The agricultural development of Russia in the post-reform period was not so successful. True, in 20 years the export of grain from Russia increased 3 times and in 1881 amounted to 202 million poods. In the world export of bread, Russia occupied the first place. Bread prices on the world market were high.
However, the growth in grain yields in Russia was not great. The increase in gross grain yields was achieved mainly through the plowing of new lands. This path of development is called extensive, in contrast to intensive, when the increase in production is ensured by improving agriculture and raising productivity. The main supplier of export grain remained the landlord economy, although the role of peasants gradually increased.
What has changed and what has not changed in the landlord economy? In the hands of the landlords were vast areas of land. For every 100 acres of peasant land in the Central Black Earth region, there were 56 acres of landowners' land, and in the Central Industrial region 30. specific gravity latifundia (possessions larger than 500 acres). The largest landowners (the Stroganovs, Sheremetevs, Shuvalovs, and others) owned hundreds of thousands of acres in various provinces.
After the abolition of serfdom, the landowners had to rebuild their economy on a market basis. They had the opportunity to organize a system of economy, transitional from corvée to capitalist. This is how the labor system of the economy arose. It was similar to the corvée in that the peasant worked the landowner's land here with his working cattle and implements. In order to further enslave the peasants, the landowner resorted to winter hiring (the hiring agreement was concluded in winter, when the peasants ran out of bread and they agreed to any conditions). Such forms of exploitation were called semi-serfdom.
In general, after 1861 the attitude of the landowners towards the peasants changed greatly. Previously, the landowner often felt sorry for his peasants, came to their aid (after all, it was still property). Now he was ready to squeeze all the juice out of them and leave them to the mercy of fate. Only the most humane and far-sighted landowners who worked in the zemstvos tried to somehow make up for the broken relations and get closer to the peasantry on the basis of the common interests of the local economy. Some landlords tried to introduce the capitalist system of economy. Some landlords tried to introduce the capitalist system of economy. They started their own working cattle and equipment, bought agricultural machines, hired workers.
But these forms of management took root with difficulty. It was not easy for them to compete with enslaving forms of exploitation, for which the reform of 1861 created favorable conditions.
In addition, a purely entrepreneurial economy could not be profitable on very large areas. In that era, the limit of profitability was usually 500 acres. Large landowners cultivated only their best land in an entrepreneurial way, while other lands were given for working off.
And only in the steppe Trans-Volga, in the North Caucasus, where landownership was small or did not exist at all, entrepreneurial, farming began to quickly establish itself. These areas became the breadbasket of Russia and the main suppliers of bread for export.
In the post-reform 20th anniversary, two paths of evolution of the agrarian system in Russia were identified. The central agricultural region embarked on a slow, protracted path of restructuring the economy with the preservation of large landed estates. This path is called Prussian. And in the steppe regions of the Trans-Volga region and the North Caucasus, another path began to emerge, a farming, entrepreneurial one, which is called the American one.
In the pre-reform countryside, the groups of rich, middle and poor peasants were not constant in composition. During the life of one peasant, his family could visit all three groups. After the reform of 1861, the hereditary consolidation of peasant families in different social groups increased. Wealthy families, who no longer had to share their wealth with the landowner, began to pass it on by inheritance.
On the other hand, in the post-reform village, not even poor, but completely ruined households appeared. This usually happened as a result of the bad qualities of householders (laziness, drunkenness, mismanagement, etc.). But their children, no matter how hardworking and diligent they were, had little chance of improving their household. The stratification of the peasantry began to take on an irreversible character. But there was no clear line between the middle peasants and the poor. These two social groups, closely interconnected, made up the bulk of the peasant population.
The economic and social life of the Russian peasant proceeded within the framework of the community that existed in Russia from time immemorial. Under the reform of 1861, it received the status of a rural society.
The peasant community, a land-based neighborhood organization of small direct producers, was an economic association and the lowest administrative unit. The economic side of the community consisted of measures for the distribution and exploitation of the land allotment (redistribution of fields and meadows, the use of pastures and forests). As an administrative unit, the community was required by law to perform fiscal (tax) and police duties.
The main organs of community administration were the village assembly and the village headman. The latter had to execute the decisions of the meeting and the orders of the volost foreman and the mediator. According to the law, only householders (heads of families) were to attend the village meeting. In the provinces of the black earth belt, this rule was strictly observed. In the non-chernozem provinces, householders often found themselves in the waste (on earnings). Their wives came to the meeting. And yet, women and youth have firmly taken a place at rural gatherings in the non-Chernozem provinces. In the Chernozem, the orders were more patriarchal.
The community was built on a combination of collective land use and individual household management by each family. The peasants owned the land in the community in strips. Each yard was cut into strips of both good and bad lands, both near and far, both on a hillock and in a lowland. Having stripes in different places, the peasant annually received an average harvest: in a dry year, strips were rescued in low places, in a rainy year - on hillocks.
However, in the first post-reform 20th anniversary in the provinces of the black earth zone, redistributions became a rare occurrence. No matter how high the redemption payments were here, the allotment still fed the peasant family, and the peasants valued it very much. The long-term absence of redistribution led to the emergence of the beginnings of the hereditary right to land.
The first post-reform 20th anniversary was a relatively favorable period in the life of the peasants of the Black Earth provinces. After all, land redistributions were not made from a good life. If there were no redistributions, then it was possible to live without them.
Things were different in those years in the non-Chernozem provinces. Here the peasant allotment was taxed in excess of its profitability. Only with the help of outside earnings did the peasant cope with the redemption payments. Those who could not go to work (small children, the disabled, the elderly) did not have any clothes. The land here was distributed according to male workers (working souls). The peasant, perhaps, would have completely abandoned the allotment, but according to the law he could not leave forever the village to which he was assigned. Repartitions of land in non-chernozem provinces were a frequent occurrence. It so happened that a peasant employed at work in the city did not always have time to process his entire allotment.
There were more and more abandoned lands, for which, nevertheless, redemption payments and other taxes were collected. 60-70s were a difficult period in the life of the village of the non-Chernozem center. Although close communication with the city quickly developed entrepreneurial skills among the local peasants.
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What is a social structure? This is a set of mutual elements that make up the internal structure of society. What is a horizontal and vertical social structure? Horiz. – status, role, social group. Vertical - layers and classes. What is stratum and stratification? Social A layer of people with similar characteristics in terms of income, power, education, prestige; social stratification.
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The term "stratification" comes from geology, where it refers to the vertical arrangement of the Earth's layers. Sociology has likened the structure of _______ (1) to the structure of the Earth and placed the social strata (strata) also vertically. The ________(2) staircase serves as the basis: the less wealthy occupy the lower rung. The rich from the upper stratum tend to have more high level education. They also have a larger volume of ________(3). In addition, in public ________ (4) one or another _______ (5), position, occupation enjoys varying degrees of respect. Therefore, all professions existing in society can be placed from top to bottom on the ladder of professional ________ (6).” income society power opinion profession prestige
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Checking an individual task Task 1 The division of society into various social groups is social Stratification Mobility Integration Discrimination Task 2 Social inequality manifests itself in Differences between people in natural abilities and inclinations The absence of division of labor The principle of distributing material goods equally The presence of privileges for certain groups Task 3 The form of vertical social Mobility is Building a family Impeccable production activities Permanent residence in the city Promotion
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TASK 4 WRITE OUT THE WORD MISSED IN THE SCHEME OF SOCIAL CRITERIA ... .. INCOME LEVEL OF EDUCATION TYPES OF ACTIVITIES TASK 5 Find manifestations of social inequality in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated 1. Allocation of social groups according to abilities and interests 2. Granting privileges to individuals groups 3. Establishing age limits for participation in elections 4. Restrictions on the rights of certain social groups 5. Enrollment in higher educational establishments on a competition basis
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SLAVERY CAST CLASS ESTATE
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1. Development of agriculture. 2.Development of industry. 3.Finance and railway construction. 4.Industrial lifting.
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What contributed to and what hindered the development of capitalist relations in industry, agriculture and finance in Russia in the post-reform period?
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Many landlords used the labor of temporarily obligated peasants. Rent grew even faster. Peasants and landlords were not equal in civil rights, because the first were ranked among the taxable estates. Peasant's house. (photo from the 19th century.) Determine the reasons for the slow transition of agriculture to the bourgeois "rails"?
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What is inequality? Uneven distribution of the scarce resources of society - money, power, education, prestige between different strata of the population. Who are the rich? People who allow themselves luxury Who are the poor? This is the economic and social condition of people with a minimum amount of money, education. power and prestige. What is poverty? Extreme poverty.
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Assignment read the text, determine which provisions of the text are A factual nature B the nature of value judgments. (1) In the 19th century, one beggar collected up to 5 pounds of baked bread per day. Selling them for 35 kopecks per pood, he got enough money to arrange a vodka feast in a tavern. (2) It can be assumed that the beggar, having become accustomed to alms, did not want to work.
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What categories of people worked on industrial enterprises before the abolition of serfdom? Why did serfdom hinder the development of industry? What do you think was the reaction of the forced laborers to the announcement of freedom? How did this affect the development of the industry?
2.Development of industry.
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As a result of the peasant reform, the expected growth of industry did not follow. Entrepreneurs got the opportunity to use civilian labor, but the sessional peasants, feeling hatred for forced labor, abandoned factories and went to the countryside. As a result, production in metallurgy and the cloth industry decreased. Only after 10 years they were able to overcome the crisis. Plant brothers Mamontov
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Manufacturer Prokhorov.
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Economic reforms began with the reorganization of the banking system. In 1860, the State Bank was opened to lend to the most important industries and support private commercial banks. In the 1960s and 1970s, private banks emerged in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
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In 1868-72. rapid railway construction took place in the country. The transport network grew from 2 thousand to 22 thousand km of roads. Entrepreneurs who got rich on such construction appeared. They were allowed to preferential terms purchase rolling stock, rails and other materials. Most roads were built in the interests of industry and trade. Railway construction.
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Moscow was knitted with Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh, Ural. The largest textile centers were connected to each other. railways increased by 25 times in 15 years. In 1891, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began. The development of transport led to the development of related industries. On the Trans-Siberian Railway.
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What social group was formed during the development of industry and trade? Name three characteristics that this group possessed.
Question 1. What is the difference between capitalist agriculture and serf farming? Why were the landowners' farms slowly rebuilt in a new way?
Answer. Under the serf economy, the peasants worked for the landowner by virtue of their dependence, moreover, with their own equipment. Therefore, almost all the profits went to the landowner. Under the capitalist economy, the landlords had to buy their own equipment and pay the peasants for their work. They needed large sums of money. The landlords were supposed to receive them as a ransom for peasant lands. But all debts were deducted from this money, so many received small amounts in their hands. In addition, many nobles did not want and did not know how to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, the remnants of serfdom were preserved, and it was possible to run the economy in the old way: to lease the land that they did not get to the peasants, and as a payment to demand their work with their inventory on the master's land.
Question 2. What reasons hampered the development of peasant farms?
Answer. The reasons:
1) lack of land of the peasants;
2) large families, which only increased the lack of land;
3) the preservation of the peasant community and mutual responsibility;
4) numerous payments by peasants, including redemption payments;
5) the incompleteness of the rights of the peasants, class restrictions on their rights;
6) growth rent in connection with the increase in the price of bread in the world;
7) economic and general illiteracy of the peasants.
Question 3. What was characteristic of the development of the post-reform industry?
Answer. Character traits:
1) the first time after the reform, workers from among the serfs quit their hated work, because production was reduced;
2) due to global economic crisis increased cotton prices, which also created serious problems for the industry;
3) peasants from serfs basically became temporarily liable, therefore, immediately after the reform, the labor market did not grow significantly;
4) the hopes that the landlords would invest the money received during the reform in production in the vast majority of cases did not come true;
5) Helped industry development banking sector, which issued loans for the opening of a new production and refurbishment of the old one.
Question 4. What role did the government's financial reforms play in economic recovery?
Answer. A capitalist economy is not possible without loans. Their most obvious application is to open your own business, to what is called initial capital. But this amount, in principle, can be saved, although more often it is actually taken on credit. More important is the re-equipment of production. In this case, one cannot wait until the required amount is accumulated, because without transformations the product will become uncompetitive, its production will cease to be profitable. In this case, only a loan can help out. A re-equipment of production should occur quite often. That is why credits help the development of industry in the most direct way. They played the same role in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Exactly financial sphere helped production to reach the world level in terms of equipment.
Question 5. What were the reasons for the "railway fever"? What is the role and place of railway construction in the Russian industrial revolution?
Answer. Transportation by rail is a necessary part of modernization, because without trade production is not possible (there is no one to sell what is produced), and it is difficult to trade without a perfect transport in which goods can be transported. Especially then the trade in bread with Europe was profitable. Also, the railways at that time helped to better protect the country (the armies reached such a size that they could only be supplied by rail, other modes of transport at that time could not transport such volumes of goods), as well as to colonize underdeveloped countries (a typical example of the railway , built by Russia with the expectation of colonization - the Chinese Eastern Railway). For the industry of Russia, railway construction has become a great boon. It not only helped to develop trade better, it brought huge state orders, which helped to develop several branches of industry at once, primarily heavy industry.
Question 6. What new strata of society emerged as a result of the industrial revolution?
Answer. The industrial revolution in Russia, as in other countries, created a class of capitalists, as well as a class of proletarians who worked for them.
Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studiesThe basis of agriculture after the reform is the landlord and peasant farms. Agriculture What are the positive and negative aspects in the development of: A) landlord, B) peasant economy in the post-reform period (p.).
Make a conclusion Lack of money to pay out wages employees; economic development. Existence of a labour-service system Temporarily obligated position of peasants Growth of rent for land Redemption payments Existence of a peasant community The rate of transition of the economy to capitalist rails is slow
The development of capitalism Indicate which facts of the development of Russia at the end of the 19th century are related to feudal remnants, which are capitalist. Feudal Capitalist Preservation of the labor system. Opening of the State Bank. Redemption payments. Liberation of the peasants. Preservation of the peasant community. Preservation of landownership. Conclusion
Fact 1. The ascribed peasants who worked in factories and factories, having received freedom, abandoned forced labor and returned to the village. Industrial development Fact 2. In 1861. A global commercial and industrial crisis broke out, and cotton prices rose sharply. The Russian cotton industry worked mainly on imported cotton. What conclusion can be drawn from these facts?
UralMetallurgical production South of Russia (Donbass) Mining of coal, iron ore, metallurgical industry Caucasus (Baku region) Oil production Center of Russia (Moscow province) Large-scale engineering St. PetersburgLarge engineering Central AsiaCotton and paper industry Central RussiaBeet sugar industry Economic development of the country
State Bank d. Financial reform 1. Financing of enterprises 2. Promoting the development of industries: metallurgical; textile; sugar; machine-building V.A. Kokorev
Donetsk Coal Basin Textile industry Central economic region Ural economic region. Metallurgical industry Sugar industry Chernihiv, Kharkiv Textile industry Poland Putilov machine-building plant Industrial revolution of the XIX century in the XIX century.
