The main document regulating the procedure for conducting construction works, is SNiP - a single set of prescriptions and rules that establishes how, with what help and in what special ways to carry out construction and repair work. Particular attention during construction is paid to the foundation of the building. It is the foundation that allows you to determine what the house will be like in the future, how strong and reliable the entire structure will be. That's why building codes and the rules prescribe a special order for its installation. For greater reliability of the foundation of your building, it is recommended to use waterproofing materials. Consider what are the main requirements for waterproofing the foundation in SNiP.
The main document that regulates the procedure for waterproofing the foundation is SNiP 3.04.01-87, SNiP 2.03.11-85, SNiP 3.04.03-85. These documents contain basic information about waterproofing works in our country. There is also a separate SNiP number 2.02.04-88, which determines the procedure and rules for constructing the foundations of buildings located in areas with permafrost.
The device for waterproofing the foundation according to SNiP provides for preparatory measures before subsequent coating with waterproofing materials. Preparatory work provide for the following actions:
By general rule, vertical waterproofing of the foundation according to SNiP should be carried out at temperatures from -30 to 60 degrees Celsius, when using hot mastics and bitumen, a deviation in temperatures in the range of 20 degrees is allowed.
The rules for waterproofing work are prescribed not only by SNiP, but also by GOST. So, according to GOST 12.3.009, the following rules must be observed:
Coating waterproofing of the foundation according to SNiP can be combined with gluing by gluing all layers with an intermediate application of a paint layer.
Horizontal waterproofing according to SNiP is carried out according to the principle of a thermos. This means that each waterproofing layer must be covered with a concrete screed. The following are established in SNiP 3.04.01-87 technical requirements when carrying out horizontal waterproofing:
Building codes and regulations establish the procedure for conducting roll waterproofing of the foundation using certain materials. The following tools are allowed:
If the building is being built in conditions of possible capillary rise of groundwater, it is necessary to use a base pour of asphalt concrete or bituminous impregnation with crushed stone. Before installing screeds and coatings on bituminous waterproofing, it is necessary to add coarse sand to it. The allowable temperature of the sand is 50 degrees, and the thickness of the applied bituminous mastic should be 1 mm (a deviation of 3 mm is allowed).
If the building is located close to the groundwater level, it is necessary to carry out gumming work (according to SNiP 3.04.03-85). The technological sequence is as follows:
Before sticking, the blanks must be coated with glue and held for 40-60 minutes, after which they should be glued with an overlap (the joints should overlap by 40-50 mm). After gluing, the surface is run in to remove air bubbles. The seams of the facing for greater reliability must be removed from the metal welding seams by at least 80 mm. Gumming work should initially be carried out on the main surface of the foundation, and only after that, fittings, grooves, slots and other openings are covered. Vulcanization of the finished coating is carried out either with a 40% solution of calcium chloride (with open type), or with live steam (with closed type and under pressure).
Every year, an increasing number of different waterproofing materials appear, which differ in their characteristics and properties. Despite this, SNiP also establishes the procedure for their use. According to the recommendations of SNiP, waterproofing materials should not be used at temperatures below -30 degrees, but it is also not worth working at very high temperatures.
For horizontal and vertical waterproofing, injection materials are often used. Last changes SNiP regulates not only the requirements that such materials should have, but also the technology of injection waterproofing.
Before carrying out waterproofing work on the foundation, it is necessary to check several times with the information contained in SNiP and GOST.
For those inhabitants who do not know, we inform you that the main document that regulates the procedure for carrying out any construction processes is SNiP. This is the so-called unified and main set of rules and regulations, which determines how and with what materials to carry out construction and repair work, what technologies must be used. But there are two more documents, these are ENiR and GESN, which are necessary when compiling budget documentation. Now about how these documents are tied to the waterproofing of foundations.
SNP norms
First of all, it should be noted that the foundation is the basis of any building or structure, therefore, there are special requirements for its construction, where waterproofing plays an important role. Therefore, there are precisely described requirements for the construction of the foundation in SNiP.
Like all construction and repair work, the waterproofing of foundations according to SNiP is divided into stages.
The very first stage is the preparation of the foundation. What actions should be taken at this stage.
Waterproofing with bituminous mastic
The second stage is the waterproofing of the foundation itself. And here, according to SNiP, there are also requirements not only for the process, but also for the foundation design itself. And the main one is the temperature range in which waterproofing is allowed. It is located from -30С to +60С, while corrections within 20С in one direction or another can be taken into account.
By the way, in SNiP there is a clause that waterproofing of foundations can also be carried out in accordance with GOST under the number 12.3.009, where the rules for carrying out this type of work are clearly described. Here are the main ones:
Important. According to SNiP, it is possible to combine waterproofing materials. There are many options here. For example, pasting with painting. In this case, paint waterproofing is applied to the surfaces of the foundations, and the pasting material is applied as the final protective layer.
Within the SNiPs themselves, there are distinctions where vertical and horizontal waterproofing is determined. So that's the thing about horizontal insulation. These requirements are mainly used for slab foundations. By the way, there is a SNiP for these requirements under the number 3.04. 01-87, which specifies the technical requirements for the work. Here they are:
Roll waterproofing
With the paint waterproofing of the foundation, everything is more or less clear and simple. Now a few rules and requirements for the roll protection method. What does the SNiP say about this? First, the materials that can be used for this are precisely defined:
Secondly, the requirements regarding the level of groundwater are clearly defined, which negatively affect the quality of the foundation design. For example, if there is a possibility of capillary rise of groundwater, then a pillow of asphalt concrete or crushed stone, which is impregnated with bitumen, is necessarily laid under the foundation. Then waterproofing is applied in the form of bituminous mastic with a thickness of 1-4 mm. But coarse-grained sand is added to the concrete for the foundation.
If the GWL is located close to the surface, then the waterproofing is carried out as a gumming, that is, using special rubber pads, which are vulcanized after installation.
Advice. The laid rubber sheets must be checked for a continuous lining. This is a necessary procedure that will determine the tightness of the insulating layer. The check is made by a flaw detector.
So, everything seems to be clear with SNiP, now let's move on to ENiR and GESN. Let's start with GESN.
So what is GESN? This is a compilation estimated standards, namely elemental, where direct costs for the construction of one structural element are determined. That is, the GESN determines the time for carrying out a particular construction operation, what salary is allocated to workers for its implementation, the operating time of construction equipment and machines.
Most importantly, the GESN contains the most modern standards based on the latest technologies and new building materials. That is, this document is used as a basis for creating an estimate for a construction object.
Important. GESN do not apply to types of work and building construction which are subject to higher requirements. And also for construction, which is carried out at an altitude of more than 3500 meters above sea level, that is, in mountainous conditions. To do this, it is necessary to develop special standards.
What is GESN made of? First of all, this is a technical part, then indications of input data for sections, various applications and tables of estimated standards.
So, what is ENiR. This is a rather voluminous document, consisting of 40 collections plus a common part, in which prices and norms for the work carried out are established, and specifically:
At the same time, the conditions for conducting processes are taken into account, where it would be desirable to highlight complex conditions, such as underwater, mine, mountain, and so on.
ENiR are calculated according to certain tariff rates based on the 7 hour work day. But this is only a base, because the conditions may be different. Therefore, when drawing up estimates for the ENiR, specific conditions for the production of work are stipulated. This must be reflected in the contract.
These are the documents that are used today for waterproofing foundations, where SNiP is the most basic.
The alpha and omega of any construction work is "SNiP" - building codes and regulations - a set of requirements that prescribes how and from what materials construction work should be carried out.
The foundation is the basis of the house, its support. Its high-quality construction, in accordance with all SNiPs, is a guarantee that your house will not lead due to temperature changes in the soil or its movements.
In addition to the strength characteristics during the construction of the foundation, it is very important to achieve the stability of the structure to changes in humidity both in the atmosphere and in the soil. Such works are called. The main document regulating the foundation waterproofing rules is SNiP 2.02.01-83. This document regulates the strength characteristics and structural features of the foundations of buildings erected in the middle zone of our country. A separate SNiP 2.02.04-88 is responsible for the rules for the construction of foundations for buildings and structures in regions with permafrost.
In addition to the strength characteristics during the construction of the foundation, it is very important to achieve the stability of the structure to changes in humidity both in the atmosphere and in the soil. Such work is called waterproofing. The main document regulating the foundation waterproofing rules is SNiP 2.02.01-83. This document regulates the strength characteristics and structural features of the foundations of buildings erected in the middle zone of our country. A separate SNiP 2.02.04-88 is responsible for the rules for the construction of foundations for buildings and structures in regions with permafrost.
Regardless of the material and design of the foundations being built, concrete, block-built or brick - when working with all of them, measures are taken to exclude excessive exposure to moisture. So at the initial stages of work on the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to tamp the bottom of construction pits and open ditches, and also form on construction site drainage ditches and weir wells.
SNiP specifically stipulates that the degree and scope of work carried out on waterproofing foundations differs depending on the humidity in a given area, as well as soil characteristics. Reinforced waterproofing is expected in areas where the soil has a large number of foreign aggressive impurities, such as acids or alkalis, as well as substances of plant origin.
Also, the degree of waterproofing according to SNiP may differ depending on the design of the building. If the structure is built on a column-strip foundation that does not provide for the creation of basements or basements, then it is necessary to carry out waterproofing work only in areas in contact with the surface, but even such partial waterproofing can be abandoned in this case.
The decisive issue of waterproofing becomes if you are going to arrange in the basement or ground floor your building various utility or even inhabited premises. In this case, waterproofing works are carried out in full, both on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Moreover, the foundation in this case is built in a special pit, so that after being freed from the formwork when pouring concrete or after installing the foundation blocks, you can apply a waterproofing compound to the vertical surfaces of your foundation over its entire area.
The main types of foundation waterproofing are works to prevent the penetration of moisture into the vertical and horizontal surfaces of structures under construction.
Depending on the type of work carried out, the selection of materials also differs.
With the horizontal method of waterproofing the foundation during construction, waterproofing materials supplied in rolls are usually laid on the upper surfaces of the structure. They can be simply spread - the usual well-known roofing material, as well as more efficient welded or glued materials.
One of the most versatile materials for waterproofing foundations is bituminous mastic. This material exhibits excellent elasticity, high UV resistance and is very easy to handle.
Bituminous mastic can be applied on both horizontal and vertical surfaces and on any structures - brick, concrete and structures made of foundation blocks.
In addition, bituminous mastic can also be used as a layer between the construction of the foundation and rolled waterproofing. In this case, it can also act as a binder, adhesive material.
The feedstock for the manufacture of bituminous mastic is petroleum bitumen, organic solvents and mineral fillers are added to it during the production process.
A prerequisite for starting the use of bituminous mastic is its preheating. A water bath is used to heat the mastic. With its help, the mass of mastic is heated to a temperature of about 50 degrees.
Heating is carried out in an open container. During the heating process, the bituminous mastic must be thoroughly mixed to dissolve all lumps. As a result of heating, the bituminous mastic acquires a liquid consistency and it becomes possible to apply it with a conventional brush, roller or brush.
Note that there are also bituminous mastics for waterproofing and foundations, which allow them to be applied cold. This significantly reduces the turnaround time.
Before applying the mastic, it is necessary to wait for the complete drying of the foundation surfaces. Then the surfaces must be cleaned, for example, with a broom. Usually about two or three layers of bituminous mastic are applied. After that, it is recommended to make an intermediate layer of reinforcing fiberglass or rolled waterproofing, and then re-apply a layer of bituminous mastic.
Each layer of concrete mastic must dry. This usually takes at least a day. The next layer is applied after the previous one has dried.
Bituminous mastic is a rather toxic and flammable material. Therefore, it should not be allowed to come into contact with open areas of the skin and contact with open fire. If you work with bituminous mastic indoors, use forced ventilation.
Modern bituminous mastics have an additional filling of polymeric materials that increase their adhesion - that is, adhesion to the foundation surface and prevent premature wear.
After covering both the vertical and horizontal surfaces of the foundation with bituminous mastic, a specialized waterproofing material, hydrostekloizol, can be glued on them.
However, for horizontal waterproofing of foundation structures, one can confine oneself to ordinary roofing material. It is supplied in rolls and in order to obtain a strip of the desired width to cover the horizontal surface of the foundation, it can simply be cut with a grinder.
Please note that the edges of the roofing material should hang from the horizontal surface of the foundation, forming a kind of umbrella.
Another way to waterproof foundations according to SNiP is drainage. Drainage is a system for removing excess water from building structures.
Drainage usually takes the form of ditches or wells into which water flows under the influence of gravity.
Only A complex approach foundation waterproofing can prevent the collection of moisture by foundation structures from the atmosphere and soil, which will prevent premature damage to this most important structure and significantly extend its service life.
Keep in mind that it is extremely dangerous to deviate from building codes, which we also wrote about in an article about. Do not neglect the requirements of SNIP and the experience of professional builders.
24.05.2014The main document regulating the procedure for carrying out construction work is SNiP - a single set of regulations and rules that establishes how, with what help and in what special ways to carry out construction and repair work. Particular attention during construction is paid to the foundation of the building. It is the foundation that allows you to determine what the house will be like in the future, how strong and reliable the entire structure will be. Therefore, building codes and regulations prescribe a special procedure for its installation. For greater reliability of the foundation of your building, it is recommended to use waterproofing materials. Consider what are the main requirements for waterproofing the foundation in SNiP.
The main document that regulates the procedure for waterproofing the foundation is SNiP 3.04.01-87, SNiP 2.03.11-85, SNiP 3.04.03-85. These documents contain basic information about waterproofing works in our country. There is also a separate SNiP number 2.02.04-88, which determines the procedure and rules for constructing the foundations of buildings located in areas with permafrost.
The device for waterproofing the foundation according to SNiP provides for preparatory measures before subsequent coating with waterproofing materials. Preparatory work includes the following actions:
As a general rule, vertical waterproofing of the foundation according to SNiP should be carried out at temperatures from -30 to 60 degrees Celsius, when using hot mastics and bitumen, a deviation in temperatures in the range of 20 degrees is allowed.
The rules for waterproofing work are prescribed not only by SNiP, but also by GOST. So, according to GOST 12.3.009, the following rules must be observed:
Coating waterproofing of the foundation according to SNiP can be combined with gluing by gluing all layers with an intermediate application of a paint layer.
Horizontal waterproofing according to SNiP is carried out according to the principle of a thermos. This means that each waterproofing layer must be covered with a concrete screed. SNiP 3.04.01-87 establishes the following technical requirements for horizontal waterproofing:
Building codes and regulations establish the procedure for conducting roll waterproofing of the foundation using certain materials. The following tools are allowed:
If the building is being built in conditions of possible capillary rise of groundwater, it is necessary to use a base pour of asphalt concrete or bituminous impregnation with crushed stone. Before installing screeds and coatings on bituminous waterproofing, it is necessary to add coarse sand to it. The allowable temperature of the sand is 50 degrees, and the thickness of the applied bituminous mastic should be 1 mm (a deviation of 3 mm is allowed).
If the building is located close to the groundwater level, it is necessary to carry out gumming work (according to SNiP 3.04.03-85). The technological sequence is as follows:
Before sticking, the blanks must be coated with glue and held for 40-60 minutes, after which they should be glued with an overlap (the joints should overlap by 40-50 mm). After gluing, the surface is run in to remove air bubbles. The seams of the lining for greater reliability must be removed from the metal welding seams by at least 80 mm. Gumming work should initially be carried out on the main surface of the foundation and only after that fittings, grooves, slots and other openings are covered. Vulcanization of the finished coating is carried out either with a 40% solution of calcium chloride (with open type), or with live steam (with closed type and under pressure).
Every year, an increasing number of different waterproofing materials appear, which differ in their characteristics and properties. Despite this, SNiP also establishes the procedure for their use. According to the recommendations of SNiP, waterproofing materials should not be used at temperatures below -30 degrees, but it is also not worth working at very high temperatures.
For horizontal and vertical waterproofing, injection materials are often used. The latest changes in the SNiP regulate not only the requirements that such materials should have, but also the very technology of injection waterproofing.
Before carrying out waterproofing work on the foundation, it is necessary to check several times with the information contained in SNiP and GOST.
Extracts from SNiP related to floor waterproofing.
WATERPROOFING DEVICE
4.21. Pasted waterproofing using bitumen, tar and mastics based on them should be performed in accordance with Section 2, and polymeric waterproofing - in accordance with SNiP 3.04.03-85
4.22. Waterproofing from crushed stone impregnated with bitumen should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.06.03-85.
4.23. Before laying coatings, interlayers or screeds on it, which include cement or liquid glass, the surface of bituminous waterproofing should be covered with hot bituminous mastic with dry coarse-grained sand embedded in it in compliance with the parameters in the table. 19.
Source: SNiP 3.04.01-87
4.24. The strength of materials hardening after laying must be at least design. Permissible deviations in the arrangement of intermediate floor elements are given in the table. twenty.
| Technical requirements | Limit deviations | Control (method, scope, type of registration) |
| SNiP 3.04.01-87. Requirements for intermediate floor elements. | ||
| The gaps between the control two-meter rail and the checked surface of the floor element should not exceed, mm, for: | - | Measuring, at least five measurements for every 50-70 m 2 of the floor surface or in one room of a smaller area in places identified by visual inspection, work log |
| soil bases - 20 | ||
| sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone and adobe underlying layers - 15 | ||
| concrete underlying layers for pasting waterproofing and for coatings on a layer of hot mastic - 5 | ||
| concrete underlying layers for other types of coatings - 10 | ||
| screeds for polyvinyl acetate coatings, linoleum, rolls based on synthetic fibers, parquet and PVC plates - 2 | ||
| screeds for coatings from other types of slabs, end blocks and bricks laid on a layer of hot mastic, polyvinyl acetate cement-concrete coatings and for waterproofing - 4 | ||
| screeds for coatings of other types - 6 | ||
| Deviations of the plane of the element from the horizontal or a given slope - 0.2 of the corresponding room size | No more than 50 | Measuring, at least five measurements evenly for every 50-70 m 2 of the floor surface in one room of a smaller area, work log |
