Risk of HIV infection through breastfeeding, Benefits of breastfeeding, and Health risks of artificial feeding.
In this post, I will review the benefits of breastfeeding, the level of knowledge regarding the risk of HIV infection, and consider the risks associated with formula feeding.
Breastfeeding is economical and convenient for mothers and reliably provides nutrition to newborns. Breast milk contains all the essential, easily digestible components that a baby needs for at least the first 4 months of life, and usually the first 6 months, and can be an important source of nutrition up to 2 years of age. Nutrients found in breast milk may not be found in other foods and include:
Breast milk, as a source of immunologically active cells and immunoglobulins, protects the baby from infections. The protective effect of breast milk has been repeatedly studied and is well described in the literature. Available data indicate that breast milk's protective properties are most pronounced against enteric pathogens, some studies highlighting the effectiveness of its components against respiratory infections, sepsis and meningitis, and also contribute to a less severe course of illness in the case of infection of the child.
Quality breastfeeding contributes to the psychosocial development of the child and establishes a close psychological bond with the mother. By prolonging infertility, through amenorrhea and lack of ovulation, or through culturally prescribed sexual abstinence during lactation, breastfeeding also improves maternal health and promotes child survival.
In short, normal breastfeeding is The best way feed the child with benefits that go beyond just reliable feeding and children should not be unnecessarily deprived of it. However, breast milk can be a source of several infections, including cytomegalovirus, human T-lymphocyte type 1 virus (HTML-1) and HIV. HIV has been isolated from the breast milk of HIV-infected women; viral nucleic acids have been identified by polymerase chain reaction in cells and extracellular formations contained in human milk, both in colostrum and in late milk. Specific antibodies to HIV (IgA and IgM) were found in the breast milk of infected mothers, when these antibodies were not yet detected in the blood serum.
Epidemiological evidence for HIV transmission through breastfeeding comes from a variety of sources: environmental comparative studies, group observations, and case histories. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is consistently higher in populations where breastfeeding is more common. Published studies that compared mother-to-child HIV infection rates among breastfed and formula-fed infants found that infection rates are higher among breastfed infants. Evidence of HIV transmission through breast milk can also be found by closely monitoring the HIV status of breastfed children. These studies have gradually identified HIV infection in children whose polymerase chain reaction tests were negative in the first 3-6 months of life. Additional evidence was obtained from case histories reflecting seroconversion in infants and the emergence of HIV infection in children whose mothers became infected during the postpartum period.
In 1992, a meta-analysis of six studies was published involving approximately 1,800 women diagnosed with HIV infection. These studies compared the risk of HIV infection between breastfeeding and formula-feeding. The estimated difference in transmission risk between breastfeeding and formula feeding was 14% (22 vs 7) in this analysis, i.e. breastfeeding is in an additional way infection, in addition to intrauterine and during delivery. Four of these six studies involved women from industrialized countries where the duration of breastfeeding is shorter. Repeated meta-analysis including three new studies conducted in developing countries was presented at the World Conference on the Prevention of Perinatal Transmission last September. In this analysis, John and colleagues found an additional risk estimated at 17%.
A direct assessment of the risk of infection through breastfeeding became possible only in the later stages of the postnatal period, when transmission during breastfeeding can be separated from infection that occurred during delivery. These estimates are from monitoring the HIV status of a group of children who were not infected until 3–6 months of age and who were exposed to HIV only through their mothers' breast milk. These studies, which were unable to assess the risk of infection through breastfeeding up to 3-6 months, indicate that after 3-6 months the risk is at least 4-12% and 20% for children who are breastfed up to 24 months. . The latest meta-analysis including four cohort studies in industrialized countries and four studies in developing countries showed a 5% risk of late postnatal transmission.
A 1992 meta-analysis of several studies by Dong and colleagues suggests that a high risk of HIV infection (29%) during breastfeeding occurs if primary HIV infection is diagnosed in the mother during lactation. The duration of breastfeeding is another factor that may modify the risk of transmission through breast milk. In a 1997 meta-analysis, Grace John and colleagues found that women who breastfeed for less than 6 months had an 11% risk of transmission, while that risk increased to 24% for those who breastfed for 6 months or longer.
In addition to recent maternal infection and duration of breastfeeding, mixed feeding is an additional risk factor for infection (mixed feeding infants are intermediate in risk of HIV infection to breastfed or exclusively formula fed infants in their first year of life). Other risk factors considered in the scientific literature are maternal immunosuppression (low CD4 count) and vitamin A deficiency, which are associated with the presence of infected cells in the mother's milk, but whose role in HIV transmission has not yet been directly studied. cavities in children, sores on the mother's nipples and mastitis are also associated with the risk of infection in the child.Other factors include the presence of infected cells and a lack of immunoglobulins in mother's milk.It has been observed that women with a high level of viral load are more likely to refuse from antiretroviral therapy, although it is not clear whether this phenomenon increases the risk of infection through breastfeeding among women taking AZT during pregnancy.
HIV infection can occur at any time during lactation, but the main question is whether the risk of infection is constant or does it change over time. Since HIV was isolated in colostrum and a high concentration of lymphocytes was found, early hypotheses suggested that colostrum might contain more virus than late milk. However, recent studies have found that between 8 and 90 days postpartum, the concentration of HIV-infected cells is significantly higher in milk than in colostrum. As it turned out, mature milk also contains more free extracellular viruses. However, figures for late postnatal transmission after 3-6 months (5% of the meta-analysis) do not include all cases of presumed infection after 6 months via breastfeeding (24%), still suggesting that early postnatal infection does occur. Still, it is necessary to identify the period during lactation when the risk of infection is highest.
Infection through breastfeeding is an important public health problem, since more than 30% of perinatal infections are directed to this route of HIV transmission. The frequency of HIV transmission attributed to breastfeeding will increase as a short course of AZT therapy, which has a preventive effect before and during childbirth, is carried out. If the additional risk of breastfeeding is estimated at 14%, then for every million HIV-infected breastfeeding women, 140,000 babies could be infected through milk.
The most effective method to avoid infection through breastfeeding is to refuse it. This approach is recommended in the US and other countries where the risk of artificial feeding is relatively low. Early weaning is also suggested to promote good artificial nutrition and to minimize the risk of transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases. Further development is needed to determine the optimal breastfeeding period. Using an alternative source of breast milk from another breastfeeding woman or from a milk bank is entirely possible, but care must be taken to ensure that donors are not infected with HIV. The possibility of drug treatment of breast milk is also discussed. In a study of breast milk from an uninfected woman who had been placed with HIV, Orloff and colleagues demonstrated that heat treatment of milk at 62.5 degrees for 30 minutes reduced the titer of both free and cell-bound viruses by more than 50 and 60 times, respectively. Although such processing usually takes place in milk cans, pasteurization is currently not recommended and is unlikely to occur at home. Finally, a theoretical approach to reduce infection through breast milk is the administration of antiretroviral drugs to lactating mothers and/or children as a method of "post-exposure" prophylaxis. However, this point has not yet been fully explored.
When comparing the risks and negative consequences of breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding, we found that the list of problems associated with other types of feeding is longer. However, deciding whether or not to breastfeed is much more difficult than simply comparing two lists. Let's look at the list of problems that arise in the absence of breastfeeding:
In many developing countries, there is an increased risk of infectious diseases and a more severe course of illness among those children who are not breastfed. With artificial feeding, mortality increases by 1.5 - 5 times.
Two studies show that HIV-infected children who are not breastfed have a faster rate of infection progressing to AIDS. The findings are difficult to interpret because the researchers were unable to distinguish between the compared groups in terms of infection time and other factors.
Finally, not breastfeeding is likely to affect the development of the child, causing negative consequences for maternal health and child survival, and in populations where breastfeeding is the norm, a woman who does not breastfeed may be socially stigmatized because she will be suspected of that she is infected.
This list is quite large and I would also like to point out the potential that exists in terms of reducing the risk and negative consequences of not breastfeeding. However, the most important risk and negative consequence of breastfeeding is HIV infection, if it occurs, it increases the risk of premature death of the child. Further research is needed on whether the nutritional content of breast milk from an HIV-infected woman can be compared to that of an uninfected woman, i.e. whether newborn babies of HIV-infected mothers receive the same benefits from breastfeeding. Because we need to know what is best for the woman and child as a couple, research is required on the impact of lactation on maternal health in the presence of HIV infection.
Some researchers have tried to create a mathematical model that public health authorities could use as a guide in different situations to assess the pros and cons of breastfeeding and alternative feeding options. These models are of limited use due to the lack of available information and because they fail to take into account all the factors that influence decision making regarding infant feeding policy. I won't go into the details of the methods used, but it's important to mention two points. The models developed by Kuhn and Stein (published in 1997) and previously proposed by Hu et al. developing countries) failure to breastfeed the entire population always leads to the worst consequences (the most high level mortality for children under 5 years of age). These results protect and promote breastfeeding among uninfected children. Modeling that is currently underway is investigating whether not breastfeeding an HIV-infected woman may have a greater preventive effect than interventions such as AZT therapy, which reduce the risk of HIV infection during pregnancy and childbirth.
If we look at breastfeeding policies, we also need to look at the data that is currently missing. Some of them are listed below:
In summary, HIV infection through breastfeeding is a significant mode of transmission and therefore preventive strategies are needed to address this problem. However, breastfeeding is necessary for all children, which complicates the problem. The ability to address HIV transmission through breastfeeding without increasing mortality from other causes depends on: (1) intervention programs targeting HIV-infected women and (2) reducing the risk of other infant feeding practices.
Dr. Gene Bertholli,
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Recommended reading for all those who have or had a home page on the Internet, those who are going to build it soon, as well as those who would like to make their own home page, but do not know how.
Now there will be a small introduction ... To begin with, I will ask you this question "Do you know what BBS is?"
Quote from an ancient manuscript "FIDONET BEGINNER'S GUIDE" (dated 1991 AD):
"... As you know, every person from ancient times sought to communicate with his own kind. For this purpose, postal system, telephone, telegraph and other benefits of civilization. But, as a rule, such communication was limited to two interlocutors. And every person, as a rule, is a speaker at heart: he needs an audience with whom he could express his thoughts, with whom he could argue, in general, such a state of affairs in our age, when spaceships surf the vast expanses of the Universe, many do not suited. And then a group of computer owners dying from longing for communication came up with a brilliant idea: what prevents us from arranging something like a bulletin board, where everyone could "hang ads" with their smart thoughts and read the smart thoughts of others. Moreover, in technical terms, there were no particular difficulties. No sooner said than done. The result exceeded all expectations! In addition to the opportunity to "chat", there was a unique opportunity to jointly solve important problems, discuss new ideas, and exchange information. This is how BBS appeared. BBS stands for Electronic Bulletin Board System..."
Since then, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge and the boom of terminal BBSok in Russia took place somewhere in 1998-2000, just after the appearance of the "system for housewives" - Windows "a 98th and the public Internet (available also for housewives).
However, we must not forget that many BBCs are still working, and now you can safely call some BBCs in your city and download something from there (and completely free of charge).
The emergence of WEB-BBS-ok
But, this is not a fairy tale, but only a saying. And this is where the very thing begins, because of which I wrote this article:
Recently, due to the emergence of new technologies, people began to remake BBSs into WEB-BBSs. You ask: "What does this mean?" Users usually access BBS using a terminal program (such as HyperTerminal, for example).
Aside from downloading files and reading mail, BBS does little more than anything. WEB BBS is an extension of the regular BBS based on Internet standards.
Working with WEB BBS, the user no longer uses a terminal program, but a browser (for example, such as Internet Explorer).
Navigating the WEB BBS reminds you of traveling on the Internet, ie. you enter the desired URL into the browser and view the information received. WEB BBS, unlike BBS, can be designed as a site or portal.
Why do you need your own W-B?
And now THINK this WEB-BBS does not remind you of anything? Not buying yet? But what about your home page, which you made a week (month, year) ago. WEB-BBS is the same home page for friends. Only in order to access it, you do not need to be connected to the Internet. It is enough to call WB (to call the same way as to the Internet through the "Network and Remote Access to the Network", the phone number, respectively, is not Internet). And after connecting, type in the address bar of Internet Explorer "a W-B address to which you are connected.
The differences between W-B and your Internet page are huge. As a rule, free hostings give you limited space for your site, and do not allow you to use scripts (PHP, Perl). These features are available only on paid hostings. At home, the size of the site will be limited by the size of your hard drive. In addition to this, you can install any scripts on your site. That is, your home site can have its own forum, chat, and much more. Naturally, there are also disadvantages.
Think about it: how often do Americans visit your site, especially in a crowd of 20 people at once? If not, consider moving your homepage from some "people's" host to your home, on your computer.
For the first time on my site, I openly talk about how to do this - everything is not at all as difficult as you think. In addition, if you do this, you will have experience in configuring a web server, which can be useful to you if you work as, say, an administrator. Yes, even if you do not work as any administrator - it's just interesting to look at the work of the web server, so to speak from its inside. What do you benefit from this? W-B is a new phenomenon and now few people have W-BBS. You will have something that others don’t have. You can make a full-fledged Internet portal at home that your friends can access. And if you open it for everyone, then other computer technicians in your city.A person who connects to your W-B will be able to:
There will be much more sense from this than from a simple home page (after all, no one will upload anything to your page). What is required to create a W-B?
Attention!!! Your W-B will only work when your computer is on and your phone is not busy. Accordingly, you can turn it on:
It is unlikely that you can make it around the clock at home (your relatives will not like it). But you can, if relatives do not mind, make it work at night. It's so accepted that most W-B works at night, for example, mine W-B time work from 23:00 to 7:00 and you will not be an exception if you set yourself the same working time. I will note: you will not need to sit at the computer all this time, it is enough that it is turned on. The next day, you will be able to reply to messages posted on your forum and harvest the new files you've grown overnight. That's all for now. If I interested you in this article, go to my website and read more about how to make your own WEB-BBS. By the way, this is so far the only site in Runet dedicated entirely to WEB-BBS "cams. My "W-B Creation Tutorial" is posted on the site. Now there is a semi-draft version that needs to be finalized. However, with this option you can make your own W-B is your real home page.
P.S: It's not for nothing that the page is called "home" and not "folk". The point is to have it at your home, and not on the People.
One way that the BBS02 middrive unit shines over other competition like the Bosch is the ability to program the controller yourself. Although the process of programming the controller will void any warranty that you got with the unit, to many people the risk of voiding their warranty is outweighed by the possibility of getting more performance or having the PAS settings more to their liking. There are 3 settings that most reputable resellers of the BBS02 will set for you.
update: The BBSHD is programmed the exact same way as the BBS02 with the exception of the Limited Current (Amps) which should be set to 30 not 25.
Many US vendors will be resistant to remove the 20mph speed limit as that may make them liable for any accident you are in with their motor. The BBS02 at 750Watts is really only powerful enough for about 25mph or so on level ground, although with a 52T chainring on a downhill stretch I have reached 40mph. At higher speeds your batteries get used up very fast.
It can be somewhat confusing as many of the settings on the drive controller have a setting of ‘ By Display's Command‘ which means the controller on the drive until will defer that setting to whatever the display is set to. There are 3 different displays which all have different settings on them and ways to set different variables like wheel diameter, speed limit and PAS levels. For instruction manuals for all three display types look . The C965 and C963 are generally set to 5 PAS levels, although the C961 is easily set to 9. You can also adjust the C965 PAS levels up to 9. The last page after the Password has been entered is the PAS page, it can be adjusted up to setting “0-9”.
Your controller will have silicone all over the connectors and will be far less pretty than this one (notice I didn't say ugly, I hated being called ugly when I was a kid).
Before you start programming your controller, here are some important quotes from Paul at em3ev.
A smaller chainring is critical for singletrack riding controller conservation. I prefer the 34T Raceface narrow\wide ring.
The biggest problem with the BBS02 is when it is turning under too much load at too low of a speed. The best way to keep the motor spinning fast is to get a smaller chain-ring and to make sure you are in the right gear for any hills you want to climb. The surest way to blow your controller is to use full throttle in too high of a gear on a hill where the pedals are turning too slowly. If you use a large chain-ring on your commuter (mine is a 52T because I like to go fast) make sure you shift down into a lower gear before coming to a stop even on level ground so you are not repeatedly trying to start moving in too low of a gear. Your pedaling cadence should always feel normal to fast, especially on hills.
Another strong recommendation for not frying your controller is to install a temperature probe. Instructions on how to do this are and it takes about 7 minutes to do and costs $2 shipped.
A $2 temp probe can save your $80 controller and a lot of headaches.
In order to program your BBS02 you will need a windows PC with a USB port, a programming cable (from Empowered Cycles) and the software. More info on those three items can be found in this article .
Clicking READ FLASH or WRITE FLASH buttons changes or reads values from all 3 tabs at the same time. You should always click READ FLASH, then FILE->SAVE as a .el to make a back up copy before making any changes to your current settings.
There are 3 pages of programming variables. You can click READ for each page but it will only load the current settings on the controller on that page before you change them. Sometimes the serial connection is unreliable and a variable will have a totally wrong setting or garbage in it. I suggest clicking the READ button twice before you start changing the settings to make sure it read the controller settings correctly. I've never had garbage persist through 2 READ clicks, it always seems to get it right on the 2nd try. When you edit the variables you want you will then need to click the WRITE button for each page you change or WRITE FLASH for all pages. I would click the READ button again on each page after waiting a few seconds to make sure that the settings you changed were actually written to the controller firmware when you clicked WRITE.
Programming cable that plugs into the display port of the BBS02 from Matt at EMPowered Cycles
Variables are color coded based on how safe they are to modify
The color of the variables are what defaults from various drive units as well as the .el configuration file for each vendor. You must save the file to your drive then rename it from .doc to .el then FILE->LOAD it directly into the Bafang program. All variables will be automatically set on all three pages and you need only to WRITE FLASH to write it to the controller.
These .el files are designed for the BBS02 but work just as well for the BBSHD. If you use them with a BBSHD make sure to change the Limited Current(A) on the first page to 30 amps. You do not need to lower the amps on the BBSHD, it can do 30 amps all day long without breaking a sweat.
BASIC TAB
Special Sauce Basic Settings for the BBS02, the BBSHD would want 30 Amps
Listed below are the settings and what little we've learned about them. This article will be updates as we experiment more.
Low Battery Protect(Volts) : 41/41 /41 /41 to 43 / 41 – This number will change based on the pack size and configuration. Most likely your battery will have a BMS that will shut off power when it gets too low. This setting is mostly useful when you are running a battery setup without a BMS which is not advised. Kepler note,
“I use 43V on my 14S 4P 18650 pack setup”
If you are running a 48v nominal pack you'll want to set this a lot lower (like 38v) to keep the drive from shutting off when the pack still has a little juice in it.
Limited Current(Amps): 25/25 /18 /18 to 20/25 This sets the power level that the drive unit will pull from the battery pack. Be aware that just because it is set lower, does not mean that it will not draw more amps for brief periods. If you don't want to stress the BMS you may want to set this number lower than you think it should be by 2-3 amps then slowly increase it over time if your $15 watt meter shows that it is not pulling too much power on a regular basis. This variable will be set lower than 25 if you have a BBS01 or a BBS02 with a lower power level rating than 750W. If this is set lower than 25 from the factory you CANNOT RAISE it safely unless you are sure it is a 750 Watt unit & controller and your battery can handle the draw (it should say on the bottom of the unit). Matt from Empowered Cycles has this to say:
“I recommend 18 amps in most cases. You still get amazing performance, extended controller life, more charge cycles from your pack, more range on your rides. If you have an internally geared hub, I recommend 15 amps and changing the “start current” on pedal assist and throttle all the way down to the lowest setting of 1. Even at 18 amps the 750 watt motor keeps up with an 8T geared MAC hub motor that is pulling 1500 watts. You do not need 25 amps for this motor to perform.”
Kepler has this to say
“ I agree that 18 amps is a good all-round setting. I then rely on the Limit Current Assist level to fine tune the max power best suited to bike.”
If you have a BBSHD make sure that this is set to 30 and no lower.
Asst0 Limit Current(%): 1/0 /0 /100/1 - This is the setting for the PAS at level 0. The throttle might not work in PAS 0 unless this is set to 1 on more recent controllers. You must set limit speed to 1 as well as well as setting the Designed Assist to 9 on the throttle page.
Asst0 Limit Spd(%): 1/0 /0 /1/1 – At power level 0 causes the controller to lower current gently to maintain motor rpm when 44% of speed limit is hit. Speed limiting is done based on motor RPMs not road speed. The throttle might not work in PAS 0 unless this is set to at least 1, it is really nice to have a hand throttle setting without any PAS intervention.
Asst1 Limit Current(%): 52/20 /52 /10 /52 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 1.
Asst1 Limit Spd(%): 44/44 /36 /100/44 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 1.
Asst2 Limit Current(%): 58/20 /58 /20/58 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 2 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst2 Limit Spd(%): 51/51/44/100/51 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 2 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst3 Limit Current(%): 64/30 /64 /30/64 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 3 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst3 Limit Spd(%): 58/58 /52 /100/58 -Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 3 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst4 Limit Current(%): 70/40 /70 /40/70 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 4 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst4 Limit Spd(%): 65/65/60/100/65 -Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 4 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst5 Limit Current(%): 76/50 /76 /50/76 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 5 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst5 Limit Spd(%): 72/72/68/100/72 -Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 5 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst6 Limit Current(%): 82/60 /82 /60/82 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 6 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst6 Limit Spd(%): 79/79 /76 /100/79 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 6 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst7 Limit Current(%): 88/70 /88 /70/88 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 7 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst7 Limit Spd(%): 86/86/84/100/86 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 7 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst8 Limit Current(%): 94/80 /94 /85/94 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 8 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst8 Limit Spd(%): 93/93/92/100/93 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 8 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst9 Limit Current(%): 100/100 /100 /100/100 - Power cut based on road speed at power level 9 if set to 9 power levels.
Asst9 Limit Spd(%): 100/100/100/100/100 - Power cut based on motor RPM speed at power level 9 if set to 9 power levels.
A quick note on power levels. If your display is set to only use 3 power levels then the controller uses settings for Asst1, Asst5 and Asst9 and ignores all the rest. If it is set to 5 levels than it ignores every other power level setting (but uses Asst1\3\5\7\9). On the C963 display I have still not figured out how to set the display to 9 power levels, so you may be stuck with only 5 PAS power levels with that unit.
Wheel Diamter(Inch): 26/26 /26 /26/18 - Set this to whatever your wheel diameter is. I always set this number so that if the display is set to show kph that it really shows mph instead. For a 26″ fatbike tire that is about 18″.
Speed Meter Model: ExternalWheelMeter / ExternalWheelMeter / ExternalWheelMeter/ ExternalWheelMeter / ExternalWheelMeter– As far as I know this is the only speed sensor that is set up for the BBS02
SpdMeterSignal: 1/1 /1/1/ 1
PEDAL ASSIST TAB
Special Sauce PAS settings, the Bafang factory settings are unusable & dangerous
This page is for the Pedal Assist Settings. Change conservatively, make small incremental changes and test rather than large ones.
Pedal Type: DoubleSignal-24 \ DoubleSignal-24\DoubleSignal-24\ DoubleSignal-24 \ DoubleSignal-24– unknown
Designated Assist: By Display's Command \ By Display's Command \ By Display's Command – This setting if set will override the Limit Speed speed limited on the Basic Tab.
Speed Limited: By Display's Command \ By Display's Command \ By Display's Command \ By Display's Command \ By Display's Command - Cuts power when the road speed from the mag sensor hits the number set here. If set to By Display's Command then it uses the Display's set speed limit.
Start Current (%): 10\50\40\30\10 -This variable is vital for not killing the controller. The lower the Start Current is set the less power is directed to the PAS system upon startup, this will create less strain on the controller when starting from a standstill, especially if you are in a gear that is too high. 100% start current will peak at well over 1kW draw. With Kepler's settings this should be set to 30% or less. This can be set all the way down to 1, very useful for IGH bikes and for people wanting a more gentle start
Slow-Start Mode(1-8): 3\ 4 \5 \6 \4 -Controls how quickly the power ramps and how much it overshoots. If this variable is set too high the PAS start will be jerky, if set too low you risk blowing the controller as with start current above. If you are in too low of a gear to start and this variable is set too low it can blow the controller.
Startup Dgree(Signal No.): 4\4 \4 \4 \ 2 – The number of sensor steps before the start up commences. The maximum accepted is 20. 24 is a full pedal revolution. Too few makes start-up occur with too slight a pedal movement. Lower number is less pedal movement to start the motor. Does not work properly with 1 or 0.
Work Mode (angular Speed of Pedal/wheel*10): Undeterminated \ Undetermined \ 10 \ 10 \ Undetermined- Adjusts the amount of power that can be applied to each pedal rotation. The higher the number the greater the power applied to each rotation. This might affect at what rpm peak power sits in PAS operation, changing it doesn’t seem to be noticeable so we advise to leave it alone.
Time of Stop(x10ms): 25\25 \25 \25 \10 – This affects how quickly the drive stops after you stop pedaling. Some people report that setting this lower (as low as 5) may affect the startup delay on the throttle. If you set it to 0 the PAS system ceases to work. 25 is probably too high. This setting disables the PAS if it is set less than 5. I strongly recommend setting this to 5, especially if you want to use the PAS system without using ebrakes. If you set this less than 10 on the v2 of the BBS02 controllers then your PAS will not work properly at all. On the older BBS02v1 controllers and the BBSHD controllers you can set this as low as 5 before you start having issues with the PAS.
Current Decay(1-8) : 4 \8 \6 \8 \8 – Determines how high up the pedal cadence rpm range it starts to reduce power, 8 being the highest. There is no detail on actual rpm speeds for the Current Decay setting.The lower this setting is the sooner the drive unit will start cutting back on the power as you pedal faster.
Stop Decay(x10ms): 0\0 \0 \20 \0 - The amount of time the system takes to cut after pedaling stops. Lower is faster. Kepler says,
“I prefer a smooth stop transition. It is still quite quick to shut the drive down when you stop pedaling”
Current Decay settings mapped vs Power. Image from Ken Taylor on Endless Sphere
Keep Current(%): 60/60/60/60\80 – What this setting does when set at 60% is ramp the current down to 60% of the PAS level selected based on pedal cadence rpm, so at low pedal cadence you get 100% of the level selected but as your pedal cadence increases the power is reduced down to 60%. As you pedal faster the motor does less work down to whatever this number is set to (60% of max current or 15 amps on 25 Amp system).
THROTTLE HANDLE TAB
Start Voltage(x100mv): 11\11\11\11\11 – The is the throttle input starting voltage, the point at which the controller responds to input is at 1.1 volts, so set value to 11 which = 1.1 volts. As you begin to roll on the throttle the voltage moves up from zero and when it reaches 1.1v the motor begins to turn. Best to leave between 10 and 15. Too low and the display will throw an error as the motor will want to run continuously. If you change the throttle you will need to find the new lowest setting.
End Voltage(x100mV) : 35\35 \42 \35 \35 – You can set the max range to 42 which is the max input the controller accepts from throttle input 4.2v. If you set lower than this value your throttle response is not as linear or smooth as it could be. Matt suggests you set start voltage to 11 and end voltage to 4.2 for a wider range of throttle response and smoother control of motor output. If you use an aftermarket throttle you will need to test to see what voltage the hall sensor throttle is giving off at full throttle and set this number slightly lower than that voltage shown on the meter (times 10).
Mode: Current\Speed\Speed\Current\Speed– Switching this to Current Mode (instead of Speed mode) has an improvement in the throttle response smoothness. If you change this then set the Start Current % on this page to 10 or less. Personally I prefer the intensity of the speed setting, although setting this to Current will be much easier on your controller. Some users of the newer BBS02’s say that the CURRENT setting can cause jerkyness with the throttle, in which case you should set it to SPEED mode.
Designated Assist: 9\9 \9 \9\9 – If you disable the PAS system (step 5 ) then this will give you the same number of levels of throttle power as PAS settings. If you don't disable the PAS system then you should probably set this to 9. If your bike is in a rental fleet and don't want to deal with fried controllers then you should set it to something much lower like 6. This setting if set will override the Limit Speed setting on the Basic Tab and also overrides the speed limited on the Basic Tab. If you set this to 9 be aware that you can and will fry your controller if you are in too high of a gear on too steep of a hill and you peg the throttle.
Speed Limited: By Display's Command\40KmH \40KmH \40KmH\40KmH– Cuts power when the road speed from the mag sensor hits the number set here. If set to By Display's Command then it uses the Display's set speed limit. However this setting can sometimes cause severe Throttle lag in PAS0 so if you set it to 40km/hr the 2-3 second throttle lag should disappear.
The speed limit only applies to the PAS and in ignored by throttle input, so in other words, if you want to go past the speed limit, just use the throttle. This is a setting that allows the rider to set a pace or cadence when using pedal assist for a comfortable steady pace. Almost like cruise control, when you begin to go past the speed, the motor cuts out to maintain a lower speed. It is a useful way to extend range. The max speed limit of the display is 45 mph.
Start Current(%): 10\10 \10\10 to 20\ 10 – Percentage current of available when throttle initially applied. Unwise to raise beyond 20, but fine to lower, however motor will give less power when the throttle is engaged. If you set the throttle mode to Current(which I think you should) you will want to lower this number substantially or it will be very jerky on startup. 5-10 gives a lot of smoother startup. This can be set all the way down to 1, great for IGH bikes and smoothing out power delivery.
So what do you recommend?
For smooth throttle control and less delay current mode on the Throttle Handle Tab is the way to go, but you should keep the Start Current % low (below 10 is safe) otherwise the throttle is far too jerky and wheelie prone. If you want max power and torque then set the Throttle Handle to Speed Mode.
I have 8 BBS02 controllers from various manufacturers and I’ve only had one controller failure from the first one I bought from elifebike . The two I have bought from Lectric Cycles and all the ones I have bought from Paul and Doug at California-Ebikes (which both use em3ev’s settings) have given my absolutely no problems. The Lectric Cycles settings has a jumpy throttle and a little throttle delay which could be corrected by switching the Throttle Mode to Current. I have hundreds of hours beating the living piss out of my drive units with em3ev’s and Lectric Cycles settings with no complaints and no controller failures. At this point I’ve set all my drive units to the “Karl’s Special Sauce” settings which is the only way to fly if you want max throttle power without blowing your controller and PAS that actually is usable.
There are plenty of people who say Kelper's settings are very reliable, but I have not tried them yet so I cannot say. I would not advise using Kepler's settings at a full 25 Amps, as you are asking for trouble. 100% Limit Speed at every PAS level at is going to put a serious load on the cheap-ass controller mosfets.
In some ways it's great that we can get into the software and change so many of the settings for the BBS02. Along with this flexibility comes taking responsibility for the controllers and drive units we end up destroying by tweaking the settings. This guide is a way to share information that others have discovered the hard way, but by no means is definitive. All the information here could be wildly inaccurate as no one that I know of has gotten any real technical guidance from Bafang on how to program these units at all.
It broke, I fixed it with mosfets that didn't totally suck. You can too if you visit and are good at following instructions and soldering.
Program at your own risk. Don't program your controller, fry it, then try to get it replaced under warranty pleading innocence. If you fry your own controller then have the common decency to spend the time and energy to fix it yourself or just suck it up and buy another one . Paul has had so many problems with people ripping him off by custom programming and frying their controllers and then trying to get free warranty replacements that he no longer warranties the individual controllers. Can you really blame him?
This article is the culmination of many hours of work and was contributed to by Paul(cellman) from em3ev, Matt from Empowered Cycles, kepler and drprox from Endless-Sphere and on ES. Many thanks to everyone who contributed. I could have done it without you but the results would have been really laughable.
UPDATE: A hacker from Norway named Penoff used the source code and completely rewrote the Bafang programming software. All the settings are the same but the software that Penoff has written fixes a lot of the annoying bugs (like the com ports not showing up properly) and works the way the original Bafang software SHOULD have worked. I've tested it pretty extensively and emailed back and forth with Penoff who seems to be a stand up guy. If you want to download his application you can do it through his website . You won't be disappointed.
