Nesterenko Anna Vadimovna
3rd year student, Department of Economics, Finance and Management, PSU,
Penza
Akimov Andrey Alexandrovich
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, PSU, Penza
Accounting in the Russian Federation for present stage economic reforms are increasingly rapidly transforming and adapting to international accounting and reporting standards. Using the possibilities of accounting (in other words, financial) and tax accounting, you can significantly change the ongoing business processes, influence the decisions of managers, the results of activities, the degree of attraction of funds to the organization. In addition to compulsory insurance, policyholders are increasingly entering into insurance contracts on a voluntary basis. Financial activities insurers is associated with a very large number of individuals. That is why awareness of the features of accounting and financial analysis insurance organizations is relevant at the moment. The insurance business is very different from other types of business, first of all, in that the results affect not only the interests of the insurer, but also a certain circle of insurers. Insurance activity aims to protect property interests physical and legal entities upon the occurrence of certain events. The interests of insured legal entities or individuals are restored at the expense of cash funds replenished by policyholders through insurance premiums. Given the above, it seems relevant and useful to study the features of the accounting of insurance companies and identify problems and unresolved issues in this aspect.
This paper will define the features of the activities of insurance companies and describe the main differences between insurance and other types. economic activity; studied insurance contracts as objects of accounting; insurance operations and those closely related to it have been studied; the main objects of accounting are considered; the accounting system functioning today is considered; problems and omissions in the legislation regulating the accounting of insurance organizations are revealed.
The accounting policy of the insurance company is formed in accordance with the Regulation on accounting"Accounting policy of the organization" RAS 1/2008 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.08 No. 106n). Its content is similar to the accounting policies of all other organizations, but it should be noted that the specifics of insurance also determine other aspects of accounting policies. For example, it provides for a choice of method for determining "insurance revenue" (ie revenue received by the insurer). When choosing it as a tax base for some taxes, it is possible to use either the “accrual” method (accounting for the receipt of insurance payments upon the conclusion of an agreement) or the “cash” method (i.e., upon crediting funds to an account or cash desk).
The issue of determining the accounting policy by the reinsurer is problematic, i.e. an insurance company that accepts risks in reinsurance. Reinsurance is a set of economic legal relations, in accordance with them, the insurer accepts risks for insurance and transfers part of the responsibility to other insurers (reinsurers) on the terms agreed with them. Such activities create a balanced insurance portfolio. The main task is to increase the capacity of the insurance market and provide more opportunities for insurers.
Reinsurance transactions are always accounted for on an accrual basis, as The chart of accounts for insurance organizations does not provide for the accounting of such operations by the "cash" method. When conducting accounting, insurance companies use the same Chart of Accounts as other organizations.
In addition to those indicated, another feature of accounting by insurance companies is that PBU 18/02 is not used by them.
Asset items represent investments of the insurer, namely: investments, fixed assets, cash, intangible assets and accounts receivable. The specificity of insurance is also manifested in the composition of the items of the active part of the balance sheet (the share of reinsurers in insurance reserves, receivables for operations performed, etc.) If an organization pursues an active investment policy, then the predominant part of its assets will include financial investments in securities, to dependent companies and other organizations, bank deposits, real estate, etc.
In the liabilities side of the balance sheet, the element that is influenced by the specifics of the industry is the “Insurance reserves” section. It is customary to include funds that have been set aside in the reserve to fulfill future obligations of the organization to insured legal entities or individuals. With a significant, periodically increasing and quite profitable insurance portfolio, this section is the most extensive. Insurance reserves and equity can be regarded as the most significant sources of financing for the activities of an insurance company related to investment.
The data in the primary accounting documents must be systematized in accounting registers, transactions in them must be reflected in chronological order, the list of relevant accounts is indicated in the Chart of Accounts for the accounting activities of insurance companies.
At present, insurance companies use the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance on October 31, 2000 N 94n).
According to the order of the Ministry of Finance dated 04.09.2001 No. 69n, insurance companies use special accounts that reflect the specifics of insurance. These accounts include account 22 “Payments under insurance, coinsurance and reinsurance agreements”, 77 “Settlements for insurance, coinsurance and reinsurance”, 92 “Insurance premiums (contributions)” and 95 “Insurance reserves”.
Account 22 “Payments under insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance agreements” summarizes data on insurance payments for the reporting period in connection with the occurrence of an insured event, shares of reinsurers in insurance payments under contracts transferred to reinsurance, returned insurance premiums, paid redemption amounts, paid medical services. Analytical accounting for this account conducted by types of insurance, policyholders, reinsurers and other areas necessary for management and reporting.
Account 26 "General business expenses" is used to summarize data on the costs associated with the conclusion of contracts and other costs associated with the implementation of insurance, reinsurance and insurance company management operations. At the end of the reporting period, the debit balance of account 26 is written off to the debit of account 99 "Profit and Loss". Analytical accounting is carried out in the context of expenses associated with the conclusion of insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance contracts, the implementation of insurance payments and in other areas, without which management and reporting are impossible.
Account 77 "Calculations for insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance" is necessary to streamline the data on the organization's settlements with policyholders, reinsurers, insurance agents and brokers under concluded insurance, co-insurance, reinsurance contracts, with territorial funds of compulsory health insurance on insurance payments. Analytical accounting is carried out by types of insurance, policyholders, reinsurers, reinsurers, insurance brokers and agents, territorial compulsory medical insurance funds and other areas provided for management and reporting.
Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is used to streamline information on other income and expenses (investment, operating, non-operating), in addition to emergency. The credit of account 91 reflects the interest received by the reinsurer on deposited premiums; remuneration and bonuses received from the reinsurer; receipts upon the provision of various services to other insurance companies; receipts upon issuance of duplicate insurance policies for compulsory health insurance; receipts after reimbursement of expenses for the provision of medical care to the insured person from persons responsible for the harm caused by them, etc.
The debit of account 91 reflects the interest paid to the reinsurer on deposited premiums; expenses on the fact of rendering various kinds of services to other insurance organizations; expenses for the implementation of the transferred right of claim, which the policyholder has against the person responsible for the losses compensated as a result of insurance; actual expenses investment management etc.
Account 92 "Insurance premiums (contributions)" summarizes data on accrued insurance premiums (contributions) under insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance contracts, on insurance payments due to be received from the territorial compulsory health insurance fund for compulsory health insurance, incl. subventions. Analytical accounting is carried out by types of insurance, in the context of reinsurance contracts and in other necessary areas.
Account 95 "Insurance reserves" is provided for streamlining data on insurance reserves, which forms Insurance Company complying with the law. Information on the share of reinsurers and the consequences of changes in insurance reserves is also taken into account. Insurance medical organizations that carry out compulsory medical insurance on this account summarize data on the state and movement of reserves for compulsory medical insurance.
Insurance reserves are calculated at the end of each reporting period at the time of reporting. In order to create reserves, contracts are divided into accounting groups. The calculation of reserves is carried out for each group separately. The size of the reserve is determined by adding the values of the reserves for all accounting groups.
At the end of the reporting period, the balance formed on sub-accounts for accounting for the results of changes in reserves for compulsory health insurance are written off to the debit or credit of account 99 “Profit and Loss”.
Account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" summarizes the amounts of deductions from insurance premiums intended for measures to prevent accidents, loss or damage to the insured property. The amounts of deductions from insurance premiums for such events should be recorded on account 96, sub-account "Reserve for preventive measures", in correspondence with the debit of account 99 "Profit and losses".
On account 99 “Profit and Loss”, organizations must reflect:
When using the correspondence scheme of account 99 “Profit and Loss”, it must be borne in mind that the following accounts fall into the debit: 22 “Payments under insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance contracts”, 92 “Insurance premiums (contributions)”, 95 “Insurance reserves”, 96 “Reserves for future expenses”, on credit - accounts 22 “Payments under insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance contracts”, 92 “Insurance premiums (contributions)”, 95 “Insurance reserves”.
Insurance organizations are required to keep analytical records for all types of insurance, policyholders, insurance contracts, contracts with medical institutions, insured events, etc. Annual and intermediate financial statements provided in tax authorities, Federal Service insurance supervision and its local authorities. Insurance companies must account for income and expenses under insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance contracts separately
So, one of the most significant characteristics of accounting by insurance companies is that they do not use PBU 18/02. The Chart of Accounts for the financial and economic activities of insurance organizations differs from the Chart of Accounts of all other companies. It does not have accounts for accounting for costs in the production process, distribution costs, finished products, goods, product sales, etc. This is due to the fact that the subject of direct activity of insurance organizations cannot be trade, intermediary and production activities.
Perfection legal regulation Accounting for insurance operations took place almost simultaneously with the transformations in our country. This had a negative impact on the regulatory system and made it difficult to track changes in it, their conditionality and benefits. Formation modern model accounting for insurance operations originated during the development market economy in our country, however, the roots grow from the accounting system of the Soviet insurance authorities. The result is a rather unusual pattern. On the one hand, it satisfies commercial insurance, but on the other hand, it is very different from foreign models, and not always in a positive way.
The Addenda and features of the Chart of Accounts and Instruction No. 69n that are in force today contain many shortcomings and sometimes do not correspond to the modern insurance market.
Firstly, the disadvantage of Instruction No. 69n is that it contains many gaps in legal regulation on the recognition of income and expenses under contracts. This can be attributed to the absence of PBU “Income and expenses under insurance contracts”. The instruction contains clear instructions on the recognition of insurance premiums under contracts as part of income, describing only the correspondence of accounts for operations for making insurance payments, in fact, establishes a "cash basis" for accounting for insurance payments. The content of Instruction No. 69n does not correspond to the content of the documents it supplements.
The Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its use establish only general order reflecting business facts on the accounts. The Plan contains general approach to the construction of a system of accounts. In the Instruction, one can only find a highly condensed description of synthetic accounts, which indicates the composition and purpose of using the accounts, the economic content of the transactions reflected, the order of recording facts, and correspondence with other accounts. However, neither the Chart of Accounts nor the Instruction contains general and clear rules for valuation, grouping, documenting, generalization in the balance sheet. All this is the competence of other components of the regulatory system and significantly complicates the work of accountants.
Studying the Instruction, it should be noted that it reflects certain gaps in the legal regulation of insurance operations, i.e. this document contains indications that go beyond the boundaries of the original documents.
Secondly, the drawback of the Instruction, in my opinion, is that from the very beginning it was a mistake to give the right to insurers to independently interpret the general economic Chart of Accounts, introducing only four additional accounts into it. It can be noted that the introduction of additional accounts into the Chart of Accounts for the purpose of uniformity of other operations of insurance organizations with general business accounting was implemented, having a negative impact on insurance accounting. It can also be considered insufficiently correct that the insurer (even considering that the organization can use specific accounts) has sections “ Productive reserves”, “Production costs”, “ Finished products and goods."
Thirdly, the content of the Instruction does not correspond to the current state of the market and the types of operations that take place on it. This is due to the fact that since the adoption this document many years have passed, during which it was accepted a large number of regulations that change operations.
Therefore, the clarification of insurance operations, provided for by the Instruction on sub-accounts, can only be regarded as recommended. Sub-accounts can be renamed, merged, removed as you like. It is logical to propose to exclude the right of policyholders to clarify the content, exclude and combine sub-accounts, leaving them the opportunity only to enter them. It makes sense to cancel the reversal of records and commissions to insurance intermediaries. The red storno correction method is not used in international standards financial reporting(IFRS). An organization is prohibited from using this method if it makes an entry in one reporting period, and it needs to make a correction in another. This, of course, applies only to erroneous entries whose correspondence involves temporary accounts, which, at the end of the reporting period, are written off to the profit and loss account without a closing balance. The use of the "red storno" will lead in this case to a decrease in the turnover on the operations of the current period, and this should not be allowed.
It is necessary to replace active - passive sub-accounts with purely active or passive ones, which has already been implemented in accounting banking organizations. For example, subaccount 22-5 “Refund of insurance premiums and redemption amounts”, on which the insurer’s expenses are reflected in debit, and income on credit, it is advisable to break it into 22-5 “Return of insurance premiums and redemption amounts” (expenses are taken into account) and 22 -6 "Return of insurance premiums from reinsurers" (revenues are taken into account).
Initially, Instruction No. 69n did not provide a clear explanation of unresolved issues related to the reflection of certain operations on accounts, for example, the replacement of insurance payments with the provision of property; operations when the insurance payment previously made by the insurer is returned; operations when the insurer makes a payment in court.
From all this it follows that the Instruction clearly does not correspond to modern conditions and must be carefully revised and corrected, taking into account the changes that have already taken place, as well as future ones.
There is also a tangible need for the adoption of RAS “Income and expenses under insurance contracts”.
So, a reasonable and meaningful implementation of these comments on improving the accounting system of insurance organizations that has developed in our country can create very favorable conditions for the transition to IFRS.
Bibliography:
The need for companies to resort to insurance is primarily due to such a principle as protection against unforeseen financial losses, as well as the ability to compensate for these losses. In the article we will tell you how to reflect insurance in accounting, consider the main transactions.
Organizations and individual entrepreneurs often encounter such types of insurance as:
There are several insurance systems: it can be both mandatory and voluntary. We will figure out how to correctly account for the costs of these types of insurance in the accounting department of the enterprise.
Any company that has a car at its disposal, in addition to the cost of its maintenance, also bears the cost of insurance. Speaking about car insurance, we mean 3 types of insurance: OSAGO, DSAGO and CASCO.
When insuring CASCO, insurance companies undertake to reimburse the insured for the cost of restoring the car in the event of an accident or pay the cost of the car in case of theft. Moreover, regardless of whose fault the accident occurred, in which the car was damaged. This type of insurance is only voluntary. The obligatory type of insurance for a car is OSAGO. Under this insurance contract, damages that may be caused to third parties are indemnified.
But it happens that the established limit of indemnities under OSAGO is insufficient to cover the losses of the injured party. Therefore, there is another type of voluntary auto insurance - DSAGO. For any type of insurance, a contract is concluded. The organization must keep these types of contracts for 5 years.
Sometimes, to conclude a contract, it is required to pass a technical inspection and obtain a diagnostic card.
The cost of passing the technical inspection is reflected in the posting:
The receipt of the policy must be taken into account on an off-balance account, for example, account 13 “OSAGO, DSAGO, CASCO policies”, posting:
As follows from the Accounting Regulations, the cost of auto insurance is included in the cost price as expenses for ordinary species activities. For enterprises, in accounting, insurance costs are reflected on the date when the insurance contract comes into force, and if there is no date (specific date) - in the month in which the insurance premium is paid.
In cases where the lines insurance contract exceeds 1 month, each month the insurance premium is written off for expenses.
The wiring looks like this:
In the event that the insurance contract is concluded for a period of not more than one month, the insurance premium must be included in the costs in the month in which the contract enters into force.
Wiring:
When the contract is concluded not from the first day of the month, it is necessary to calculate the amount of expenses in accordance with the number of days remaining until the end of the month. When the contract was terminated before its expiration, then part of the premium is returned from the insurance company:
In this case, you need to write off the policy:
The most common forms of insurance are insurance against the risk of loss or damage to specific property. After the conclusion of the property insurance contract, an insurance policy is issued. At the same time, property insurance is carried out at the actual insured value, but not higher than the sale price, or based on the prices in force at the time of the acquisition of this property.
Property insurance can be both voluntary and mandatory. However, in general, this type of insurance is not included in the list of mandatory types of insurance, with the exception of cases provided for by law. Settlements for property insurance, as well as for a car, are reflected in account 76-1.
On the date of payment of the insurance premium, it is necessary to reflect in the accounting:
Reflected by wiring:
When the insurance contract is concluded for a period of up to 1 month, the costs of it are included in the expenses of the month when the insurance payment was made.
Decor medical insurance employees of the organization is one of the ways to show concern for the staff. Moreover, such care is encouraged on legislative level, providing such companies with various tax breaks. At the initiative of the employer, health insurance contracts can be drawn up for employees. In this case, insurance is considered voluntary.
Settlements for such insurance are also carried out on account 76-1. On the date of payment of the insurance premium, the following posting is made:
At the same time, in the case when the contract is concluded for a period of more than one month, the costs are written off monthly during the entire term of the contract:
If the contract is concluded for a period of not more than one month, the expenses are taken into account as expenses in the month when the contract is concluded or insurance is paid:
The Horns and Hooves company decided to insure its employees and concluded a contract for voluntary medical insurance for employees from 05/25/2017 to 05/24/2018 (term 365 days), paying insurance premium 25000.00 rubles. On the day of registration of insurance, the posting is made:
| the date | business transaction | Debit | Credit | Amount, rubles |
| 24.05.2017 | Insurance premium payment | 76-1 | 51 | 25000,00 |
| May 31, 2017 | Written off insurance costs | 26 | 76-1 | 25000.00/365days*7days = 479.45 |
Consider how to spend insurance costs in 1C using the example of buying an OSAGO policy. On September 1, 2016, Veda LLC executed an OSAGO agreement for a period of 1 year, worth 7128 rubles. Payment for the insurance policy is carried out in the documents "Write-off from the current account", type of operation "Other write-off" (D76.01K51). Then, on a monthly basis, an amount of 1/12 of OSAGO should be written off in the documents “Receipt of goods and services, type of operation “Services”. Be sure to specify the counterparty, contract number, settlement account.
The table indicates the debit account (for example, 26), service and amount.
The wiring will be like this:
Question number 1. Do I need to include the cost of property insurance in its initial cost?
In the event that the cost of insurance was not due to the purchase of new property, the cost of insurance cannot be included in the initial cost of such property. When insurance is tied to the purchase of a new property, then such costs must be included in the initial cost of the property.
Question number 2. Our organization bought a car and signed an OSAGO contract. Should these costs be included in deferred expenses? To what account is it more correct to attribute OSAGO insurance?
Question number 3. Our company paid the insurance premium under a property insurance contract through an insurance broker. Can we take into account such expenses when calculating income tax?
Sure you can. An insurance broker is an intermediary between an insurance company and your company. They also provide services in concluding insurance contracts.
If an organization uses the cash method, then regardless of the method of settlement with the insurer, insurance premiums (contributions) reduce taxable profit at the time of payment (clause 3 of article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
If an organization recognizes insurance costs differently in accounting and tax accounting, temporary differences will arise in accounting (clause 10 PBU 18/02).
An example of reflection in accounting and taxation of expenses for voluntary insurance property upon acquisition of fixed assets. The organization applies the accrual method
CJSC Alfa in February acquired a fixed asset worth 200,000 rubles. (without VAT) and insured the risks of loss and damage during the transportation of property to the company's subdivision. The amount of the insurance premium under the contract amounted to 4,000 rubles, transportation costs - 20,000 rubles. (without VAT). In February, the fixed asset was capitalized and put into operation. Term beneficial use fixed asset is 4 years.
The accountant of Alfa reflected in the accounting the formation of the initial cost of the fixed asset.
In February:
Debit 76-1 Credit 51
- 4000 rub. - the insurance premium is transferred;
Debit 08 Credit 76-1, 60
- 224,000 rubles. (200,000 rubles + 20,000 rubles + 4,000 rubles) - included in the initial cost are the costs associated with its acquisition;
Debit 60 Credit 51
- 220,000 rubles. (200,000 rubles + 20,000 rubles) - the cost of the fixed asset and transportation has been paid.
In tax accounting, the accountant took into account the amount of the insurance premium as an expense in February. In accounting, he reflected the occurrence of a deferred tax liability.
- 800 rubles (4000 rubles × 20%) - deferred tax liability is reflected from the difference between the accounting and tax accounting due to differences in the reflection of the insurance premium.
An example of reflection in accounting and taxation of expenses for voluntary insurance of material assets. The organization uses the cash method of accounting for income and expenses
CJSC Alfa accepted for storage material values worth 500,000 rubles. and insured the risks of loss and damage. The contract is concluded for 1 year (from February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017). Reporting period for income tax - a month.
The amount of the annual insurance premium under the contract amounted to 4,000 rubles. It was paid in a lump sum on February 1, 2016.
AT accounting policy for accounting purposes, it is established that insurance costs are accounted for evenly over the insurance period. This takes into account the number of calendar days in each month.
The accountant of Alfa reflected the insurance costs in the accounting.
In February 2016:
Debit 76-1 Credit 51
- 4000 rub. - the insurance premium has been transferred.
Every month, from February 2016 to January 2017 (inclusive), the accountant writes off part of the insurance costs as expenses, taking into account the number of calendar days in each month.
Debit 26 Credit 76-1
- 307 rubles. (4000 rubles: 365 days × 28 days) - part of the insurance premium for February 2016 is included in the costs.
In tax accounting, the accountant took into account the entire amount of the insurance premium in February 2016. This creates a taxable temporary difference and a deferred tax liability in accounting. In February 2016, Alfa's accountant reflected it by posting:
Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 77
- 739 rubles. ((4,000 rubles - 307 rubles) × 20%) - reflects a deferred tax liability from the difference between accounting and tax accounting.
As expenses are recognized in accounting, the amount of deferred tax liability is written off. The final deferred tax liability will be settled in January 2017.
Situation: how, when calculating income tax, to take into account the receipt of part of the insurance premium from the insurer upon termination of the property insurance contract? The organization uses the accrual method.
The answer to this question depends on the procedure for recognizing the insurance premium in income tax expenses.
The premium received from the insurer does not need to be included in income if the insurance premium was taken into account in expenses evenly over the term of the contract or the period for which part of the insurance premium was paid. This is due to the fact that during the period when the contract was terminated, the insurance premium was not taken into account in expenses (clause 6, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This conclusion is confirmed by the Ministry of Finance of Russia in letters dated March 18, 2010 No. 03-03-06/3/6, dated March 15, 2010 No. 03-03-06/1/133.
If the entire insurance premium paid to the insurer was included in the costs at a time at the time of payment, then its returned part must be recognized as non-operating income (Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Include this income in the calculation of the tax base on the date of termination of the insurance contract (clause 1, article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). A similar point of view is reflected in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 29, 2006 No. 03-11-04/2/72. Despite the fact that the said letter is addressed to payers of the single tax with simplification, the conclusions given in it can be extended to organizations that apply the general taxation system (clause 1 of article 346.15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Attention: in practice, tax inspectors often recommend following a different option for forming the tax base in the case under consideration (see, for example, letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia for Moscow dated October 31, 2007 No. 20-12 / 104304). Regardless of the procedure for recognizing the insurance premium in expenses (at a time or evenly), include in income the entire amount of the returned part of the insurance premium (as of the date of termination of the insurance contract) (Article 250, clause 1 of Article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). At the same time, if the insurance premium is taken into account evenly, taxable profit can be reduced by the amount of insurance that was not written off as expenses during the term of the contract (clause 2, article 263, clause 6, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
For example, the amount of insurance premiums is 100,000 rubles, the contract is terminated in the middle of its validity period. Thus, at the time of termination of the contract, with uniform accounting for costs, taxable profit should be reduced by 50,000 rubles.
In accordance with the option, which is based on the position of the Russian Ministry of Finance, in this case, no further adjustments to the tax base are needed. As a result, taxable income will be reduced by the amount of 50,000 rubles.
In accordance with the option recommended by the inspectors, financial results from this operation will remain the same, but will be achieved in a different way. At the time of termination of the contract, the income must include the amount received from the insurance company - 50,000 rubles, as well as the unfinished part of the insurance costs - 50,000 rubles. As a result, the tax base from this transaction will also amount to 50,000 rubles. expenses (50,000 rubles - 100,000 rubles).
Thus, both options for the formation of the tax base in this case will lead to the same result. The organization has the right to make its choice in relation to one of them independently (subject to the provisions of Article 34.2 tax code RF).
Situation: how, when calculating income tax, to reflect the receipt from the insurer of a part of the insurance premium upon termination of the property insurance contract? The organization uses the cash method.
Include the amount of the returned insurance premium in non-operating income (Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This is due to the fact that earlier the entire amount of the insurance premium was included in the expenses (clause 3 of article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). A similar point of view is reflected in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 29, 2006 No. 03-11-04/2/72. Despite the fact that this letter is addressed to payers of a single tax with simplification, the conclusions given in it can be extended to organizations that apply the general taxation system (clause 1 of article 346.15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Situation: can an organization that has paid an insurance premium (contributions) under a voluntary property insurance contract not directly to an insurance company, but through an insurance broker, take into account such expenses when calculating income tax?
Yes maybe.
Insurance brokers provide services related to the conclusion and execution of insurance (reinsurance) contracts. That is, they are intermediaries between the organization and the insurance company. Entrepreneurs or organizations can be insurance brokers (clause 6, article 8 of the Law of November 27, 1992 No. 4015-1).
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not establish any specifics for accounting for property insurance costs for cases where the insurance contract provides for the payment of insurance premiums through an insurance broker. Thus, if an organization paid an insurance premium (contributions) under a voluntary property insurance contract not directly to an insurance company, but through an insurance broker, it can take into account such expenses when calculating income tax.
A similar point of view is reflected, in particular, in the letter of the Federal Tax Service for Moscow dated August 16, 2006 No. 20-12 / 72993.
If an organization pays a single tax on income, then the cost of property insurance will not affect the organization's tax liabilities in any way (clause 1, article 346.14 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
If an organization pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses, expenses for compulsory insurance property is reduced tax base(signature 7, clause 1, article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Take them into account as insurance premiums (contributions) are paid in full (clause 2, article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Expenses for voluntary property insurance tax base for single tax do not reduce. This is due to the fact that the list of expenses that can be taken into account when calculating the single tax is limited (Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). And the cost of voluntary insurance is not included in it.
The object of taxation of UTII is imputed income (clauses 1 and 2 of article 346.29 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, the costs associated with property insurance do not affect the calculation of UTII.
If the property is simultaneously used in the activities of an organization subject to UTII and activities on common system taxation, the cost of its insurance (both voluntary and mandatory) need to distribute (Clause 9, Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This is due to the fact that when calculating income tax, expenses related to activities on UTII cannot be taken into account. The cost of insuring property used in only one type of activity does not need to be distributed.
Organizations offering insurance services are required to keep records. Their activity is controlled by the department insurance market existing under the Central Bank.
Primary documentation is the papers on the basis of which accounting is carried out. Primary for an insurance organization:
The insurance company needs to approve the workflow schedule and the forms of documents that are necessary for the needs of accounting.
The organization does insurance payments in the event of an insured event. They may relate to various areas:
Insurance payments are formed from the totality of all receipts from people who have entered into an insurance agreement with the organization. Payments are recorded on account 22. Information about them is collected in registers. Analytical accounting is carried out in the context of forms of agreements and insurers. Information is recorded in the accounting on the date of occurrence of the insurance right.
Insurance premiums are payments made by a person to an organization. The insurance agreement comes into force either from the date specified in it, or from the date of payment of the first premium.
Compensation in the event of a feared event is paid out only when the person has no outstanding premiums. All amounts for the past period must be paid.
The compensation paid to the insured person may be counted towards the following insurance premiums.
Consider an example. The insured person received compensation in the amount of 50,000 rubles. Additional expenses related to the insured event were also confirmed. The person decided to send half of this amount towards the next insurance payments. In this case, these wires are used:
The legitimacy of all payments is confirmed by the primary.
Reinsurance is the transfer of obligations to protect against risks. It is assumed that these obligations are transferred from one organization to another. That is, a person enters into an agreement with one organization. It will be considered the main insurer. She is responsible to her clients. She also accepts various claims regarding insurance.
If reinsurance is performed, these postings become relevant:
The reinsurance agreement is a separate contract. The reinsurer makes payments only in the amounts established by the contract. Amounts above the limit are paid by the main insurer.
A person may conclude insurance agreements with several organizations. In this case, the companies will be jointly and severally liable to the person in the event of an insured event. That is, each organization contributes a certain share. There are 2 types of agreement:
If agreements are concluded with each organization separately, these postings are used:
If the calculations are carried out by one organization, the accounting is carried out by each insurance company. Accounting reflects amounts proportional to the share of the organization.
Liability insurance involves compensation for damage caused by the insurer to a third party. For example, a person received insurance in case of flooding of an apartment. And then he flooded the neighbor's apartment. In this case, the insurance organization compensates for the damage caused to this neighbor. Consider other common cases of liability insurance:
Consider the entries made for liability insurance (example):
NOTE! Entrepreneurial risks can be insured. In this case, the validity of the insurance agreement ends ahead of schedule at the end of entrepreneurial activity.
A person can insure his property. In this case, he will receive payments in case of damage or theft of property. Property insurance can be both voluntary and mandatory. The second is relevant for leasing. These wires are used:
Usually, life and property insurance on account 91 is accounted for separately.
DMS is one of the personal insurance. As a rule, it is included in the "social package" provided by the employer. Contributions for VHI are included in the expenses in the presence of the circumstances specified in subparagraph 16 of Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Consider these circumstances:
In accounting, spending on VHI refers to the period in which they arose. Insurance payments are recorded according to the DT of expense accounts (for example, account 20, 26, 44). The company can make insurance payments for persons with whom labor relations are not formalized. Associated expenses will be recorded on DT 91. A subaccount 02 is opened for it.
The formation of insurance reserves is an event that is considered mandatory for an insurance company. The obligation to create such reserves is stipulated in Article 26 of the Federal Law No. 4015-1 “On the Insurance Business” dated November 27, 1992. The sequence of formation of reserves is stipulated in the order of the Ministry of Finance No. 51 n dated June 11, 2002.
Consider the sequence of formation of reserves:
The reserve is needed so that the organization always has the amount of funds that is needed in the event of an insured event.
Insurance companies provide services. Accounting in the insurance company is carried out in accordance with the requirements of accounting and taxation. In addition, organizations are required to comply with the provisions of the insurance legislation and submit reports to the supervisory authority. Control over the activities of organizations is entrusted to the Department of the Insurance Market under the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Insurance companies use unified or independently developed forms in their activities.
| Document group | Document types |
| Constituent forms | Charter, certificates, license |
| Insurance contracts, accounting journal | Separately by types of contracts - concluded, co-insurance, reinsurance |
| Documents on the occurrence of an insured event | Application, insurance act approved by the head of the company or authorized representative |
| Payment and claim cases | Documents related to loss coverage or lawsuits |
| Loss log | Separately for early terminated contracts for each type |
| Accounting primary documentation | Documents for conducting operations on the cash desk, bank, settlements with debtors and creditors |
| Accounting documents for taxation | Tax accounting registers |
The organization must develop a workflow schedule, approve the forms used in accounting, streamline the exchange between the unit and the head office.
Insurance contracts are concluded for several types of insured events. Property, personal, medical, motor transport and other insurance are used. Amounts paid upon the occurrence of insured events are formed at the expense of proceeds from contracts.
Account 22 is used to record insurance payments. The register consolidates information on payments to policyholders, shares of reinsurers, and returned premiums. Analytical accounting is conducted in the context of types of contracts, insurers, periods. Information is reflected in the accounts at the time of the occurrence of the right.
The insurance premium is paid by the insured to the company's account at the conclusion of the contract. The agreement begins on the date specified in the document or the day the first installment is made. At the time of the occurrence of the insured event and compensation for losses, all parts of the insurance premium due by the due date must be paid. The amount due to be paid to a person may be taken into account against future payments at the request of the person.
The person insured in Olimp LLC Petrov M.M. has the right to receive compensation for damage under the insurance act in the amount of 75,250 rubles. In addition, the costs of compensation were confirmed in the amount of 8,500 rubles. The insured filed an application for offsetting a part of the amount in the amount of 35,000 rubles against the future payment of the next installment. The order of the director of Olymp LLC was issued on payments. The following transactions were made in the account:
Reinsurance operations mean the transfer of risk protection from one insurance company to another. Responsibility to the insured person is borne by the direct insurer, who was the first to draw up the contract. Claims related to the performance of the contract, the insured can present only to the insurer under the main contract.
In the accounting of the insurance company, the following entries are made:
The reinsurance contract can be considered as a separate, independent contract. The responsibility of the reinsurer (assignee) lies within the limit established by the contract. Amounts required to be paid insured event over the limit, covered by the direct insurer. When reinsurance, it is allowed to conclude several consecutive contracts included in the chain of secondary reinsurance. The operation is called retrocession. All companies are required to have a license.
A person has the right to draw up contracts with several insurance companies for one object. The companies are jointly and severally liable to the insured person or object, and each company must pay its share of the indemnity upon the occurrence of an insured event.
When self-calculation is used, standard postings are made in insurance company accounting.
| Purpose of the operation | Account debit | Account credit |
| Calculation of the premium due to the contribution | 77/1 | 92/1 |
| Receipt of premium from the insured | 51 | 77/1 |
| Calculation of insurance payment upon the occurrence of an obligation | 22/1 | 77/1 |
| Transferring the amount of insurance payment to a person | 77/1 | 51 |
When conducting settlements, the leading company in accounting distributes the amounts due to other insurance organizations for premiums and payments.
Liability insurance is aimed at partial compensation for damage caused by the insured person to property or third parties. Within the framework of the concluded agreements, the damage caused by:
Polis LLC insured citizen M. from civil liability. After the occurrence of the accident, citizen P. was found guilty. The amount of damage was 155,270 rubles, which was paid to the cash desk of Polis LLC. In the account of the insurer:
When insuring risks in connection with the conduct of business activities, the agreement will be terminated before the expiration of the term in the event of its termination or the loss of the possibility of causing damage.
When making agreements property insurance the company undertakes to pay damages in connection with damage, theft or loss of property. The contract can be concluded between the company, the insured and a third person who is the beneficiary.
Property insurance may be voluntary or mandatory under the terms of other agreements. Property insurance is mandatory when drawing up a loan or leasing agreement. A significant number of contracts in the total mass falls on agreements concluded during the transportation of goods.
As part of life insurance services, payments are provided in connection with the state of health, pension annuity and other grounds. Agreements may be concluded for a specified period, after which the person is entitled to receive a certain amount. The duration of contracts is mostly more than 1 year.
In accounting, postings are used: Dt 77/1 Kt 92/1 for the amount of accrued premiums and Dt 50.51 Kt 77/1 for the amount of income. Insurance companies provide for separate accounting for account 91 of life insurance and others, including property type contracts.
Part of sales insurance product made through agents or brokers.
| Terms | Agents | Brokers |
| Status | Individuals or businesses | Sole proprietors, licensed companies |
| Term of cooperation | Permanent or limited to one contract | Fulfillment of specific instructions of the insurer |
| Actions | On behalf of the insurer | On my own behalf |
| A responsibility | Companies | Broker |
Both types of relations belong to intermediary activity. Based on rewards paid to an individual The company must withhold income tax. Taxation of intermediary companies acting on the basis of agency agreements is carried out by the organizations themselves.
As preventive measures, companies are required to create reserves for the following types:
The main type of revenue for companies is income in the form of premiums from insured persons. Expenses include payments and other types of expenses according to an open list. Only the accrual method is used in accounting, which equally applies to reinsurers. The advantage of the method is that there is no need to tax amounts when making advance payments. There is a feature of accounting for life insurance contracts. Accounting for income at the time of payment is carried out in the part attributable to the payment. In accounting for other types of contracts, the amount is taken into account in one step in full.
Organizations in the conduct of activities have the right to apply only OSNO. Insurance is not included in the list of permitted activities under UTII. Ban on application of the simplified tax system specified in paragraph 3 of Art. 346.12 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Taxpayers are required to submit income, VAT, land, property, transport and tax returns wages hired workers. Submission of reports and payment of taxes are carried out within the time limits specified by law.
Question #1. How are obligations implemented when an insurance company loses a license due to its expiration?
Answer: The loss of an insurance company's license does not automatically terminate the license. The company cannot enter into new contracts, but is obliged to fulfill obligations. Within 6 months, she needs to pay debts on insurance payments and terminate the contracts ahead of schedule with the return of part of the previously paid premium.
Question #2. Does the branch have the right to form reserves?
Answer: The ability to create reserves is provided by the constituent documents and the order of the parent company.
Question number 3. On the basis of what document does the insurance agent act?
Answer: On the basis of a power of attorney issued by an insurance company. The document specifies the authority of the person.
Question #4. Is there a need to submit reports to statistical authorities?
Answer: Companies submit form No. 1-SK and other types determined by the bodies of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation.
