Pula - paper currency, banknote, denomination, modern money of Botswana. Botswana pula The pula is the currency of an African country.

Botswana, Republic
Gaborone
569,582 sq. km
Setswana (state), Kalanga, etc.
BW(BWA)072

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Botswana's currency is the pula, divided into 100 thebes and issued by the Bank of Botswana.

Botswana (until 1966 the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. First National currency unit Botswana - pula - introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.

AT cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pul. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pools were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.

On paper banknotes Botswana placed portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pul banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national emblem, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its claws (on the right), and a man on a canoe ( left). The banknote has dimensions of 150 x 75 mm and is colored mainly in beige, yellow and green colors. To protect the authenticity of the 50 pul banknote, watermarks are used that look like a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip passing to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription VOV 50 is applied in microtext throughout. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front sides of the bill with a hologram, on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird, or numerous digital designations of the denomination.

The pula is one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: for 6 Botswana pula you can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.

The last series of banknotes in Botswana was issued on August 23, 2009. Appeared in this series new banknote in 200 pool. The denomination is executed in violet-, brown-, purple-green tones. On the front side there is a woman teaching children to read, on the reverse side there are four zebras at a watering hole. The watermark is a zebra on its hind legs and the number 200. The dimensions of the banknote are 156 x 78 mm.

follis) - passed to the Byzantine copper and, somewhat modified (fulus, fels, fels), got into the monetary systems of the Middle East and from there into the Jochid coinage.

Place of release. Appearance

The first copper pools were produced in the 50s of the XIII century at the mint of the city of Bulgar that existed before the Mongol conquest with the name of the deceased caliph an-Nasir lid-Din. In the future, their minting was carried out at more than 20 mints in different parts of the Golden Horde, the largest of which were Saray, Gulistan, Crimea, Azak, Khorezm.

Outwardly, copper, as well as silver coins of the Golden Horde, were issued very uniformly, and minted in different cities, they looked, with rare exceptions, in different ways and were easily distinguishable from each other. The Golden Horde pools, like the coins of all the Mongol uluses, had a Muslim appearance. The legend on the coins was written using the Arabic alphabet. Inscriptions in Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Uighur prevailed. In a copper coinage providing a local sphere monetary circulation, Muslim prohibitions on the use of images did not play a big role. Copper pools bear images of animals (for example, a lion, a leopard), birds, a rider, etc.

On the coins of the 13th - early 14th centuries, the tamga of the Batu house was placed as a symbol of the unity of the ruling family. Tamga could be placed on the side where the name of the khan was, and on the opposite side.

Minting technique

The Golden Horde pulas were minted on blanks made from chopped parts of a rod, forged or stretched to a certain diameter. After that, the rod was cut along the markings and the blanks thus obtained were flattened and annealed before applying the stamp. The thickness of the workpiece was not the same. One end, which accounted for the stump, is thicker, the opposite, which accounted for stronger hammer blows, is thinner. In the 14th century, “chocks” were first made - pieces of wire cut off on both sides. After flattening, the places of the cuts were cut off with scissors, which is clearly seen when examining the edge of the coins. The image was applied by chasing with stamps, which were made of steel rods of round section of the required diameter. There are known finds of blanks at the Selitrennoye, Tsarevsky and Vodyansky settlements in the Lower Volga region.

pool circulation

The cost of copper in the pools was below their face value, that is, their forced exchange rate took place. In the provincial towns of the Golden Horde, this compulsory course was apparently set by the local authorities and operated only in it. Therefore, the local provincial coinage does not go beyond the boundaries of its city in mass quantities. Being partly a sign of value, pools could not be stored for long. With this practice of constant changes in copper in circulation, they quickly lost their value if they were not handed over to the treasury. That is why there are very few treasures of copper pools, that is why people lost these coins so often. This explains a large number of finds of copper pools in the cultural layer of the Golden Horde cities.

Russian pullo

In imitation of the Juchid pulas in the 15th - early 16th centuries, similar copper coins were minted in Moscow, Tver, Novogorod and Pskov. At the same time, the place of minting was indicated on the coin itself: “Moscow pool”, “Tver pool”, etc. Banknotes were of insignificant value (60-70 pul were equal to 1 denge) and were used for small settlements.

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Notes

Sources

Fedorov-Davydov G. A. Money business of the Golden Horde. - Moscow: PALEOGRAPH, 2003.
Khromov K. K. On the issue of the technology of minting Jochid coins // Proceedings of the XIII All-Russian Numismatic Conference. -Moscow, 2005.

Literature

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.



Follis

Fels (fels, felus) / Fils

Pool (pool, pool)

see also



Russian coins

foreign coins

Counting and weight units

commodity money

see also



From the word "hundred" (including lat. percent)

From Latin roots

From other Greek. δραχμή ("drachma")

From Romanesque and Germanic roots

From Slavic roots

From Semitic Roots

From Persian roots

From Turkish roots

From Chinese roots

From banthoid roots

Other

see also

An excerpt characterizing the Pool (monetary unit)

“You are a villain, a destroyer,” a thin, pale woman with a child in her arms and a handkerchief torn from her head shouted at that moment, bursting out of the door and running down the stairs to the courtyard. Ferapontov went out after her and, seeing Alpatych, straightened his waistcoat and hair, yawned and went into the room after Alpatych.
- Do you want to go? - he asked.
Without answering the question and not looking back at the owner, sorting through his purchases, Alpatych asked how long the owner followed the wait.
- Let's count! Well, did the governor have one? Ferapontov asked. - What was the decision?
Alpatych replied that the governor did not say anything decisively to him.
“Are we going on our business?” Ferapontov said. - Give me seven rubles for a cart to Dorogobuzh. And I say: there is no cross on them! - he said.
- Selivanov, he pleased on Thursday, sold flour to the army at nine rubles per bag. So, are you going to drink tea? he added. While the horses were being laid, Alpatych and Ferapontov drank tea and talked about the price of bread, about the harvest and the favorable weather for harvesting.
“However, it began to calm down,” Ferapontov said, having drunk three cups of tea and getting up, “ours must have taken it.” They said they won't let me. So, strength ... And a mixture, they said, Matvey Ivanovich Platov drove them into the Marina River, drowned eighteen thousand, or something, in one day.
Alpatych collected his purchases, handed them over to the coachman who entered, and paid off with the owner. At the gate sounded the sound of wheels, hooves and bells of a wagon leaving.
It was already well past noon; half of the street was in shade, the other was brightly lit by the sun. Alpatych looked out the window and went to the door. Suddenly, a strange sound of distant whistling and impact was heard, and after that there was a merging rumble of cannon fire, from which the windows trembled.
Alpatych went out into the street; two people ran down the street to the bridge. Whistles, cannonballs and the bursting of grenades falling in the city were heard from different directions. But these sounds were almost inaudible and did not pay the attention of the inhabitants in comparison with the sounds of firing heard outside the city. It was a bombardment, which at the fifth hour Napoleon ordered to open the city, from one hundred and thirty guns. At first, the people did not understand the significance of this bombardment.
The sounds of falling grenades and cannonballs aroused at first only curiosity. Ferapontov's wife, who had not stopped howling under the barn before, fell silent and, with the child in her arms, went out to the gate, silently looking at the people and listening to the sounds.
The cook and the shopkeeper came out to the gate. All with cheerful curiosity tried to see the shells flying over their heads. Several people came out from around the corner, talking animatedly.
- That's strength! one said. - And the roof and ceiling were so smashed to pieces.
“It blew up the earth like a pig,” said another. - That's so important, that's so cheered up! he said laughing. - Thank you, jumped back, otherwise she would have smeared you.
The people turned to these people. They paused and told how, near by, their cores had got into the house. Meanwhile, other shells, sometimes with a quick, gloomy whistle - cannonballs, then with a pleasant whistle - grenades, did not stop flying over the heads of the people; but not a single shell fell close, everything endured. Alpatych got into the wagon. The owner was at the gate.
- What did not see! he shouted at the cook, who, with her sleeves rolled up, in a red skirt, swaying with her bare elbows, went to the corner to listen to what was being said.
“What a miracle,” she said, but, hearing the voice of the owner, she returned, tugging at her tucked-up skirt.
Again, but very close this time, something whistled like a bird flying from top to bottom, a fire flashed in the middle of the street, something shot and covered the street with smoke.
"Villain, why are you doing this?" shouted the host, running up to the cook.
At the same instant, women wailed plaintively from different directions, a child began to cry in fright, and people silently crowded around the cook with pale faces. From this crowd, the groans and sentences of the cook were heard most audibly:
- Oh, oh, my darlings! My doves are white! Don't let die! My doves are white! ..
Five minutes later there was no one left on the street. The cook, with her thigh shattered by a grenade fragment, was carried into the kitchen. Alpatych, his coachman, Ferapontov's wife with children, the janitor were sitting in the basement, listening. The rumble of guns, the whistle of shells, and the pitiful groan of the cook, which prevailed over all sounds, did not stop for a moment. The hostess now rocked and persuaded the child, then in a pitiful whisper asked everyone who entered the basement where her master was, who remained on the street. The shopkeeper, who entered the basement, told her that the owner had gone with the people to the cathedral, where they were raising the miraculous Smolensk icon. Pula - National currency Republic of Botswana. The international bank currency code is BWP, denoted by the symbol - Р.

The word "Pula" in Tswana means "let it rain", it is both a greeting and a motto of this country. The currency was introduced in 1976 to replace the South African rand. One Botswana pula contains 100 thebe, translated from tswana means "shield", this currency was also introduced as a result of the monetary reform in 1976.

On the reverse of all coins there is a coat of arms: zebra shield holders hold a shield traditional for East Africa, in its upper part there is a symbol of industry, 3 gear wheels, in the lower part - the head of a Watussi buffalo, three waves and the motto on the ribbon - Pula, emphasizing the importance of water for this country .

One zebra holds a branch of the most important agricultural crop - sorghum, the second - an elephant tusk, symbolizing the ivory trade in the past. Under the coat of arms is the year of issue, around the circle are the inscriptions BOTSWANA and the slogan of Botswana IPELEGENG (self-confidence).

The obverse of the coins has the following images:

5 tebe, steel clad with bronze, heptagon, - a large toucan bird;
10 thebe, nickel-plated steel, - oryx antelope;
25 thebe, nickel-plated steel, heptagon, - zebu bull;
50 thebe, nickel-plated steel - African eagle - fisherman;
1 pula, brass-nickel alloy, heptagon, - Chapman's zebra;
2 pools, steel clad with brass-nickel alloy, heptagon, - rhinoceros;
5 pool, bi-metal (brass-nickel alloy/copper-nickel alloy) edible Saturnia Mopane caterpillar.

In the main circulation there are banknotes of different series of issue, they have different color shades and security features. The banknotes of the latest series of the 2009 issue contain the following items security features: zebra watermark and denomination, microtext, embossed element for the visually impaired and blind, identifiable by touch, security thread, through element with antelope's head, colorless embossing.

Banknotes look like:

10 BWP, green/yellow, 132x66. On the obverse - the 4th president of the country, Jan Khama, in the upper right corner, the coat of arms of the country. On the reverse - the building of the National Assembly;
20 BWP, red/pink, 138x69. On the obverse is the author of the national anthem Kgalemanga Motsete, the coat of arms of the country. On the reverse - mining and processing plant.
50 BWP, brown/yellow, 144 x 71 mm. On the obverse - President Seretse Khama, the coat of arms of the country. On the reverse - the Okwanago River Delta, a bird that caught a fish in the foreground, a boy on a boat. In addition to the usual means of protection - a holographic tape 12 mm wide, with the image of the coat of arms, bird and denomination;
100 BWP, blue/grey, 150x75mm. On the obverse - the leaders of Botswana Batoen I, Sebele I and Khama III, the coat of arms of the country. On the reverse - a diamond mine and the process of sorting diamonds. Holographic ribbon 12 mm wide depicting the coat of arms, diamond and denomination;
200 BWP, brown/green, 156x78mm. On the obverse - a teacher teaching the alphabet to two children, the coat of arms of the country. On the reverse - three zebras at a watering place. Holographic ribbon 12 mm wide depicting the coat of arms of Botswana, zebra head and denomination.

Pool rate as of November 27, 2012:

To the euro - 1 BWP = 0.107262 EUR;
To the dollar - 10 BWP = 0.151400 USD;
To the Russian ruble - 1 BWP = 4.273504 RUB.

Botswana (until 1966 the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.

There are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pul. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pools were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.

Botswana banknotes bear portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pul banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national emblem, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its claws (on the right), and a man on a canoe ( left). The banknote has dimensions of 150 x 75 mm and is predominantly colored in beige, yellow and green.

To protect the authenticity of the 50 pul banknote, watermarks are used that look like a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip passing to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription VOV 50 is applied in microtext throughout. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front sides of the bill with a hologram, on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird, or numerous digital designations of the denomination.