Preliminary work before building a house includes several stages: the preparatory period, drawing up sketches, creating working drawings and communication schemes. How to design a house yourself? Let's consider all the steps in detail.
Before construction, a site plan is drawn up in the form of a configuration, with a terrain, a mark of trees and other elements. Schemes of communications passing through the site (water supply, cable, gas pipeline) are applied.
Projects of houses and cottages are carried out with numerous premises for various purposes. First of all, you need a detailed study of the layout of the rooms. The following factors must be taken into account:
the number of residents and the presence of separate families (adult children, parents);
the presence of small children;
the estimated number of guests and the possibility of their comfortable stay in the house and on the site.
The layout of the entrance hall, living room, study, bedrooms, the presence of separate entrances, bathrooms, kitchens, boiler room and workshop, parking lots and garages, stairs to the upper floors depend on these factors. It is necessary to decide where the sauna will be: in a separate building or in the basement. If the family loves plants, then you can place it in the house or attach a small greenhouse to it. Perhaps the attic will be built without heating and is designed only for the summer period. All premises should be placed optimally and at minimum cost.
Many house projects are created with a beautiful appearance of the facade. It should be drawn on each side, then aligned and linked to the interior layout and window placement. The type of foundation depends on the material of the walls. You should also decide whether basements and a cellar are needed. To do this, you need to know how close the groundwater is. Immediately you need to choose the shape of the roof so that the house looks beautiful. Too complex a shape can lead to leakage from precipitation. Windows should be large to give lightness to the house and make it brighter inside. At the same time, you should not be afraid of the cold, as you can install modern ones. They can be ordered in any shape and decorated with carved shutters or forged flower bars.
An important place is the main entrance. It is necessary to determine how the porch will look and whether it will be convenient to climb it. Where will the front door and the visor above it be? What will be the entrances to the garage, the type and location of the gate for the entry of cars? How to go out into the courtyard and from which rooms? How to protect the front doors from rain? The house should be in harmony with the landscape of the site.
How to design a house with rational use of space? Let's consider each of them separately.
The hallway is usually shared by everyone. If there are several families in the house, you need to think about how to enter it so as not to interfere with each other. From the hallway it is convenient to make exits to the living room and to the garage. It is necessary to determine the location and design of the stairs to the second floor. It should be inside the house so that in winter you do not have to clean it from snow.
First of all, you need to make sure that the living room is the most functional. To do this, it should be a place for receiving guests, sharing leisure time, a dining room. In it you can place a fireplace, under which you need a separate foundation. The living room should be properly divided into functional areas. Often it has a staircase leading up.
The kitchen is planned in such a way that it is spacious enough and comfortable for cooking and eating. It is divided into zones for cooking, hot processing and eating, as well as washing dishes. It is possible that a large family will need two kitchens. Appliances should be easily placed in the room: stove, microwave, dishwasher, sink, refrigerator, and various electrical appliances: meat grinder, juicer, mixer, coffee grinder. Everything should be located freely and compactly so that the hostess can reach out with her hand.
AT own house The bathroom should be spacious and comfortable to accommodate everything you need. This requires an area of at least 5 m 2. The bathroom can be located in a separate room.
The bedroom should freely accommodate a bed, dressing table, chest of drawers and bedside tables. It can also contain a work desk, TV, armchairs and a wardrobe. There may be several bedrooms.
In the children's room you need to provide maximum functionality. It should be spacious, comfortable for sleeping, relaxing, playing and sports corner. Toys and clothes should be put away in closets.
The office has a desk, chair, shelves for books and office equipment. It is advisable to provide a place for a small sofa to relax. The spacious office is convenient for business meetings.
The general view of the house should be associated several times with the layout of the rooms. Sketches of facades and placement of rooms can be done in different ways, and then choose the best one.
The main parameters of the house are summarized in one table, which indicates the general dimensions of the house, the number of rooms, their area, ceiling height, number and size of doors and windows.
There are special computer programs on how to design a house yourself. It is not necessary to be able to draw. All this is done by the program. With its help, you can present any projects of houses in a three-dimensional image. A photo of one of them is shown below.
Drawings are drawn up according to sketches, and then builders will build a house according to them.
On the master plan The plot houses a house and other objects under construction, as well as paths, gates, a cesspool, gates, gazebos, a greenhouse, and places for plants. The plan is oriented to parts of the world. The dimensions of each element are set exactly to scale. According to the plan, the places for supplying communications and the location of the drainage system are better defined.
To determine the type of foundation, one should have geological data on the composition and properties of the soil. The load on the foundation is calculated based on the mass of walls, floors, roofs, foundations, snow and temporary loads. Temporary and snow load are considered according to the average indicator - 100 kg / m 2. Based on these data, the type of foundation is selected. Usually choose a tape or pile-tape reinforced concrete foundation. It must be provided with openings for the input of communications. You can find many options on how to design a house yourself with such foundations.
The advantages and disadvantages of materials for building walls is a separate issue. For building a house for a long time, brick is best suited. Recently, foam concrete, aerated concrete, slag concrete and other similar materials with sufficient strength and durability have become popular materials.
Their undoubted advantage is low thermal conductivity, which makes it possible to build inexpensive and warm houses. Numerous projects of houses made of foam blocks show that they are cheaper and lighter than those made of monolithic concrete, and have a lower but sufficient bearing capacity. Overlapping of walls made of porous concrete is best done wooden beam, the loads from which they can easily withstand.
Projects of houses for the most part involve the construction of gable, and for small houses- pitched roofs. A beam is used for rafters, and a board is used as a crate.
The roof is made with the possibility of vapor barrier and ventilation to ensure its protection from moisture. Its material can be a metal profile, a popular variety of which is a metal tile. Soft roofing and euroslate are also used. The metal profile is protected by a zinc coating, as well as a polymer layer that looks beautiful and does not collapse under the influence of the atmosphere.
When performing an electrical project, the total power of consumers is determined. It is performed by licensed companies. As terms of reference lighting and electrical wiring are included in the project.
Before you design a house yourself, you need to find out what resources are nearby. If the central water supply is close, you can connect to it. At the same time, a counter is installed at the main entrance. Water supply and sewerage are designed depending on the maximum number of people living in the house, the number of floors and the area of \u200b\u200bthe house. Sewer pipes are led into central system drainage. If it is not there, the drain is carried out in a drainage pit.
In the absence of a centralized water supply, a well must be drilled or a well built. The source is included in the project along with the autonomous supply scheme.
Projects of houses and cottages are created for autonomous heating systems. The boiler for the house is installed in a separate room. Its power is selected depending on the total volume of heated rooms. The type of boiler depends on the fuel used: gas, electricity or coal. For each heated room, radiators with the estimated number of sections are selected and a water supply pipe layout is drawn up. It indicates all the necessary equipment and its characteristics: boiler, pressure tank, pump, filters, fittings.
Ventilation of the house is provided by natural and forced outflow of air from the premises. To do this, a system plan is drawn, which indicates the layout of pipes, their diameters, installation locations for gratings and maintenance hatches.
After creating the project, it is necessary to monitor how the technology of building a house and laying communications is observed. An agreement is drawn up with the builders with reference to the project. According to this document, control over the correctness of the work is carried out.
How to design a house yourself? To do this, it is necessary to gradually carry out work on the creation of working drawings necessary for construction, and then control the quality of work on them.
Individual construction is considered difficult, especially for those who are not well versed in this area. It all starts with a project. You can do this both on your own and turn to specialists. The first option, of course, saves money. That's just such unprofessionally drafted projects, the commission may not accept. To prevent this from happening, you need to know all the subtleties of drafting a project and the rules for its design.
First you need to accurately imagine what kind of cottage should end up. If before that a person had no experience in the construction business, then it is worth spending a couple of days reading the relevant literature on the design of buildings and what they are.
The first rough sketches can be done in a regular notebook. So you can gradually form the approximate shape and type of the desired building. You can start by looking at images of houses in magazines and books. No need to be afraid to experiment and add or remove different components.
If there are no special drawing skills, you can use special computer programs for design. It will not take much time to master them, but they will allow you to create a project more competently and quickly. When will the approximate appearance home, it's time to start developing a plan for the first floors.
At this stage, it is necessary to properly calculate the dimensions of the planned building. These dimensions are affected by the area of the land.
It is important to consider what building materials will be used in the construction of load-bearing structures. After all, the type of foundation will depend primarily on the weight of these materials.
The following are the rooms that are present in almost any house on the ground floor:
When it is decided how many rooms will be in the house and what configuration they will have, their area should be calculated. These calculations are made on the basis of the already planned total area of \u200b\u200bthe house.
When creating a drawing, one must take into account the thickness of the walls and partitions in the house. This thickness is influenced by the building materials used.
The second floor of the house should be planned only after the layout of the first one has been drawn up.
When it is decided which foundation to lay under the future structure, many calculations must be done. First of all, it is necessary to take into account the type of soil of the site and the level of groundwater.
It is important to consider that the base of the building must be larger than the house. This moment must be taken into account when calculating the total area.
After the basic calculations, they proceed to the preparation of estimates. It indicates all the building materials that will be used in the construction of the house.
There are three important parts of the structure, which mainly go to the materials:
It is also necessary to make sketches of the facade of the house. This must be done from several angles. This will help to most fully imagine how the new house will look from the outside.
In addition to the main plan, the project includes several additional plans. They display the location of electrical wiring, sewerage, water supply.
Most of us dream of living outside the city, in our own private house, with beds of fresh herbs and a sauna.
At present, all this is possible to implement, only for this it is necessary to draw up a project.
The project can be standard or individual.
If in all respects (from geodesy to communications) you have already thought out and decided, then it makes no sense to order an individual one, a standard project is more suitable for you.
Contact the service organization (cooperative or management company) to clarify the location of the tie-in to the underground.
If the water supply is not connected, then it is possible to drill a well.
For gas, contact the service organization directly.
It is necessary to decide on the material of the house. What will your house be made of? And start creating a project. In order to save money, do not come up with complex structures either for the house itself or for its roof. 'Cause every bend requires additional solution, and hence the cost of the project will be more.
Project development includes several stages
Stage 1. Urban planning
The plan involves a drawing of all the rooms. During its development, all rooms, their dimensions and location are thought out. It also takes into account the materials from which the house will be built, the thickness of the walls, the size of windows and doors, the shape of the roof, the availability of premises.
Stage 2. Constructive plan
The truss systems must be accurately calculated, because the reliability of the roof depends on this.
What overlaps should be, and from what layers the walls will be, is also revealed at this stage.
Stage 3. Engineering plan
The plan includes the design of all communications at home.
Currently, there are many programs that allow you to draw up a project at home online.
In these applications, you can independently design a house, select materials, calculate the cost, and most importantly, visually see the end result.
A common program is Google SketchUp. A free program that allows you to create a 3D model.
Stage 4. Design
The design project is the final design stage. The house as a whole acquires color, texture of the material. The rooms are filled with furniture and appliances, interior decoration.
How to design a kitchen?
In the house - this is the most visited place in the house. When designing, you need to decide what you want: an ordinary kitchen like in apartments, or a large kitchen-dining room, or maybe a cooking and storage house will be hidden.
At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the composition of the family, your food preferences, how often you invite guests.
When planning, you must immediately decide on the location of the kitchen.
Arrangement linear
This is the case when the location of all cabinets, household appliances along one wall. Also arrange the equipment correctly: refrigerator, stove, sink.
These items should separate work areas. Pay special attention to the work area. After all, the more you have, the more comfortable it will be for you to cook.
Part 1
Project selectionGet started early. You should always start a task as soon as you receive it. After all, it is not without reason that your teacher spent so much time on it; that's how much you need for the successful implementation of the project. Immediately take up the preparation of a plan so that you can manage to catch all your plans. So you save yourself from sleepless nights before the delivery of the project.
Check out the assignment. It contains detailed description the task ahead of you. Abstract yourself from everything extraneous and carefully read the task. If the teacher hasn't already done so, break the project down into parts so you understand exactly what is required of you.
Working out ideas. Brainstorming allows you to get your ideas down on paper. As a rule, a person writes down thoughts that come to mind and establishes a connection between them in order to start the creative process. This practice helps you focus on the desired idea, as well as think about what has not yet occurred to you. There are a number of effective techniques that can be used in the brainstorming process.
Choose a topic. Resist possible urge to take on a big topic (like covering the entire Civil War) and try to narrow down the subject. So you won't drown in a sea of facts and details.
Choose a way to present the project. This article focuses on the presentation example, so it's important to decide how your ideas will be visualized. If you have selected several important events, then you can use the timing chart. If your work is based on geographical aspects(for example, battles), then a detailed map can be developed. The presentation should be built around a central idea.
Part 2
Work planMake a sketch. Having determined how the project will be carried out, it's time to sketch. You will need a plan and a visual presentation of each item. Also decide on the information content of the project, which will require research work. Take notes on relevant information.
Make a list of required materials. Before starting work, it is necessary to have a list of necessary materials at hand, ranging from research materials to art supplies. Group them by location - home, library and store.
Allocate time. The project should consist of subtasks. Divide your assignment into manageable chunks: “gathering materials,” “speech information,” “writing,” “artwork,” and “final assembly.”
Gather everything you need. Take the time to collect all the necessary materials in one place. If you need to go shopping, ask your parents for a ride. Collect all materials at the project site.
Part 3
Collection of informationDetermine the sources of information you need. What sources would you prefer to use? So, for a history project, books and scientific articles are best suited. You can also read articles in newspapers to feel the spirit of that time, as well as read the personal correspondence of famous figures.
Determine the required number of sources. When completing a comprehensive high school project, you will need more sources than for a high school student. In the first case, at least eight to ten sources should be used, while in the second one or two books can be dispensed with.
Check out the library. The librarian will be your guide among the available materials. For example, you can use the public catalog to search for books. To search for scientific articles, you will need a specialized database, which is located in another tab.
We cut off the excess. Having collected a solid amount of materials, they should be sorted and only the really important ones should be left. Some articles or books may only tangentially relate to your topic, and without them, your work will lose nothing.
Take notes and cite sources. Always take notes on the topic. Do not lose important details, while trying to express the idea in your own words. When taking notes, it is important to indicate the bibliographic data of the source used.
Many of us dream of our own country house, where one could come for the weekend and take a break from the annoying and noisy city life. And if we talk about the independent construction of such a house, then the most difficult step will be, perhaps, the selection of a suitable project that fully meets the requirements and wishes of the future owner. Designing a house on your own is quite difficult, this procedure requires certain knowledge and skills.
First you need to figure out what should be country cottage. There can be quite a lot of requirements, but they all boil down to three important points:
There are a lot of ready-made projects on the Internet, both standard and individual. But when choosing one or another of them, you should not rush, first of all, you should decide - is it really an individual project that is really needed?
Important! Such projects are used mainly for non-standard sites, where the construction of a typical house is problematic or even impossible.
The best option (in terms of time and finances) would be to purchase a standard project with subsequent binding to a specific site by an experienced architect. But this is on condition that only a slight adjustment is required, and if you need to completely change the project, then it is better to immediately order an individual version.
If you plan to design a house with your own hands, then it is unlikely that you will be able to do without a qualified specialist, because when drawing up, there may be problems with numerous technical details - the number and location of lamps, sewage connections, wall thickness / height, etc. Based on this, there are only two possible (read: inexpensive) options.
Important! Regardless of who and how drafted the project, the construction must be entrusted to a qualified foreman who is able to determine “by eye” what exactly needs to be done to implement this or that detail.
If this is not done, then in the event of the destruction of the house there will be no one to blame, since according to the law the foreman cannot be responsible for the compliance of the house project with safety requirements.
If an architect was involved in the design of the house, then you need to remember the basic requirements and, if possible, fulfill them.
Important! Sometimes the customer, after familiarizing himself with finished project wishes to make corrections or additions. Of course, this will also increase the compilation time.
As mentioned earlier, a house project with a primitive layout can be made by hand. To create a sketch of a “dream house”, you only need paper and a pencil, no specific skills or an architect’s diploma are needed. Below is the sequence of basic steps.
Design should begin with geo-prospecting of the site. This will provide accurate information about the properties of the soil and the depth of groundwater (the latter is necessary when planning the foundation and basement). It is desirable to carry out exploration in the spring, when groundwater rises to the highest level.
First, a sheet of paper is taken in a box. Let's say one meter of the plot is two cells. In this case, the scale will be 1:100, that is, 1 mm in the project will equal 10 cm in life.
Next, you need to draw the outline of the site with all adjacent buildings in order to correctly determine the location of the house. At the same stage, the number of floors and whether there will be other structures in the yard is determined. If there are already some objects on the site that will not be removed (for example, a pool), then they are applied first. So the design will be carried out taking into account free space.
Important! You need to be prepared for repeated use of the tape measure, because everything needs to be done in accordance with the scale.
Let's say the house will have two floors, two bedrooms, two toilets, a living room, a kitchen and a basement.
If there are any structures nearby, then it is necessary that there be at least three meters between them and the house - this is necessary for fire safety.
Next, you need to start planning the basement. If the groundwater level is high enough, then the arrangement of the basement will increase total cost by about a third. Therefore, it is desirable to simply make an additional room instead, but on the condition that the area of \u200b\u200bthe site allows it.
After determining the height and type of foundation, the issue is resolved with the building material that will be used to build the house. Next, a hall is drawn, a living room with a kitchen are joined to it, and a toilet is placed in the formed “pocket”.
Then you need to see what happened. We’ll make a reservation right away that you shouldn’t get upset at the same time, because this is just a rough sketch.
It turned out quite well, but some things can be corrected.
The basement may need to be modified. In the second version of the sketch, there were some changes.
Everything is much easier on the second floor. The toilet is located in the same place so that there are no problems when making communications. The wall between the bedroom and the recreation room moves somewhat in favor of the bedrooms.
It is also necessary to plan all the windows and the front door.
When designing a roof, there is one simple rule to keep in mind: the more bends and joints, the higher the value of the house. In addition, a roof that is too complex will be unreliable and over time, leaks will form at the bends.
In order to reduce heat loss, all non-residential premises should be placed in the northern part of the house. In addition, thermal insulation largely depends on the quality of the materials used for insulation, as well as on the location of the windows.
Important! Despite the fact that the house looks perfect on paper, once it is built, it may no longer be to your liking. At the same time, according to an unfinished and “raw” sketch, you can build a quite decent cottage that will last for more than a decade.
So, the project is almost ready, it remains to take it to the architecture for approval. Most likely, the department will offer to modify it somewhat - you should not refuse. In addition to the project itself, the architecture must be provided with:
Important! Drawings must be accompanied by a real estimate for building materials.
Designing a house, like any other important event, should be thought out in advance, because the future may depend on it. The above project has already taken into account the possibility of increasing the size of the family (there are two bedrooms on the second floor - one of them is for children).
