§one Topic No. 1: The role of the economy in society
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
1. Systematize knowledge about the economy as a subsystem of society, about its main manifestations;
2. Show the impact of the economy on the standard of living;
3. To reveal the main trends in the development of the economic sphere of society;
4. Substantiate and specify with examples the mutual influence of the economy and social structure, economics and politics.
Homework: §one.
During the classes
What is an economy? What definitions can you name?
Why study economics?
Can a society develop without an economy?
Slide Discuss the statement : “An economy is a life-support system consciously built and used by people.”
So, in the 10th grade, you got acquainted with society as a complex dynamic system, the main areas of its life. The economic sphere of society is the most important of them, it plays a decisive role in its existence: it provides the very possibility of people's life (production of necessary goods), the possibility of "non-economic" human activity (scientific, cultural, etc.), the participation of each member of society in its economic life (work in the household, consumption of products of production, etc.).The main goal of this area is maintaining the life of people, creating conditions for the extension of the human race.
1. Economy as a subsystem of society
economic life society is primarilyproduction, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services (material goods, industrial and financial services, spiritual values).
Production: transformation of natural materials, giving them properties due to which they can satisfy the needs of people.
Distribution: if the distribution is according to the quantity and quality of labor, then this is an incentive for workers in financial terms and in terms of increasing labor productivity (in all developed countries Oh). If the equalizing principle operates, then it does not give rise to such motives.
Exchange: exchange of activities, goods and services. Exchange for money or other goods and services.
Consumption: the process of using the results of production to meet the specific needs of people, society.
Practical work :
Carefully review the table and correct the mistakes made when typing material
Production
Furniture manufacturing
Medical services
Apartments for sale
Collection of taxes
Distribution
Budgeting
Trade between enterprises
Lunch at a restaurant
Buying groceries
Exchange
Getting a pension
Retail
Showcase manufacturing
Domestic heating use
Consumption
Individual tailoring
Payment of child benefits
Swimming pool visit
Purchase of medicines
The development of society and its economic life are closely interconnected. They relate to each other as a whole and its part. Economic life, being influenced by all aspects of social life (social, political, spiritual), in turn, also significantly affects various phenomena of social life and society as a whole. This can be confirmed by the following statements:
SLIDE
The existence of society is impossible without the constant production of material goods and services;
Social production and, above all, the established division of labor and property relations determine the emergence and development of its social structure;
Economic relations actively influence the political life of society (economically dominant social groups, as a rule, seek to influence the work of the state apparatus, the activities of political parties, etc.);
In the process of production, the necessary material conditions are created for the development of the spiritual life of society (buildings of libraries, theaters, equipment for publishing books, newspapers, etc.).
The main trends in the development of the economic sphere of society:
At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. there have been significant positive changes.Economic changes were primarily a consequence of the scientific and technological revolution, the real transformation of science into a direct productive force.
1. computerization, informatization, the speed of introducing new technologies into the production process has also increased;
2. at the turn of the 1990s. was bornknowledge economy ornew economy:
Accelerated development of the non-material sphere and non-material environment economic activity;
Its basis is the production, distribution and use of knowledge.
Essentially,leadership in social production has passed to spiritual production, it is the human intellect (its capabilities) that has become a factor that determines the scale and shape of modern production.
On the basis of all these changes, the material and spiritual wealth of mankind has increased dramatically. In many regions of the world, societies have developed that provide high standards of consumption, comfort and services (welfare states). Changes in social production are based on the development of creative individual qualities and abilities of the main participant in production - a person.
As for Russia, it is in the conditions of improving market relations, the influence of global financial and economic processes looking for its development model. It is about finding growth reserves and setting priorities correctly. Thus, scientists associate the contours of the future model not only with growth economic indicators but also with humanitarian indicators relating to the level and quality of human life, human development, system issues government controlled, priorities in terms of the interests of large social groups.
2. Economy and standard of living
An important indicator and result economic life society isstandard of living its members.
The standard of living characterizes the ability of a person to satisfy the needs for goods, services and living conditions necessary for a comfortable and safe existence. Raising the living standards of the population is regarded as the most important goal of the socio-economic development of the country.
Why do some countries manage to achieve a high level of economic development and prosperity, while others fail to break out of poverty?
For many centuries, the rulers were convinced that the wealth of the country and, accordingly, the well-being of its people is associated with the seizure of territories and the wealth of other peoples during wars, with the presence of significant natural resources (timber, oil, gas). But the modern history of the economic development of countries proves that these factors are not decisive. for example, Japan is considered today a wealthy country, although it has limited resources and has long lost all previously captured foreign lands. The level of economic development allows the country to use these insignificant resources much more productively.Exactly effective use production resources is today considered a valid criterion for the level of economic development of countries.
SLIDE The standard of living in a broad sense includes many indicators:
The level of people's health;
The state of the environment;
The degree of uneven distribution of income in society;
accessibility of culture;
living wage, etc.
The level of welfare of the state to a large extent depends on the perfectioneconomic mechanisms – ways and forms of combining the efforts of people in solving problems of life support (division of labor, specialization, trade). These mechanisms create conditions for the achievement of high labor productivity by the employee and allow producers to exchange the results of labor on a mutually beneficial basis.
The significance of the operation of economic mechanisms for ensuring the level of people's well-being can be understood if we compare the standard of living of a society based on a subsistence economy (tribes of Africa, Latin America) and a commodity economy (the developed countries of the West).
SLIDE Reasons for the low efficiency of the economy:
Use of outdated technologies;
Low level of personnel qualification;
Wasteful use of natural resources, etc.
A low level of economic development leads to a decrease in consumption: in order to consume more, you need to produce more.
CONCLUSION: the level of economic development directly affects the standard of living in the country.
Minimum level consumption is determined by such an indicator as the poverty line (poverty level, threshold).
Poverty rate - is the standard level cash income person for a certain period, allowing to ensure his physical (physiological) subsistence minimum.
The World Bank defines the global poverty rate for incomes less than $1.25 a day per person. According to him, as a result of various crises in 2009, 50 million people fell below the poverty line, and by the end of 2010, approximately 64 million people lived in extreme poverty.
Perceptions of poverty in different countries different. As a general rule, the richer the country as a whole, the higher its national poverty line. The conditions and methods of Russia's transition to a market economy have turned poverty into a serious problem for our country as well. Since the beginning of the XXI century. indicators in this area have been significantly improved.
The share of the population living below the poverty line decreased in Russia from 1998 to 2011 from 29% to 12.6%, i.e. by 2.3 times.The main condition for solving this problem is the economic growth.
The size living wage Sakhalin region for the II quarter of 2017 was established by Resolution No. 360 of 04.08.2017 and is:
per capita - 13,852 rubles per month;
for the able-bodied population - 14552 rubles per month;
for pensioners - 10954 rubles per month;
for children - 14734 rubles per month.
As of May 2017, Sakhalin ranks 9th in terms of poverty in the country.
The pace of social development, crisis or flourishing depends to a large extent on factors such astotal population, growth rate, health status. All these indicators are closely related to the economic life of society. So,the birth rate is affected by the level of material well-being, living conditions, housing, the degree of involvement of women in social production.At the same time, other social factors also influence birth rates, in particularvalue preferences of the majority of the population. It is the latter that can be explained high level birth rates in many countries, including Russia, at the stage of a traditional society, when a significant part of the population lived in poverty, and a drop in the birth rate in developed countries.
There is also an inverse relationship.Acceleration or deceleration of economic development depends on the total population, its density(in a region with a small population, the division of labor is difficult, subsistence farming lasts longer),growth rate (low rates make it difficult to reproduce the labor force and, accordingly, reduce production volumes; too high population growth rates make it necessary to direct significant resources to its simple physical survival).
The health status of the population is also a factor in economic development. Its deterioration leads to a decrease in labor productivity in the economy, a reduction in life expectancy. In addition, one of the reasons for the sharp decline in life expectancy, for example, among men in Russia, was the prevailing social conditions(decrease in incomes of the population, the growth of nervous stress due to socio-economic changes and instability in society). An increase in the standard of living contributes to an increase in its duration. Yes, for last years the average life expectancy of men in Russia increased and in 2012 amounted to 62 years.
The economic life of society has a noticeable influence on the formation of professional social communities.In traditional societies, where the social structure is most stable, socio-professional groups associated with subsistence farming, small-scale production. In the developed countries of the West, under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, a newmiddle class (intelligentsia, managers, highly skilled workers). At the same time, structural changes in the economy lead to a reduction in the industrial working class, the disappearance of clear boundaries between it and other social groups.
In the context of socio-economic transformations in Russia, the collapse of the former social relations people and social groups are trying to master new niches of social and economic survival. Development feature Russian society In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase economic differentiation (differences), expressed in the division of society into groups with different incomes, living standards and consumption. The social stratification of society exacerbates the contradictions between the interests of various social groups, including economic ones. In modern society, there is a problem of reconciling these interests.With. textbook, table
Social politics Russian government is aimed at supporting low-income citizens, regulating labor relations and facilitating the employment of the unemployed population, ensuring the availability of education and assistance in retraining personnel, and ensuring freedom of entrepreneurship.
So, let's remember the current figures for today in order to analyze them further:
The average life expectancy of men in Russia in 2017 is 66.5 years
Women - 77 years
On average, Russia, according to Rosstat in mid-2017, reached the level of 72.4 years in terms of life expectancy.
4. Economy and politics
How does the main political institution, the state, influence the economic development of society?
One of the public functions of the state is it is the use of existing opportunities for economic development.
Due to the collapse of the economic, political and social system based on central planning, market forces and free enterprise began to be seen as the basis of the viability of the socio-economic system.
In most countries with market economies, privatization and the reduction of the regulatory role of the state have become prerequisites for economic growth. Governments tend to interfere less in areas where the market works more efficiently.
In a market economy, the main functions of the state are to facilitate and stimulate the action of market forces through government policies.The most general, important condition for the existence market economy is the implementation by the state of such political goals as:
Free development of society;
Legal order (ensuring the right to property, the right to freedom entrepreneurial activity);
External and internal security (the creation of state institutions to maintain public order within the country and the presence of a professionally trained army capable of protecting the country from outside attacks) (these goals were also indicated by Adam Smith).
An important task of the state protection and maintenance national economy competition, the fight against the desire of firms for monopoly. For the developing market economy of Russia, this is one of the most pressing problems.
In a market economy, the most important function of the state is development of optimal national strategy economic development, joining efforts government agencies, private companies, public organizations for its implementation. This function cannot be independent in the economy, therefore, state policy plays an important role in financing education, healthcare, national culture, etc.
Goals public policy can be ensuring full employment, a fair distribution of income, environmental protection, etc. The economic life of society is also influenced by various political parties and associations.
Production specialization - This is the concentration of the main activity of an enterprise, company on the production of a narrow range of products, goods, services.
With. 14, heading "Document", work with the class.
With. 15, heading "Assignments", from 1 to 3.
With. 15, heading "Thoughts of the Wise", write an essay + memo writing an essay.
MKOU "GYMNASIUM №3" CITY KHASAVIURT 11 CLASS
TEACHER OF SOCIAL STUDIES: BATAEVA AYZA ABUBAKAROVNA
LESSON # __________________________ DATE ___________________________
§ 1 The role of the economy in society
Targets and goals:
1) introduce the place and role of the economy in the life of society, show the reasons for the country's prosperity, the problems of a market economy, reveal the role of culture in the development of a civilized market economy;
2) develop the ability to analyze and classify social information, compare social objects; evaluate different judgments about social objects from the point of view of the social sciences; participate in discussions, work with documents;
3) to form an attitude to the problems of the economy.
Equipment: schemes, a package of documents.
Type of lessons: lesson-research.
III . Lesson summary
Aristotle, discussing the role of the state in economic affairs, noted that "the goal of the state is a joint promotion to a high quality of life." Do you share this point of view? Justify the answer.
Confucius said: “When the state is governed according to reason, poverty and need are shameful; when the state is not governed according to reason, then riches and honors are shameful. Determine your attitude to the statement and give examples from history or modern life to support these words.
Look at the desk. Here are the models of the relationship between the state and the economy:
the first diagram shows two circles that intersect with each other in a small area;
in the second scheme, the circles "state" and "economy" coincide with each other;
in the third scheme, the circle "economy" is inside the circle "state";
in the fourth scheme, the circle "state" and the circle "economy" do not intersect;
in the fifth scheme, the circle "state" is inside the circle "economy";
in the sixth diagram, the circles intersect with each other in a large area.
Which scheme best reflects the relationship between the state and the economic sphere? Why?
Homework
Learn § 1, complete a written task: imagine and describe a situation in which humanity was excluded from the sphere of the economy.
TESTS ON THE THEME "The role of the economy in the life of society" Grade 11
1. Are the following judgments about the functions of the state in a market economy correct?
A. A modern state in a market economy is characterized by a transition from direct to indirect methods of regulation
B. The modern state in a market economy enhances the function of regulating social processes in society
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
2. Find ways of economic cooperation of people in the given list. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) trade 2) referendum 3) division of labor 4) social stratification
5) specialization 6) international integration
MKOU "GYMNASIUM №3" CITY KHASAVIURT 11 CLASS
TEACHER OF SOCIAL STUDIES: BATAEVA AYZA ABUBAKAROVNA
LESSON # __________________________ DATE ___________________________
§ 1 Topic of the lesson: Economy. The role of the economy in society
Class type: learning new material.
Lesson goals.
know: the concepts of economics as a science, economy and spheres of public life, the structure of the economy, its main institutions and agents;
be able to: analyze and classify heterogeneous sources social information on this topic;
bring up: development of one's own position on the problems of the economy, to form economic culture students.
Interdisciplinary connections: providing - history, literature.
provided – social studies
Ensuring the lesson
A. Visual aids: slide presentation
B. Handout: task cards.
B. Training places - for lectures.
D. Teaching aids: Multimedia projector, screen, computer, board, chalk
D. Literature: the main one is social science. ed. L.N. Bogolyubov textbook for the 10th grade of educational institutions - 3rd ed., revised and additional. - M .: Education, 2013-351 p.
During the classes.
motivational stage.
The lesson begins with a presentation on the topic.
Information stage.
Plan for learning new material.
Economy as a subsystem of society.
Economy and standard of living.
Economic and social structure of society.
Economy and politics.
The study of new material is accompanied by a demonstration of the basic concepts of the topic in the presentation. Presentation slides summarize the material studied at each stage.
1) Economy as a subsystem of society.
Compare different definitions of economics given by the same author - P. Samuelson in his book "Economics".
The economy is:
1) activities related to the exchange and money transactions between people;
2) the use by people of rare or limited resources and their distribution among members of society for the purpose of consumption;
3) daily business life activities of people, their extraction of livelihoods and the use of these funds;
4) establishment and implementation of consumption and production;
5) wealth.
What explains why the author offers different definitions of economics in the same book? How do the various aspects of economic life appear in these definitions? Which definition of economics from the given or known to you do you consider the most complete? Summarizing the students' answers, the teacher says that the concept of "economy" can be considered as a science, as an economy and as a sphere of social life.
Economy is a set of social relations in the sphere of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
The economy is a sphere of human activity in which material and spiritual values are created to meet various human needs.
Economic life significantly affects various phenomena of social life and society as a whole:
The existence of society is impossible without the constant production of material goods.
Social production determines the development of its social structure
Economic relations actively influence the political life of society
In the process of production, the necessary material conditions are created for the development of the spiritual life of society.
Check slide 8
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
EXCHANGE
CONSUMPTION
Furniture manufacturing. Medical services.
Showcase manufacturing.
Individual tailoring.
Budgeting.
Collection of taxes. Payment of allowances for children.
Receiving a pension.
Transfer of the right to use land plot
Trade between enterprises.
Retail.
Purchase of food products.
Sale of apartments.
Swimming pool visit.
Purchase of medicines
Lunch at a restaurant.
Domestic heating use.
Conclusions:
1. The existence of society is impossible without the constant production of material goods.
2. Social production determines the emergence and development of its social structure.
3.Economic relations influence the political life of society.
4. In the process of production, the necessary material conditions are created for the development of the spiritual life of society.
2. Economy and standard of living
STANDARD OF LIFE - the level of well-being of the population, consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people.
The standard of living is determined by the following indicators:
1.GDP (gross domestic product) per capita.
2. Living wage.
3. The level of people's health.
4. The state of the environment.
5. Availability of cultural goods.
6. The degree of uneven distribution of income in society.
Pollsamong the population can clearly prove that a significant number of individuals, in assessing their own standard of living, take into account such factors as the degree of health, the degree of moral satisfaction with their own lives and activities, etc.
The UN evaluates the standard of living according to the HDI index - the human development index.
The following values are taken as a basis: GDP per capita, average life expectancy, level of education.
The level of economic development directly affects the standard of living in the country. The low level of economic development leads toconsumption reduction : to consume more, you need to produce more.
The minimum level of consumption is determined by such an indicator as the poverty line.
Poverty rate They call the normatively established level of a person's monetary income for a certain period, which makes it possible to ensure his physical living wage.
3. Economy and social structure of society
The social structure of society is an integral set of all communities taken in their interaction.
Based on the text of the textbook, pp.130-131, illustrate with examples the mutual influence of the economy and the social sphere.
Income inequality poses a particular threat to political and economic stability in society.
In modern industrialized countries, welfare states are being created, i.e., incomes are redistributed in favor of the poorer and disadvantaged strata, etc.
CONCLUSIONS:
absolute equality in income kills people's incentives for productive work.
income inequality can reach enormous proportions and threaten the political and economic stability of a society.
full income equality without adequate economic growth can lead to bankruptcy, and economic growth without social security can lead to social unrest.
4. Economy and politics.
Impact on the economy of the state:The state can act in the same direction as the economy - then the development of the economy goes faster.
The state can act against economic development– then it crashes after a certain time.
The state can put barriers to economic development in some directions and stimulate it in others.
Important task Russian state– protection and maintenance of competition in the national economy and development of an optimal national strategy for economic development.
5. The result of the lesson. What new functions and tasks should the state perform in a market economy?
6. Reflection.
Please answer the following questions:
1. What facts, information about which you learned in the lesson, made the greatest impression on you, made you think?
2. What information seems to you the most reliable, memorable: studied independently from sources or read in a textbook?
Liked the lesson
Lesson as a lesson
Didn't like the lesson.
7. Homework: § 1, questions and assignments, document, p.
AT occupies one of the most important places in the life of society economic area, that is, everything that is connected with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods created by human labor.
Under economy It is customary to understand the system of social production, the process of creating material goods necessary for human society for its normal existence and development, as well as the science that studies economic processes.
The economy plays a huge role in the life of society. It provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. The economic sphere is the main sphere of society, it determines the course of all the processes taking place in it.
The main factor of production (or main inputs) is:
the earth with all its riches;
labor depends on the number of the population and its education and qualifications;
capital (machines, machine tools, premises, etc.);
entrepreneurial ability.
For centuries, the problem of how to satisfy the many needs of people has been solved by extensive development of the economy, that is, the involvement of new spaces and cheap natural resources in the economy.
With the development of scientific and technological progress, it became clear that this approach to the use of resources has exhausted itself: humanity has felt their limitations. Since then, the economy has developed intense way, implying the rationality and efficiency of the use of resources. According to this approach, a person must process the available resources in such a way as to achieve maximum results at a minimum cost.
The main questions of the economy - what, how and for whom to produce.
Various economic systems solve them differently. Depending on this, they are divided into four main types: traditional, centralized (administrative-command), market and mixed.
From the traditional economy manufacturing industry began. Now it has been preserved in a number of economically underdeveloped countries. It is based on natural form of economy. Signs of natural production are: direct relations in production, distribution, exchange and consumption; products are produced for domestic consumption; It is based on communal (public) and private ownership of the means of production. The traditional type of economy prevailed at the pre-industrial stage of the development of society.
Centralized (or administrative-command) economy based on a unified plan. It dominated the territory of the Soviet Union, in the countries of Eastern Europe, and a number of Asian states. Currently preserved in North Korea and Cuba. Its main features are: state regulation of the national economy, which is based on state ownership of most economic resources; strong monopolization and bureaucratization of the economy; centralized economic planning of all economic activity.
Under market refers to an economy based on commodity production. The most important mechanism for coordinating economic activity here is the market. For the existence of a market economy, private property is necessary (that is, the exclusive right to own, use and dispose of goods belonging to a person); competition; free, market-determined prices.
The economic systems mentioned above are almost never found in their pure form. In each country, elements of various economic systems are combined in their own way. Thus, in developed countries there is a combination of market and centralized economic systems, but the former plays a dominant role, although the role of the state in organizing the economic life of society is significant. This combination is called mixed economy. The main goal of such a system is to use the strengths and overcome the shortcomings of a market and centralized economy. Sweden and Denmark are classic examples of mixed economies.
In connection with the transition of a number of former socialist countries from a centrally controlled economy to a market economy, they have formed special type economic system called transitioneconomy. Its main task is to build a market economic system in the future.
2. Read an excerpt from the work of a contemporary sociologist. “Parents and children cannot and must be financially equal. Parents should have power over their children - this is in the general interest. And yet their relationship must, in principle, be equality. In a democratic family, parental power is based on an unwritten agreement.shenia". How do you understand the author’s words that the power of parents over children is responsible for everythingcommon interests? Whose interests, besides the interests of children and parents, are implied here?What, in your opinion, could be the “unwritten agreement” mentioned by the author betweenparents and children?
Any stable, steadily developing society is interested in a strong family. What is a “normal”, “healthy” family? This is a small group, united by blood relations, having family rules, which should serve as a direction for the development of each individual in the family. Such a family is characterized by warm relations between generations. The authority of parents, on the one hand, must be indisputable, there must be a distance between children and parents - for the simple reason that parents have more life experience, they are responsible and financially provide education and upbringing of children. Consent between parents, their authority creates a sense of security for children. But, on the other hand, a healthy family cannot be based on the suppression of children's independence. The true authority of parents should be clearly understood, not questioned and does not need constant demonstration. Children should feel free to express their opinion, defend their point of view, respecting the position of their parents.
The absence of stable hierarchical relations in the family leads to the creation of the so-called "permissive" style of relationships. In such a family, behind the seeming permissiveness is a deep indifference to each other. Such a family is formal, does not provide support in difficult times and does not provide the right guidelines for development.
As a result, the authoritarian style of relationships between parents and children also leads to alienation, suppresses independence and initiative, and ultimately can develop cruelty and aggression towards each other, or suppress a person, develop an inferiority complex.
Thus, the most complete is a family with a democratic style of relationships, where respect for elders is adjacent to equality and cooperation, the family that serves as a safe haven in all life's problems and troubles.
3. You turn 16 years old and during the summer holidays you decide to get a temporary jobthe one to earn money to buy a gift for parents. What documents do you need provide to the employer? What document should you sign? What points of the document you sign should pay special attention to?
In this case, a 16-year-old minor must submit to the employer: a passport and a certificate of preliminary medical examination (examination).
If yes, then a work book and an insurance certificate of state pension insurance are submitted.
When applying for a job, a minor must sign labor contract. Moreover, in this case - a fixed-term employment contract. In the employment contract, the employee should pay attention to the following points:
place of work;
labor function (that is, a specific type of work received);
date of commencement of work;
the duration of the contract and the reasons why a fixed-term employment contract was concluded;
terms of remuneration;
working hours and rest periods, etc.
It is also necessary to remember that, according to Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, persons from 16 to 18 years old are set a reduced working time - no more than 35 hours per week.
Economy:
Economy as a system of management (social production):
Economic activity- a set of actions at different levels of management, as a result of which people satisfy their needs through the production and exchange of material goods and services. The definition of this term is closely related to the definition of the economy itself. An activity becomes economic when it aims or results in the production and exchange of goods or services recognized as both useful or rare. 2
Economic activity includes the following main elements: production, distribution and consumption.
Production:
The key concepts of production are the concepts of "goods" and "services".
Product- a product of labor produced for sale in the market.
Product features:
Service- the result of useful activity of enterprises (organizations) and individuals aimed at meeting certain needs of the population and society. The production of tangible and intangible services is called the service sector. 3
Subjects of the economy
The subjects of the economy are:
Entrepreneurs and households in their daily economic activity face three fundamental questions economy.
What to produce and in what quantity?(What kind of goods and services should be offered to consumers).
For whom to produce?(Who will be able to claim to receive the produced goods and services in their ownership).
How to produce?(Which of the possible ways of manufacturing goods (services) should be applied). four
Economics as a science
Economy is a set of specific economic disciplines such as economics of industry, economics Agriculture, labor economics, finance and credit, economic statistics and mathematics.
Economics as a science:
Modern economic theory uses two levels of analysis: microeconomic and macroeconomic.
Functions:
Economics performs a number of functions:
The list of these functions is not closed - it is possible to add other functions of economics as a science.
Economics is closely connected with other sciences: sociology, cultural studies, political science, history, jurisprudence.
Paradoxical as it may seem, but human life consists of only problems. Every minute a person needs something: he is either cold or hot; he wants to eat or drink; I want to dress and look different, move around in a new car or live in a different house. We will try to figure out how the economy affects our desires.
All of the above are called needs. Need- this is the need of a person for something necessary for the maintenance of life and development. The economy deals with the solution of a very important issue: how to satisfy the maximum of human needs with limited resources.
The economy is a very complex system, so we will deal with it sequentially. In man three basic needs which form the basis of our life. To the first group of needs include material needs. You and I need some things to keep us alive: clothes, food, a house. All this man reproduces himself, because nature does not give us this in full. That is, we ourselves form this side of our life for ourselves.
The second group of needs These are spiritual needs. We absolutely need to paint pictures, read books.
Rice. 1. The need for reading ()
We have already spoken about the spiritual needs of a person earlier. This is an integral part of our life, and we cannot do without it.
And to the third group of needs include social needs. A person needs to communicate, love, contact in every possible way with other people.
Rice. 2. The need to communicate with other people ()
Man cannot exist alone. And even if you are Robinson Crusoe, you still need a society, and you create it in the likeness of a human society.
All three groups of needs create fundamental and necessary conditions for the life of society as a whole and for an individual person. Needs change and that's them general characteristics. Needs change over time, depending on climatic conditions or in general from human life. All this can lead to changing needs. It is clear that some people living in the mountains will have needs of one nature, while people who live in the desert will have completely different needs. In addition, the system of values will change, both material, spiritual and social values. Our human society is structured very differently. But the growth of human needs almost always outstrips the amount of resources. The secret of this phenomenon lies in the fact that our needs are almost unstoppable. Let's take a standard situation: let's say you wanted some utilitarian, that is, material, thing (for example, mobile phone, bicycle, computer, etc.). You really want this thing, but as soon as you get it, you immediately want something new. And so it will be forever.
But resources are replenished more slowly. Generally, resources(from the French resource - an auxiliary tool) - these are values, reserves, opportunities. And resources are never enough. Natural resources are divided into two groups: exhaustible and inexhaustible. At the same time, exhaustible resources are further divided into non-renewable(mineral and land resources), renewable(resources of flora and fauna), not fully renewable, that is, the rate of recovery of these resources is below the level of economic consumption. These resources include arable soils, mature forests, and regional water resources.
Rice. 3. Resources of flora and fauna ()
To inexhaustible resources include, for example, climatic (wind, solar energy).
Rice. 4. Examples of the use of wind and solar energy ()
Precisely in view of the fact that resources are not only limited, but also exhaustible, the attitude towards them must be built very carefully. Human society has long been trying to come up with such economic model, which would solve most of the social problems, given the scarcity of resources. And most importantly, create the maximum amount of benefits. Good These are the basic needs for the satisfaction of which a person works.
There is a logical problem with the fact that soon our needs will be so ahead of resources that world economy just stop.
There are ways to help realize the benefits that a person needs. The main way is way of cooperation, all kinds of cooperation. We are social beings, and this socialization allows a person to develop various forms of interaction with each other. If we turn to ancient times, we started from the Stone Age. At first we processed stone and began to produce for ourselves things necessary for everyday life, to hunt, to butcher animal carcasses for food. And gradually reached the civilization that we have now. Today you can watch, for example, our lessons through the Internet, that is, a network that, in a physical sense, cannot even be touched.
Rice. 5. World Wide Web (Internet)
Cooperation puts a very powerful and effective economic tool in the hands of a person.
On the other hand, a person has a very good trait - man can choose. Just imagine: you have limited resources: You choose between phone and computer. Depending on what you need now, what is more necessary, you will make a choice in favor of one of these things and you will be completely satisfied and satisfied. This is how a person every day makes a choice, which is more necessary for him. And this choice to some extent allows us to save our resources. In such a situation, absolutely everyone needs to make a choice, starting from each person individually and ending with the whole state. We make a choice in favor of satisfying one of the needs, deliberately infringing on the interests of the other. Thus, we create an economic model that allows our society to satisfy the bulk of our needs, creating the benefits necessary for a person.
It can be said that human needs are limitless: we have always wanted everything and will always want everything. As the wits say: “You can’t give everything to everyone. There are many of them, but only few." And this question in economics is insoluble. However, we have opportunities to overcome this problem: cooperation, making choices. Man has been living under such conditions since the creation of human societies.
AT general sense Goods are what a person finds useful for himself and creates them for himself. At the same time, there are public goods. For example, in the summer you go to a resort.
You want to sunbathe, swim in the sea, and these benefits are public, they are given to us by nature, and people use them. But, unfortunately, there are not many such benefits and they do not satisfy all our needs. There are much more goods that a person produces for himself. There are not even just more of them, this is the bulk of the benefits, because a person, creating his own civilization, culture and even nature, surrounds himself with necessities. Moreover, most of the needs a person comes up with himself. And for the satisfaction of our benefits there is a human industry. Everything we produce is done to meet our needs.
Unfortunately, human knowledge about the economy is still quite poor. Possibilities in regulation economic relations still too limited, otherwise we wouldn't have the problems that we have now. We were able to create a fairly complex system of relationships with each other, we were able to provide ourselves with many necessary things, and this made our life easier. But we will not stop this process. And the creation of human goods will continue forever.
And in the next lesson, we will try to figure out what questions the economy will try to answer and how, with the help of the economy, humanity chooses ways to use resources.
Bibliography
1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science 8. - M.: Russian word.
2. Nikitin A.F. Social science 8. - M .: Bustard.
3. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science 8. - M.: Enlightenment.
Homework
1. Give examples of human needs and group them.
2. Give examples of resources and classify them into groups.
3. *What are your current needs? What are you doing to satisfy them? Express your thoughts in the form of an essay.
