C includes those reserves that are determined on the basis of data from a rare network of drilling research wells. The quality of the mineral is determined by individual samples.
The technical assessment of mineral deposits is designed to determine the technical parameters for the development of identified reserves, the scale of production and the life of the deposit. Also, the method of extraction (open pit or underground), the volume of overburden work, mine sinking plans, technical indicators of mineral processing, etc. are determined.
An economic assessment of mineral deposits shows the importance of a mineral for the economy and the feasibility of its extraction and development as a source of a certain type of mineral raw material. Based on the economic assessment, criteria for the quality of mineral raw materials are established, the reserves of the deposit are determined, the sequence of involvement in the development of its parts is assigned, etc. The main evaluation criterion is the difference between the price of the final product obtained from the mineral raw materials of the deposit and the costs of its production. The economic evaluation of mineral deposits contributes to the rationalization of nature management, and due to this, production efficiency increases.
At all stages of the use of a natural substance (or group of substances), its transformations and territorial movements occur within the social link of the general circulation of a given substance (or substances) on Earth. This process is called the resource cycle. The following resource cycles are distinguished: energy resources and energy, metal ore resources and metals, non-metallic fossil raw materials, forest resources and timber, land resources and agricultural raw materials. There is a planetary territorial structure of resource cycles and regional-local structures of different taxonomic levels. One of the most important criteria for the rationality of the functioning and development of resource cycles is the provision of full-fledged properties and qualities of the environment necessary for a person.
But for the development of industry, it is not only a general assessment of the PDP and resource cycles that is important, but also an assessment of the private potentials of the territory, which have a great influence on the industrial specialization of the regions and the possibility of resettlement of the population: geographical location, relief, mineral reserves, climate, water, land and biological resources. resources. Therefore, we will consider each potential separately in relation to the Urals Federal District, which, stretching from north to south for more than a thousand kilometers, has an extremely diverse natural resource potential. Features of the geographical location were discussed above. In this case, we note that a favorable economic and geographical position serves as an additional stimulating factor for the development of the regional economy.
The relief of the territory of the Ural Federal District is made up of the Ural Mountains located in the west, the vast West Siberian Plain is located to the east. . Its length is more than 2000 km, and its width is from 40 to 150 km. The Ural mountainous country consists of the main watershed range and several side ranges.
The Ural Federal District has the richest reserves of various mineral resources, which have a huge impact on the industrial specialization of the region and the level of its development. The main share of mineral reserves is fuel resources (oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat) and deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (manganese, iron, silver, copper, zinc, gold, lead, nickel). In the group of fuel resources of the Ural Federal District, hydrocarbon resources are of great importance. About 65-70% of Russian oil reserves and 85-90% of natural gas reserves are concentrated here.
The main deposits of iron ores and ores of non-ferrous methods are concentrated within the Ural Mountains. There are no deposits of rich iron ore left in the Urals, so the region's needs for iron ore are not fully satisfied by its own production. For more than 40 years, the development of low-grade ores of the Kachkanarskoye and Bakalskoye deposits, which contain 3/4 of the reserves of the Ural iron ores, has been carried out. These ores contain 15-17% iron and 0.14-0.17% vanadium. The extraction of these ores is profitable due to their complex composition.
Reserves of copper ores are concentrated along the meridional axis of the Ural Mountains, which includes the Krasnouralskoye, Kirovgradskoye, Degtyarskoye, Levikhinskoye deposits. Copper is also found as an associated component of iron ore deposits. The Satka magnesite deposit in the Chelyabinsk region, where the Magnezit plant operates, is unique.
Significant reserves of aluminum raw materials (bauxite) are concentrated in the North Urals bauxite-bearing basin (Krasnaya Shapochka, Severnoye, Sosvinskoye and other deposits), which was discovered in 1931. The content of aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3 in the ore reaches 52-53%. Due to the depletion of the upper layers of deposits in development, the share of deeper horizons being developed by the underground method is increasing.
Climatic conditions on the territory of the Ural Federal District are very diverse, while a significant part of it is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions. For example, the northern part of the Tyumen region belongs to the regions of the Far North. There are various natural zones on the territory of the district: the arctic tundra in the Far North is replaced to the south by tundra and forest tundra, then by taiga, forest-steppe and steppe in the south.
Most of the district's rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic Ocean (R. Pechora, Usa, Tobol, Iset, Tura) and the Caspian Sea (R. Chusovaya, Ural). The Urals is the land of lakes. There are more than three thousand of them on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region. Groundwater is also of great importance. At the same time, water resources are distributed unevenly, which leads to their insufficiency. First of all, this applies to the industrial regions of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions.
The land resources of the district are represented by tundra soils containing up to 5% of humus (tundra gley, tundra podburs, etc.). Permafrost and permafrost landforms associated with it, as well as swamps and lakes, are widespread in the forest-tundra. Soddy-podzolic soils are represented in the taiga zone. In the forest-steppe and steppe, gray forest soils and leached and podzolized chernozems are common, containing 2-16% humus. Agricultural land is concentrated in the Kurgan and southern parts of the Tyumen regions. These regions have the best conditions for agriculture. In the northern regions, animal husbandry is more common, since agricultural land is represented mainly by pastures and hayfields.
Biological resources are mainly represented by large forests. The taiga zone is an object of world importance, performing the function of the "green lungs" of the planet. The type of prevailing vegetation is associated with the latitudinal change of natural zones. Pine, cedar, larch, fir, spruce (coniferous forests) predominate in the north; in the south, in the forest-steppe - birches, aspens; in the swamps - alder, birch, willow.
8. Labor resources and labor potential of the Ural region
The population is the object of study of many sciences - socio-economic geography, regional economics, population geography, geo-urban studies, demography, etc. This suggests that demographic processes are an almost ideal object for studying the processes of dynamics in the economy and society.
An integrated approach to the study of the population is implemented by demography, which is the science of general and particular patterns of population reproduction. Within the framework of socio-economic geography, the geography of population and settlement has been successfully developing for a long period. At the intersection of geography and demography, geodemography arose, which, in our opinion, is a science that studies the totality of relationships between historically and regionally defined demographic processes and structures with the settlement system, territorial production system, social infrastructure, and lifestyle of the population. The main conceptual categories of geodemography are population and demographic situation. The population is the totality of people living in a certain territory, which is most often defined by the boundaries of a settlement (settlement). The demographic situation is understood as a certain state of the population in relation to the geographical, historical and economic conditions in which it is located.
For a general description of the demographic situation, two main attributive features of the population are sufficient: its quantitative composition (aggregate) and territorial affiliation. For a deeper analysis of data on these parameters, it is clearly not enough, since it is more advantageous to analyze the demographic situation within the country, its regions and settlements to compare the population size, the ratio of sex, age, socio-professional and ethno-confessional groups, the direction of migration, etc. In addition to ascertaining the quantitative parameters of the population, it is very important to determine those causes and factors of change that affect the self-preservation of the population and the replacement of generations in different ways.
The main demographic indicators characterizing the population are the structure of the population, the size of the population, the dynamics of natural and mechanical growth, the ethno-confessional structure and the size of the labor force. In the geography of the population, a wider set of characteristics of the characteristics of the population is used:
1. Demographic: gender, age, civil status (legal and civil status), marital status.
2. Economic: profession, qualifications, attitude to work (economically active or passive), seniority, sources of livelihood.
3. Cultural: nationality, mother tongue, religion, education, living in a city or village.
4. Social: official position, citizenship, participation in political organizations, class affiliation.
5. Biological: race, blood type, height, weight and other anthropological characteristics.
6. Geographic: place of residence and place of birth, etc.
The structure of the population is a differentiation of individuals according to various characteristics, on the basis of which typological groups are formed, the main feature of which is plurality. The main ones are the age and sex structure, as well as the marriage and family structure of the population. The distribution of people who form the population according to the values of one attribute is the composition of the population. It can be represented by two or more gradations of a characteristic (groups), for example, the distribution of the population by sex.
Age and sex structure is the distribution of the population by sex and age. The marriage and family structure of the population includes two opposite processes - marriage and divorce. These demographic structures have a direct impact on the processes of natural (birth and death) and mechanical (migration) population growth, as well as on the quality of labor resources. The size of the labor resources of the territory is determined by the number of people of working age.
The population is greatly affected by the processes of natural and mechanical growth. The absolute population is the number of people living in a given area at a given time. It is calculated based on the results of population censuses or current population statistics. Natural increase is calculated as the difference between the number of births and deaths. Mechanical growth is calculated similarly, according to the number of arrivals and departures. Changes in population over a certain period are determined by the magnitude of natural and mechanical growth. The negative value of these values indicates a population decline.
For each administrative-territorial unit, two groups of the population are defined: permanent and present. Permanent population is more of a legal category, since it takes into account the population for which this settlement is the place of usual residence. This is determined by the fact of registration in a particular residential area. The actual population is a spatial category, since it is a collection of people who are at a certain moment in the territory of a settlement or region. At present, the ethno-confessional structure, which is the distribution of the population according to national and religious characteristics, is of great importance for our country.
Russia, and especially the Urals Federal District, is gradually turning into a center of labor migration of the population. This is facilitated by the gradual growth of the economy, which needs a labor force, as well as the emerging improvement in migration policy. These processes lead both to an increase in the transit of cultures and to the realization that the involvement of migrants as a labor force should not lead to interethnic conflicts with the indigenous population. This is possible only in the case when there is a distribution of visitors to those sectors of the economy that are most in need of labor. Currently it is industry and construction. Therefore, in Russia, as a multinational country, ethno-unifying processes will intensify: consolidation and assimilation.
Turning to the characteristics of the demographic situation in the Urals Federal District, it should be noted that it is subject to the all-Russian depopulation trends. This was reflected in an increase in the proportion of the population of older ages, an excess of women over men, a decrease in the number of children in the total population, and a decrease in the overall structure of the economically employed population of qualified technical specialists. The demographic situation in the Urals Federal District was formed under the influence of several factors - a cycle of waves of migration movement from the West to the Urals, natural increase, etc. Therefore, the nature of the demographic situation in each region is individual. Since the Urals is one of the most highly urbanized regions, the demographic situation is subject to patterns inherent in urban settlements, and not rural ones.
The population of the Urals Federal District, in accordance with depopulation trends, continues to decline and currently amounts to more than 12 million people. The natural increase has a negative value and is more than -5%. Population decline is typical for the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen regions. In the Tyumen North, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, the situation is reversed. These regions have a positive population growth, which is largely determined by the dominance of the young age structure, when the population is in reproductive age.
The Ural Federal District is characterized to a certain extent by multinationality. Russians make up the majority of the population (both in cities and rural areas). The proportion of the Bashkir and Tatar population is also significant. Sufficiently large groups are Ukrainians and Germans, who for the most part were forcibly resettled in the Urals, by deportation during the Stalinist period. In the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, one third of the small peoples of the North of Russia lives - the Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkups. The main problem is the preservation of the foundations of their economic existence, since many territories traditionally used for reindeer pastures have degraded as a result of the activities of the oil and gas complex. This requires the adoption of mutually beneficial decisions both for the representatives of these peoples themselves and for the authorities.
In confessional terms, the believing population of the Ural Federal District professes two major world religions - Christianity (mainly Orthodoxy, although there are quite influential Catholic and Protestant communities in large regional centers) and Islam. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians are Orthodox, Tatars and Bashkirs profess Islam.
The basis of the labor resources of the federal district is the population of working age, which is distinguished by high professional training. Due to the high share of industry in the volume of production, the majority of the population in the region is employed in it, but due to the market transformation of society, the employment structure has changed. A new socio-professional group of entrepreneurs has appeared, the number of people employed in industry and construction has decreased (at present there are not enough workers), the share of people employed in the service sector, trade and transport has increased.
Complex processes of conversion of enterprises of the military-industrial complex led to a reduction in demand for technical specialists, which led to an increase in hidden unemployment and mass layoffs. To a greater extent, this affected the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where the concentration of military-industrial complex enterprises is very high.
In the Urals Federal District, intra-regional differentiation in terms of unemployment is clearly expressed. The highest unemployment rate is noted in the Kurgan region, which is characterized by specialization in mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the lowest - in the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs.
The main and determining factor in the demand for labor is the dynamics of the functioning of industry. At the same time, the disproportion between supply and demand in the labor market is clearly expressed. Demand for workers in industry and construction remains, but there is an excess of female labor in the labor market, as well as graduates of educational institutions without professional experience who have received vocational training in low-demand specialties. The level of female employment is higher in large and large cities, which have a diverse social and industrial infrastructure. Here, women's labor is more in demand in the service sector due to its rapid development.
The all-regional settlement system of the Urals was formed over a long period of more than three hundred years, so its modern specificity is a reflection of the historical features of the settlement and economic development of the region. Initially developing on an industrial basis, at the present stage the regional system of settlement is characterized by an increased proportion of urban settlements. This is due to the earlier course of urbanization processes in the Urals compared to other regions of the country. Therefore, the existing territorial and urban structure of the region is the most mature. The calculations performed show that there are on average 1.1 urban settlements per 10 thousand km2 of the Ural Federal District, incl. 0.44 cities. In the Middle Urals, these figures are several times higher than the general district ones and amount to 7.4 and 2.4, respectively, which confirms the highly urbanized nature of the regional settlement system.
The Urals, as an old industrial region, is characterized by the presence of several formed territorial-group systems of settlement of various functional-hierarchical ranks. The lowest level of them is the so-called "grassroots" settlement systems, usually formed on the basis of municipal districts, urban districts and their centers. Under favorable conditions (the presence of a system-forming center of the potential for full involvement in the sphere of its influence of settlements-"satellites" and more remote territories, and a well-developed transport system), "grassroots" settlement systems are transformed into local settlement systems (LSR). They include hierarchically mutually subordinate settlements, which are united by inter-settlement socio-economic and technical-industrial relationships. Each LSR has the following territorial features:
1. Territorial unity and a developed transport network linking together settlements;
2. Industrial-technological and social-labor relationships with the backbone city and individual settlements;
3. The presence within the group of administrative and cultural and domestic ties that create conditions for the socio-cultural development of the system;
4. Joint use of objects of various kinds of infrastructure (transport, industrial, social, etc.).
In the course of further development, concentrating the socio-economic potential, LSR can transform into larger clusters of urban settlements - urban agglomerations. They are compact spatial groupings of urban and rural settlements, which are united with each other and the "core" city by industrial, labor, cultural, community and recreational relationships. As a rule, local settlement systems occupy a larger territory than urban agglomerations and are characterized by less intensity of interconnections with settlement systems remote from the “core” city.
The primary unit in settlement systems is a settlement (settlement) - a permanently or seasonally inhabited place of human settlement, characterized by spatial limitation and territorial commonality. Settlements can have different spatial forms, size, functional purpose, administrative status, occupation of residents and technical level.
The settlement is not only a place of resettlement of people, but also the territory for the placement of social infrastructure facilities, enterprises and institutions of the industrial and non-industrial sphere.
In modern Russian regulations (Administrative Code, Housing Code, Town Planning Code, Federal Law "On General Principles of Local Self-Government", etc.) there is no division into cities, towns, etc. Only two forms of settlements are singled out - urban and rural.
urban settlements- settlements that perform the following economic functions (one or more):
1) industrial;
2) transport;
3) organizational, economic, cultural, political and administrative;
4) organization of recreation and treatment (resorts).
To determine urban settlements, a set of features is used: the size of the population, the structure of its employment, the economic and cultural significance of the settlement, taking into account the local characteristics of various countries and regions.
Urban settlements are divided into two main forms: cities and urban-type settlements (UGS). In geography and statistics, an urban-type settlement is usually understood as an administratively formalized type of a grassroots urban settlement, which occupies an intermediate position between a rural settlement and a city. Urban settlements are divided into three main groups of settlements: workers, resorts, summer cottages.
Work settlements include settlements at large factories, mines, power plants, construction sites, hydraulic structures and other facilities with at least 3 thousand inhabitants, including at least 85% of workers, employees and members of their families. At least 2 thousand people live in resort villages (settlements located in areas of medical importance). The number of people who come annually for treatment and recreation in these villages should be at least 50% of their permanent population. Dacha settlements are settlements that are places of summer recreation for citizens; in them, no more than 25% of the adult population is engaged in agriculture.
Rural settlements include small settlements whose inhabitants are engaged in territorially dispersed activities: villages, villages, settlements, farms, villages, auls, etc.
"Agricultural" and "rural non-agricultural" settlements are concepts that specify the production orientation of rural-type settlements. In the first case, these are settlements whose inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, in the second case, settlements whose inhabitants are employed outside the sphere of agriculture and participate in the implementation of other geographically dispersed functions (forestry, transport services, exploitation of recreational resources, etc.) .
The Urals Federal District is one of the most highly urbanized in the country. Approximately 75% of the county's population lives in cities. The population of only two cities exceeds one million inhabitants. These are Yekaterinburg (1266 thousand) and Chelyabinsk (1083 thousand). In the Sverdlovsk region, 81% of the population lives in cities and urban-type settlements, in the Chelyabinsk region - 75%. The population density of the Urals is low and amounts to only 7 people. per 1 km 2. The spatial distribution of the population is characterized by unevenness. The Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are the most densely populated, while the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs are sparsely populated.
In connection with the loss of population in many urban-type settlements and smaller rural settlements in the Urals, the departing population is being replaced by migrants from the North Caucasus and the countries of the East: China and Vietnam. This is due to the fact that it is easier to adapt here. This process is especially pronounced in the Sverdlovsk region, where the process of transit of cultures is intensifying. The dynamics and consequences of this process remain incomprehensible and unclear.
9. Economics, structure and organization of the economy of the Urals:
general characteristic
The development of human society is always accompanied by economic relationships of various kinds. The complication of the structure of society changes the nature of economic relations, therefore, throughout human history, various types of economic activity replaced each other. Researchers distinguish several types of economic activity that are characteristic of the economy at different stages of its development:
1. traditional economy. Within the framework of this type of economic activity, knowledge and skills are passed from generation to generation (agricultural peasant economy);
2. market system. By balancing supply and demand, it is determined which product to produce, how and for whom;
3. planned system. Economic activity is strictly regulated by directive instructions from the center (capital);
4. mixed system. Represents the optimal combination of planned and market mechanisms (China, USA).
The organization of economic activity in society is based on various approaches, among which the main ones are systemic, formational and civilizational.
From point of view systems approach industrial enterprises are separate production, technological and socio-economic complexes that are part of the national economic system.
As part of civilizational approach social development is associated with the achievement of a certain stage of development, which is characterized by the achieved level of material and spiritual culture. Researchers distinguish two types of civilizations: geographical (mountain, river, sea, ocean) and economic (agrarian, industrial, post-industrial).
Formative approach is one of the most developed in domestic science. The core of this approach is the concept of a socio-economic formation, which is a society that is at a certain stage of its development. Each formation is based on a certain mode of production - a historically specific way of creating material wealth. Therefore, in the process of material production, two sides are distinguished - productive forces and production relations.
The productive forces are the material content of social production. The components of the productive forces are:
a) means of production - tools and objects of labor;
b) tools of labor - machines, devices, tools with the help of which a person acts on the substance of nature, on the object of labor;
c) objects of labor - the object of the application of human forces, as well as everything that his labor is aimed at, from which the finished product is obtained (raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, etc.);
d) labor force (person) - a personal factor of production;
e) technology.
Production relations are based on the relationship between people in the process of production and distribution of material goods. The following types of production relations are distinguished:
a) organizational and technical (dictated by the specifics of production);
b) political and economic (based on the existence of property and rights to it);
c) organizational and technological.
The distribution of productive forces is a spatial form of social division of labor, which is expressed in the spatial distribution of industrial enterprises on the territory of an economic region, an administrative-territorial unit of a country, etc. In the process of locating industrial production, not only economic, but also social tasks are solved: the development of social infrastructure, the creation of conditions for attracting investment, new jobs and a comfortable living environment.
To designate the geographical location of the production of material goods, the concept of factors and principles of the distribution of productive forces is used.
Factors of placement of productive forces- technological and technical and economic features of production, which affect its location.
A relatively limited range of factors has a direct impact on the location of industrial enterprises, including natural and economic (raw materials, geographical environment, labor resources and consumption density), technical and economic (scientific and technological progress and rational forms of production organization), economic and political and transport factors.
They are closely interconnected and jointly influence the location of enterprises in a particular industry, although they differ in economic and geographical essence. When it comes to, for example, raw materials, fuel-energy and water factors, the question inevitably arises about the specific location, as well as the magnitude and efficiency of the use of sources of raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources. A similar question arises when considering the consumer factor and the labor force factor, with the only difference that in this case we are talking about fairly large areas.
Principles of placement of productive forces- these are the initial scientific provisions used by the state in its economic policy. There are the following principles of placement:
1. bringing production closer to sources of raw materials, fuel, energy and areas of consumption;
2. rational territorial division of labor with the most effective specialization of economic regions;
3. international division of labor based on economic integration.
Enterprises, industries and the intersectoral complexes formed by them act as the main links in the technical and production chains.
The enterprise is an independent economic entity with the right of a legal entity, created in the manner prescribed by law, designed to perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. The enterprise has the following features: 1) economic independence; 2) completeness of the technological chain for the production of its products; 3) resource requirements typical for this type of enterprise.
The enterprise independently carries out its activities, disposes of the manufactured products, the profit received, remaining after the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments. The main goal of the enterprise is to obtain the maximum and stable profit from the sale of products and services in a competitive world market to meet the public needs and interests of members of the workforce and property owners.
There are several organizational and legal forms of enterprises (commercial organizations), which are determined by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, legal entities can be created in the following forms:
a) Business partnerships and companies , which are recognized as commercial organizations with an authorized capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants).
Forms of business partnerships:
General partnership- a partnership, the participants of which (general partners) in accordance with the agreement are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for obligations with their property.
Limited partnership (limited partnership)- a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are one or more participants - investors (limited partners), who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.
Forms of business companies:
Limited Liability Company – a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into certain shares; LLC participants are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their contributions.
Public corporation - its participants may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders,
Closed Joint Stock Company, whose shares can be distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.
b) Production cooperatives (artels). Voluntary associations of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or economic activities are recognized as such.
c) State and municipal enterprises.
unitary enterprise a commercial organization is recognized that is not endowed with the right of ownership to the property assigned to it by the owner, which is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. State or municipal enterprises may be created in the form of unitary enterprises.
d) organizational forms of industrial enterprises.
Option 1
1. Determine the subject of Russia, which is part of the Urals.
1) Republic of Chuvashia
2) Republic of Udmurtia
3) Astrakhan region
4) Tyumen region
2. Determine the capital of the republic, which is part of the Ural region.
1) Chelyabinsk
2) Izhevsk
3) Kazan
4) Yekaterinburg
3. Select the option that indicates the names of the peoples living compactly within the Urals.
1) Bashkirs and Tatars
2) Udmurts and Bashkirs
3) Evenks and Buryats
4) Russians and Yakuts
4.Select a city as part of the Ural region.
1) Barnaul
2) Perm
3) Omsk
4) Kazan
5. Determine the correct statements.
a) The Urals has a variety of minerals.
b) The area is distinguished by a variety of nature and a difficult ecological situation
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
6. Determine the correct statements.
a) more than 50 million people live in the Urals.
b) The Urals has a variety of natural resources, but their extraction and exploitation is hampered by difficult natural conditions.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
7. Determine the industry that "represents" the economy of the Urals.
1) food economy
2) timber industry
3) non-ferrous metallurgy
4) pharmaceutical industry
8. Choose the right statement
a) Ural is the largest supplier of coal, natural gas and oil to other regions of the country.
b) Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil are large cities and powerful industrial centers of the Urals.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
a) The chemical and timber industries have been developed in the Ural region
b) On the territory of the Urals there are deposits of potassium salts, natural gas and oil.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
Ural economic region
Option 2
1. Determine the subject of Russia, which is part of the Urals
1) Republic of Tatarstan
2) Republic of Kalmykia
3) Orenburg region
4) Omsk region
2. Determine the capital of the republic that is part of the district.
1) Ufa
2) Izhevsk
3) Kazan
4) Yekaterinburg
3.Select a city as part of the Ural region.
1) Astana
2) Vyatka
3) Tomsk
4) Orenburg
4. Choose the correct statement.
a) A little over 20 million people live in the Urals.
b) The Ural region is distinguished by a difficult socio-demographic situation.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
5.Choose the correct statement.
a) On the territory of the Urals there are deposits of iron ore, bauxite, salts, natural gas and oil.
b) The population of the Urals is multinational, but Orthodoxy prevails among the believing population.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
6. Determine the industry that "represents" the economy of the Urals.
1) timber industry
2) ferrous metallurgy
3) food industry
4) construction industry
7. Choose the right statement
a) Ferrous metallurgy arose in the Urals during the years of industrialization - in the 1930s of the last century.
b) Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil - large cities and industrial centers of the Urals.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
8.Choose the correct statement.
a) The development of ferrous metallurgy led first to the disappearance of forests in the Urals, and then to the depletion of coal reserves.
b) There is a powerful nuclear power plant in the Urals.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
9.Choose the correct statement.
a) The chemical industry is concentrated in the Cis-Urals.
b) The developed industry of the region determines the high level of well-being of the population.
1) only a is true
2) only b is true
3) both statements are true
4) both statements are wrong
