For economic development The transport system plays an important role in any country. In Russia, one of the main transport arteries is the railway (RHD), since it accounts for more than 40% of passenger traffic and 80% of the total cargo turnover of the state.
Meaning railway transport fundamental in Russia, because the country is distinguished by large distances. From effective work This system depends on the level of economic development of the state. Every year, thanks to the well-coordinated work of the railway, the following are transported:
Since the first construction of the railway in Russia, and this happened in 1830 this species transport requires large investments, but despite this, railway has a number of advantages:
The role of railway transport in Russia can hardly be overestimated, because it is one of the largest in the world, thanks to which 25% of the world's freight traffic is provided, and about 15% of the world's passenger traffic.
In Russia, rail transport is a branch of the economy, without which the smooth operation of all economic sectors is impossible. In order to understand in more detail what role this transport system plays, it is necessary to consider its segments in more detail:
Namely, as a result of the implementation of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of transportation, it was possible to improve the main qualities of the performance indicators of railway transport. So in recent years in the country:
All districts and regions of Russia are linked together by railways, thereby providing for the transportation needs of not only the population, but also industry and agriculture. All modes of transport complement each other and form a single transport system.
Transportation of products has its own units of measurement:
In 2008, the government of the country developed a strategy for the development of railway transport until 2030. It provides for the expansion of the railway network, the exit of technical and technological railway transport to the world level, and the increase in the competitiveness of the country's railway transport. Over the next 14 years, it is planned to build important strategic, socially significant and cargo-forming lines, the total length of which will be more than 15,800 km.
The strategy of the state provides:
To achieve the set goals, more than 13 trillion rubles were allocated for the development of railway transport. rub., in addition to the plans to actively use the mechanism of public-private partnership. 40% of investments will be allocated for the construction of new railway lines, 31% for the development of existing facilities, and 29% for the renewal of rolling stock.
When the above is put into practice, it will be possible to ensure socio-economic growth, increase the mobility of the population, optimize the movement of goods, strengthen economic sovereignty, National security, the country's defense capability, total transport costs will decrease, and the competitiveness of the national economy will increase.
Transport plays a large and important role in the system of social production. The transport system is a complex complex of various branched communication routes, conditionally divided into two types: main and intra-production. Rail transport is undoubtedly the leading link in the transport system and ranks first among other types of passenger and freight transportation.
Rail transport in Russian Federation is integral part unified transport system of the Russian Federation. Rail transport is one of the most important basic sectors of the economy. It plays a key role in providing for the needs of the population and in the movement of products. economic activity enterprises. In the vast expanses of Russia, railways are the guarantor of economic and social development country, carrying out economic reforms, strengthening the administrative and political integrity, the normal functioning of a complex economic complex Russia.
The leading importance of railway transport is due to two factors: technical and economic advantages over most other modes of transport and the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport and economic inter-regional and interstate relations of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railway lines (unlike river and sea transport). This is also due to the geographical features of our country. The length of railways in Russia (87 thousand km.) Is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work performed by them is greater than in other countries of the world. the main task railways of Russia - to ensure reliable transport links between the European part of the country and its eastern regions.
The railway is the main economic link in the sectoral structure of railway transport. Its functions include the development of planned tasks for transportation activities, as well as the financing and development of the material and technical base of industry production associations in order to qualitatively meet the needs for the transportation of goods and passengers, improve the efficiency of transportation work based on updating equipment and reduce material, labor and financial resources. .
The economic and technological efficiency and functioning of industries depend on the coordinated work of railway transport. Agriculture, activities of all structures with different forms of ownership. Ultimately, transport ensures the viability and vitality of society, the state and its economic relations and interaction with transport and the national economy of the countries of near and far abroad.
The railway network of Russia is divided into significant lengths and at the same time interconnected sections - 19 railways, which, in turn, consist of branches. Moscow is the largest railway junction in the country. In the European part of Russia, powerful railway lines with high technical equipment diverge from Moscow, which constitute the "main transport skeleton".
To the north of Moscow, such highways are: Moscow - Vologda - Arkhangelsk; Moscow - St. Petersburg - Murmansk; Moscow - Arkhangelsk with a branch from Konosh to Vorkuta - Labytnangi, as well as Konosha - Kotlos - Vorkuta. To the south of Moscow, the most important railway lines are: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov - on - Don - Armavir. To the east of Moscow lie the highways: Moscow-Yaroslavl-Kirov-Perm-Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk; Moscow - Saratov - Sol - Iletsk. Within Western Siberia and parts of Eastern Siberia are dominated by latitudinal highways: Chelyabinsk - Kurgan - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok. From Samara - Kinel - Orenburg - the branch passes to the independent states of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. In the south, the highway passes through Armavir-Tuapse and further to the Transcaucasian independent states.
Rail transport is characterized by a constant growth in freight and passenger traffic, which significantly reflects the increase in the length of the railway network. In the structure of railway transportation, freight traffic prevails. The range of goods transported by rail includes several thousand items. Railway transport accounts for 37% of the country's cargo turnover.
For comparison:
Pipeline transport 24.0%
Sea transport 2.3%
Inland water transport 5.9%
Road transport 30.5%
Air transport 0.3%
In many indicators of technical equipment, Russian railways are not inferior, and in some respects they are superior to the railways of other countries. Railway transport plays an exceptionally important role in ensuring the expanding foreign economic relations of our country.
The current trends in world trade, the growth of the country's economy and Russia's active entry into world markets predetermined the high growth rates of Russia's foreign economic relations with foreign countries and increased the role of rail transport in their provision.
Of the total volume of export cargo transportation by all modes of transport, rail transport accounts for about 40%, and import - 70%. At the same time, transportation of export cargoes in direct rail traffic is 60% of their total volume carried out by rail, and in mixed rail-water transport - 90%.
Of the total volume, 125.3 million tons of export cargo and 7.7 million tons of import cargo were transported through Russian ports by rail in 2003, through the ports of the Baltic and Ukraine, respectively, 83.8 million tons and 2.1 million tons, in direct communication 97.9 million tons and 08.3 million tons.
The volume of transportation of foreign trade goods in containers has significantly increased. In 2003, 241.7 thousand TEU were transported for export and 173.8 thousand TEU for import.
In recent years, measures have been taken to increase the transportation of goods in containers, by 2010 they will increase to 32 million tons, i.e. will increase by more than 2 times. The main indicators of the work of railway transport are: meeting the needs National economy in transportation for a certain period of time, compliance with the terms of delivery of goods, car turnover, sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient, average idle time of a wagon under one cargo operation.
In transportation, the most important indicators are also compliance with the schedule and timetable, the implementation of the passenger transportation plan. The traffic schedule is the basis for organizing the movement of trains, it unites the activities of all departments and expresses the plan for the operational work of the railways. The train schedule is an immutable law for railway workers, the fulfillment of which is one of the most important quality indicators of the work of railways. The train schedule should provide: meeting the needs for the transportation of passengers and goods; train traffic safety; most effective use throughput and carrying capacity of sections and processing capacity of stations; rational use of rolling stock.
Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the work of railways are important for understanding their role and developing an optimal development strategy. They are also important for a correct, unbiased understanding of the place of rail transport in the overall transport system, and in particular the relationship between rail and road transport.
The transportation process in railway transport is regulated by the approved federal law"Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation" dated January 10, 2003
The scope of the Charter of Railway Transport extends to relations: arising between carriers, passengers, consignors (senders), consignees (recipients), owners of public railway transport infrastructures, owners of non-public railway tracks, other individuals and legal entities when using the services of public railway transport and non-public railway transport, and establishes their rights, duties and responsibilities. Management of the transportation process in railway transport is carried out centrally and is within the competence of federal body executive power in the field of railway transport.
The choice of an effective mode of transport in a competitive environment is made on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account the specific requirements of the market for transportation. When using railway transport, it is necessary to take into account the following features and advantages of technical and economic characteristics.
The advantage of rail transport is:
1) Independence from natural conditions(construction of railways in almost any territory, the ability to carry out rhythmic transportation at all times of the year, unlike river transport). Modern technology makes it possible to build railways in any area, but the construction and operation of roads in the mountains is much more expensive than on the plains. About 70% of railways in the country have lifts from 6 to 10%. Large rises - from 12 to 17% - on the main roads are found in the Urals (especially on the Perm - Chusovskaya - Yekaterinburg line), in Transbaikalia and in the Far East. The straight track and the flat profile of the railway line are efficient from an operational point of view. However, when designing a route, the path is often lengthened to approach large cities and industrial centers away from a straight line. When choosing a railway route, the possibility of screes and landslides is taken into account. Unfavorable climatic conditions complicate the construction and operation of roads.
2) The efficiency of railway transport becomes even more obvious if we take into account such advantages as high speeds of rolling car traffic, versatility, the ability to master cargo flows of almost any capacity (up to 75-80 million tons per year in one direction), i.e. high throughput and carrying capacity, estimated at tens of millions of tons of cargo and millions of passengers per year in each direction.
3) Rail transport provides the possibility of relatively fast delivery of goods over long distances.
4) Rail transport makes it possible to create a convenient direct connection between large enterprises, which reduces the number of expensive cargo transportation.
5) High maneuverability in the use of rolling stock (the possibility of adjusting the car fleet, changing the direction of cargo flows, etc.).
6) Regularity of transportation.
7) Possibility of effective organization of loading and unloading operations.
8) A significant advantage of rail transport is the relatively low cost of transporting goods. Of the factors affecting the cost of transporting goods by rail, the following stand out:
a) direction of transportation;
b) placement of cargo turnover (cargo density per 1 km of track);
c) the technical equipment of the line (the number of tracks, the magnitude of the lift, the type of traction - steam, diesel, electric);
d) the location of the line;
c) time of year.
All these factors depend on economic and geographical conditions. The economic and geographical features of the regions, which determine the types of goods, the direction and size of their export or import, determine transport links.
9) Availability of discounts.
The disadvantages of rail transport include:
1) a limited number of carriers.
2) low possibility of delivery to consumption points, i.e. in the absence of access roads, rail transport should be supplemented by road transport.
3) a significant need for capital investment and workforce. Therefore, given the large capital investments in the construction of railways, it is most effective to use them with a significant concentration of freight and passenger flows.
4) in addition, railway transport is a major consumer of metal (130-200 tons of metal is required per 1 km of the main line, not counting the rolling stock).
Specific quantitative and qualitative indicators of the work of railways include indicators of the volume of cargo transportation by rail by type of message: import, export, transit and local messages.
Transportation is an indicator that determines the volume of transport production. Transportations are distributed by types of messages:
1) local traffic - transportation between stations within the road;
2) export - sending goods to other roads (defined as the difference between departure and local traffic);
3) import - the arrival of goods from other roads (defined as the difference between arrival and local traffic);
4) transit - the transportation of goods received from other roads and following through this road to other roads. Transit can be defined in several ways: acceptance minus import, or delivery minus export, or total traffic minus other types of traffic (import, export, local).
Transportation for import, export and transit is called transportation in direct traffic. Two or more roads are involved in their implementation. Transportation planning by type of communication is necessary for the correct calculation of the turnover of wagons, as well as the operating costs and revenues of the road, because the road does not perform the same number of operations related to the transportation of goods in different messages.
When developing a transportation plan, such quantitative and qualitative indicators as:
Mileage of loaded wagons;
Run of empty wagons. Empty mileage of wagons depends on location productive forces across the country, in particular areas of loading and unloading, uneven traffic in directions, type of cargo and specialization of the wagon fleet. Reducing the percentage of empty runs reduces the mileage of the rolling stock, as well as the work in gross ton-kilometers per unit of transportation. Consequently, savings are achieved on the maintenance of locomotive crews, fuel, electricity, the maintenance and repair of cars and locomotives, the required capital investments in rolling stock and the development of the network are reduced;
Wagon clock;
The mileage of loaded trains, the mileage of empty trains, the total mileage of locomotives, locomotive hours, gross freight turnover are all quantitative indicators. Quantitative indicators of the work of the rolling stock are used when calculating the need for car and locomotive fleets.
The quality indicators are:
Coefficient of empty run of wagons (to reduce the coefficient of empty run, it is necessary to use the loading of empty wagons in the same direction as empty wagons to follow to the maximum extent possible.);
Ratio of empty run to loaded run;
Dynamic load of a loaded or empty wagon (dynamic load depends on the structure of freight turnover, the wagon fleet, as well as on the distance traveled by wagons with small and large loads). Decrease in average dynamic load adversely affects the operation of the road. This leads to the fact that a larger number of wagons of the working fleet is used, hence more costs for repairs and maintenance. To increase the average dynamic load and, as a result, reduce costs, it is necessary to use wagons with the maximum allowable load, which makes it possible to carry out transportation with a minimum operating fleet of wagons;
Average daily mileage of a wagon, average daily productivity of a wagon. The decrease in the average daily productivity of a working freight car negatively affects the operation of the road. To increase the productivity of wagons, it is necessary, on the one hand, to reduce downtime, increase the speed of movement of wagons, and, on the other hand, improve the use of its carrying capacity. Moreover, measures to increase the productivity of wagons must comply with economic efficiency the work of transport teams;
Ratio of auxiliary mileage to lead and linear mileage of a locomotive, average train gross and net mass, average daily locomotive mileage, locomotive performance.
Qualitative indicators characterize the degree of use of the rolling stock in terms of carrying capacity, power, time and the amount of work performed per unit of time.
The value of quality indicators depends on the technical equipment of railways and their enterprises, the use of advanced technology, the level of organization of transportation, shunting and loading and unloading operations, and other factors.
Transport infrastructure plays one of the primary roles in strengthening and maintaining state economy. Thanks to the development of railway transport in Russia, which transports large-sized and multi-ton cargo, the full-fledged operation of all sectors of the national economy, the supply of regions, industrial enterprises. Rail transport is of great importance for ensuring economic security and integrity of the country.
Today, Russian Railways is an all-encompassing transport system with thousands of passengers and freight. The actual indicators of technical equipment testify to the real prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia. It can be briefly described using the following data:
Rolling stock and domestic railway facilities allow for freight transportation on trains weighing 10-12 thousand tons.
The railway transport network occupies a leading position among all types of transport. Despite the intensive development of bus and air traffic over the past decades, Russian Railways remains the main tool for ensuring the mass movement of goods and passengers both within the country and abroad.
The history of the development of railway transport in Russia dates back to the middle of the 16th century. The first analogues of modern railroads arose in the territory of stone and sand quarries, in mine excavations and coal mines. Then the road was a long bed made of wooden beams. On such paths, horses could carry heavier loads than on ordinary country roads. The bars wore out quickly, causing the wagons to often go astray. In order for wooden beds to serve longer, they began to be strengthened with iron, and in the 18th century with cast-iron sheets. To prevent the convergence of wagons from the tracks helped the rims on the beds.
So, in Petrozavodsk in 1778 a cast-iron railroad was built, the length of which was 160 m. At that time, the gauges were built much narrower than modern ones (no more than 80 cm), and the rail itself was angular.
The period of development of railway transport in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is characterized by a more intensive pace. 30 years after the construction of the first 160-meter cast-iron track, a two-kilometer horse-drawn cast-iron road appeared. A significant leap in the history of the development of railway transport in Russia occurred in the period from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.
So, in 1913, the mileage of the railroad network within the current borders of the country reached almost 72 thousand km. At the same time, the paths were placed randomly and unevenly. The predominant part of the roads was in the European part of Russia. The locomotive fleet consisted of low-power steam locomotives (500-600 hp), and two-axle freight cars had an average carrying capacity of 15 tons.
In 2008, the Government approved a concept to improve the railway infrastructure up to 2030. The strategy for the development of railway transport in Russia contains a description of a set of planned measures to create and improve rail roads, improve existing and adopt new requirements for rolling stock.
This program is divided into two stages. The first was carried out between 2008 and 2015, the second was launched in 2016. The development of railway transport in Russia is based on the principles of increasing the resource and raw material potential of the industry and introducing innovative modern technologies. The current Strategy implies the construction of more than 20 thousand km of roads by 2030.
To date, the construction of railways has already been completed with messages:
If the planned activities for the construction and commissioning of railroads are implemented, the total length of tracks by the end of the term will increase by 20-25%. The document defining the role of prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia focuses on the importance of this system of passenger and freight traffic for solving problems of strengthening economic sovereignty, national security and increasing the level of defense capability. In addition, the above Strategy implies a reduction in total costs in the transport segment of the national economy. An interesting detail in this context is that this kind of plan, which is being implemented in parallel with the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation, was drawn up and approved exclusively for the development of railway transport in Russia.
During recent years on the Russian railways, a decline in production and a decrease in labor productivity indicators are noticeable. The rolling stock used not only prevents an increase in freight turnover, but also contributes to an increase in the number of accidents on the tracks. immediate reconstruction and overhaul required for a significant number of stations and railway stations.
Today, the railways of our country operate trains, wagons, locomotives and special equipment manufactured in the USSR, Germany and Czechoslovakia. The issue of production of new equipment is controlled by the commercial holding companies Transmashholding, Sinara, IST and the state enterprise Uralvagonzavod. Over the past ten years, the rolling stock on the most popular Moscow-St. Petersburg and St. Petersburg-Helsinki routes has been replenished with high-speed trains from the German company Siemens and the French manufacturer Alstom.
The main player on which the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia depend is Russian Railways. The companies of this largest holding in the country own their own railway infrastructure, a fleet of wagons and rolling stock.
In Russia, there are several types of freight traffic on rail tracks:
Features of the development of railway transport in Russia, engaged in the transportation of goods, are differences in the speed of delivery. Thus, the main part of freight trains is engaged in the transportation of goods for which specific transportation conditions are not required. Cargo compartments in passenger trains (luggage compartments) are intended for the carriage of mail, correspondence, personal belongings of passengers. For the delivery of perishable goods, high-speed rolling stock is used. The maximum allowable speed at which trains can move is 160 km/h.
The development of railway transport in Moscow may be the envy of other regions. Despite the demand for constantly modernized metro lines, it is planned to build and reconstruct about 80 kilometers of rail tracks in the capital over the next 2-3 years. By 2019, according to a representative of the Moscow urban planning complex, five new stations will appear within the city at once.
Despite the fact that just a few years ago, the intracity and intercity communication of electric trains in Moscow was considered outdated and inefficient, today experts say that land-based railways are capable of providing the same carrying capacity, the same passenger traffic in terms of frequency, traffic volumes and comfort that metro. In addition, the authorities of the capital are confident that the construction of railways is a less expensive industry than the construction of the subway.
The length of the Moscow railway is more than 13 thousand kilometers, despite the fact that this type of transport serves about 30 million passengers, which is approximately one fifth of the population of Russia. Another feature of the development of railway transport in Moscow is the infrastructure going far beyond the boundaries of the agglomeration and covering about ten subjects of the Central federal district. The thing is that the railway of the capital was originally intended as an inter-subject infrastructure that allows solving inter-regional and inter-city problems of transport communication. Fundamental changes have taken place since the launch of the MCC.
The central one, which launched the MCC, explained the success of the project by the appearance of the actual possibility of movement in any direction of the railway connection with a transfer. This system commuter trains was created with the aim of integrating radial stations. Now Muscovites and guests of the capital have no problems traveling outside the Moscow Ring Road. So, for example, it will not be difficult to get from the Kazan direction to Severyanin by transferring to the MCC along the Fraser or towards the Yaroslavl highway.
Since the opening of the Moscow Central Ring, in less than a year, almost 100 million passengers have passed through it. Despite the increased popularity of electric trains, they are still used as an alternative and additional form of railway transport in Russia. The stages of development of the MCC are being implemented along the path of strengthening the integration of the metro with the surface railway network.
Along with the strengthening of the industrial economic sector, there is a stage of formation and development of railway transport in Russia. The problems of this sphere are gaining importance against the backdrop of global trends in technological and technical modernization, the introduction of innovative developments in railway transport.
At the moment, it is necessary to strive to reduce the gap between the quality of Russian railways, rolling stock and infrastructure of foreign competitors. First of all, it is necessary to consistently solve the main industry tasks and eliminate a number of issues that impede the targeted development of railway transport in Russia.
It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main goal of the functioning of the railway system is fast, convenient, inexpensive (that is, cost-effective) and safe transportation of passengers and delivery of goods not only within the country, but also abroad. The main problems of Russian railways as an integral infrastructure are two negative predetermining factors:
The first group includes conflicts between the technological and managerial sectors, nullifying the expediency of the railway infrastructure and hindering the growth of its financial efficiency. The second category includes the complexity of technical production, equipment and operation: the problems of safe operation of equipment, technical means, the lack of a fully functioning model of labor protection for industry employees, and adverse environmental impacts on adjacent territories. These problems will only get worse as rail transport develops in Russia.
To eliminate the described imperfections of the domestic railway infrastructure, it will be necessary to take a set of measures for its effective modernization, which guarantees the integrity and strengthening of the economic space of the Russian Federation, but at the same time does not infringe on the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement. The current Strategy implies a phased solution to the problems of railway transport by creating conditions in Russia for achieving the fundamental geopolitical and geo-economic goals of the state. No less important is the reboot and renewal of the existing infrastructure base, which is fundamentally important for the socio-economic growth in the country. For the development of the railway transport industry, it is also necessary:
In the age of all-consuming integration processes, the railway infrastructure has acquired the status of a mechanism, a kind of lever for the division of labor. In addition, the railway sector can be considered as a strategic object of the impact of globalization processes in the world. Russian railways are also a science-intensive theoretical area of economics. In order to maintain the achieved positions and continue to improve the infrastructure, it is important to create all conditions for the latest scientific and technical developments in the country.
Railways in Russia are increased by several thousand kilometers every year. The sphere of railway transport is an integral segment modern economy developed states.
To date, almost a million kilometers of railway lines have been laid on the territory of the leading countries of the world. Many developments have been invented to improve railway transport: from trains moving from electricity to trains that move on a magnetic cushion without touching the rails.
Some inventions have firmly entered our lives, while others have remained at the level of plans. For example, the development of locomotives that would run on nuclear energy, but because of the high environmental hazard and high financial costs, they were never built.
Now the world's first railway is being developed for a gravity train, which will move due to its inertia and
Rail transport has great potential. More and more new ways of traveling by rail are being invented, despite the fact that everything in this area seems to have been invented long ago.
The very first railways began to appear in the middle of the 16th century throughout Europe. It could not be called rail transport in full. Trolleys pulled by horses ran along the tracks.
Basically, such roads were used in the development of stone, in mines and mines. They were made of wood, and horses could carry a lot more weight on them than on a regular road.
But such rail tracks had a significant drawback: they quickly wore out, and the wagons went off the tracks. In order to reduce the wear and tear of wood, they began to use cast-iron or iron strips for reinforcement.
The first railways, the rails of which were made entirely of cast iron, began to be used only in the 18th century.
The world's first passenger railway was built in England on October 27, 1825. It connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington and was originally intended to carry coal from the mines to the port of Stockon.
The railway project was carried out by engineer George Stephenson, who already had experience in operating and managing railways in Keelingworth. To begin construction of the road, had to wait for the approval of Parliament for four years. The innovation had many opponents. Horse owners did not want to lose their income.
The very first train that carried passengers was converted from coal trolleys. And in 1833, for the rapid transport of coal, the road was completed to Middlesbrough.
In 1863, the road became part of the North Eastern Railway, which is still in operation today.
The world's first underground railway was a breakthrough in the field public transport. The British built it first. The need for the subway appeared at a time when Londoners were fully acquainted with traffic jams.
In the first half of the 19th century, clusters of various carts arose on the central streets of the city. Therefore, they decided to “unload” traffic flows by creating a tunnel underground.
The London underground tunnel project was invented by the Frenchman Marc Izambard Brunel, who lived in the UK.
The tunnel was completed in 1843. At first it was used only as a but later the idea of the subway was born. And on January 10, 1893, the grand opening of the first underground railway took place.
It used locomotive traction, and the length of the tracks was only 3.6 kilometers. The average number of passengers carried was 26 thousand people.
In 1890, the trains were modified, and they began to move not on steam, but on electricity.
The world's first railway, on which trains moved, was patented in 1902 by the German Alfred Seiden. Construction attempts were made in many countries, but the first one was presented at the International Transport Exhibition in Berlin in 1979. She worked for only three months.
Trains on a magnetic railway move without touching the rails, and the only braking force for the train is the aerodynamic drag force.
Today, they cannot compete with the railway and the subway, because, despite the high speed of movement and noiselessness (some trains can reach speeds of up to 500 km / h), they have a number of significant drawbacks.
First, large financial investments will be required for the creation and maintenance of magnetic roads. Second, maglev trains. Thirdly, it causes great harm to the environment. And, fourthly, the magnetic railway has a very complex track infrastructure.
In many countries, including the Soviet Union, they planned to create such roads, but later abandoned this idea.
For the first time in Russia, the predecessors of full-fledged railways were used in Altai in 1755 - these were wooden rails in the mines.
In 1788, the first railway for factory needs was built in Petrozavodsk. And for passenger traffic in 1837, the railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo appeared. It was steam-powered trains.
Later, in 1909, the Tsarskoye Selo Railway became part of the Imperial Line, which connected Tsarskoe Selo with all lines of the St. Petersburg Railway.
