According to experts, more than 50 countries in Africa now have 987 million people, and the population growth rate in most of them is constantly increasing. If the current indicators are maintained, its number will double by 2050 and amount to 2 billion people.
The most densely populated part of the continent is its eastern part - 315.8 million people /31 percent/. Next come West Africa - 291 million / 29.5 /, North - 194.4 million / 19.7 percent /, Central - 117.4 million / 11.9 / and, finally, South - 56.25 million / 5, 7 percent/. The average demographic growth in Africa, according to experts, since 2005 has been established at around 2.3 percent.
As the participants of the meeting noted, the average life expectancy has noticeably increased over the past half century on the Black Continent - from 39 to 54 years. The best indicator in this area is in the states of North Africa: there, over the same period, it rose from 43 to 68 years.
African Vital Movement
The dynamics of the population of Africa, due to the relatively small size of migration, is determined mainly by its natural movement. Africa is a region of high fertility, in some countries it is approaching 50 per thousand, that is, approaching the biologically possible. Continental average natural increase is about 3% per year, which is higher than in other regions of the Earth. The population of Africa, according to the UN, now exceeds 900 million people.
Maximum birth rates:
Somalia-47.7 ppm,
Uganda -48.0 ppm,
Chad -48.8 ppm
Mali-49.2 ppm,
Niger - 51.5 ppm.
Relatively low birth rate:
Reunion - 21.8 ppm,
South Africa-21.6 ppm,
Seychelles - 18.0 ppm,
Mauritius - 16.7 ppm.
In general, higher birth rates are typical for West and East Africa, and lower rates for the zones of equatorial forests and desert regions.
Mortality is gradually reduced to 15-17 ppm. Most high performance mortality observed:
Zimbabwe -22.4 ppm,
Malawi -22.4 ppm,
Niger-23.2 ppm,
Mozambique -23.3 ppm,
Angola - 25.0 ppm.
Infant mortality (under 1 year) is quite high - 100-150 per thousand.
This situation provides a high natural increase:
Liberia -3.06%,
Congo -3.11%,
The age composition of the population of many African countries characterized by a high proportion of children and a low proportion of the elderly.
The number of men and women is generally the same, with women predominating in rural areas.
The average life expectancy in Africa is about 50 years. Relatively high average life expectancy is typical for South Africa and North Africa.
Distribution of the population of Africa
The average population density of the continent is low - about 30 people/km2. population distribution is affected not only natural conditions, but also historical factors, primarily the consequences of the slave trade and colonial rule.
The highest population density is on the island of Mauritius (more than 500 people per square kilometer), as well as on the Reunion Islands, Seychelles, Comoros and the states of East Africa - Rwanda, Burundi (within 200 people). The lowest population density is in Botswana, Libya, Namibia, Mauritania, Western Sahara - 1-2 people. km/sq.
In general, the Nile valleys are densely populated (1200 people km / sq.), the coastal zone of the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), the areas of irrigated agriculture in Sudan, the oases of the Sahara, the vicinity of large cities (100-200 people km2).
A reduced population density is noted in the Sahara - less than 1, in Tropical Africa - 1-5, in the dry steppes and semi-deserts of the Namib and Kalahari - less than 1 person. km2
Urban population Africa
The annual growth of city dwellers on the continent exceeds 5%. The share of the urban population currently exceeds 40%.
Growing especially fast big cities: Cairo - over 10 million, Alexandria, Casablanca, Algeria - over 2 million people.
There are large differences in the level of urbanization of individual countries. The largest share of the urban population (50% or more) in South Africa, Djibouti, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritius, Reunion. The smallest - less than 5%, in Burundi, Rwanda, Lesotho.
A number of areas with clusters of cities stand out on the continent: the Nile valley and delta, the Maghreb coastal strip, the urban agglomerations of South Africa, the Copper Belt region in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The area is very uneven.
The most densely populated sea coasts, coastal islands, lower reaches, mining regions of South Africa, Zaire and. In these areas, the population density ranges from 50 to 1000 people per 1 sq. km. km. In the vast expanses of the Namib, the population density barely reaches 1 person per 1 sq. km. km.
The uneven distribution is manifested both at the level of the region as a whole and at the level of individual countries. For example, almost the entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile (4% of the total area), where the density is 1,700 people per 1 km2.
Ethnic composition of the population of Africa is of great variegation. 300-500 ethnic groups live on the mainland. Some of them (especially in) have developed into large nations, but most are still at the level of nationalities and tribes. Many of the ethnic groups still retained the remnants of the tribal system, archaic forms of social relations.
Linguistically, half of the population of Africa belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, the third part belongs to the Afrosia family. Residents of European origin make up only 1%. But at the same time, the languages of the former metropolises remain the state (official) languages of the majority: English (19 countries), (21 countries), (5 countries).
The "quality" of the population of Africa remains very low. The illiteracy rate in most countries exceeds 50%, and in countries such as Mali it is 90%.
Religious composition of Africa also has great variegation. At the same time, Muslims predominate in its northern and eastern parts. This is due to the settlement of the Arabs here. In central and southern Africa religious beliefs population were subject to significant influence of the countries - mother countries. Therefore, many types of Christianity are widespread here (Protestantism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, etc.). Many peoples of this region have preserved local beliefs.
Due to the diversity of ethnic and socio-economic difficulties and the colonial past (borders), Africa is a region of numerous ethno-political conflicts (Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, etc.). In total, over 35 armed conflicts were recorded in Africa during the post-colonial period, in which more than 10 million people died. More than 70 coups d'état resulted in the assassination of 25 presidents.
Africa characterized by very high rates (more than 3% per year). According to this indicator, Africa is ahead of all other regions of the world. First of all, it is determined. For example, the birth rate in Somalia, Mali exceeds 50 o / oo, i.e. 4-5 times higher than in Europe. At the same time, Africa is the region of the most high mortality and low average (men - 64 years, women - 68 years). As a result, the age structure of the population is characterized by a high proportion (about 45%) of children and adolescents under 15 years of age.
Africa is characterized by the highest level, the vast majority of which is of a forced nature and is associated with interethnic conflicts. Africa hosts almost half of the world's refugees and displaced persons, the vast majority being "ethnic refugees". Such forced migrations always lead to outbreaks of diseases leading to increased mortality.
Africa is a region of high labor migration. The main centers of attraction of labor from the African continent are and (especially the countries of the Persian Gulf). Within the continent, labor flows mainly come from poorest countries to the richer (South Africa,
A prime example of African-style urbanization is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. This city has long been the capital of the state. In 1950, its population was 300 thousand people, and now - 12.5 million. Living conditions in this overcrowded city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital was moved to Abuja.
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Goals: to acquaint students with the population of Africa - its characteristics, racial and ethnic composition, external features, location on the mainland; continue to develop skills and abilities to work with geographical maps, tables, diagrams; to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people with different skin colors.
Equipment: map "Peoples and population density of the world", multimedia projector, presentation, atlases, contour maps, diagrams - clusters.
Conduct forms: repetition of known and familiarity with new terms and concepts; independent work with the text of the textbook about the peoples inhabiting Africa; practical work with a thematic map of population density, with a contour map, a table "Peoples of Africa"; a conversation with students and a teacher's story about the history of the appearance of people in Africa, about the past and present situation of the indigenous population of the mainland; a conversation with students about the distribution of the population in Africa.
Terms and concepts: races - Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Equatorial (Negroid); location and population density, colony.
Geographic features: the Nile Delta, the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Guinea, Sahara, Egypt, Liberia, Ethiopia.
Names: N. Mandela, P. Lulumba.
Textbook: Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7. Authors: V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. Bustard, 2009.
During the classes
Watching the video clip "Tutsi Dance Rwanda>"
1. Africa - the ancestral home of man - teacher's story. SLIDE № 3,4
The vast majority of scientists call Africa the ancestral home of man. Most of the discoveries of human ancestors have been made on this continent, and just in Ethiopia and Kenya, where the rift valley (a fault in the earth's surface) is located. In ancient times, active volcanic activity was observed in this valley, and many rocks have increased radioactivity. It is possible that mutations under the influence of radioactivity led to the emergence of Homo sapiens. And not "divine power" at all.
In the second half of the XX century. in East Africa, in rock strata that are about 27 million years old, the remains of a man and his tools were found.
2. Races and peoples - conversation. SLIDES #5-22 ( teacher's choice)
3. Primary consolidation of the studied material - filling in the cluster: Characteristics of the population of Africa - group work(Attachment 1)
4. Population Location and Density - Analysis of the Africa Population Density Thematic Map SLIDES #23-24
Questions:
CONCLUSION:
Africa has about 1 billion people. The coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the southeastern coast of the mainland are relatively densely populated. The population density is high in the Nile Delta, where there are 1000 people per 1 km 2. In the Sahara Desert, which occupies ¼ of the mainland, less than 1% of the total population lives, and in some areas it is completely absent.
5. The colonial past of the mainland - independent work of students with the text of the textbook. SLIDE #25
EXERCISE: read the text of the textbook on pages 134-135 “The mainland's colonial past” and select the correct statements in the card (Appendix 2)
More about the leaders of the national liberation movement – student's story (advance task)
Nelson Holilala Mandela(born July 18, 1918) - the first black president of South Africa from May 10, 1994 to June 14, 1999, one of the most famous activists in the struggle for human rights during the existence of apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years, winner of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. Honorary member of more than 50 international universities.
After Mandela left the presidency of South Africa in 1999, he became a vocal advocate for greater coverage of HIV and AIDS. According to experts, there are now about five million HIV carriers and AIDS patients in South Africa - more than in any other country. When McGahoe, Nelson Mandela's eldest son, died of AIDS, Mandela called for fighting the spread of this deadly disease.
Patrice Emery Lumumba(July 2, 1925 - January 17, 1961) - Congolese political and public figure, the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo after the declaration of its independence in June 1960, a national hero of Zaire, a poet and one of the symbols of the African peoples' struggle for independence. Founder (1958) and leader of the National Movement of the Congo.
Removed from the post of prime minister by the President of the Congo, then arrested during the Congo crisis in September 1960. Killed on January 17, 1961.
1. Practical work in the contour map: SLIDE No. 26
2. Questions on the topic studied: SLIDE No. 27
3. Filling in the table (e If there is time left in the lesson - choose one of the three options) SLIDE № 30-34
Evaluation test - writing in a notebook(selective check, mutual check) SLIDE No. 28-29
CORRECT ANSWERS: 1. c 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.c 6.b7. in
§ 30, pp. 132-135, prepare a description of the peoples of Africa according to the plan:
Literature.
(L. Leakey, K. Arambur, F. Howell and others) in the late 50s - early 70s. of our century, they carried out thorough research on the territory and (Olduvai Gorge, the eastern shore of Lake Turkana, the valley of the Omo River, Hadar, etc.). First, the remains of fossil forms of great apes related to modern chimpanzees and gorillas were found. Then they discovered the immediate predecessors of the most ancient people - Australopithecus. From among these two-legged primates, about 3 million years ago, creatures emerged that made the first artificial tools. Scientists believe that it was they who created the oldest Paleolithic culture - the Olduvai - and thereby laid the foundation for the human race.
The main part of the territories of the mainland is inhabited by peoples belonging to the Negroid branch of the equatorial race. Negroids are characterized by a dark skin color that protects the body from the scorching rays of the sun. Thick curly hair forms an air gap that protects the head from overheating. For representatives of this race, wide noses with a low nose bridge, swollen lips are common. However, these signs are expressed differently in different representatives of this race. Thus, the color of the skin varies from light brown in some tribes of the southeast of the mainland to almost among the tribes living in the Upper basin and east of the lake (Nilotic tribes).
Pygmies living under the canopy of the equatorial (Zaire) are distinguished by peculiar signs. The skin color of the Pygmies is lighter than that of the Negroids, the lips are thin, their average height is 142 cm, the maximum is 150 cm. Bushmen and Hottentots have survived in the deserts. They have a yellowish-brown skin color, a wide flat face, which gives them a certain resemblance to the Mongoloids. It is obvious that the conditions of life and semi-deserts bring these peoples closer to the inhabitants - the Mongoloids.
Each group of the Negroid branch of the equatorial race has its own spoken language. Sub-Saharan Africans speak languages. The peoples of Central, Southern and parts of East Africa speak Bantu languages.
The north of the mainland is inhabited by Berbers and Arabs who moved here from Asia. They belong to the southern branch of the Caucasian race. Berbers and Arabs have dark skin, dark hair and eyes, an elongated skull, a narrow nose and an oval face; they speak mostly Arabic.
In areas of mixed habitation of different races, groups of peoples were formed, combining various racial characteristics. So, Ethiopians occupy an intermediate position between Negroids and Caucasians. there was a type of people (Malagasy) with signs of Negroids and Mongoloids, who penetrated here, probably from.
For several centuries it was in colonial dependence on a number of European states. Therefore, a newcomer population of European origin was formed in the former colonies. Europeans live in Africa mainly in areas with a favorable Mediterranean climate. In the north, along the coast of the sea, there are many French; in the extreme south of the mainland - the British and Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers).
More than 550 million people live in Africa, which is approximately 1/10 of the world's population. On the territory of the mainland, the population is distributed extremely unevenly. The population density in the Nile Delta is very high - more than 1000 people. per km2. This is one of the densely populated areas not only in Africa, but throughout the globe. The coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea, the south and southeast of the mainland are relatively densely populated. In the deserts and semi-deserts of Africa (, Namib,) the population is very rare, some areas are completely deserted.
The peoples of Africa have gone through a long historical path of development. In ancient times in Africa there were highly organized states with a developed culture and medicine, flourishing crafts and trade, and a developed building art (, Ethiopia).
The era of the slave trade and colonial robbery by European capitalists lasted for about four centuries in Africa. Only during the period of the slave trade, about 100 million people were taken out of Africa. During the colonial conquests, the indigenous population of the mainland became a cheap, almost free labor force in the mines and plantations. To justify the capture of the best lands, the predatory export of the wealth of African land (diamonds, gold, ores of non-ferrous and rare metals; coffee, bananas, cocoa and other agricultural products), as well as horrendous working conditions and beggarly wages for slave labor, the European colonialists substantiated the false the theory according to which the peoples of Africa supposedly belong to an “inferior race” and are not able to manage their own economy, govern their countries, develop science and art. Although, as we noted, Africans successfully did all this long before the arrival of Europeans.
By 1950, only four states remained independent politically: Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Union of South Africa (with a special system of brutal exploitation of Africans and racial oppression - apartheid). Since the 50s. In the twentieth century, a national liberation movement unfolded in Africa, which led to the collapse of the colonial system. Only in 1960 did they free themselves from colonial oppression 17 . By the end of the 60s. there were already 42 independent countries on the mainland, and by the mid-80s. - more than 50. Now there are no colonies in Africa, although many countries are in economic dependence from the former colonists.
The leading capitalist countries of the world are striving to maintain their economic and political dominance in the newly-free countries. This is facilitated by the difficulties to which the peoples of Africa have been subjected to centuries of exploitation: economic backwardness, illiteracy of the majority of the indigenous population, chronic food shortages, poor medical care, and so on. At present, most African countries belong to the group of developing countries, and to the category of lagging behind in their development or least developed. The first of them is dominated by a mixed economy with strong remnants of feudal relations; second, consumer Agriculture. In general, Africa is the least developed economically and social relations region of the world. And although in the past two decades the population of Africa has been growing faster than on Earth as a whole, the pace of development of many countries has increased after gaining political independence, these countries are still only at the beginning of a long journey to the level of European civilization.
Africa is a huge continent, on the territory of which there are 55 states. The population of Africa is 1 billion people. About 130 peoples live here, 20 of which number more than 5 million people each, and 100 - more than 1 million people each. In total, there are about 8,000 nationalities.
The entire population of this region belongs to the Negroid race. This race is characterized by the presence of swarthy, almost black skin, dark eyes, hard dark curly hair. These include the Yoruba, Bantu, Hausa, Athara, Tubu, Kanuri peoples. Among the Tubu and Kanuri tribes, an admixture of the Caucasoid race can be seen. They have lighter skin and less wavy hair.
Representatives of the Nigrill race live in the equatorial forests of the Congo and Gabon. Their feature is short stature (up to 150 cm) and a reddish or yellowish skin tone. In proportion to the body, the head is very large. Many scientists explain their unique characteristics by living in dark forests.
Also on the territory Central Africa Bushmen live. This is a nomadic people, representing a mixture of Negroids with Mongoloids.
Rice. 1. Negroid woman.
On the territory of North Africa, mainly peoples belonging to the Caucasoid race live. They have a swarthy (but not black) face, dark eyes and hair. These peoples include Arabs, Nubians and Berbers. On the southern outskirts there are representatives of the Negroid race, as well as many mixed types and mestizos. 90% of the people living in this region are Muslims, and the main language is Arabic. The second language in terms of the number of people speaking it is the Berber language. It is distributed in almost all countries except Sudan.
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Rice. 2. Arab woman in a hijab.
Ethiopians, Bushmen, representatives of the Negroid and Negril races live on the territory of East Africa. Ethiopians arose as a result of mixing representatives of the Caucasian and Negroid races. In the equatorial forests, which are also represented in East Africa, pygmies also live.
Rwanda is the most populated country in Africa. With a population of 12 million people, the density is 430 people per 1 sq. km. meter.
Rice. 3. Ethiopian.
The main peoples of South Africa are the Bushmen and Hottentots. These peoples are characterized by a combination of features of the Negril and Negroid races. Representatives of the Caucasian race and Asians also live here. All of them once emigrated here and stayed forever.
The population in the region is unevenly distributed. The main population is concentrated in large cities: Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town.
The population of this region is 280 million people. Most of the population belong to the Negroid race (Wolof, Kisi, Serer). Berber-speaking Tuaregs live on the territory of several states. The main religions are Islam and Christianity (to a lesser extent). Of the foreign languages, English and French are common.
This article briefly examines the characteristics of the population of each of the 5 regions of Africa. Representatives of the Negril race, the Negroid race, Europeans, Bushmen, Pygmies and many other peoples live in Africa. The country with the highest population density is Rwanda and the one with the smallest density is Namibia.
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