Lesson topic: Population of Russia. Population size and reproduction.
Goals: to acquaint with the population of Russia, to determine the reasons affecting the change in the population. Give definitions of the concepts of "demographic crisis", "natural population growth" Develop skills to work with statistical material.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment.
2. Studying new material.
Today we are starting to study a new topic "Population of Russia".
Man is the highest value of the state. People master Natural resources produce material and spiritual values. The country's economy cannot exist without a person.
There are questions on the board to answer at the end of the lesson.
What is the population of Russia?
What is the place of Russia among the countries of the world in terms of population?
How can I get population information?
How is the population changing?
What is called natural population growth?
What is a demographic crisis?
7. What is the natural movement of the population?
slide 3.
Look at page 29 in the textbook, what was the population in 2008? How has this figure changed?
slide 4.
What does demography study?
Look at the table and answer the questions:
1.Name major countries world in terms of population.
2. What place does Russia occupy in the world?
3. How has the situation changed by the beginning of 2010?
Write down the largest countries in the world by population in a notebook.
Slide 5.
How do people know the population?
When was the first population census in Russia?
When will the next census take place?
Why are censuses carried out?
slide 6.
Census 2010.
Slide 7.
Complete the tasks and answer the questions:
1. Consider Table 5 on page 30.
2. How did the population change?
3. According to the schedule, name the periods when the population decreased
4. How can this be explained?
Conclusion: The population has been falling since 1990.
slide 8.
During the 20th century, Russia experienced several demographic crises.
|
Demographic crisis |
A period of time |
Causes of the demographic crisis |
|
slide 12
Table check. Conclusion: Russia is in a state of demographic crisis.
slide 13.
What processes still affect population change
Reproduction of the population is a process of continuous change of generations. (write in notebook)
Slide 14.
The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths for a certain time is called natural growth (EP \u003d R-C) - write the definition in a notebook.
Look at the chart and answer the questions:
1. How did the ratio between the number of births and deaths change from 1989 to 2002?
2. What are the consequences of such a ratio? (use the text of the textbook p. 31)
3. What can explain the decline in the birth rate at the present stage? (1. Decrease in child mortality. 2. Organization of social security - pensions for the elderly, children are not the only breadwinners in old age. 3. Families, as a rule, live without parents - grandparents nursed their grandchildren. 4. Emancipation of women - they have the right to education, work, career.
slide15
One "demographic hole" has already taken place: 1960-1975, when "children of war" became parents. From the second "demographic hole", much wider and deeper, Russia is getting out now.
slide 16.
Consider the map "Change in the population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation between the 1989 and 2002 censuses" and draw a conclusion about the change in the population.
slide 17.
Examine the statistics and draw a conclusion about the natural movement
population for the first half of 2010 compared to 2009
3. Fixing.
Answer the questions posed at the beginning of the lesson.
General conclusion for the lesson:
Test
Test on the topic "Number and natural increase in the population of Russia"
1. In terms of total population, Russia occupies in the world:
a) first place
b) third place;
c) seventh place.
2. Population of Russia at the present time (million people):
3. Which of the two statements is correct?
A. The population of Russia is larger than that of India.
B.. The population of Russia is larger than the United States.
a) 1 - false, 2 - true;
b) 1 - true, 2 - false;
c) both are true;
d) both are wrong.
3. Are the following statements true?
1. In the last decade, the birth rate in Russia has been declining.
2. In the last decade, mortality in Russia has been on the rise.
a) 1 - false, 2 - true;
b) 1 - true, 2 - false;
c) both are true;
d) both are wrong.
4. Currently, the natural movement of the population is characterized by:
a) natural growth;
b) natural decline.
5. The natural movement of the population of Russia is characterized by:
a) excess of birth rate over death rate;
b) excess of deaths over births
The number and natural increase of the population of Russia.
Lesson plan: 1. The population of Russia. 2. Dynamics of the population of Russia. 3. Population censuses. The natural movement of the population.
Population of Russia According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the number of resident population of the Russian Federation as of August 1, 2010 amounted to 141.8 million people
Demography is the science of population and its reproduction. No. Country population growth 1 PRC 1 338 044 544 ▲ 0.606% India 1 165 995 904 ▲ 1.606% 3 USA 305 824 646 ▲ 0.894% 4 Indonesia 240 512 357 ▲ 1.213% 5 Brazil 193 342 592 ▲ 1.008% Pakistan 172 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 042 ▲ 1.828% 7 Bangladesh 156,546,896 ▲ 2.056% 8 Nigeria 146,255,312 ▲ 2.379% 9 Russia 141,927,900 ▼-0.055% 10 Japan 127,288,419 ▼-0.088% . 2. What place does Russia occupy in the world? 3. How has the situation changed by the beginning of 2010? Write down the largest countries in the world by population in a notebook.
Population dynamics in Russia The first population census was conducted in Russia in 1897. Then the population was 67.5 million people. What year was last census and when will the next one be? Soviet posters dedicated to the census
Population Census 2010 In 2010, from 14 to 25 October, the next population census will take place. Emblem and mascot of the 2010 census
Consider Table 5 on page 30. How has the population changed? According to the schedule, name the periods when the population. Periods of population decline are called decreased. demographic crisis. How can this be explained?
During the 20th century, Russia experienced several demographic crises. Using the content of the following slides and the textbook, complete the table: Demographic Time Crisis Causes of Demographic Crisis Losses (million people)
The population is a continuously renewing in the process of reproduction set of people living on the earth as a whole or within any part of it.
The number and trends of its change are the result of the natural and mechanical movement of the population.
Vital movement of population (reproduction)- a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase or natural loss. The natural movement of the population is ensured by the mode of reproduction.
Under reproduction population understand the continuous renewal and change of human generations (depending on the ratio of births and deaths, the reproduction of the population can be expanded, simple and narrowed). The decisive influence on the reproduction of the population is exerted by complex demographic processes due to the historical development and demographic characteristics of the nation, as well as the socio-economic conditions of people's lives.
mechanical movement- Migration processes or the movement of people from one area to another.
Natural and mechanical movement are usually measured in special units - ppm (or one per thousand).
The most accurate data on the number and characteristics of the inhabitants of a given country are provided by general population censuses. At the same time, a questionnaire is filled out for each resident of the country, containing a wide range of questions (sex, age, level of education, nationality, religion, employment, living conditions and etc.). On the territory of Russia, general population censuses were conducted in 1897, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002, 2010.
During most censuses, the actual population was also determined (located in any territory at the time of the census), and permanent(most of the year living in this area). On a national scale, the number of present and permanent population is almost the same. But for specific territories, the differences can be significant. In large cities with an influx of migrants, as a rule, the actual population is larger than the permanent one, while in small towns and rural areas, the permanent population is usually larger than the permanent one. In resort areas during the holiday season, the actual population may exceed the permanent population by several times.
In the period between general censuses, a current population census is maintained, in which for each annual period the number of births and deaths, as well as the number of arrivals and departures for a particular territory, is recorded. Accordingly, information on the population of the country and its individual parts can be obtained for each year (at its beginning or on average for the year), but these will be generalized data without disclosing most of the individual characteristics of the inhabitants (ethnic composition, level of education, etc.).
The territory that is today part of the Russian Federation was inhabited by people 10-12 thousand years ago. But the population on it almost all this period grew very slowly. only at the beginning of the 18th century. population in the territory modern Russia reached 10 million people, and by the end of this century exceeded 20 million people. In the 19th century population growth accelerated somewhat. By the middle of the century, the population was about 40 million people, and by the time of the first general population census (1897) - 67.5 million people out of 124.6 million people living at that time in Russian Empire.
Especially fast growth population was observed in the first decade of the XX century. In 1913, the population on the territory of modern Russia reached 90 million people, i.e. annual growth in that period was about 2%. The First World War and the Civil War, as well as the economic devastation, famine and epidemics caused by them led to a decrease in the country's population. By 1920, fewer people lived on the territory of Russia than in 1913 - about 88 million people (i.e., depopulation occurred). This period became first demographic crisis throughout the country in the 20th century.
During the existence of the USSR, the population of the country gradually grew, but with a slowdown and new demographic crises. The general slowdown in population growth rates (from an annual 1.5% in the 20-30s to 0.7% in the 80s) is associated with the demographic transition that the country experienced in the first half of the 20th century. At the same time, the “demographic explosion” (multiple and rapid increase in the population), which is currently characteristic of developing countries, was not observed, which is explained by the presence of several demographic crises. The second demographic crisis in Russia broke out in the early 1930s. Its peak came in 1933 and 1934. The crisis was caused by a massive famine that followed the forced collectivization Agriculture countries. The third demographic crisis falls on the years of the Great Patriotic War. By its beginning (in 1941), about 111 million people lived on the territory of modern Russia, and in 1946 - only 98 million people. Natural population growth for 5 years was at least 5 million people. That is, the losses during the war years total more than 18 million people. Thus, without demographic crises, the population of Russia by the 90s could have been more than 200 million people. In reality, the numbers were much lower. Independent Russia, which was formed after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, became the sixth most populous country on Earth (148.7 million people at the beginning of 1992) after China, India, the USA, Indonesia and Brazil. At the beginning of the XXI century. Pakistan and Bangladesh have also overtaken Russia in terms of population.
Since 1993, the country's population began to decline, began fourth in the twentieth century. demographic crisis, continuing at the present time. Depopulation has affected almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation. By early 2006, the country's population had fallen to 142.8 million. The reduction was due to a very significant natural loss - the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births . Migration outflow from the country is insignificant and is covered by the influx of population from the former Soviet republics
The situation began to change only in the early 2000s. The natural population growth in Russia in 2014 amounted to 33.7 thousand people, in 2013 this figure was 19.1 thousand people. In 2014, for the first time in the modern history of Russia, 1.947 million children were born in the country.
By the end of 2014, in Russia, mortality among children under five years of age decreased three times compared to 1990, and maternal mortality decreased by 4.5 times compared to 1990. According to Rosstat's operational data, in August 2015 there was an increase in the value of natural increase in the Russian Federation compared to August last year by 3,481 people. The Central Federal District demonstrates a positive growth rate (in the CFD, a positive monthly growth was recorded in July 2015, for the first time since 1991). The decrease in natural growth was demonstrated only by the North Caucasian and Crimean Federal Districts.
According to Rosstat, in 2014, the average life expectancy in Russia is 71 years: 65.6 years for men and 77.2 years for women. After a serious drawdown of the nineties, it returned to the indicators of the late USSR and in 2010 exceeded them. In the 2010s, Russia entered the top five countries with the largest increase in life expectancy - the periods from 1990 to 2005 and from 2005 to 2013 were compared. In Russia, the increase in life expectancy for men was more than +7.3 years, and +6.5 years was added to the healthy life time. At the moment, Russia is in 4th place in terms of the increase in life expectancy. It should be noted that today there is no unambiguous scientific explanation for such a difference in the average life expectancy of men and women in Russia.
Whether the long-term trend of population decline has been overcome or only temporarily interrupted, the future will show. Now it can be noted that the population of Russia reached its largest size - almost 148.6 million people - by the beginning of 1993. In 1993, the population decline was recorded for the first time. After a slight increase in 1994, it became stable - the population of Russia was declining until 2009, by the beginning of which its number had decreased to 142.7 million people (5.8 million people less than in 1993). Already in 2008, the decline was significantly reduced, and in 2009-2013 the number of Russians increased by almost 929 thousand people. As a result, by the beginning of 2014, the population of Russia roughly corresponded to the level of the mid-1980s (Fig. 3.1).
Figure 3.1 Permanent population of Russia, 1960-2014, million people at the beginning of the year*
* according to the current accounting data - as of January 1; according to the population censuses of 1959 and 1970 - as of January 15; 1979 - January 17; 1989 - on January 12.
However, the population is not increasing in all regions of Russia. In 2013, the population of the Volga (-1.2%) and Far Eastern (-4.0%) federal districts continued to decline, and in the Far East, the population decline increased compared to 2012 (-2.3%). In the rest of the federal districts, population growth was observed, but its acceleration compared to 2012 was noted only in the Central, Northwestern and, to a lesser extent, in the North Caucasian federal districts.
As for the regions-subjects of the federation, population growth was observed, as in 2012, in 29 regions-subjects of the federation, and in the remaining 54 regions the population was declining. The value of the coefficient of total growth varied from -13.6% in the Magadan region to 24.2% in the Republic of Ingushetia (in 2012 from -13.9 to 26.9% in the same regions), and in the central half of the regions - from - 5.4% to 2.1% with a median value of -2.2% (from -5.6% to 2.4% with a median value of -2.0% in 2012). The range of variation has somewhat decreased, and there has been a tendency to reduce growth.
In addition to the Republic of Ingushetia, in 2013, high population growth was noted for St. Petersburg (20.5%), the Chechen Republic (16.4%), the Krasnodar Territory (13.8%), the Moscow Region (12.0%) and Moscow (10.7%), as well as the Tyumen region (10.1%). Population growth in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Novosibirsk and Leningrad regions decreased slightly compared to 2012, amounting to 7-8%. The increase in the population of the Kaliningrad region, on the contrary, increased somewhat, although it did not exceed 9%.
AT absolute terms the most significant population growth was recorded in Moscow (128.7 thousand people), St. Petersburg (103.9), the Moscow region (85.4) and the Krasnodar Territory (74.0).
The most intensive decline in the population in January-December 2013 was observed, as more than once in the past, not only in Magadan, but also in the Jewish Autonomous (-13.3%) and Murmansk (-12.1%) regions. About 9-10% was the decline in the population of the Kurgan, Arkhangelsk, Bryansk regions and the Komi Republic.
In 2013, for the first time in 21 years, there was a small natural increase- 23 thousand people - but population growth is mainly due to migration.
The highest birth rate in last years observed in women aged 25-29 years. For the first time it exceeded the birth rate in the group of 20-24 years in 2008, and in 2009-2012 the gap between them only widened. In 2012, for the first time since the 1980s, it exceeded the level of 100 births per 1,000 women (106.6%). The birth rate among women aged 20-24, after almost doubling in the second half of the 1980s and into the 1990s, remains relatively stable at about 90 births per 1,000 women. The growing birth rate of women aged 30-34 is gradually approaching this level (74.2% in 2012). Compared with the mid-1990s, the birth rate of women aged 35-39 has tripled (to almost 35%). The birth rate for women under 20 has stabilized at 27%. In the age group of 40-45 years, it gradually increases, but remains insignificant (about 7%). In the age group of 45-49 years, there are also signs of an increase in the birth rate, but in general, it has practically no effect on the overall birth rate, and its level is close to zero.
Population migrations
The mechanical movement of the population (migration) can be both external (emigration and immigration) and internal (intraregional and interregional). In addition, there is a pendulum migration - the daily movement of the population to work or to meet social needs.
When analyzing migration processes, to be the following quantitative indicators were used:
The scale of migration (migration turnover) is the number of arrivals and departures to the area for a certain period of time (year). The difference between the number of arrivals and departures is called the net migration. It can be positive and negative. The largest positive balance of migration with a significant scale of migration indicates a strong turnover of personnel, poor survival in a new place, that is, low efficiency of migration;
Migration efficiency is calculated as the ratio of the net migration to the number of arrivals (in %):
C - balance of migration;
K is the number of arrivals;
E - efficiency of migration.
The intensity of migration is measured by the intensity coefficient, which characterizes the ratio of the size of migration to the total population in the territory under consideration.
Kig – migration intensity factor;
V ig - migration flows from i - territory to g - u;
S, is the population of the i -th territory.
These coefficients make it possible to estimate the intensity of migration for individual territories and are a measure suitable for comparing migrations in time and space.
Migration is the movement of people between settlements. AT modern society the degree of mobility of people (the proportion involved in migration) is constantly increasing. Accordingly, the growth of population mobility can be used to judge the general level of development of the country. The more migrants, the more active independent people in society, quickly adapting to innovations and changing external conditions of their lives. In contrast, in traditional societies, residents very rarely left the boundaries of the settlements in which they were born, trying to live in accordance with centuries-old traditions. Any innovations in such homogeneous societies were introduced with great difficulty. But they were easier to manage than a modern society consisting of a large number social groups and individuals who are aware of and defend their interests.
Migrations affect the change in the population of a particular territory not only directly, but also indirectly. Since relocations to permanent place residences are usually made at a young age, in areas of influx of population a young age structure is formed, which leads to an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality. That is, the population is growing rapidly not only due to migration, but also due to high natural increase. On the contrary, an old age structure of the population is formed in the areas of outflow. Over time, the death rate becomes greater than the birth rate, and the population decreases not only due to the outflow, but also due to natural decline.
Migrations also affect the homogeneity of the national (ethnic) composition of the population of a given territory. In areas of long-term outflow of the population, the ethnic composition is, as a rule, homogeneous. The vast majority of residents are local natives. They are distrustful of visitors, especially if they are of a different nationality. Interethnic contacts and exchange of cultures in such areas are extremely difficult. On the contrary, in areas of influx of population, the majority of residents are newcomers and they often belong to the most diverse ethnic groups. Cultural and interethnic interaction (including interethnic marriages, adaptation to the customs of other peoples) is relatively easy.
economic importance migration is to redistribute labor resources between regions of the country or different states. In this case, the population usually moves from areas of old development to areas of new development, where there are not enough workers, as well as from states with an excess of labor resources to those states where they are not enough. But during periods economic crises When the existing territorial proportions of the economy are violated, reverse flows of migrants from areas of new development or countries that received settlers are also possible. First of all, recent migrants who have not taken root in a new place begin to return.
There are several classifications of migrations, the most important of which are three.
First, all migrations are divided into internal within the same country and external the movement of people between countries. External migrations, in turn, are divided into emigration(leaving the country) and immigration(entry into the country). External migrations played a decisive role in the formation of the population of some modern states (USA, Canada, etc.). But in most countries of the world, internal migration is of primary importance.
Secondly, all migrations are divided into irrevocable(resettlement to a permanent place of residence in another settlement) and returnable when there is no change of domicile. Refundable migrations can be seasonal (most often they are associated with seasonal agricultural work), commuting (people live and work in different settlements, making daily trips) and irregular (on vacation, on a business trip, etc.). In the past, irrevocable migrations, which had a decisive influence on human settlement of the Earth, were of primary importance. In modern society, return migrations are the main ones.
Thirdly, all migrations are divided into voluntary and forced. Voluntary migrations are made for some specific reasons and can be ore(for the purpose of employment), recreational(to rest), cultural and community(shopping, services), etc. Forced migrants are divided into refugees(which cannot remain in the same place because of the threat to life, health and well-being) and deportees(who are forcibly relocated). Ideally, all migrations should be only voluntary, but in practice this cannot be achieved in the foreseeable future.
On the territory of Russia, internal migrations were almost always larger than external ones. Only three are documented period of intensive external migrations.
1. The end of the eighteenth century. - the beginning of the 19th century, when there was an active immigration of residents of Western European countries to the territory of the Russian Empire. Mostly the Germans moved, but also the French, Danes, Dutch, and others. At that time, Russia invited everyone to develop empty lands in the south and east of the country. The bulk of those who arrived settled in the Lower Volga region. In total, more than 2 million people came, which was a significant figure for the population of the country at that time.
2. The end of the XIX century. - the beginning of the 20th century, when Russia was a country of active emigration. At the beginning of the period, it was mainly the rural population that left Russia from overpopulated areas of the central part of the country (the territory of the modern Central Black Earth, Central districts), but not only for economic reasons (lack of land), but also for national and religious reasons - Jews and Old Believers left. Migrants went mainly to the USA and Canada, which during this period invited everyone to develop their vacant lands. At the end of the period (after the outbreak of the First World War and especially after the events of 1917), it was mainly representatives of the bourgeoisie, the nobility, the clergy, and the intelligentsia who left the country, who were not satisfied with the new government. They were sent primarily to Western European countries. In total, more than 10 million people left Russia during this period.
3. The modern period, which began in the mid-80s. Many representatives of those ethnic groups that have their own states left the territory of Russia - Jews, Germans, Greeks, and then (after the collapse of the USSR) representatives of the peoples of the new independent states - Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Moldovans, etc. Migration flows went to the corresponding countries (Israel, Germany, Greece, Kazakhstan, etc.). At the same time, Russians and representatives of other Russian peoples (Tatars, Mordovians, etc.) began to return to Russia intensively from the newly independent states. Since the second half of the 1990s, representatives of many indigenous peoples from neighboring states began to actively migrate to Russia, attracted by employment opportunities. Most of all, residents of Ukraine, Belarus and the states of Transcaucasia participate in such trips (mainly return migrations).
In total, several million new residents have moved to Russia over the modern period. The flow of migrants has significantly reduced the decline in the country's population, which is observed due to the high natural decline.
Internal migration throughout almost the entire XX century. preserved the directions that had been formed during the previous centuries. There was a settlement of the northern and eastern regions of modern Russia, as well as the resettlement of Russians and other Russian peoples in the Soviet Union republics. True, already in the 1970s, Russia began to have a positive migration balance when exchanging with the southern republics of the USSR, where, due to high natural growth, “demographic pressure” began on representatives of non-indigenous nationalities.
The areas of the Asian part of Russia and the European North, in which new natural resources were developed, were distinguished by a particularly strong migration influx. People were attracted there by various benefits: high salary, reducing the retirement age, etc.
The Central and Northwestern regions were also characterized by a stable migration influx, but this happened due to the intensive arrival of migrants to Moscow (with the Moscow region) and St. Petersburg (with the Leningrad region). From other regions of these two districts there was an outflow of the population. Migration played a special role in shaping modern population Kaliningrad region, whose indigenous people were taken to Germany in 1945, and in return, immigrants from Russia and other union republics arrived former USSR.
A relatively small migration influx had the North Caucasus region, in the Russian regions of which, due to favorable natural conditions willingly settled people of retirement age who worked in the regions of the North. The national republics of the North Caucasus, as a rule, had a negative balance of migration due to agrarian overpopulation caused by high natural growth. Territories of the Volga and Ural regions in the first half of the twentieth century. had, as a rule, a positive balance of migrations, and in the second half it was close to zero or negative. The territories of the Volga-Vyatka and Central Chernozem regions were characterized by a stable migration outflow. That is why the population of these two regions by the end of the twentieth century. decreased compared to its first half.
In addition to inter-district movements, the migration of rural residents to urban settlements had a huge scale. In some years they amounted to more than 1 million people. The first to join them were residents of the Central and Northwestern regions(as early as the end of the 19th century), then the population of other Russian regions, and by the 80s of the 20th century. - and residents of almost the entire territory of Russia.
In the 1990s, the directions of internal migrations almost reversed. Under the conditions of the socio-economic crisis, the “northern” benefits lost their significance, and a massive outflow of the population from the northern and eastern parts of the country began. The former regions of outflow in the old developed regions of the country, on the contrary, began to have a significant positive balance of migration (with the exception of the North Caucasian republics, in which the outflow due to agrarian overpopulation and complex interethnic relations has been preserved). Basically, people who had previously left for the northern and eastern regions of the country began to return to them. For several years (in 1992-1994) there was also an outflow of urban residents to countryside, but then the migration balance of urban settlements again became positive. The overall mobility of the population has decreased as a result of the socio-economic crisis.
According to tentative estimates, more than 20 million employed and students in Russia participate in daily commuting trips. They are especially developed within urban agglomerations, where commuting migrants move mainly between the suburban area and the central city. Thus, about 800 thousand people come to Moscow from the suburban area of the metropolitan agglomeration every day to work or study, and about 100 thousand people leave Moscow to meet them in suburban settlements.
Classical seasonal migrations in Russia are developed in the very north - in the tundra and forest-tundra zones, as well as in the mountainous and foothill regions of the south of the country. In both cases, they are associated with the specifics of pastoral animal husbandry (reindeer or sheep breeding), when there are winter and summer pastures remote from each other, to which seasonally inhabited settlements are attached. Reindeer herders live in summer in the north - in the tundra, and in winter in the south - in the forest tundra. Sheep breeders live in the mountains in summer, where summer pastures are located, and in winter in the foothills near winter pastures. With a certain degree of conventionality, seasonal migrations can be attributed to the widespread travel of city dwellers in the summer to the countryside in the 1990s - to their summer cottages and garden plots or to rural relatives. At the same time, the townspeople provide themselves with certain types of food and have a rest, while the rural residents receive the labor assistance necessary during the summer season.
Forced migrations have a significant scale on the territory of Russia. They received great development in the 19th century, when, after the end of the Caucasian wars, many representatives of the Muslim North Caucasian peoples left their homeland: Adyghes, Circassians, Shapsugs, Abazins. They were forced to leave for the Ottoman Empire, which was close to them in religion - mainly to the territory of modern Turkey. But at the same time, during this period, Orthodox southern Slavs and Greeks, who settled in the Black Sea regions of the country, as well as Armenians, fled to Russia from the Ottoman Empire. Sakhalin was populated by exiled settlers, which until 1917 served as a place of hard labor.
Forced migrations (deportations) were especially widespread in the 1930s and 1940s. Initially, “dispossessed” peasants and other “enemies of the people” (former nobles, clergy, members of pre-revolutionary parties and other groups) were sent to the North, to Siberia, to the semi-desert regions of the country, including large construction projects of the first Soviet five-year plans ( White Sea-Baltic Canal, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.). Then, as part of the preparations for the theater of military operations, the resettlement of entire "unreliable" peoples began. In 1937, Koreans from Primorsky Krai were taken to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In 1939, the Poles were deported from the regions of western Ukraine and Belarus, newly annexed to the USSR, to Siberia. In 1941, the Germans, who lived mainly in the Volga region, were resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan.
The deportation of peoples reached its greatest scale in 1943-1944, when Kalmyks (from the Volga region), Chechens, Ingush, Karachays and Balkars (from the North Caucasus), Crimean Tatars (from the Crimea), Turks- Meskhetians (from Georgia), Greeks (from the Black Sea region) and a number of other peoples. These forced resettlements were accompanied by heavy losses (up to 30% of all deportees died, or only in the first time after the resettlement) and still have a negative impact on interethnic relations in the country. At the end of the 50s, the Kalmyks and the peoples of the North Caucasus were returned to their homeland, but it was not possible to completely restore the previous situation, since neighboring peoples were resettled on the lands of the deported.
A new surge of forced migration has been observed since the late 1980s, when, as a result of regional wars and armed conflicts, numerous flows of refugees and forced migrants appeared on the territory of the former USSR. The largest masses of forced migrants (citizens of Russia) and refugees (citizens of other countries) gave rise to wars: Karabakh (in Azerbaijan), Transnistrian (in Moldova), Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian (in Georgia), inter-Tajik (in Tajikistan), Chechen ( in the Chechen Republic), as well as armed conflicts: Ossetian-Ingush (in the Republic of North Ossetia), Uzbek-Meskhetian (in Uzbekistan), Kyrgyz-Uzbek (in Kyrgyzstan). In many cases, the flows of refugees and internally displaced persons went from neighboring countries to the territory of Russia, and in case of conflicts within Russia - to neighboring regions. The largest concentration of refugees and forced migrants is observed in the republics of North Ossetia-Alania and Ingushetia - up to 10% of local population. In addition, the Krasnodar and Altai regions stand out with a large number of refugees and forced migrants (more than 30 thousand people each).
However, the first place in terms of attractiveness for migration in 2014 was not Moscow, but the Moscow Region, where the migration increase for 8 months of 2014 amounted to 67,918 people.
Moscow was able to grow due to migration by only 22,366 people - this is the third place in Russia after St. Petersburg.
The northern capital turned out to be somewhat more attractive for visitors; the population growth during this period amounted to 23,094 people.
On the fourth line of the rating is the Krasnodar Territory with a migration gain of 31,113 people. And closes the top 5 regions of Russia in terms of attractiveness for migration Leningrad region, where from January to August 2014 the population increased by 14811 people due to visitors.
Among the leaders in terms of migration growth were also:
in the North Caucasus federal district –Stavropol Territory (+1935 people);
in the Volga Federal District–Republic of Tatarstan (+4596 people);
in the Ural Federal District– Tyumen region without auto-districts (+7252 people);
in the Siberian Federal District– Novosibirsk region (+5831 people);
in the Far Eastern Federal District- Amur region (+526 people).
In recent decades, the birth rate has been gradually declining in Russia. A decrease in the proportion of children leads to an increase in the proportion of pensioners and the aging of the nation, an increase in mortality. In recent decades, the birth rate has been gradually declining in Russia. A decrease in the proportion of children leads to an increase in the proportion of pensioners and the aging of the nation, an increase in mortality.
World War I and Civil Wars World War I and Civil Wars. Human losses in Russia amounted to 11 to 18 million people. The birth rate deficit amounted to 10 million people. Therefore, the total losses are estimated from 21 to 28 million people. WWII WWII. Human losses amounted to about 27 million people. Birth deficit from 11 to 20 million people. Total losses - from 37 to 47 million people. Losses from these two wars alone are estimated at 58 to 75 million people. (!) But at the beginning of the century there were other wars. And more recently, the losses in the Afghan and Chechen wars were huge !!!
1. Why in the years. there was a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in infant mortality? 2. Why in the years. Was there a decline in the birth rate? 3. When can we expect the next such decrease in the number of births?
Population and features demographic situation in the Altai Territory 2602.6 1378.8 Population 2602.6 thousand people Of these, 1,378.8 thousand are women. In 2004, the population in the region decreased by 19 thousand people (of which 11 thousand are men). 65.4 years 59.3 years 72.2 years The average life expectancy is 65.4 years. For men - 59.3 years, for women - 72.2 years.
Population and features of the demographic situation in the Altai Territory 10.8% 0 Birth rate growth (10.8% 0). 15.8 High mortality of the population (15.8 cases per 1000 inhabitants). Negative E. p. since 1996, which is associated with high level mortality against the backdrop of low birth rates.
slide 2
1. The population of Russia.
2. Dynamics of the population of Russia.
3. Population censuses.
4. The natural movement of the population.
slide 3
According to Federal Service state statistics, the number of resident population of the Russian Federation as of August 1, 2010. amounted to 141.8 million people
slide 4
Consider the table:
1. Name the largest countries in the world in terms of population.
2. What place does Russia occupy in the world?
3. How has the situation changed by the beginning of 2010?
Write down the largest countries in the world by population in a notebook.
Slide 5
The first census was conducted in Russia in 1897.
Then the population was 67.5 million people.
What year was the last census and when is the next one?
Soviet posters dedicated to the census
slide 6
Emblem and mascot of the 2010 census
Slide 7
Consider Table 5 on page 30.
How has the population changed?
On the graph, name the periods when the population decreased.
How can this be explained?
Periods of population decline are called demographic crisis.
Slide 8
During the 20th century, Russia experienced several demographic crises. Using the content
following slides and tutorial, complete the table:
Slide 9
slide 10
Slide 11
slide 12
Demographic crises in Russia.
Slide 14
The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a given time period is called
natural growth (EP = R-S)
What are the consequences of such a ratio? (use the text of the textbook p. 31)
slide 15
slide 16
Population change by constituent entities of the Russian Federation between the 1989 and 2002 population censuses
Look at the map and draw a conclusion about the change in population
Slide 17
GENERAL RESULTS OF THE NATURAL MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION
for the first half of 2010 (According to the Federal State Statistics Service)
Examine the statistics and draw a conclusion about the natural movement of the population for the first half of 2010 compared to 2009
Slide 18
1. To help the school teacher. Zhizina E.A. Pourochnye developments in geography. Population and economy of Russia. Grade 9 "VAKO", Moscow, 2006
2.V.P.Dronov, V.Ya.Rom Geography Russia Population and economy M.: Bustard, 2008
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