When a legal entity has free financial resources, he has several ways to use them. Can create reserve fund, you can spend them on the purchase of new, more modern equipment or invest them in another enterprise. The last option is called financial investments in development" or, in other words, "investment". This will be discussed further.
Investing your money in someone else's business is always risky. Before deciding to take such a step, you need to carefully study the market, the position of the company on it, what its prospects and problems are. If this new idea, then, of course, the business plan is examined in detail, forecasts and the time frame for the return of money are analyzed. Sometimes in this difficult issue you can not do without the help of specialists who will assess the degree of risk and offer the most profitable options.
In any case, financial investments are the engine of progress. How more investment(no matter in what area), the more chances to improve, and therefore to increase their competitiveness, position in the market, the quality of goods, wages workers and so on down the chain. Most the developed countries with a high standard of living - those who are trusted with their finances by other states.
Accounting for financial investments in accounting will be carried out if certain conditions are met. Firstly, it is necessary to provide officially executed and signed documents confirming the receipt Money and obliging to return them with interest.
Secondly, any organization that provides investments must understand that along with loans, it receives financial risks:
And the third condition that financial investments must meet: they must bring economic benefits to the organization. It is usually expressed as an income in the future and is in the form of a percentage of the amount invested. 
Financial investments include various loans, but you need to clearly understand which papers can mislead an accountant and be considered investments, although they are not. The legislation clearly states what cannot be considered financial investments:
Investments can be classified in different ways. The most popular grouping is:
Another important point is to figure out what kind of securities that are considered financial investments.
First of all, it's a promotion. Represents a security issued by an enterprise for the purpose of forming the authorized capital. The owner of the share has the right to receive dividends, that is, interest on profits, and may participate in general meetings for making managerial decisions.
The main debt obligation is a bill. it financial instrument, with which you can manage the debtor, indicating how much and by what date he must pay the creditor.
Bond. Most often it is issued government bodies. Has an initial price that the debtor must repay by redeeming the bond. In addition, he is required to pay a fixed percentage for the right to own or use the bond.
Savings certificate - issued credit institutions and indicates the opening of a deposit.
Accounting for financial investments should be displayed on the accounts. According to the regulatory documentation, the active account for displaying cash flows is 58 "Financial investments". To display more specific transactions, sub-accounts are opened:
When an enterprise receives cash investments, the question arises of how to properly evaluate them and what balance to include. It largely depends on the sources of income. They can be different: purchase valuable papers, receiving as investments in the authorized capital, gratuitous donation, payment order for goods delivered or services rendered, etc. The financial investments of the organization and methods for the initial assessment of the primary cost, depending on the source of income, are shown in the figure. 
Any financial investment in the form of securities must be accepted by the organization in accordance with the rules and requirements. The document must have the following components:
Financial investment is an extremely important source of investment, which is the real engine of progress.
Many companies that, in addition to carrying out the main economic activity, they also carry out investment, in practice they encounter such a nomenclature as financial assets and investments. But the deposits must not only be made, but also correctly accounted for in the accounts in accounting and reporting. And more on that later.
Purposeful activity of the subject commercial activities, not related to the main one, and associated with the investment of available cash in the financial assets of business entities, is a financial investment.
In order for the acquired asset to become a financial investment, it must be acquired for the purpose of:
It is also necessary to know that a financial asset is considered at accounting an investment only if, with its purchase, all financial risks that accompany the presence and use of FA are transferred to the owner of such assets.
In practice, there is a classification of investment investments by duration of use, by type of financial asset acquired, by purpose, etc. But in order to take into account financial statements, in particular in the balance sheet and a note to it, it is important to know the classification by maturity and by type of assets.
According to the duration of PV can be:
What is included in financial investments in the balance sheet by type financial assets:
If we talk about financial statements in the context of financial statements, then the following information is subject to clarification:
The balance sheet of financial investments contains two lines in which FA must be reflected: this is line 1170 “Financial investments” and line 1240 “Financial investments. The first is for those investments whose term exceeds a year, that is, for those that are long-term. Current financial investments in the balance sheet are reflected exclusively in line 1240. This reflects the balance of assets, the duration of which does not exceed 12 months.
But at the enterprise, in most cases, investments are of a long-term nature. And such financial investments are reflected in the balance sheet only on line 1170, therefore, about the features of its calculation below.
Financial investments 1170 in the balance sheet is the final balance, in which the following accounts take part:
58 "Financial investments";
55 "Special bank accounts";
59 "Reserve secured by financial investments";
73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations"
The formula for calculating the final balance for balance line 1170 can be represented as follows: the balance of account 58 plus the total of account 55 minus the total of account 59 and plus the balance of account 73. The balance is a debit.
Generally speaking, at the end of the reporting period, the annual balance sheet should reflect the entire value of available long-term financial assets. The very same explanation regarding the types of assets available on the balance sheet of the enterprise must be reflected in more detail in the Explanation to the reporting, in particular, in section 2. The algorithm for disclosing and presenting data and the procedure for calculating, determining the initial, market and other values \u200b\u200bis presented in RAS No. 19-02. This document is fundamental in regulating the accounting of such assets.
Thus, it was determined that financial investments in the balance sheet are line 1170. But in order to correctly calculate the final balance for this asset, you need to know the features of their accounting.
For example, you need to know that the main account for accounting for such assets is account 58 “Financial investments”. It has its own sub-accounts, each of which is designed to account for a certain type of investment:
It is also necessary to know that all securities are subject to reflection in the accounts only at the primary cost. In this case, the initial cost includes the entire amount of costs that were incurred for the acquisition of such securities.
A special feature is that such a primary cost is reflected in the event that the company does not create a separate reserve for the depreciation of such long-term investments. If it is created, then in the balance sheet and on the accounts the amount is indicated minus the value of the reserve created on the account.
Here is such a basic basis for the correct accounting and reflection of long-term financial investments. But in the process of activity, other nuances may arise, and then it is necessary to be guided exclusively by PBU 19-2.
AT modern world many individuals and legal entities carry out investment activities. The most attractive are long-term financial investments. This is due to the mass of their advantages over other earning options. It is worth knowing what financial investments are.
Long-term financial investments are the investment of a financial asset or capital by an individual, legal entity or by an enterprise for a period that exceeds one year. They are funds that are directed to the authorized capital of other companies. They can invest in the purchase of securities. They are also long-term loans received from third-party enterprises.
The object of investment is fixed and working capital. They can also be targeted financial contributions, securities, intellectual property in which the funds are invested. According to the object, long-term investments are divided into:
Investing in securities to complete a partial acquisition of a joint-stock company. This will allow the investor to participate in the management of the organization.
Investment of capital for the purpose of its preservation. This option is not common, which is explained by the fact that securities are highly liquid assets. However, investors still use them if they are owned by stable joint-stock companies and are not subject to significant fluctuations.
In addition, securities can be private and public, depending on who issues them.
Having familiarized yourself with the main types of investments, you should determine what contributions to enterprises can be.
Long-term financial investments also include deposits in enterprises that provide loans. The investor provides funds issued to citizens as a loan. This investment involves receiving a certain percentage of the payment. This type of investment is mainly carried out for several years.
Investments can also be made in the authorized capital of partnerships. They represent an organizational and legal form. The latter allows you to obtain capital sufficient to start implementation entrepreneurial activity by summing up the funds contributed by the co-founder. Accordingly, the investor will receive a percentage of the partnership's profits.
Income is distributed among the co-founders in accordance with the amount of capital contributed by each of them. Long-term investment in communities allows for productive business management. Profit will have to wait more than one year. However, this depends on the specific case.
It should be noted that financial investments are not:
In the event of the purchase of the listed values, the investor cannot accept them as a financial investment.
Assets that represent cash, financial investments or other valuables require the following actual costs to acquire:
It is worth noting that long-term financial investments do not include costs similar to those listed above, aimed at the acquisition process.
The following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account the materiality requirement, in the financial statements:
All should be reported necessary information in a timely manner to avoid breaking the law.
In order to take into account financial investments, the following conditions must be met without fail:
In the presence of all the factors listed above, it is possible to produce accounting for assets of this type.
The evaluation of financial investments is aimed at solving the following tasks:
To perform accounting of deposits in the Chart of Accounts, an active inventory account 58 is used, for which the following accounts are opened:
A depreciation of an investment is a significant and sustained decrease in its value. The estimated value is the difference determined between the book value and the amount of the reduction in the value of financial investments. This indicator should be determined for those deposits for which the market value is not calculated. The depreciation of long-term financial investments is characterized by the following conditions:
Depreciation of assets most often occurs when a company that is an issuer of securities shows signs of bankruptcy. It is also possible when carrying out transactions for the purchase and sale of securities at a price that is less than their real value. A significant impact on depreciation will be provided if the sources of long-term investments do not generate income, as well as if it is significantly reduced.
Under such conditions, the company should perform a test to determine whether there are signs of a permanent decline in the value of assets. If the fact of impairment is confirmed by verification, the entity must create a special allowance between the carrying and estimated values.
The formed reserve should be reflected in the debit of account 91. For the loan, account 59 is specially allocated for it. At the same time, its amount is used to form the value of financial investments in the balance sheet. It is the difference between the book value and the created reserve. At the same time, the considered reserve allows covering the received losses on operations with assets.
The composition of long-term financial investments should be checked by the organization for depreciation at least once a year (if any of the above signs are present). The amount of the created reserve should increase if the audit reveals a high probability of a decrease in the estimated value of the investment.
American psychologists say that successful people are more prone to savings. This means that they do not immediately spend all the capital, but invest in it in some form that allows them to regularly make a profit.
Competent investment activity allows you to choose reliable places, taking into account the conditions: terms, interest, number of payments.
Since the market is replete with various offers that are most loyally aimed at the client, it is worth understanding their reliability and choosing a few in order to diversify in order to maximize the amount of passive profit. They are mainly aimed at making a profit for the investor, but for the company this is a good help and the opportunity to “scroll” money.
I am convinced that in order to spend more, you need not only to accumulate more, you need to rationally distribute your capital. What financial investments today are liquid, and which, although they attract huge interest, but cannot boast of “survivability”, it is important to take into account at the initial stage in order to minimize the risks of losses.
Considering this question, one can give a fairly broad answer. In order to reveal the essence of the concept as accessible as possible, let's say this: financial investments are the same investments in securities, capital of organizations or the provision of a loan. Of course, the main task is to make a profit.
For those potential investors who choose to manage investments with the help of specialists, the diversity of the process can be a defining moment when the question arises - where to invest money to make it work. Do not forget about diversification, because the more "baskets where eggs are stored, the more whole they will be."
They often talk about various participants in financial investments, and immediately an image of a kind policeman arises in his thoughts, who has huge amounts of money and is ready to invest them in various projects. In fact, the fate of each of us depends on the correct choice of investments, regardless of how many rubles or dollars we are ready to invest in 1, 2 or even 10 projects.
Branch Manager investment company BCS Premier1 Ilya Roshchupkin says that before the holidays, as well as in the pre-holiday season, there is an increase financial literacy population in relation to potential deposits. Increasingly, new attractive projects are being considered, investment options are being selected.
In his opinion, “financial investments should begin with specific tasks and formulated goals that positively affect the result. Money will only work more efficiently when you decide how much, how and for how long it will work..
And to find the right moment, you should pay attention to the most popular types and determine what suits you today and what you can consider after some time.
so much various classifications today exists that sometimes it is even difficult to dwell on something specific. I suggest you pay attention to 3 main groups, and let's start with classification according to purpose. There are 2 types of attachments here:
In fact, the second point also has a goal - making a profit, but the turnover and speed of transactions are more taken into account. Of course, that financial investments can be short-term (up to 12 months) and long-term.
And I will also dwell on the classification in connection with the authorized capital. Believe it or not, there are also 2 varieties of them:
This method is most optimal for investors who have already determined for themselves the main directions for further work. If you want to become an accomplice of the organization, then use your funds as additional capital for creation or reorganization. You can also invest in capital with the aim of buying shares on the secondary market, and then sell them with the help of brokers or by independent efforts.
You can also receive part of the capital when a company is withdrawn from the state fund and privatized. According to legislative framework, financial investments in the authorized capital are possible in case of cooperation with OJSC and CJSC, as well as with LLC. The main feature is that the investor wants to take part in the work of the company, influence decisions, and such an operation is quite long-term. If you are attracted to short-term projects, consider buying shares.
Who among us did not want to become a major shareholder of any company, or even get a controlling stake. Today, investments in shares are attracted by the right to control the activities of the company and by the fact that with the help of brokers they can be profitably sold on the stock exchange, waiting for the maximum spread.
Plus, a competent investor evaluates his cash flow and monitors the regularity of passive profit. And the more sources of its receipt - the less risk. That is why the securities of domestic and foreign companies do not lose their popularity and, in most cases, liquidity. Yes, and buying shares is quite simple, and what cannot but rejoice is legal. Equally, as well as open a depot in banks.
We recall the advice of a cinematic hero who recommended that we keep money in savings banks. We often use a wish, but not so much for the purpose of preserving property, but for the purpose of increasing profits. Considering what is the main tool for making a profit on a deposit, the following subspecies are distinguished:
Firstly, it is profitable and safe to store them in cells; secondly, you can earn on the course. Thirdly, sometimes you can enter the antique market. It is also attractive that deposits are available for investors with different amounts for investment. And they are waiting for their potential partners, both public and private banks. And how they offer to keep records of your funds - the question is open.
As a rule, such operations are handled by an accountant or your personal financial adviser. Of course, if you wish, you can delve into record keeping in order to do it yourself. I’ll clarify right away that we are talking about professional accounting, but every competent investor counts his profits and losses.
But what can be recommended to beginners in financial investments: initially deal with the regularity and size of accruals. This will allow you to control passive income and, accordingly, your expenses. Each of the types has its own legislative subtleties, depending on what you have chosen as a priority for yourself.
Produced on account 06 and refers to long-term financial investments. You should not think that you can invest directly in the authorized capital with money, because even at the negotiation stage, the parties agree on ways. The difference between the initial and market value of investments is indicated in certain columns.
Intangible assets must also be included in the accounting. By law, dividend payments are taxable. Remember that your funds may end up in the main or reserve capital.
During the preparation of accounting, the calculated and currency accounts. If possible, the investor acquires the maximum share in the capital, thereby expanding his portfolio investment. Bookkeeping is also necessary in the case of working with securities.
This is interesting not only to a private investor, but also to a legal entity if it wants to acquire a stake in an organization. From an accounting point of view, the calculations made are entered into accounts 08 " Capital investments". Do not forget to mention the position of the actual value of the shares in the accounting.
It should also be understood that the moment is necessarily fixed: shares are bought from credit or fixed assets. If you are an investor in an international company and receive dividends in foreign currency, then the received amounts are transferred to the national at the rate of the National Bank on the day of receipt. The fundamental point - the difference between debit and credit turnover - this is exactly what makes up the amount of your profit from the sale of shares.
As a rule, your partner in this process is a government or private bank. The main points that are made at the initial stage of filling out the documentation:
Sometimes payments are also made - monthly or at the end of a certain period. Today this segment financial system offers both short and long term options.
Choosing this option, the investor automatically solves 2 tasks:
Since this type of investment is highly liquid, it is often equated with deferred tax assets, as well as to ready-made means for payment.
Thoughtful strategy financial management can be based on work with commercial structures, as well as the state, for example, if you want to buy bonds or bills from it. This method of investment has proven to be quite reliable when it comes to the domestic economy of the country and work with domestic partners.
They have less liquidity, but at the same time they are characterized by minimizing risks - a longer period - more chances to work on the difference in rates, wait for a price increase, and so on. As a rule, their segment includes stock documents, statutory funds, deposits in banks for a period of more than 1 year.
Sometimes it is customary to allocate social investments. This is spending on training, development and economic support of a project, because it is not known when the contribution will “shoot”. But at the same time, the thought of the rational use of assets amuses the soul. In the process of summing up the results for a certain period, it takes into account accounts receivable. Sometimes it happens that from long-term, investments become short-term, and vice versa under the influence of certain factors.
Financial investments are aimed at making a profit. Since there is plenty to choose from, I recommend evaluating the liquidity and risks of each project, and if it is difficult to deal with it on your own, then call professionals for help. Remember that when buying shares, you need to understand to whom and for how much it is profitable to sell them; investing in the authorized capital of the company, that you also assume estimated obligations, for example, to pay vacation pay to employees; in deposits - that changes in interest rates can be made.
Most financial experts agree that financial investments should not include borrowed funds; let it be loans from a bank, a pawnshop or from close friends. Other people's money is not inclined to bring their own profit. But if you want to make a profit in the crypto without any investment, then you should adopt the ICO bounty program. The algorithm on how to start getting tokens is already on my blog.
And I wish you only rational and effective financial investments at different stages, which provide constant passive income.
The main questions of the topic under study.
Concept, classifications, evaluation of financial investments. General organization accounting and documenting movement of financial investments. Accounting for contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations and shares. Accounting for bonds, financial bills and bills of third parties. Loan accounting. Inventory of financial investments. Accounting for provisions for depreciation of financial investments.
Concept, classifications, evaluation of financial investments
Financial investments are assets that represent the right to receive a certain amount of cash or other financial assets within a certain period of time in accordance with a document certifying this right (contract, security, etc.), while they are not cash and receivables. debt.
Classification of financial investments in Russian accounting in accordance with PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments" is an open list options investment for the investor. The financial investments of the organization include:
To accept assets as financial investments for accounting, the following conditions must be met at a time:
According to RAS 19/02, initial and subsequent assessments of financial investment objects are distinguished. Financial investments at the stage of acceptance for accounting are valued at their original cost. The initial cost of financial investment objects is formed similarly to other assets, depending on the option of their receipt by the organization (acquisition for a fee, gratuitous receipt, on account of a contribution to the authorized capital, on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.).
Based on various classification features, there are the following classifications of financial investments:
I. In connection with the authorized capital:
II. By form of ownership:
III. By the period for which financial investments are made:
Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their initial cost.
1. The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is the sum of the organization's actual expenses for their acquisition, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.
The actual costs of acquiring financial investments are:
For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups:
Financial investments of the first group, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure, are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation for the previous reporting date. The specified adjustment the organization can make monthly or quarterly; the accepted option is reflected in accounting policy. Financial investments of the second group, for which the current market value is not determined, are subject to reflection in accounting and in financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.
Objects of financial investments (other than loans) that have not been paid in full are shown in the organization's assets in the full amount of the actual costs of their acquisition under the contract, with the outstanding amount treated as accounts payable in cases where the investor has the right to receive dividends and bears full responsibility for these financial investments. In other cases, only fully paid shares and shares of other organizations are taken into account as financial investments. Amounts of partial payment of shares and units are reflected as accounts receivable.
The disposal of financial investments is recognized in the accounting of the organization on the date of the one-time termination of the conditions for accepting them for accounting. The disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, transfer on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.
Upon disposal of an asset accepted for accounting as financial investments, for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on the assessment determined by one of the following methods fixed in the accounting policy:
1) at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments;
2) the average initial cost is used to determine the value of retiring securities as a quotient of the initial value of the type of securities by their number, which are formed respectively from the initial value and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and received securities during the given month;
3) at the initial cost of the first financial investments in terms of time of acquisition (FIFO method). Securities that are the first to be retired must be valued at the original cost of the first securities by the time of acquisition, taking into account the original cost of securities listed at the beginning of the month.
The selected valuation method is indicated in the accounting policy.
General organization of accounting and documentation of the movement of financial investments
To account for the availability and movement of financial investments in accordance with the Plan, synthetic account 58 “Financial investments” is used. It is used regardless of the period for which organizations make certain financial investments. AT balance sheet the amounts of the balance of account 58 “Financial investments” are reflected separately: with a maturity (disposal) of more than one year - as part of non-current assets (in the first section of the balance sheet), less than one year - in the composition of current assets (in the second section of the balance sheet).
Account 58 is active, has a debit balance.
Analytical accounting on account 58 is carried out on the basis of primary documents by types of financial investments (for example, shares, shares, bonds), objects in which these investments are made (organizations - sellers of securities; other organizations in which the organization is a participant; borrowing organizations, other entities), by forms of ownership (state and non-government securities), by maturity.
The accounting unit of financial investments at the enterprise is chosen by the organization independently, in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their presence and movement.
For the securities accepted for accounting, the following information should be generated in analytical accounting:
The grounds for accepting securities for accounting are:
All securities kept in the organization can be recorded in the securities ledger, which must be laced, numbered and sealed with the seal of the organization and the signatures of the chief accountant and manager before the start of the entry in it.
Corrections are made only with the permission of the head and chief accountant, indicating the date the corrections were made.
In cases where a book is maintained using computer technology, information is printed out as necessary or at the request of the relevant authorities, but at least once a year.
Accounting for contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations and shares
Participation in the capitals of other organizations by acquiring a stake in the authorized capital of a limited liability company or shares of a joint-stock company has become widespread as a form of financial investment. The transferred property is valued at the agreed value. Contributions can be made in cash or in the form of property.
When property is deposited with the transferring party, it is debited:
The receiving party reflects the material assets at the agreed cost.
In accounting, these transactions are reflected in the following entries:
1) transfer to the authorized capital of fixed assets:
Dt 58Kt 76 - reflects the debt on the contribution to the authorized capital of the founders or shareholders
Dt 01 / "disposal of fixed assets" Kt 01 - write-off of the initial cost
Dt 02Kt 01 / "disposal of fixed assets"
Dt 76Kt 01 / "disposal of fixed assets"
2) transfer of cash and working capital material values to the authorized capital of another organization
Dt 58Kt 10, 41, 50, 51
3) accrual of income from a contribution to the authorized capital or shares:
Dt 76Kt 91/1
4) return of property at the end of the contract or its termination:
Dt 01, 10, 41, 07, 50, 51 Kt 58 - for the amount of the financial investment
Dt 01, 10, 41, 07Kt 91/1 - for the difference, if the received property is more than the contribution to the authorized capital (other income)
Dt 91 / 2Kt 58 - for the difference, if the amount received is less than the contribution to the authorized capital (other expense).
5) Sale of shares:
Dt 51Kt 91/1 - selling price of shares
Dt 91/2Kt 58 - write-off from the balance of shares
Dt 99Kt 91/9- determined loss
6) Upon liquidation of the issuer, the owner of shares receives property or funds in the amount of financial investments.
Dt 51, 08, 10, 41Kt 58
If, as a result of the issuer's liquidation, a smaller amount is received:
Dt 91/2Kt 58 - for the amount of the difference
If shares of a different denomination are received to replace the old ones or are issued additional shares instead of the old ones:
Dt 58Kt 91/1 - for the amount of the difference.
Accounting for bonds, financial bills and promissory notes of third parties
Expenses for the acquisition of securities are reflected directly on account 58 "Financial investments" at the time of transfer to the investor of the right to securities. The moment of transfer to the investor of the right to securities is established by Art. 28, 29 federal law dated April 22, 1996 No. 39-FZ "On the securities market" (as amended on September 8, 1999).
Equity securities may be presented in documentary and non-documentary forms. At documentary form the owner is established on the basis of the presentation of a properly executed security certificate or, in case of depositing one, on the basis of an entry on the depo account. In the non-documentary form, the owner is identified by an entry in the register of securities holders or, in the case of deposition of securities, on the basis of an entry in the depo account. The rights of owners to non-documentary issuance securities are certified by entries on personal accounts with the registrar or, in the case of registration of rights to securities in a depository, by entries on depo accounts in depositories.
The acquisition of debt securities as a type of financial investment is becoming increasingly important in the business turnover of organizations. Debt securities primarily include bonds and financial bills.
A bond is an issuance security that secures the right of its owner to receive from the issuer (who issues bonds) the bonds within the period specified in it of its face value or other property equivalent.
The bond may also provide for the right of its owner to receive a fixed percentage of the nominal value in it, or other property rights. Bonds earn interest or discount.
Discount bonds are issued at par value without interest, but are placed at a price below par. Discount = (sale or redemption price) - (purchase price, initial offering). Income on interest-bearing bonds is formed as a percentage, set in the form of a nominal value.
The issuer of bonds can be state and corporate organizations. Government securities can be coupon, with the right to receive income during the entire circulation period, and zero-coupon, when income is paid only at the end of circulation (upon redemption).
Acquisition of bonds is reflected in accounting in the same way as the acquisition of shares. Features of accounting for bonds are associated with the need to account for accrued income and write off the difference between the nominal value and the cost of acquiring bonds.
In accounting, transactions for accounting for bonds are reflected in the following entries:
1) Acquisition of bonds at actual costs:
Dt 58Kt 76 - receipt of bonds
Dt 76Kt 51 - paid bonds
2) Accrual of interest on the nominal value:
Dt 76Kt 91/1
3) accrual of discount upon redemption:
Dt 58Kt 91/1
4) bringing the actual value of bonds to their face value:
Dt 58Kt 91/1 - for the difference, if the nominal value is higher than the actual
Dt 91/2 Kt 58 - for the difference if the nominal value is lower than the actual
5) sale or redemption of bonds:
Dt 51Kt 91/1 - receipt of income from the seller of the bond upon redemption or from the buyer upon sale of the bond
Dt 91/2 Kt 58 - write-off from the balance of bonds
Dt 91/2 Kt 76 - reflection of additional costs associated with the disposal of bonds
Dt 91/9 Kt 99 - profit determined
Dt 99Kt 91/9 - a loss is determined.
Financial bill - a security certifying the obligation of the drawer or other payer specified in the bill to pay a certain amount to the owner of the bill upon the due date of the bill.
The third party's promissory note is received from the buyer by the supplier under endorsement (transfer record) for the shipped products (work, service).
Bills of exchange are recorded on account 58 if:
A bill of exchange is taken into account in the amount of actual acquisition costs.
In accounting, accounting transactions for bills of exchange are reflected in the following entries:
1) Acquisition financial bill:
Dt 76Kt 51 - payment of bills
Dt 58Kt 76 - receipt of bills
2) Receiving a bill of exchange from a third party from the buyer for shipped material assets (materials, services):
Dt 62Kt 90/1 - shipment of material assets at the sale value with VAT
Dt 90/3Kt 68/VAT - VAT charged
Dt 58Kt 62 - third party bill received
3) Redemption (or sale) of a financial bill or bill of a third party:
Dt 51Kt 91/1 - receipt of payment on a bill
Dt 91/2Kt 58 - write-off of bills
Dt 91 / 2Kt 76 - additional costs associated with the issuance of a bill are reflected
Dt 91/9Kt 99 - profit determined
Dt 99Kt 91/9 - loss determined
4) When repaying a bill, accrual and receipt of interest:
Dt 76Kt 91/1
Financial bills can be purchased as a security to receive other income in the form of interest or discount.
When buying a financial bill at a price below face value, a discount is formed.
Discount income is calculated as the difference between the face value at which the promissory note is redeemed and the purchase price below the face value:
Dt 58Kt 91/1 - for the amount of the discount on the bill.
Accounting for granted loans
Under a loan agreement, under which one party (the lender) transfers money or other property defined by generic characteristics to the ownership of one party (the borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money or an equal amount of other property received by him of the same kind and quality .
In accounting, operations for accounting for loans granted are reflected in the following entries:
1) Loan granted:
Dt 58Kt 50.51, 52 - provided a loan in cash
Dt 91 Kt 10.41.43 - written off property issued in the form of a loan
Dt 58Kt 91 - a property loan was granted
2) calculation of interest on a loan:
Dt 76Kt 91/1
3) receiving interest on a loan:
4) loan repayment
Dt 51, 50, 52, 41, 10Kt 58
Inventory of financial investments
To ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented. Financial investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations, are confirmed by the relevant documents during the inventory. In the process of inventory, the safety and correctness of registration of securities, the reality of their accounting value, the timeliness and completeness of the reflection in accounting of accrued income from securities are checked.
When storing securities at the cash desk of the organization, their inventory is carried out simultaneously with the inventory of cash at the cash desk.
An inventory of securities is carried out by individual elements indicating in the act the name, series, number, face value and actual value, maturity and total amount.
The details of each security are compared with the data of inventories (registers, books) stored in the accounting department of the organization.
The inventory of securities during their storage in bank depositories consists in reconciling the balances of the amounts on the relevant accounting accounts of the organization with the data of the statements of these banks.
Financial investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, issued loans must be confirmed by relevant documents.
Unrecorded securities identified during the inventory are accounted for:
Dt 58Kt 91/1
Quoted securities are accounted for at market value, unquoted - at the cost of a possible sale.
Deficiencies are shown:
Dt 94Kt 58 - for the amount of the shortage of securities
Dt 73 Kt 94 - shortages of securities attributed to the perpetrators
Dt 91 / 2Kt 94 - shortages are written off for other expenses in the absence of the perpetrators ..
The timing of the inventory of financial investments is established in the accounting policy.
Accounting for provisions for depreciation of financial investments
Impairment of financial investments - a steady significant decrease in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal course of its activities.
A steady decline in the value of financial investments is characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following conditions: 1) on the reporting date and on the previous reporting date, the book value is significantly higher than their estimated value; 2) during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease; 3) as of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.
In the event that an impairment test confirms a sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, the entity forms an allowance for depreciation of financial investments by the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments.
The reserve is created by financial results as part of other expenses:
Dt 91/2Kt 59
For example, an organization has 1,000 bonds at a book value of 120 rubles. for a unit. During the quarter, information was received about in large numbers transactions for similar transactions. The average price for transactions is 70 rubles. The organization creates a reserve:
Dt 91/2Kt 5950 thousand rubles. (120 - 70)*1000 pcs.
However, this reserve according to Art. 270 of the Tax Code does not reduce taxable income.
Checking for depreciation of financial investments is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of depreciation.
The organization has the right to carry out the specified check on reporting dates interim financial statements (specify in the accounting policy).
If the next check for depreciation of financial investments revealed a decrease or increase in the estimated value, the created reserve must be adjusted upward or downward.
Dt 91/2Kt 59 - increase in the reserve with a decrease in the estimated cost
Dt 59Kt 91/2 - decrease in the reserve with an increase in the estimated cost.
If, on the basis of available information, the entity concludes that there are no longer signs of a sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, as well as when financial investments are disposed of, the amount of the previously created impairment allowance is charged to the financial result:
Dt 59Kt 91/1
In the financial statements, such financial investments are reflected minus the created reserve.
test questions
