Actuarial calculations of insurance rates (tariff rates) are based on the methodology of actuarial assessment of risks and probabilities of occurrence of insured events. Issues of actuarial calculations occupy a central place in the activities of any insurer. Their significance is determined by the fact that the insurer, as a rule, carries out a number of types of insurance that are different in content and nature, requiring an adequate mathematical measurement of the obligations assumed under the contracts. When calculating insurance premiums and insurance payments, their sizes (in general for the republic, for individual regions, districts, towns, tourist organizations, etc.) should change in hierarchical structures with different conditions of risk situations in time and space /21/.
In the practice of actuarial calculations, insurance statistics are widely used. It is a systematic study and generalization of the most massive and typical insurance operations, cost indicators that characterize the insurance business. At the same time, the greater the number of objects of observation, the more accurate the estimate of the probability of the occurrence of a particular case, since only in a large set of samples does the law of large numbers work and give acceptable results.
The process of developing and justifying insurance rates is called tariff policy, which is understood as the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish, clarify and streamline insurance rates in the interests of successful, break-even development of insurance. It is based on the following basic principles:
Equivalence of the insurance relations of the parties(of the insurer and the insured) means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probable amount of damage. This ensures the return of the insurance reserve for the tariff period of the set of insurers on the scale of which the insurance tariff was “built”. Thus, the principle of equivalence must correspond to the redistributive essence of insurance as a closed distribution of damage.
From an economic and legal point of view, the equivalence of insurance relations can be considered as a unit of measurement of mutual obligations of the parties.
Availability of the insurance rate for a wide range of insurers implies their acceptability: excessively high tariff rates become a brake on the development of insurance. Insurance premiums must be an amount that is not burdensome for the insured, otherwise insurance may become unprofitable. For example, in case of environmental insurance, such a contribution (or payment) can be “broken down” so that it exceeds the fine for damage as a result of the release (discharge) of toxic substances, environmental pollution, etc. Moreover, it is important to emphasize that the larger the circle of insurers and objects covered by insurance, the smaller the share in the breakdown of damage falls on each and the more affordable the insurance rate (for a tourist group of 10 and 30 people, different rates).
Stability of insurance rates. To Both insurers and insurance workers get used to more or less constant tariffs. At the same time, the former gain confidence in the solidity of the insurance business and the solvency of the insurance company. The size of the insurance rate significantly depends on the conditions and place of insurance. For example, they are completely different for tourists traveling to hot countries (Africa, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey); to ski resorts (Alps, Teberdu, Dombay); in historical places (Borodino, the Golden Ring, the Louvre, Dresden, etc.).
Expansion of insurance liability. Compliance this principle is a priority direction in the activity of the insurer.
This can be illustrated by the example of life insurance. Here, the extension of insurance liability includes additional insurance death (death) of a tourist, including repatriation of the body, etc.
Self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations. These financial principles fully apply to the insurer that insurance payments and other expenses at the expense of received insurance payments. Moreover, ST should be calculated in such a way that the receipt of insurance payments not only covers the costs of the insurer (damage compensation, income tax, maintenance of employees, etc.), but also ensures the excess of income over expenses (profit) for expanding the activities of the insurance company, acquiring property, office equipment, rewards for labor achievements, etc.
This excess is included in the so-called load, since there is no room for profit in the net rate, which provides a closed distribution of damage. If the actual unprofitability of the insurance payment (insurance indemnities and guarantees) turns out to be lower than the current net rate (no one died, nothing burned down, etc.), then the resulting savings can be divided into three “partial” areas:
Features of actuarial calculations in the insurance of tourists
Features of actuarial calculations in the insurance of tourists are expressed primarily in the specifics of the calculation of the insurance rate. At voluntary insurance tourists, it is determined by the insurer on the basis of a set of insurance objects - personal, property and liability insurance, requiring an adequate mathematical measurement of obligations under contracts.
When carrying out actuarial calculations of tourist insurance (the first feature), the fact that this refers to mass risk types of insurance is also essential. They are characterized, on the one hand, by the homogeneity of insured events with insignificant variations in the amount of damage (harm) upon the occurrence of insured events (accidents, illnesses; loss, loss, destruction, flooding of personal property, damage (harm) to a third party, etc.) , and on the other - anomalous (catastrophic) situations - the death (death) of an individual tourist or mass.
In the first case, the calculation of the insurance rate is carried out without a risk premium, in the second - with its use. In this case, there are two options for calculating the risk premium:
Both options require, as a rule, the transfer of most of the risk for reinsurance to a foreign partner or a service, already mentioned assistance company - assistance.
The second feature of actuarial tariffs for insurance of tourists is that insurance statistics are widely used in the practice of their calculation. It is a systematic study of the most widespread and typical cases, cost indicators of insurance payments, etc.
However, in this type of insurance there is only a certain number (approximately 3-5%) of objects that relate to an insured event. In this case, as a rule, insurance payments differ significantly from the sums insured (insurance coverage) specified in the insurance contract. Therefore, the net rate is adjusted by a correction factor (TO"). It is determined by the ratio of the average insurance payment to the average sum insured per contract. (TO n = Sv /Ss). This allows us to distinguish between the key concepts in the calculation of the insurance rate "probability insured event” and “probability of damage”.
The formula for calculating the net rate (from CU 100 of the sum insured) is as follows:
T ns \u003d P * K n * 100,
where P(A)- probability of occurrence of an insured event (BUT);
To n - correction, or corrective, coefficient.
Methodology for calculating tariff rates on a personal basis risk insurance tourists
Tourist, or mass, risk types of insurance in this methodology are understood as types of insurance covering a significant number of subjects of insurance and insurance risks, characterized by the homogeneity of insurance events (sickness and accident insurance) with a slight difference in the amounts insured.
Basic concepts and terms used in the methodology
Tariff rate(TS) (insurance rate, or gross rate) is the rate of the insurance premium (payment, premium) from the total sum insured. Tariff rates are used to calculate insurance premiums paid by insurers.
Insurance fee(CB) - the product of the insurance rate (ST), expressed in monetary units, by the number of hundreds of sum insured (FROM c ) or interest tariff rate on the total sum insured (S cc ) divided by 100:
CB = CT number of hundreds C s,
or CB = CT*
The initial data for calculating the net and gross rates are:
1) the probability of damage underlying the net rate, which, in turn, depends on the probability of the occurrence of an insured event:
where R G - the likelihood of damage;
R cc - the probability of occurrence of an insured event.
Knowing the probable number of insured events for the tariff period, it is possible to determine the degree of probability of the occurrence of these events. It represents the ratio of the number of insured events to the number of insured objects (contracts concluded)
where To cc- number of insured events;
To d- the number of concluded contracts,
those. expresses the coefficient (percentage) of the occurrence of insured events.
In monetary terms, the numerator of this ratio will be equal to the total amount of insurance payments (SC in ) , and the denominator is the maximum possible insurance payment equal to the total sum insured (SC With ) all insured objects N. Attitude SC in /SC With - there is an indicator of unprofitability of the sum insured (Y ss ). Meaning (Y ss ) - always less than one (in the limit it is equal to one, i.e. (Y ss )?1)
2) the unprofitability of the sum insured (as a ratio of monetary indicators), which is a synthetic value and depends on the action of various factors: a) the number of insured objects N; b) the number of insured events in N treaties M; c) the total sum insured of the insured objects (SC With ); d) the amount of insurance payment for one object (CB i ).
The unprofitability of the sum insured can be calculated both by types of insurance in general and by individual insurance risks. At the same time, the ratio of the number of payments made (TO in ) (number of insured events) to the number of concluded contracts (TO d ) determines the probability of occurrence of insured events (R ss ), and the ratio of the average payment per contract (CB i ) to the average sum insured per contract (FROM ci ) is a "correction" factor, or an indicator of unprofitability (TO P ), allowing to distinguish between the concepts of "probability of an insured event" and "probability of damage". Based on the foregoing, we can assume that what has been said characterizes nothing more than the net rate T ns from CU 100 sum insured. Mathematically, this can be expressed by the formula:
T ns \u003d * 100 \u003d R ss * K p * 100
In expression (40) Kv * Сvi - total amount insurance payments, and Kd * Ссi, - the total sum insured of the insured objects. When making net and gross rate calculations, it is assumed that there will be no mass insured events that will entail several insured events at once (for example, the death of an aircraft or a ship with tourists, etc.).
Calculation of tariffs is carried out with a pre-known (or planned) number of contracts N.
In the presence of the above conditions, the calculation of the parameters of tariff rates for personal insurance of tourists is carried out according to the following formulas:
where R ss- the probability of occurrence of an insured event;
M- the number of insured events in N contracts;
N- the total number of contracts concluded for a certain period;
FROM ss- average sum insured;
FROM i- sum insured at the conclusion of the i-th contract ( i= 1, 2,…, N);
FROM in- average insurance payment;
FROM vk- insurance payment for k -m insured event (k= 1, 2……., M).
When insuring tourists for new types of risks (for example, during space flights of tourists, hang-gliding flights, trips to the North Pole, etc. ) and the absence, therefore, of statistical data on the values R cc ; FROM cc ; FROM in these values can be estimated by an expert method, or the values of indicators of analogues (testimony of foreign insurance companies) can be used as them. In any case, the relationship FROM in /FROM ss it is recommended to apply at least 0.3 when insuring tourists against accidents and illnesses.
The size of the total gross rate is calculated according to the equality
T BS \u003d T NS + N [d. e.],
where T BS- gross rate;
T NA- net rate;
In equality (44), the values of T BS, T NS, N are indicated in absolute terms, i.e. in monetary units (rubles, dollars, etc.) from CU 100 of the sum insured.
If the load is set as a percentage of the gross rate, then in this case the gross rate is determined from the expression
T BS \u003d T NS + H +
where H- load item in absolute units from CU 100 of the sum insured;
N"- the share of load items included in the tariff, as a percentage of the gross rate.
In this case, the expression takes the form
T BS \u003d \u003d T NS + H, or
whence T BS (100-) \u003d 100 * (T NS + H).
Finally T BS = ,
where values T NA and H expressed in absolute units, and N"- in percents.
If all elements (components) of the load are expressed as a percentage relative to the gross rate, then the value of H will be zero. Then the last formula takes the form
Thus, in order to calculate the tariff rate, it is necessary first of all to calculate the net rate as an indicator of loss from CU 100 of the sum insured. As follows from formula (40), the main part of the net rate ( T NA) corresponds to the average payments of the insurer, depending on the probability of an insured event ( R SS), average sum insured ( FROM CI) and average payout ( FROM B) from CU100 of the sum insured. To take into account probable deviations in the number of insured events relative to their average value, the so-called risk premium (delta premium) is introduced into the net rate, which, in turn, depends on three more parameters: 1) the number of contracts related to the period of time; for which insurance is provided (n); 2) the average dispersion (deviation) of insurance payments ( R B); 3) security guarantees r (gamma) - the required probability with which the collected contributions should be enough for insurance payments for all insured events.
There are two options for calculating the risk premium:
T NS * b (g),
where b(r) is a coefficient that depends on the security guarantee r. Its value can be taken from the table:
Standard deviation (dispersion) of insurance payments in the event of insured events. In the presence of statistics of insurance payments, the standard deviation is estimated by the expression
where FROM bk- insurance payment k-th case ( k= 1, 2…….M);
M- the number of insured events in and contracts;
FROM B- the average payment under one insurance contract upon the occurrence of an insured event.
If there is no data on the value R B, it is allowed to calculate the risk premium according to the formula
When calculating the risk premium for several types of insurance (second option), we use the expression
where m is the coefficient of variation of the insurance payout, which corresponds to the ratio of the standard deviation to the expected insurance payouts. At the same time, if i-th risk is characterized by the probability of its occurrence Pi, average insurance premium Сvi, and the standard deviation, then
For an unknown value, the corresponding term in the numerator of formula (54) can be replaced by the value
If none of the values \u200b\u200bis known (for any type of insurance), then m is calculated by the formula
Formulas (50), (52) and (53) for calculating the risk premium are the more accurate, the greater the value n, P SS and n*P I . For values n, P SS and n*P I less than or equal to ten formulas (50), (52) and (53) are approximate.
If about the quantities R CC , FROM CC and C B there is no reliable information, for example, in the case when they are estimated not according to formulas (41), (42) and (43) using insurance statistics, then it is recommended to take b(r) = 3. Taking into account the above, the total net rate will be equal to
To solve the fourth problem, we have worked enough a large number of literary sources and concluded that the creation of a new insurance product includes a number of characteristic steps.
The initial stage of work on any insurance product is the emergence of a basic idea based on research. insurance market and arising from it. The decision to develop a product can be "reactive", i.e. following the development of the market and reacting to its evolution, or "preactive", anticipating the development of consumer expectations and needs. The emergence of a new product can, in principle, create a new class of needs based on previously hidden (latent) needs.
This is followed by the stage of quantitative research of the potential market: marketing research in terms of quantitative assessment of the attractiveness of the insurance product, quantitative assessment of the potential audience, determining the competitiveness of markets and forecasting potential actions of competitors, etc.
Next, an assessment is made of the available opportunities, time and effort required for the technical implementation of a new insurance product and its subsequent commercialization. At this stage, the insurer must decide whether it has (or does not have) the necessary financial potential, trained agent personnel in sufficient numbers, specialists in marketing and actuarial calculations, i.e. everything that is necessary for the detailed development and commercialization of a new insurance product. In conclusion of the second stage of the development of insurance products, its main technical characteristics are outlined.
At the second (main) stage, the insurer proceeds to the detailed development of insurance products. Determined: guarantees, sums insured, deductibles, tariffs, special conditions contracts (in particular, conditions for early termination of the contract), insurance premiums, conditions for their transfer, etc. A legal analysis of the terms of insurance is being carried out. At this stage, it is extremely important to determine the degree of attractiveness of the insurance product for potential clients. For this, testing of an insurance product on a certain segment can be used.
The most important component of work in terms of developing a new product is the third stage - planning marketing efforts for its commercialization. This step will be carried out directly by Insurance Company.
The central place in the insurance contract is the cost of insurance services.
actuarial calculations is a process during which the cost and cost of insurance services are determined.
insurance actuaries– citizens Russian Federation who have a qualification certificate and carry out, on the basis of an employment or civil law contract with an insurer, the activity of calculating insurance rates, insurance reserves, assessing it investment projects using actuarial calculations.
With the help of actuarial calculations, the tariff rate is calculated - the price insurance risk and other expenses of the insurer. The set of tariff rates is called tariff.
Tariff rates are of two types: gross rate, net rate.
Gross rate- the rate at which the insurance contract is concluded. Net rate- the price of insurance risk, this rate is used to create a fund for payments to the insured.
Gross rate = net rate + load. The load includes:
A. Expenses for organizing and conducting insurance business, including:
B. Deductions to reserve funds.
B. Profit of the insurance company.
where T n – tariff net rate; P(A)- the probability of an insured event, P(A) = Kv / Kd; To- coefficient, K= Sv / Ss; Kd - the number of payments for a particular period; Kd - the number of concluded contracts; Св - average payment under one contract; Сс is the average sum insured per contract.
T n is an indicator of unprofitability per 100 rubles. sum insured.
where T h - gross tariff rate; H - load, expressed as a percentage of the gross rate.
The gross rate is used to compensate for damages, cover the expenses of the insurance company, form insurance funds and make a profit. Profit is distributed according to the usual scheme: taxes are paid first (profit tax, property tax, etc.), net profit used to create reserve fund, the development fund of the company, the payment of dividends, the promotion of employees of the company and other purposes.
There are many types of insurance, so you need to classification. It can be carried out according to various criteria.
According to the goals of insurance activities There are two areas - commercial and non-commercial insurance. Non-commercial insurance includes social insurance, compulsory health insurance, etc. Commercial insurance includes primary or direct insurance, coinsurance, reinsurance.
By levels of protection for workers there is a distinction between insurance against industry risk, enterprise risk and individual risk (at the expense of citizens' own funds).
By insurance industry distinguish between personal insurance (life insurance and accident insurance), property insurance (insurance of various material values, property rights and capital; insurance against possible loss of income and unforeseen expenses) and insurance civil liability(liability insurance for causing harm and contractual liability insurance). Liability insurance for causing harm includes the most important types of insurance; civil liability of vehicle owners, enterprises - sources of increased danger, employer's liability to hired workers and employees, professional liability of doctors, pharmacists, accountants, builders, etc., liability for environmental pollution. Contractual liability insurance covers liability for any contractual relationship between the parties: under contracts for supply, transportation, contracting, etc.
By the amount of insurance liability Distinguish between compulsory and voluntary insurance. Compulsory insurance includes insurance of passengers, police officers, foreign intelligence, military personnel, employees tax inspections and tax police, astronauts, etc.
By class of insurance distinguish between fire, transport, engineering, etc.
According to the form of organization of the insurance business insurance is divided into group and individual.
By orientation of insurance interests A distinction is made between family-oriented insurance and business risk insurance. Entrepreneurial risk insurance includes insurance in case of non-receipt of profit, decrease in profitability, formation of losses; in case of non-payment on the invoices of the supplier of products; lost profits on failed transactions; from equipment downtime, etc.
On the dynamics of development and the ratio of certain types of insurance in Russian market the data of Table. 18.1.
Table 18.1
Dynamics of volumes of insurance premiums and insurance payments of subjects of insurance business of the Russian Federation for 2005–2009, billion rubles.
For those considered in Table. 18.1 For 5 years, insurance premiums have increased by 2 times, insurance payments - by 2.7 times. The structure of insurance premiums and insurance payments has also changed. If in 2005–2007 insurance premiums of voluntary insurance prevailed, then in 2008-2009. there is a predominance of compulsory insurance premiums. In the structure of insurance payments, the picture is different - payments in the compulsory insurance industry prevail.
Changes in the structure of insurance premiums and insurance payments of voluntary and compulsory insurance show the data in Table. 18.2.
In the total volume of insurance premiums, the share of compulsory insurance increased (from 41 to 57%) due to a corresponding reduction in the share of voluntary insurance. The change in the structure of insurance payments shows the same trend - an increase in the share of compulsory insurance (from 60 to 69%).
Table 18.2
Dynamics of the structure of insurance premiums and insurance payments of voluntary and compulsory insurance for 2005–2009, % to the end
|
Indicators |
||||||||||
|
insurance |
insurance |
insurance |
insurance |
insurance |
||||||
|
Voluntary insurance: a) life insurance |
||||||||||
|
b) personal insurance |
||||||||||
|
c) property insurance |
||||||||||
|
d) liability insurance |
||||||||||
|
e) risk insurance |
||||||||||
|
Compulsory insurance: a) liability insurance of motor vehicle owners |
||||||||||
|
b) compulsory health insurance |
||||||||||
|
c) other types of insurance |
||||||||||
In the volume of insurance premiums for voluntary insurance, the share of personal (by 6%) and property insurance(on 10%). The share of insurance payments on voluntary insurance also decreased personal insurance, but the share of property insurance has increased, insurance of entrepreneurial and financial risks has appeared.
In the volume of insurance premiums for compulsory insurance, the share of compulsory health insurance(from 29 to 48%), the share of OSAGO decreased (from 11 to 9%). The same trend is observed in the volume of insurance payments for compulsory insurance.
Pay attention to the ratio of insurance premiums and insurance payments. If for compulsory insurance there is an excess of payments over premiums, then for voluntary insurance, on the contrary, the share of insurance premiums is much higher specific gravity insurance payments.
One of important indicators, characterizing the level of development of insurance in the country, is the ratio between the size of the insurance premium and GDP. AT developed countries its value usually ranges from 8 to 12%. In the Russian Federation in 2009, this ratio was less than 3%. This indicates a low level of insurance development.
Evidence of the insufficient level of development of insurance in Russia is a sharp reduction in the number of insurance companies. From July 1, 1996 to December 1997, their net reduction was almost 500, or 18%. As of January 1, 1998 at State Register there were 2334 insurance companies, as of January 1, 1999 - 1864. In 1998, the licenses of 496 insurance companies were revoked, the licenses of 116 insurance companies were suspended. As of June 30, 2010, the number of insurers was 666, including 660 insurance companies and 6 mutual lending companies.
There are five insurance systems.
where Q - insurance compensation; T - the actual amount of damage; S– insurance amount under the contract; W- market valuation object of insurance.
Suppose a car worth $6,000 was insured for $3,000 and the actual damage was $2,000. The insurance indemnity will be 50% of the amount of damage, i.e. $1000
Commonly used in insurance contracts franchise, which represents the personal participation of the insured in covering the damage. The deductible is set in rubles or as a percentage of the sum insured or damage. The franchise is beneficial to both the insured and the insurer. The insured receives discounts from the insurance rate, and the insurer transfers part of the damage to the insured. Franchise is of two types - conditional and unconditional.
Conditional (non-deductible) deductible means that the insurer is released from liability for damage if it does not exceed the deductible percentage. If the damage is greater than the deductible, then the insurer is obliged to compensate the damage in full. If there is a conditional deductible, an entry "free from .... interest" is made in the insurance contract.
Unconditional (deductible) deductible means that the insurance indemnity is always equal to the damage minus the unconditional deductible. If there is an unconditional deductible, an entry "free from the first ... percent" is made in the insurance contract.
Every year since 2006, the Independent Actuarial Information and Analytical Center commissioned by the RAMI conducts an actuarial study on the topic: "Monitoring of current insurance rates for OSAGO for their compliance with the emerging unprofitability this species insurance".
The calculation of tariffs is based on the primary and aggregated data of insurance companies of full members of the RAMI. The generalized linear model is used as the main methodological basis for calculations.
Based on the results of the study, proposals are formed and sent to ministries and departments to adjust the current tariffs for OSAGO.
The content of the scientific report, with the results of the study, is as follows:
1. Main results and conclusions
2. Collecting and summarizing insurance statistics on OSAGO
2.1. Research information base
2.2. Aggregate data check system
2.3. Analysis of key indicators of aggregated data
2.3.1. Comparative analysis of data from the "Reporting forms for calculating insurance rates" and data obtained from other forms statistical reporting SAR
2.3.2. Comparative analysis of the data "Reporting forms for calculating insurance rates" for different reporting periods
3. Description of the model used to calculate tariffs
4. Calculation of tariffs for OSAGO based on consolidated Data
4.1. The structure of data submitted for analysis and the procedure for performing calculations
4.2. Calculation procedure
4.3. Loss development analysis based on data from loss development triangles
4.3.1. Estimated average time to settle claims
4.4. Calculation of the frequency of occurrence of an insured event and the average loss for all types of vehicles using the "basic" multifactor model
4.5. Calculation of coefficients of insurance rates
4.5.1. Coefficient of insurance tariffs depending on the territory of primary use vehicle(CT)
4.5.2. Coefficient of insurance rates depending on the engine power of a car and taxi (KM)
4.5.3. Checking the accuracy of approximation by a generalized linear model of real data
4.5.4. Calculation of insurance rates for a pool of insurance companies
4.5.5. Coefficient of insurance rates depending on the age and length of service of the driver admitted to driving a vehicle (FAC) and the availability of information on the number of persons admitted to driving a vehicle (KO)
4.5.6. Coefficient of insurance rates depending on the period of use of the vehicle (CS)
4.6. Calculation of the net premium taking into account the impact of loss reserves, inflation of the average loss, changes in the frequency of an insured event, as well as a risk premium
4.6.1. Accounting for average loss inflation
4.6.2. Accounting for changes in the frequency of an insured event
4.6.3. Risk premium accounting
4.7. Calculation of the gross premium taking into account the influence of the bonus-malus system
4.7.1. Accounting for the impact on the insurance gross premium of the Bonus-Malus system
4.7.2. Adjustment of the basic gross premium, taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of available statistical data
4.7.3. Comparison of the calculated gross premium with the values specified in Government Decree No. 739
4.8. Comparison of proposed OSAGO tariffs with current values
5. Study of the compliance of the territorial coefficients of OSAGO with real data in the context of cities
What do they depend on insurance rates?
Who determines the cost of OSAGO?
Why do each insurance company have different tariffs for Casco?
How insurance rates are calculated different types property and liability, life and health insurance?
Answers to all these questions can be given by actuaries - specialists in actuarial calculations.
Each insurance company has licenses for several types of insurance. For each of these types, the insurer develops insurance rules, not against the law even in the smallest nuances.
These rules available to every client, you can read them at any time on the website of the insurance company or contact an employee in the office with a request to give you printed rules.
In addition to other provisions, these rules include tariff rates. When drawing up a contract for each insurance transaction, the company is guided by the provisions and tariffs precisely from the insurance rules. 
That is, it cannot be such that an employee gives you a tariff at random, the tariff is taken from the insurance rules. When applying for a license for a certain type of activity, the company's lawyers prescribe insurance rules, and actuaries calculate the optimal tariff rates.
According to these tariffs, adopted according to actuarial calculations, the company works with clients.
Life does not stand still, the political and economic situation, society is changing, insurance rates are also changing, so do not consider it a tautology or a pun, actuarial calculations are always relevant.
actuarial calculations- these are complex mathematical calculations built on the methods and formulas of the science of statistics and financial and economic analysis of macro- and microeconomic indicators.
Actuarial calculations are based on demographics, the state of the economy and long-term forecasts its development, the political environment, the assessment of society's expectations. In actuarial calculations, the theory of probability is widely used.
Actuary is a high-class specialist with an appropriate qualification certificate. Most often this insurance company employee, but also an actuary can work on free bread, providing one-time services to insurer clients.
These limits are the same throughout the Russian Federation and for all OSAGO policies. But the cost of the policy varies due to the engine size of the car, the number of people allowed to drive, their driving experience, region and other factors.
The essence of this difference in cost is clear to everyone: the younger the driver and the less experience he has, the more likely he is to provoke an accident, and the higher the risk of the insurance company that sells the policy to him.
Therefore, such a policy will cost more than OSAGO for a person with 20 years of experience. Again, in Moscow or St. Petersburg, the traffic is much more intense than in a small village, respectively, and the risk of accidents in the capitals is many times higher, therefore OSAGO is much more expensive here.
How much more expensive will OSAGO cost in all these cases, determine the coefficients. But the basic tariff itself and each coefficient are not taken from the ceiling, they are calculated by actuaries.
Moreover, they expect people to be able to afford to buy an OSAGO policy. without a significant impact on the budget, but at the same time so that insurers can make insurance payments to the same people - their customers.
Let's say citizen N. bought an OSAGO policy for 3,000 rubles. And several hundred more citizens bought various OSAGO policies in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles. A fund has been formed from which the insurer will make payments if citizen N. and other insurers become the culprits of an accident.
Now the question arises, Will this fund be enough to cover all the shoals of insurers? And the answer to this question should be given actuarial calculations.
After all, if the cost of OSAGO is too low, then the insurer simply does not have enough money to pay out. And if for no reason to raise the tariff, then people not be able to buy expensive insurance.
It is also necessary to take into account the fact that cars keep getting more expensive, spare parts for them too, and more and more expensive cars appear on the streets. As a result, insurers do not have enough money in the funds.
For example, the previous limit of 120,000 no longer covered real damages and to the culprit of the accident I had to pay extra for the repair of the victim's car.
Thus, the current the increase in the price of a car citizen is justified and everyone needs it, and the exact amounts are calculated by actuaries, taking into account all aspects of our lives.
The same principle is used to calculate tariffs for hull insurance, property insurance, accident insurance and other types- the probability of an insured event is determined, a variety of factors are taken into account and the optimal tariff for all is calculated.
Pay attention to the Casco rates: the insurance contract lists the risks against which your car is insured, opposite each risk there is a percentage rate, and if you add these rates, you get the total rate under the contract.
For the risk of an accident, the tariff will be much higher than for the risk of “natural phenomena”. The reason is simple: the probability of damage to a car in an accident is ten times higher than due to natural disasters(the same hail can happen at most twice a year).
But it is difficult to calculate specific figures, this is done by actuaries, they take into account traffic police statistics on accidents, police statistics on thefts and thefts, data from meteorological centers, demographic situation in the region, the standard of living of the population (the ability to buy expensive cars) and dozens of other factors.
Moreover, actuarial calculations for hull tariffs are not limited to determining the probability of the occurrence of an event, they also take into account details of the insurance product– franchises, insurance with or without depreciation of parts, and others.
