In the process economic activity the enterprise may temporarily release funds that are not required to be immediately invested in the main activity of the enterprise.
Development financial markets allows them to invest in order to generate income, that is, to invest.
Existing investment opportunities vary in terms of return and risk. Among the least risky investments are bank deposits and state securities.
It is also possible to invest in the authorized capital of other enterprises, both directly and by acquiring their shares on the secondary market. stock market.
Financial investments- these are investments in securities and authorized capitals (shares) of other organizations, as well as loans granted to other organizations. The classification of financial investments is carried out according to various criteria:
1. By appointment:
Acquired for the purpose of generating income on them;
Purchased for resale purposes.
2. Depending on the period for which they were purchased:
Long-term (more than 1 year);
Short term.
3. In connection with the authorized capital:
Financial investments for the purpose of formation of the authorized capital;
Investments in debt securities.
Types of financial investments are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Types of financial investments
|
Financial investments include: |
Investments do not include: |
As part of financial investments, contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account. |
Intangible assets such as fixed assets, inventories, and intangible assets are not financial investments. |
If in the accounting system financial investments are no longer classified as long-term and short-term, then in the form of a balance sheet this classification is retained. The classification of financial investments into long-term and short-term is carried out not for the purposes of current accounting, but only for financial statements. When compiling it, the organization should analyze all these assets and determine, as of reporting date which of them are long-term and which are short-term financial investments. When classifying urgency, it is advisable to understand not the period of circulation of securities (the time from the moment of issue to the moment of redemption), but the degree of their liquidity, i.e. possibility, if necessary, easy to the shortest time turn them into cash.
Long-term investments are investments with a payback period of more than one year. These include shares in the charter capitals of other organizations, shares of subsidiaries and affiliates, other shares acquired for the purpose of holding them for an indefinite period, bonds and other debt securities held to maturity if it is expected in more than 12 months.
Contributions to joint activities under a simple partnership agreement also refer to long-term financial investments, because usually diverts the organization's funds for a long period of time.
Long-term financial investments
Short-term financial investments include investments in deposits, loans, bonds and other securities, the maturity of which does not exceed one year.
Short-term financial investments
Long-term financial investments can be reclassified into short-term and, vice versa, from short-term to long-term, if their purpose and intentions for further use change.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2002 N 126n
"On approval of the Regulations on accounting"Accounting for financial investments" RAS 19/02"
Pursuant to the Accounting Reform Program in accordance with international standards financial statements approved by the Government Russian Federation dated March 6, 1998 N 283 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, N 11, art. 1290), I order:
2. Recognize invalid the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1997 N 2 "On the procedure for recording transactions with securities in accounting" (the order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 10, 1997, registration N 1324).
3. To put this order into effect starting with the financial statements for 2003.
Registration N 4085
Application
to the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n
Position
in accounting "Accounting for financial investments" RAS 19/02
September 18, November 27, 2006, October 25, November 8, 2010, April 27, 2012, April 6, 2015
I. General provisions
1. This Regulation establishes the rules for the formation in accounting and financial statements of information on financial investments of the organization. An organization is hereinafter understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (except for credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions).
This Regulation is applied when establishing the features of accounting for financial investments for professional participants in the securities market, insurance organizations, non-state pension funds.
2. For the purposes of this Regulation, in order to accept assets as financial investments for accounting, the following conditions must be met at a time:
the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization's right to financial investments and to receive Money or other assets arising from this right;
transition to organization financial risks associated with financial investments (price change risk, debtor's insolvency risk, liquidity risk, etc.);
the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (repayment) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use in paying off the obligations of the organization, increase in the current market value etc.).
3. Financial investments of an organization include: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and cost of redemption is determined (bonds, promissory notes); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates); loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right to claim, etc.
For the purposes of this Regulation, financial investments also include the contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement.
The financial investments of the organization do not include:
treasury shares joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
bills of exchange issued by the organization-drawer to the organization-seller in settlements for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;
investments of the organization in real estate and other property having a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) in order to generate income;
precious metals, jewellery, works of art and other similar valuables not acquired for normal activities.
4. Intangible assets such as fixed assets, inventories, and intangible assets are not financial investments.
5. The accounting unit of financial investments is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of financial investments, the procedure for their acquisition and use, a series, batch, etc. can be a unit of financial investments. homogeneous set of financial investments.
6. The organization maintains analytical accounting of financial investments in such a way as to provide information on accounting units of financial investments and organizations in which these investments are made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.) .
For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, at least the following information must be formed in analytical accounting: the name of the issuer and the name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, expenses associated with acquisition of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage.
The organization can form in analytical accounting additional information about the financial investments of the organization, including in the context of their groups (types).
7. Peculiarities of evaluation and additional rules for disclosing information on financial investments in dependent business companies in financial statements are established separately. normative act on accounting.
II. Initial assessment of financial investments
8. Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.
9. The initial cost of financial investments purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual expenses for their acquisition, except for value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).
The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:
amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets. If an organization is provided with information and consulting services related to making a decision on the acquisition of financial investments, and the organization does not make a decision on such an acquisition, the cost of these services is charged to financial results commercial organization(as part of other expenses) or increase in expenses non-profit organization the reporting period when it was decided not to purchase financial investments;
remuneration paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets are acquired as financial investments;
other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.
When acquiring financial investments at the expense of borrowed funds, the costs of received loans and borrowings are taken into account in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Organization's expenses" PBU 10/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 N 33n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on May 31, 1999, registration N 1790), and the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them" PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2001 N 60n (according to letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated September 7, 2001 N 07/8985-YUD, the order does not need state registration).
General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, unless they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.
11. If the amount of costs (except for the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the acquisition of such financial investments as securities is insignificant in comparison with the amount paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other expenses of the organization, including reporting period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.
12. The initial cost of financial investments made on account of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
13. The initial cost of financial investments received by the organization free of charge, such as securities, is recognized:
their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting. For the purposes of this Regulation, the current market value of securities means their market price calculated in accordance with the established procedure by the organizer of trading on the securities market;
the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities as of the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the trade organizer on the securities market does not calculate the market price.
14. The initial cost of financial investments acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which the entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.
If it is impossible to establish the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of financial investments received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.
15. The initial cost of financial investments made on account of the contribution of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is their monetary value agreed upon by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.
17. Securities that do not belong to the organization on the basis of the right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.
III. Subsequent evaluation of financial investments
18. The initial cost of financial investments, at which they are accepted for accounting, may change in cases established by law and these Regulations.
19. For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the procedure established by these Regulations, and financial investments, for which their current market value cannot be determined.
Organizations that have the right to apply simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments in the manner established by this Regulation for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined. At the same time, these organizations may decide not to reflect the depreciation of financial investments in accounting in cases where it is difficult to calculate the amount of such depreciation.
20. Financial investments, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure, are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation for the previous reporting date. This adjustment can be made monthly or quarterly.
The difference between the valuation of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous valuation of financial investments is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investments account.
21. Financial investments, for which the current market value is not determined, are subject to reflection in accounting and in financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.
22. For debt securities for which the current market value is not determined, the organization is allowed to attribute the difference between the initial cost and the nominal value during the period of their circulation evenly, in proportion to the income due on them in accordance with the terms of issue, to the financial results of a commercial organization ( as part of other income or expenses) or a decrease or increase in the expenses of a non-profit organization.
23. For debt securities and loans granted, an organization may calculate their valuation at a present value. In this case, no accounting entries are made.
The organization shall provide support for the reasonableness of this calculation.
24. Financial investments are reflected in the balance sheet as of the reporting date at a cost determined based on the requirements of this Regulation.
If the current market value is not determined for the financial investment object, previously valued at the current market value, as of the reporting date, such financial investment object is reflected in the financial statements at the cost of its last assessment.
IV. Disposal of financial investments
25. The disposal of financial investments is recognized in the accounting of the organization on the date of termination of the conditions for accepting them for accounting, given in paragraph 2 of this Regulation.
The disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, transfer on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.
26. Upon disposal of an asset accepted for accounting as financial investments, for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on the assessment determined by one of the following methods:
at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments;
at the average initial cost;
at the initial cost of the first acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method).
The application of one of the specified methods for a group (type) of financial investments is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.
27. Contributions to the charter (reserve) capital of other organizations (except for shares of joint-stock companies), loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of the right to claim, are valued at the initial cost of each accounting unit withdrawn from the above accounting units. accounting for financial investments.
28. Securities may be valued by the organization upon disposal at the average initial cost, which is determined for each type of securities as the quotient of dividing the initial value of the type of securities by their number, which are formed respectively from the initial cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and received securities in during this month.
29. Evaluation at historical cost of the first in terms of acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that securities are written off within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. securities that are the first to be written off must be valued at the historical cost of the securities of the first acquisitions, taking into account the initial value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the value of securities remaining at the end of the month is made at the initial cost of the latest acquisitions, and the value of the earliest acquisitions is taken into account in the value of securities sold.
30. Upon disposal of assets accepted for accounting as financial investments, for which the current market value is determined, their value is determined by the organization based on the latest assessment.
31. For each group (type) of financial investments, one assessment method is applied during the reporting year.
32. Evaluation of financial investments at the end of the reporting period is carried out depending on the accepted method of evaluating financial investments upon their disposal, i.e. at the current market value, at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments, at the average initial cost, at the initial cost of the first financial investments acquired in time (FIFO method).
33. Examples of the use of valuation methods for the disposal of financial investments are given in the appendix to this Regulation.
V. Income and expenses on financial investments
34. Income from financial investments is recognized as income from ordinary activities or other income in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 6, 1999 N 32n (registered with the Ministry of Justice Russian Federation May 31, 1999, registration N 1791).
35. Expenses related to the provision of loans by the organization to other organizations are recognized as other expenses of the organization.
36. Expenses related to servicing financial investments of an organization, such as payment for the services of a bank and/or a depository for keeping financial investments, provision of a depo account statement, etc., are recognized as other expenses of an organization.
VI. Impairment of financial investments
37. A sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal course of its activities, is recognized as depreciation of financial investments. In this case, based on the calculation of the organization, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, which is equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (book value) and the amount of such a decrease.
A steady decline in the cost of financial investments is characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following conditions:
at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the carrying amount is significantly higher than their estimated cost;
during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;
As of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.
Examples of situations in which impairment of financial investments may occur are:
the emergence of signs of bankruptcy in the issuing organization of securities owned by the organization, or in its debtor under a loan agreement, or declaring it bankrupt;
making a significant number of transactions in the securities market with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;
absence or significant decrease in income from financial investments in the form of interest or dividends with a high probability of a further decrease in these income in the future, etc.
38. In the event of a situation in which impairment of financial investments may occur, the entity should check whether conditions for a sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments exist.
The specified check is carried out on all financial investments of the organization specified in paragraph 37 of these Regulations, for which there are signs of their impairment.
In the event that an impairment test confirms a sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, the organization establishes an allowance for the depreciation of financial investments by the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments.
A commercial organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of the financial results of the organization (as part of other expenses), and a non-profit organization - at the expense of an increase in expenses.
In the financial statements, the value of such financial investments is shown at book value minus the amount of the formed reserve for their depreciation.
Checking for depreciation of financial investments is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of depreciation. The organization has the right to carry out the specified check on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.
The organization shall provide confirmation of the results of this verification.
39. If, based on the results of the check for depreciation of financial investments, a further decrease in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for the depreciation of financial investments is adjusted towards its increase and decrease in the financial result of a commercial organization (as part of other expenses) or an increase in expenses of a non-profit organization .
If, based on the results of the check for depreciation of financial investments, an increase in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for the depreciation of financial investments is adjusted towards its decrease and an increase in the financial result of a commercial organization (as part of other income) or a decrease in expenses of a non-profit organization.
40. If, on the basis of available information, the organization concludes that a financial investment no longer meets the criteria for a sustained significant decrease in value, as well as in the event of disposal of financial investments, the estimated value of which was included in the calculation of the provision for depreciation of financial investments, the amount of the previously created provision for depreciation for the specified financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income) or a decrease in expenses of a non-profit organization at the end of the year or the reporting period when the said financial investments were disposed of.
VII. Disclosure of information in financial statements
41. In the financial statements, financial investments should be presented with a unit, depending on the term of circulation (repayment) for short-term and long-term.
42. Accounting statements are subject to disclosure, taking into account the requirement of materiality, at least the following information:
methods for evaluating financial investments upon their disposal by groups (types);
the consequences of changes in the methods of valuation of financial investments upon their disposal;
the cost of financial investments for which the current market value can be determined, and financial investments for which the current market value cannot be determined;
the difference between the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous valuation of financial investments for which the current market value was determined;
for debt securities for which the current market value was not determined - the difference between the initial cost and the nominal value during the period of their circulation, accrued in accordance with the procedure established by paragraph 22 of this Regulation;
the value and types of securities and other financial investments encumbered with collateral;
the value and types of retired securities and other financial investments transferred to other organizations or persons (except for sale);
data on the reserve for the depreciation of financial investments, indicating: the type of financial investments, the amount of the reserve created in reporting year, the amount of the reserve recognized as other income of the reporting period; reserve amounts used in the reporting year;
for debt securities and loans granted - data on their valuation at a discounted value, on the amount of their discounted value, on the methods of discounting used (disclosed in the notes to balance sheet and income statement).
Application
to the Regulation
accounting "Accounting for financial investments" PBU 19/02,
approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n
Examples of using valuation methods upon disposal of financial investments
1. The method of valuation at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments
The cost of retiring financial investments is equal in this case to their initial cost.
2. Method of valuation at the average initial cost
The value of securities to be written off is determined by multiplying the number of securities to be retired (for example, shares of OAO "S") by the average initial cost of one security of this type (shares of OAO "S"). The average initial cost of one security of a given type is calculated as the quotient of dividing the value of securities of a given type by their number, respectively, consisting of the value and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and of the received securities in this month.
Example 1
(data are given for one type of securities)
|
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
||||
|
Remaining on the 1st |
|||||||||
1) Average initial cost of one security:
(10.0 million rubles + 5.0 million rubles + 6.6 million rubles + 9.6 million rubles) / 290 =
107.6 thousand rubles
2) The value of the balance of securities at the end of the month:
130 x 107.6 thousand rubles = 14.0 million rubles
3) Cost of retiring securities:
31.2 million rubles - 14.0 million rubles = 17.2 million rubles.
160 x 107.6 thousand rubles = 17.2 million rubles.
This method can also be applied during the month for each date of disposal within the month of the securities, using an estimate of the balance of the securities, determined by the average historical cost method, at the date of the previous transaction (the so-called moving average historical cost method).
3. The method of valuation at the initial cost of the first acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method)
The valuation of securities under the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold within a month in the sequence of their receipt (acquisition), i.e. the first securities to be sold must be valued at the initial cost of the first in terms of the time of purchase, taking into account the value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of securities remaining at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest in terms of the time of acquisition, and the cost of the sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the value of the earliest in time of acquisition.
The value of retiring securities is determined by subtracting from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the value of the securities received during the month the value of the balance of securities at the end of the month.
Example 2
|
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
price per unit, thousand rubles |
amount, million rubles |
||||
|
Remaining on the 1st |
|||||||||
1) The value of the balance of securities at the end of the month, based on the value of the latest receipts:
(80 x 120 thousand rubles) + (50 x 110 thousand rubles) \u003d 15.1 million rubles.
2) Cost of retiring securities:
31.2 million rubles - 15.1 million rubles = 16.1 million rubles.
3) Cost per unit of retiring securities:
16.1 million rubles / 160 \u003d 100.6 thousand rubles.
This method can also be applied during the month for each date of disposal within the month of the securities, using the valuation of the balance of securities, determined by the FIFO method, at the date of the previous transaction (the so-called rolling FIFO method).
The financial activity of each enterprise is closely related to investments in various projects and assets. Financial investments include both securities and contributions to the authorized capital of organizations. The main condition for such investments is their focus on making a profit.
Such investments are carried out by each organization that is active. The concept under consideration is contained in both accounting and reporting. The financial investments of the organization include:
The conditions for the inclusion of these assets in the composition of the concept under consideration are as follows:
According to the legislation, financial investments include both short-term and long-term investments.
Long-term investments include investments for a long period (more than one year). These can be, for example:
Accounting for such financial investments is kept on account 58, and they are reflected in the balance sheet in line 1170.
Short-term financial investments are investments with a circulation or maturity period of up to one year. These may be securities of other legal entities, finance on time deposit accounts of credit institutions, etc. Such assets are characterized as liquid and most easily sold. In the reporting, they are indicated in line 1240 of the balance sheet.
Such investments are characterized by increased risk, and their management is difficult due to the lack of a large number time. Such assets are prone to depreciation. Reserves are created for them, and financial investments are periodically checked for depreciation. To account 59 "Provisions for depreciation of financial investments" analytical accounting is created. The cost of investments in respect of which such a reserve has been created corresponds to the balance sheet minus the corresponding reserves.
For the purpose of competent investment management for all these types, it is necessary to determine the profitability of financial investments.
To determine the current market value of financial investments, all available sources of relevant information are used. If financial investments are not circulated on the securities market and the current market value for them is not determined, they are accounted for on the reporting date at their original cost.
The initial cost of debt securities, the current market value of which is not determined, may be changed to nominal values during the period of their circulation. This is carried out evenly depending on the amount of income on such securities.
Regardless of the purpose for which financial investments are made, their disposal is subject to accounting when:
The disposal of the relevant asset, for which the current market value is not determined, is accounted for:
- a security that certifies the amount of the deposit - a written certificate of the bank on the deposit of funds.
The implementation of financial investments should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the market of financial assets, which contributes to the choice the best option ensuring the reliability and profitability of investments.
Financial investments- investments in and securities of other organizations, acquisition costs; funds lent on the territory of Russia and abroad; deposits in credit institutions; receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right to claim, etc.
In accordance with PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments", the financial investments of an organization for accounting purposes must include the following assets: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and value of redemption defined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates); loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right to claim, etc.
As part of financial investments, contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account (Table 12.1).
The accounting unit of financial investments is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of financial investments, the procedure for their acquisition and use, the unit of financial investments may be a series, batch, etc., a homogeneous set of financial investments.
The organization maintains analytical accounting of financial investments in order to provide information on accounting units of financial investments and organizations in which these investments are made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.).
Organizations need to keep analytical records of financial investments. The organization can form in analytical accounting additional information about the financial investments of the organization, including in the context of their groups (types).
Paragraph 6 of PBU 19/02 specifically stipulates what information about securities should be disclosed in this case. For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, at least the following information must be formed in analytical accounting: the name of the issuer and the name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, expenses associated with acquisition of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage. Peculiarities of evaluation and additional rules for disclosure in financial statements of information on financial investments in dependent economic companies are established by a separate regulatory act on accounting.
In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, securities are movable property organizations. Like any other property, they are subject to mandatory monetary valuation of reflection in accounting. Financial investments, when accepted for accounting, are divided into two groups: for which it is possible to determine the current market value and for which this cannot be done. The first group includes quoted securities, shares (if the founder mutual fund regularly publishes their price), as well as other financial investments, the current value of which is documented. In this case, financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.
The initial cost of financial investments purchased from other organizations for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, except for value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).
The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, unless they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.
The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments can be determined (decrease or increase) taking into account the amount differences that arise in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to an amount in a foreign currency (conditional monetary units), prior to the acceptance of assets as financial investments for accounting.
If the amount of costs (except for the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the acquisition of such financial investments as securities is insignificant compared to the amount paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other operating expenses of the organization in that reporting the period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.
The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is their monetary value, agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The initial cost of such financial investments as securities received by the organization free of charge from the founders or other organizations and persons is recognized:
The initial cost of financial investments acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the entity would normally charge similar assets.
If it is impossible to establish the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of financial investments received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.
The initial cost of financial investments made on account of the contribution of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is their monetary value agreed by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.
The initial cost of financial investments, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is determined in rubles by recalculation foreign exchange at the rate Central Bank Russian Federation, effective on the date of their acceptance for accounting.
Securities that do not belong to the organization on the basis of the right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.
The initial cost of financial investments, at which they are accepted for accounting, may change in cases established by law and these Regulations.
For the purposes of subsequent evaluation, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the procedure established by these Regulations, and financial investments for which their current market value cannot be determined.
Financial investments, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure, are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation for the previous reporting date. This adjustment can be made monthly or quarterly.
The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investments account.
Financial investments, for which the current market value is not determined, are subject to reflection in accounting and in financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.
When acquiring financial investments at the expense of borrowed funds, the costs of received loans and borrowings are taken into account in accordance with Accounting Regulation PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the Organization" and Accounting Regulation PBU 15/01 "Accounting for Loans and Credits and Costs of Their Maintenance".
One of the main components of financial investments are securities. The following types of securities are admitted to circulation in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the Russian stock market: government bonds, bonds, promissory notes, checks, deposit and savings certificates, bank savings books bearer, single and double warehouse receipts (and each part thereof), bills of lading, shares, privatization securities, housing certificates, as well as derivative securities - option certificates.
All securities must contain required details. Their absence or discrepancy entails the invalidity of the transaction made through them.
This list does not include interest on loans received for the purchase of securities (clause 3.2 of the order of the Ministry of Finance dated January 15, 1997 No. 2). From January 1, 2003, interest on such loans does not increase the value of financial investments (securities) recorded on balance sheet account 58 "Financial investments". They should be attributed to operating expenses (sub-account 91/2 "Other expenses").
The only exception is the case when the company uses the received loan for advance payment. Then it is necessary to increase the receivables by the amount of interest (clause 15 PBU15/01). But this must be done before the papers are accepted for accounting. Also, the cost of purchasing securities does not include general business expenses (unless they are directly related to this purchase).
Example. The organization purchased 100 bonds of a third party. The price of each bond is 450 rubles. The brokerage commission amounted to 540 rubles. (including VAT - 90 rubles).
In accordance with tax code RF securities are not subject to VAT, therefore, it is not necessary to reflect the input VAT on them.
The sale and purchase agreement may provide that securities (as well as services for their acquisition) are paid for in rubles at the foreign exchange rate on the day the buyer transfers the money. In such a situation, the purchase price is adjusted (increased or decreased) by the amount of the sum differences. True, this can only be done before the papers are accepted for accounting.
As a rule, most of the purchase costs are directly the cost of securities. If the share of all remaining costs does not exceed 5% of the amounts paid to the seller, then they can be treated as operating expenses.
Example. Let's use the condition of the previous example.
Other costs for the purchase of bonds amounted to 1% (540 rubles - 90 rubles) / 45,000 rubles, which is less than 5%. Therefore, the accountant can take them into account either on subaccount 58/2 "Debt securities", or on subaccount 91/2 "Other expenses". In the second case, you need to make the wiring:
Financial investments, depending on the terms for which they are made, are divided into 2 types: long-term and short-term.
The term of return of long-term financial investments exceeds 1 year. Such investments include contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations, including expenses abroad for the acquisition of shares, interest-bearing bonds, and the provision of loans.
The term of return or repayment of short-term financial investments does not exceed 1 year. To this species Financial investments also include investments in securities, the maturity of which is not set without the intention to receive income for more than one year.
To account for financial investments, account 58 "Financial investments" is intended.
The party receiving the borrowed funds is obliged to pay value added tax to the budget.
Financial investments are the funds of the enterprise that are transferred to the use of other organizations. It is often more profitable for the owner to use his funds, primarily money, in third parties and not in their business activities. The placement of capital in objects of entrepreneurial and (or) other activities for the purpose of making a profit or achieving another beneficial effect is otherwise called investment. Financial investments are investments in securities and other financial instruments.
Financial instruments any term contract that results in the sale and purchase of financial asset on certain and pre-agreed terms and conditions.
In accordance with PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments", financial investments include:
* state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and cost of redemption are determined (bonds, promissory notes);
* contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, including subsidiaries and independent companies;
* contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement;
* loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, receivables acquired on the basis of the assignment of the right to claim, etc.
According to paragraph 2 of PBU 19/02, in order for assets to be accepted for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be met at a time:
* the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization's right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
* transition to the organization of financial risks associated with financial investments (the risk of price changes, the risk of insolvency of the debtor, the risk of liquidity, etc.);
* the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (repayment) price of a financial investment and its purchase price as a result of its exchange, use in paying off the obligations of the organization, increase in the current market cost, etc.).
The most common type of financial investments are investments in securities: the purchase of shares, bonds, bills of exchange, deposit and savings certificates, etc.
Investments do not include:
* own shares purchased by the organization from shareholders;
* bills of exchange issued by the organization to the seller when paying for goods, works and services;
* investments in fixed assets, intangible assets and profitable investments in tangible assets.
As a rule, agricultural enterprises operate rather passively on the stock market, and financial investments do not occupy a very large share in the asset structure. This is due to the lack of free working capital for investing in the activities of other enterprises. Nevertheless, the conditions of the modern market, including the market for agricultural products, dictate the need to conduct investment activity enterprises Agriculture including financial investments. First of all, it is the protection of the own interests of such enterprises in related industries: the processing of products and the supply of raw materials, equipment and machinery, as well as the performance of work and the provision of services for enterprises producing agricultural products. Protection of such interests is carried out mainly through the creation of new enterprises in related industries with equity participation agricultural producers (for example, consumer cooperatives), as well as through the acquisition of securities of enterprises already operating on the market, in order to control their activities.
By purchasing securities, an agricultural enterprise becomes an investor - invests in the purchase of securities. It itself can issue securities: its own shares, bonds, etc. In this case, the enterprise acts as an issuer (issuing, that is, putting securities into circulation).
Of the enterprises in the agricultural sector, the placement of financial investments, as a rule, is carried out by farms that have a share in the authorized (share) capital of enterprises for the processing of agricultural products.
Financial investments are classified according to different criteria:
*in connection with the authorized capital distinguish between financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital (shares, investment certificates) and debt (bonds, mortgages, deposit and savings certificates, treasury bills, bills of exchange);
*by type of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities;
*depending on the period for which the financial investments are made, they are divided into long-term (the maturity of investments exceeds one year) and short-term (the maturity of investments is up to one year, i.e. for several months).
