The tariff policy is understood as the purposeful activity of the insurance organization for the development, establishment, clarification and streamlining of insurance tariffs. The purpose of the tariff policy is the successful and break-even development of the insurance organization.
Tariff policy principles:
The equivalence of insurance relations means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probability of damage in order to ensure the return of funds. insurance fund for the tariff period;
Availability of insurance tariffs - tariff rates should not be burdensome for a wide range of insurers, while the effectiveness of insurance as a method of insurance protection increases significantly;
Stability of the size of insurance rates - immutability tariff rates for a long time gives insurers confidence in the reliability of the insurer. An increase in tariff rates is permissible only with a steady increase in the unprofitability of the sum insured;
Expansion of the volume of insurance liability - is ensured by a decrease in the loss ratio of the sum insured, and tariff rates become more affordable for the insured;
Self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations i.e. insurance rates should be built in such a way that the receipt of insurance payments constantly cover the costs of the insurer and provide him with a certain profit.
The insurance rate is the rate of the insurance premium per unit of the sum insured or the object of insurance. Insurance tariffs for compulsory types of insurance are established in the laws on compulsory insurance.
Insurance tariffs for voluntary types of personal insurance, property insurance and liability insurance can be calculated by insurers independently. The specific amount of the insurance rate is determined in the insurance contract by agreement of the parties.
The insurance rate for the object of insurance, as a rule, is set (negotiated) as a percentage. With the help of insurance rates are calculated insurance premiums paid by insurers.
The main goal in calculating insurance rates is to determine the probable amount of damage for each insured event or unit of the sum insured. If the tariff rate fairly accurately reflects the probable damage, then the necessary distribution of it between the insurers is ensured (it is determined how much Money collected from policyholders in the form of insurance premiums will be needed for insurance payments). An insurance rate is a criterion for an insurance reserve (fund) that guarantees a break-even (profitable) insurance activity.
Tariff rates are closely related to the amount of liability of the insurer (insurance payments accepted under the insurance contract). In terms of its functions, the insurer seeks to solve a twofold problem: at the lowest rates available to a wide range of policyholders, to ensure a significant amount of insurance liability. If the tariff rates are calculated correctly, then both the necessary financial stability of insurance operations (balance or excess of income over expenses) and insurance premiums that are not burdensome for policyholders are ensured.
In international insurance practice, the tariff rate underlying the insurance premium (payment, premium) is called the gross rate (B-C). Structurally, it consists of two parts: net rate (N-C) and load (N).
Net rate is intended for the formation of an insurance reserve fund, which is used either exclusively for insurance payments to policyholders in the event of insured events, or for fulfilling the financial insurance obligations of the insurer under insurance contracts, as well as investing part of temporarily free funds in securities, bank deposits, profitable industrial, space projects, new technologies (know-how), etc. The net rate expresses the price of the insurance risk: fire, flood, explosion, etc.
) in the total insurance tariff is a significantly smaller part of the gross rate (depending on the form and type of insurance, it ranges from 9 to 40%). The load covers the costs of the insurer for the organization and conduct of the insurance business, the implementation of preventive measures, contains elements of profit.Knowing the structure of the insurance tariff, it is possible to determine the profit from insurance operations as the difference between the price of insurance services and their cost, including the costs of repaying obligations to policyholders and financing the activities of the insurer. The profit included in the tariff rate is an independent element of the price of an insurance service. The insurer establishes in the insurance tariff the share of profit, expressed as a percentage or in a fixed amount. But profit may not be fixed in the tariff, but formed according to the actual results of work on individual items, mainly on the costs of doing business.
Tariff policy in insurance
The purposeful activity of the insurer in establishing, clarifying, streamlining and differentiating insurance rates in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance is based on the following basic principles:
1. Equivalence of net payments and payments insurance compensation and sums insured. This means that the net rates for each type of insurance should correspond as closely as possible to the probability of damage. Under this condition, the return of the insurance fund is ensured for that set of insurers and for such a tariff period, on the basis of which the net tariff rates were calculated.
2. Availability of insurance tariffs for the bulk of policyholders. The overstatement of tariff rates hinders the broad development of insurance. Insurance payments should be such part of the income of the insured, which is not burdensome for him. With affordable insurance rates, the greatest efficiency of insurance is achieved.
3. Stability of insurance rates. If tariff rates remain unchanged for many years, the authority of the insurer in front of policyholders grows. Even when the unprofitability of the sum insured as the basis of the corresponding net tariff rates is steadily declining, it is expedient in the interests of policyholders to expand the volume of insurance liability with unchanged tariffs. An increase in tariff rates is permissible only as a last resort, when it is impossible in other ways to stabilize the growth of the loss ratio of the sum insured.
4. Desire to expand the scope of insurance liability. Given the stability of tariff rates, compliance with this principle is a priority in the insurance policy of each insurer in order to maximize the satisfaction of insurance interests.
5. Ensuring self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations.
Losses. Choosing insurance for your car today is probably more difficult than ever. Casco is getting more expensive, and the insurance market is still far from full recovery. He keeps sneezing and coughing. Coughed up to the president himself.
The volume of the voluntary auto insurance market fell all last year continues to fall even now. Even the growth in car sales reported by the Association of European Businesses (by 9% over 7 months) has not changed the situation - insurance premiums are still declining. In the first six months of 2009, they received 68.3 billion rubles for auto hull, and for the same period in 2010 - 63.3 billion. At the same time, payments amounted to almost 52 billion rubles, and the ratio approached a critical level - 82%.
“Indeed, the average loss ratio in the hull segment of the market is high and does not meet the necessary requirements for the profitability of this business. This is primarily due to dumping and setting actuarially unjustified tariffs, including for a number of large companies,” the head of the insurance department believes. individuals of the motor transport insurance department of the Rosno company Dmitry Kuznetsov. According to Rosstrakhnadzor, the number of concluded hull insurance contracts has been growing for two quarters, but the average premium on them has not changed - about 36 thousand rubles.
“According to official statistics, the fees of the comprehensive insurance market decreased by 7%, while the OSAGO market in the first half of 2010 grew by 9%. That is, the number of cars increases, and the market volume voluntary insurance is declining,” says Vladimir Chernikov, First Deputy General Director of Oranta Insurance. There is a simple explanation for this - in general, tariffs are falling across the market. “With the growth of payments for voluntary auto insurance, the reduction in tariffs cannot be justified,” warns Vladimir Chernikov.
Credit block. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the country's car fleet is aging, and the car loan market has not recovered. According to Dmitry Vishnyakov, deputy head of the underwriting department at AlfaStrakhovanie, before the crisis, “credit insurance” accounted for up to 50% of the total Casco sales, and now it is no more than 15%. Moreover, their main share falls on prolongations under already concluded contracts - there are not many new contracts so far. It should be taken into account that the flow that the prolongation gives will soon dry up - after all, the bulk of the contracts were concluded in 2007-2008, and loans were issued for the most part for 2-3 years.
“Banks are inactive in this segment. Someone is in no hurry to develop it at all, someone resumed the issuance of loans, but tightened the conditions. share loan cars in dealer sales is still low. It is difficult to predict a recovery in the coming year,” says Fyodor Voronin, Vice President of Renaissance Insurance. According to the experts of Orant Insurance, the lending market may recover by 2014.
And the insurers themselves during the crisis felt all the disadvantages of banking products in their portfolios. The loss ratio for them is much higher, and the percentage of fraud is high. Plus, according to Sergey Maslenkov, head of the auto insurance department at Reso-Garantia, banks often impose their own restrictions on insurance products. “For example, they don’t like the franchise. Banks explain their refusal to work with it with risks - due to minor damage that the insured will not repair at his own expense, the collateral will depreciate. In fact, I have not come across situations where a couple of scratches would have catastrophic consequences for the bank,” notes Sergey Maslenkov. According to him, Reso-guarantee has never focused on credit car insurance - in its portfolio banking products amounted to no more than 20%, so the slowdown in the lending market did not have a very strong effect on fees.
True, some experts predict that in the fall we can expect a revival on it. A number of banks are preparing new car loan programs with very good conditions. But, most likely, the market will run into another wall. “If during the crisis there was no effective demand, now there are products, there are programs - there are no only cars. Queues for cars have appeared again,” says Alexei Yakushin, director of the car insurance department at Ergo Rus. According to him, orders for the Chevrolet Captiva are now accepted for December. Approximately the same queues for most mass-produced car brands - Opel, Ford, Mazda, Honda. "Two months is minimum term expectations. If the factories do not revise the quota for Russia, then there will not be enough Vehicle for retail and lending,” Alexei Yakushin believes.
Was there dumping? For many years now (began long before the crisis) moans have been heard from the market about the dumping reigning on it. Allegedly, in a crisis, cash underwriting is almost the most dangerous phenomenon. Not obvious. Firstly, from the point of view of the end consumer, all dumping has gone into advertising fairy tales, while in reality the policies were not particularly cheap during the crisis. Another thing is how much the commissions of sellers of insurance products have increased. Some very large companies have responded to fee stagnation or cuts by increasing (sometimes dramatically) contracting costs. Evidence of this is in the profit and loss statements. That is, agents and brokers became the beneficiaries of dumping. This is easy to believe, knowing the specifics Russian market. Secondly (and this is closely related to “firstly”), dumping could not become a critical problem for the market if the top 10 companies were not involved in it. However, their leaders rejected and reject the slightest suspicion on this score. In general, there is a mismatch. And for complete confusion, the following facts: most of the largest federal insurers raised prices for hull insurance last year, while the market fell by 7%, top-20 fees decreased by only 2%, and the share in total premiums for auto hull increased by 4%.
“During the crisis, we raised prices and now we do not experience losses and do not feel the need to clean the portfolio. Although, of course, we make the necessary clarifying adjustments,” says Fedor Voronin, Vice President of Renaissance Insurance. According to him, the share of contracts with the use of a franchise has increased in the portfolio. It is noteworthy that more often a franchise is chosen when buying a policy via the Internet, since in this case the client can quickly analyze the price change depending on his choice.
In AlfaStrakhovanie, Casco prices increased by 10-15% on average. Dmitry Vishnyakov explains this by several factors. Firstly, last year dealers raised prices for repairs by an average of 10-15%, and for some brands even by 20%. Secondly, the frequency of losses has increased, people have begun to apply for payments more often, trying to somehow work off the bonus. The growth of fraud cannot be discounted. The company tried to offset the increase in prices by deep segmentation of products: for example, in some cases, the cost is determined not only by the classic parameters, but also by the mileage of the car during the validity of the policy.
Since the beginning of last year, the price of hull insurance in Reso-Guarantees has risen by an average of 12%. Although, according to the head of the auto insurance department of the company, Sergey Maslenkov, tariffs were not revised for all brands, but only for the most unprofitable ones. This list includes, for example, GM products, including such popular models as Opel Astra and Chevrolet Aveo. “In 2008, the GM Insurance program was launched on the market, the insurer for which was Ingosstrakh. And we, unfortunately, under pressure from sellers, under the influence of a good result of this program, have set a competitive tariff for the brands of cars participating in it. These rates gave us a loss back in 2008 of 130-140%. In 2009, despite the crisis and sellers' arguments, we raised tariffs for these brands by 40-70%. The policy of volume for the sake of mythical incomes was closed. I must say that we had a piece of such models. Still, we do not hesitate to have our own tariffs, they are always marginal and always allow you to earn,” says Sergey Maslenkov. As a result, in the first half of 2010 "Reso" showed a 15% growth in the auto hull portfolio.
The tariff policy was also reviewed in the Ergo Rus company. “Our tariffs have changed in accordance with the profile of the portfolio - for car brands for which the unprofitability is small, we have reduced tariffs to 30%, and for unprofitable ones we have raised them by 20-40%,” says Alexei Yakushin. In the category of break-even, according to him, were mainly German-made cars - Audi, BMW, Volkswagen, Mercedes. The group of "problem" includes such models as Nissan Almera Classic, Mazda 3 and 6, Mitsubishi Lancer, Renault Logan. “We regularly conduct a professional actuarial assessment of the development of the auto insurance portfolio. So we survived the crisis without loss. In 2009, the auto hull portfolio grew by 40%. We plan to maintain this trend in 2010 as well,” Alexey Yakushin is optimistic.
It came to the president. Last week, I discussed the problems of insurers, or rather their clients, with market participants and the leadership of the Supreme arbitration court President Dmitry Medvedev. The head of the Supreme Arbitration Court, Anton Ivanov, cited examples when auto insurers drew up a contract in such a way that they were obliged to indemnify only insignificant losses, and the insured remained defenseless against the main dangers. According to Anton Ivanov, by refusing to pay or delaying payments, companies encourage customers to resolve problems in courts, and this practice must be stopped. The head of the Supreme Arbitration Court suggested that the insurance community develop standards for a car hull agreement and determine minimum requirements to payments.
Casco rates of some large companies for popular models of various classes (new cars, rubles)
|
Company |
Type of insured |
Toyota Camry at a cost of 1100 thousand rubles. |
Nissan Qashqai at a cost of 900 thousand rubles. |
Volkswagen Рassat at a cost of 1100 thousand rubles. |
Mitsubishi Lancer 1.8 at cost 650 thousand rubles |
Opel Astra at cost 650 thousand rubles |
Honda Accord at a cost of 1150 thousand rubles. |
Audi A8 at cost 4000 thousand rubles |
|||||||
|
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
no franchise |
deductible 5% |
||
|
AlfaInsurance* |
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|
Oranta Insurance*** |
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|
Renaissance Insurance**** |
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|
reso-guarantee |
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|
Rosgosstrakh |
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|
Agreement****** |
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|
Ergo Rus |
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* The cost is calculated only under the Naked Casco program with a franchise of 30 thousand rubles. For drivers with less than 5 years of experience and less than 24 years of age, a deductible is always applied - at least 9 thousand rubles. ** The calculation was made for a Muscovite driver, a single man. *** The calculation was made with a franchise of 30 thousand rubles. **** For Mitsubishi Lancer and Opel Astra, the calculation was made according to the second package, taking into account the deductible of 5 thousand rubles. For other cars - the third package with a franchise of 10 thousand rubles. ***** For Nissan Qashqai, Volkswagen Рassat, Mitsubishi Lancer 1.8, Honda Accord, the maximum deductible is $1200, for Audi A8 the maximum deductible is $3000. ****** The calculation according to Honda Accord was made for cars equipped with a satellite search system, the calculation of tariffs for the third group of insurers was carried out for car owners with an experience of 6 to 10 years. For the Volkswagen Passat and Audi A8 for the third group of insurers, the tariffs are calculated taking into account the deductible of 15,000 rubles.
1 - insured: 21 years old, no driving experience. 2 - policyholder: 25 years, experience up to two years. 3 - policyholder: 30 years, experience over five years. The table is compiled on the basis of data provided by companies, its contents cannot be considered a public offer.
Companies - leaders in the auto hull market according to the results of the first half of 2010
|
Company |
Premiums, million rubles |
Payments, million rubles |
|
Ingosstrakh |
||
|
Rosgosstrakh |
||
|
reso-guarantee |
||
|
military insurance company |
||
|
Agreement |
||
|
AlphaInsurance |
||
|
Renaissance Insurance Group |
||
|
MSK insurance group |
||
|
Spassky Gate |
||
|
progress guarantor |
||
|
Guta Insurance |
||
|
Energoguarantor |
||
|
Transneft |
||
|
Megaruss-D |
||
|
Surgutneftegaz |
||
|
VTB insurance |
||
|
Companion |
||
|
Ergo Rus |
Tariff policy is the purposeful activity of insurers to establish, clarify and streamline insurance tariffs in the interests of successful and flawless development of insurance, based on the following principles:
When the contract passes without insured events and payments, the created reserve turns into income, which is sent partly to the insurer's reserve fund, partly to replenish profits, or goes to replenish the reserve.
With a mandatory form of insurance, the tariff is set by federal law, and with a voluntary form - by the insurance company. Insurance is one of the elements of competition that affects the attraction of policyholders, therefore, compliance with the principles of building an insurance tariff is controlled by the state supervision of insurance activities in order to prevent its excessive understatement or overstatement.
The tariff policy is manifested in the change in the tariff rate depending on the type of insurance, the condition of the insurance object and its security, novelty insurance product, repeatability of the conclusion of the contract, in raising or lowering the tariff rate, benefits, in competition.
Price competition is based on the tariff rate at which it is proposed to conclude an insurance contract of this type. The reduction of the tariff rate is attractive for the insured.
AT modern world, when insurance markets industrially developed countries mainly divided among a number of large insurance companies, the use of price competition in the fight for the insured looks problematic. Price competition is used mainly by outsider insurers in their struggle with the giants of the insurance business, for which outsiders do not have the strength and opportunities in the field of non-price competition to compete. Price competition is widely used in Russia.
In all cases, the tariff must ensure the creation of the necessary insurance reserve for a particular type of insurance and for the insurance portfolio as a whole.
The differentiation of the tariff rate (gross rate) in general and the share of the net rate in the gross rate are widely used in voluntary types insurance. AT compulsory insurance there is practically no such possibility, since the tariff is determined by law.
The selection of optimal tariff rates for each type of insurance should ensure a balance between the excess of income over expenses of the insurer as a whole for the insurance fund.
Insurance as a protection system property interests citizens, organizations and the state, is a necessary element modern society. A special place in insurance is occupied by insurance rates, since the total receipt of the insurance premium, financial stability, solvency, profitability of insurance operations and the competitiveness of the insurance organization depend on them. That is why the purposeful activity of the insurer in establishing, clarifying, streamlining, differentiating and adjusting insurance tariffs in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance is important. development of tariff policy.
It is important to remember that the tariff policy must be implemented in such a way that it ensures the observance of the interests of both the insured and the insurer, namely: 1) forms insurance tariffs in such a way that they are acceptable to all participants in insurance relations; 2) ensured the invariance of the size of insurance rates for a long period of time; 3) guaranteed the receipt of profit by the insurer.
Only a properly formed and implemented tariff policy will be able to ensure the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the insurance company: the profitability of operations and the general availability of insurance for the population, organizations and the state.
In connection with the important role of insurance tariffs in insurance and the activities of insurance organizations in general, the latter develop and implement a certain tariff policy.
There are several approaches to the disclosure of the term "tariff policy":
1) tariff policy in Insurance tariff (rate) policy - the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish, clarify, streamline and differentiate insurance tariffs in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance.
2) tariff policy - the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish and adjust insurance tariffs in order to ensure financial stability and profitability of the insurer's activities.
3) tariff policy is a set of organizational, information-analytical, economic and other measures aimed at developing, applying, clarifying basic tariff rates, increasing and decreasing their level of coefficients for types (subjects) of insurance, which ensure the acceptability, attractiveness of tariffs of policyholders and profitability of insurance operations of the insurer
To implement the tariff policy, a set of measures is being implemented aimed at developing, applying and clarifying basic tariff rates and their application when concluding insurance contracts.
The tariff policy of the insurer is based on the following basic principles presented in Figure 1:
Figure 1 - Principles of the tariff policy of the insurer
Let's take a closer look at these principles:
Principle 1. The principle of equivalence of insurance relations means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probability of damage in order to ensure the return of the insurance fund for the tariff period of the set of insurers for which insurance rates were calculated. Since tariff rates, as a rule, are set on the scale of a particular region, territory, republic for an average of 5 or 10 years, then on the same scale, for a specified period, the return of contributions in the form of insurance compensation should occur. Thus, the principle of equivalence corresponds to the redistributive essence of insurance as a closed distribution of damage.
That is, tariffs should be calculated based on the condition of equality of the net premium received for the tariff period and the total probable amount of insurance payments in connection with insured events for one or another type of insurance. For types of insurance related to life insurance, the equality of the total net premium with investment income and insurance payments is taken into account.
If it turns out that during the tariff period the total value of the net premium exceeded the total amount of insurance payments for the same period, then this indicates an overstatement of the insurance tariff and infringement of the interests of policyholders. The competitiveness of tariffs is also decreasing. Excess total amount insurance payments for the tariff period over the total amount of the net premium received, on the contrary, incurs losses to the insurer.
principle 2. Availability of insurance rates for a wide range of insurers. Excessively high tariff rates are a financial burden for policyholders and a brake on the development of insurance. Insurance become profitable investment Money . The availability of tariff rates for the policyholder is directly dependent on the number of policyholders and the number of insured objects. The larger the circle of insured persons and objects covered by insurance, the smaller the share in the breakdown of damage falls on each. This reduces the size of the tariff rate, and insurance becomes more affordable. The availability of insurance premiums and, accordingly, tariffs means the effectiveness of insurance as a method of insurance protection of social production. Those this principle means ensuring the economic feasibility of insurance for the consumer.
Principle 3. Stability of the size of insurance rates for a long time. Compliance with this principle allows the insurer to form and retain a wide range of policyholders, ensure stability in planning, organizing the work of full-time and non-staff personnel, collecting insurance premiums, and also maintaining at the required level financial stability and solvency. The constant size of insurance rates is not only convenient for policyholders in their planned, financial calculations, but also economically beneficial for them, as they provide insurance coverage their property interests without increasing the cost of it for a certain period.
Therefore, even with a decrease in the unprofitability of the sum insured by type of insurance, insurers prefer not to reduce the level of the insurance rate, but if it remains unchanged, they increase the amount of insurance liability. An increase in the insurance rate is considered justified only with a steady change in circumstances that increase the risk of occurrence insured event, as well as with an actual increase in the unprofitability of the sum insured for objective reasons. But even in this situation, insurers, first of all, determine the availability and possibility of implementing preventive measures at the expense of the relevant fund in order to reduce the risks of insured events and losses from them (in life insurance, the possibility of increasing the return on investment is also determined), as well as seek internal reserves to reduce the cost of doing business and the share of the load in the insurance rate. Attracting new policyholders based on the stability of insurance rates is the fundamental principle of the tariff policy and financial strategy of the insurer, as well as the dynamic development of new insurance products and types of insurance.
Principle 4. Expansion of the scope of insurance liability, if the current tariff rates allow it. Compliance with this insurance corresponds to the needs of the insured. . The increase in insurance risks accepted for insurance and the maximum coverage of inflicted losses characterize the increase in insurance liability and the satisfaction of the needs of policyholders. The expansion of the scope of liability is characterized by a decrease in the loss ratio of the sum insured for the main types of insurance.
Principle 5. Ensuring self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations. The amount of insurance tariffs should correspond to the level of solvency of a wide range of potential insurers while ensuring the profitability (profitability) of insurance operations. The size of the insurance rate is the smaller, the greater the number of insurants actually entering into insurance contracts, as well as insured persons, specific insurance items, therefore the task of the insurer is to determine such a rate level that would be in financially available to the maximum possible number of policyholders. At the same time, this level of tariff should bring the insurer at least a small profit from this type of insurance. In addition, insurance premiums calculated in accordance with the tariff must cover the costs of the insurer, ensure the volume of insurance payments and bring some excess of income over expenses. That is, insurance rates are formed taking into account not only the implementation of insurance payments, but also on the basis of covering the costs of the insurer as commercial organization, and excess of income over expenses (tariff profit). These elements are planned to be included in the burden of the gross tariff rate, since the net rate provides only a closed distribution of damage and there is no room for profit in it. In cases where the actual unprofitability of the sum insured in a favorable year turns out to be lower than the current net rate, the resulting savings are distributed in two directions: to the reserve fund of the insurer and a part to replenish its profits.
Additionally, such a principle of tariff policy is singled out as providing flexibility and an individual approach in the development and application of insurance tariffs when concluding insurance contracts for certain insurance items (objects) with their inherent features and their risk circumstances, i.e. conducting a flexible pricing policy by the insurer. Accounting for the features of the items (objects) of this type of insurance and the circumstances of the manifestation of risks characteristic of them is carried out by insurers when setting insurance rates in two ways. Firstly, insurance rates by type (sub-type) of insurance are set, as a rule, differentially depending on a number of main factors affecting the likelihood of occurrence of insured events, and within the limits of their minimum and maximum values for risky types of insurance (the upper limit of the tariff rate determines its maximum acceptable level for the insured, and the lower limit - the acceptable level for the insurer). Secondly, to the differentiated (basic) tariff rates, increasing and/or decreasing coefficients are set.
For example, the basic tariff rates for cargo transportation insurance are calculated by groups of cargo (ore and coal; oil and oil products; metals, rolled products, metal products; wood; Construction Materials etc.) for each of the three types of insurer’s liability (“with liability for all risks”, “with liability for a partial accident”, “without liability for damage, except in cases of a crash”) and for all modes of transport (road, railway, water, air).
Accounting for a specific degree of risk of an insured event when concluding an insurance contract is carried out by multiplying the basic tariff rates by increasing or decreasing their coefficients. A change in the distance of transportation affects the probability of an insured event, since the duration of the insurance also changes. Therefore, insurers set the coefficients for the distance of cargo transportation. For example, for a distance of 1000-2000 km, a factor of 1.0 is set. For smaller distances, reduction factors are applied in the range of 0.8-0.9, and for larger distances, increasing factors in the range of 1.1-1.5. Other coefficients are also envisaged, taking into account, for example, the presence or absence of guards accompanying the goods; dangerous routes, etc. .
Thus, the essence of the tariff policy is the systematic work of the insurance organization to develop, clarify and streamline insurance tariffs for the successful and break-even development of the insurance business.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Methodology for calculating tariff rates for risky types of insurance. Calculation of insurance rates using a system of mathematical and statistical methods - actuarial calculations. Peculiarities of calculating insurance tariffs for compulsory types of insurance.
term paper, added 09/10/2015
Basic principles of the tariff policy of the insurer. Essence and tasks of actuarial calculations. Principles for calculating insurance rates for risky and funded (life insurance) types of insurance. The structure of the tariff rate. Calculation of the base part of the net rate.
test, added 05/31/2013
Characteristics and main principles of the tariff policy of the insurer, its formation and implementation mechanisms. Construction of insurance rates. Formation of a set of measures for the development and application of basic tariff rates when concluding insurance contracts.
abstract, added 11/24/2008
Theoretical and legal framework building tariffs property insurance: essence and types of insurance tariffs and insurance premiums. Description of the goals and principles of the tariff policy in insurance, analysis of the procedure for determining the net rate, gross rate.
term paper, added 03/11/2010
Features of the construction of tariffs for life insurance. The concept of actuarial calculations. Tables of mortality and average life expectancy as a basis for constructing tariff rates. Methodology for calculating net rates through commutation numbers.
term paper, added 06/12/2008
Principles of tariff policy in insurance. The structure of the insurance rate. Fundamentals of actuarial calculations. Factors affecting the prices of insurance services. The main items of expenses and income of the insurance company. Calculation of the insurance rate for risky types of insurance.
control work, added 10/31/2009
Economic activity insurance intermediaries. Methodology for calculating insurance rates for types of insurance related to life insurance. Methods for calculating one-time net rates. Activities of insurance agents, brokers. Examples of calculating net rates.
term paper, added 10/14/2010
