Central - black earth economic region. Natural conditions and resources of the Central Black Earth economic region Chernozem area

Population.

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Composition, geographical location, natural resource potential. The Central Black Earth Region (TsChR) includes the Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions. This is the smallest region of Russia in terms of area - 167.7 thousand km2. The name of the district comes from its location - it is located in that part Central Russia where chernozem soils predominate. In the north and north-west, the region borders on the Central region of Russia, in the east - on the Volga region, in the south - on the North Caucasian region, in the south-west - on Ukraine.

Most of the CCR is occupied by the hilly Central Russian Upland, which in the east passes into the Oka-Don Lowland. The rugged relief contributes to the development of soil erosion, which negatively affects agriculture. The soil-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe, on the contrary, are very favorable for the development of agriculture. It combines a temperate temperate continental climate with warm summers, relatively warm winters, sufficient rainfall and exceptionally high natural soil fertility. In most of the region, the content of humus in soils reaches 10% with the thickness of the chernozem layer up to 120-130 cm. Located on the watershed of the Don, Oka and Dnieper rivers, the region does not have large watercourses on its territory. Therefore, the specific water supply (river flow per capita) is minimal in Russia, and in large cities the water management balance is very tense.

Only two types of mineral raw materials are distributed on a large scale on the territory of the Central Chernozem region, but their reserves are very large. Firstly, these are the iron ores of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), which concentrates almost 60% of the iron ore reserves in Russia. The deposits are located in the Belgorod (Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.) and Kursk (Mikhailovskoye) regions. Secondly, there are large deposits of cement raw materials in the region. In terms of reserves of non-mineral natural resources - forest, water and hydropower - the Central Chernobyl region occupies the last place in Russia.

The EGP of the Central Black Earth region is advantageous, since it is located at the intersection of transport routes from the Center to the South of Russia and to Ukraine, as well as from the Volga region to European countries. Favorable presence of huge reserves of iron ore and good conditions for the development of agriculture. The lack of access to the oceans has a negative effect.

Population. The population of the CCR, according to the 2002 census, was 7.5 million people. The population density is 45 people per 1 km2 (the third place among the regions of Russia after the Central and North Caucasian regions). Unlike the rest of the country, the differences in density are large. The share of the urban population in the Central Chernozem region is 62% - the penultimate place in Russia before the North Caucasus. This is due to good conditions for the development of agriculture and resettlement. There are no millionaire cities in the region, although more than 1 million inhabitants live in the urban agglomeration of Voronezh.

The natural decline in the population in the region is large (up to 10%o), and in most years during the 90s it was not blocked by the migration influx. A significant proportion of migrants in recent years are refugees and internally displaced persons from newly independent states. As a result, at present the population in the region is less than in 1989, by 3%. In contrast to the situation of the 1990s, in the previous decades, there was an intensive migration outflow of the population from the region. Therefore, the age structure of the population is old. The proportion of the population of working age is minimal among the regions of the country. Skill level labor resources The CCR is quite high. However, due to the strong decline industrial production and the influx of forced migrants, the unemployment rate in the Tambov, Voronezh and Belgorod regions is higher than the national average. The CCR is the most homogeneous in the country in terms of the ethnic composition of the population. The share of Russians exceeds 90% in all regions. The share of Ukrainians is also significant. The religion of both closely related peoples is Orthodoxy.

Leading Industries. In the Central Black Earth region, the following set of industries of inter-district specialization has developed:

In industry: ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, building materials and food;

In agriculture: growing cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, dairy and meat cattle breeding.

Ferrous metallurgy is the leader in the economy of the region, producing more than a third of industrial output (the maximum share of the industry in the regions of the country). Its significance is determined by the superiority of the region in Russia in the extraction of iron ore (almost 60%), as well as its large weight in the production of steel and rolled products (about 20%). The largest open pits for the extraction of poor ore (iron content in ore 20-30%) are located near the cities of Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region) and Zheleznogorsk (Kursk Region). Ore from the Yakovlevsky deposit near Belgorod is mined in the mines. This is a more expensive method, but the iron content here is much higher - up to 60%. The large Novolipetsk metallurgical complex of a full cycle, producing more than 7 million tons of steel per year, is located in Lipetsk. In Stary Oskol, there is an electrometallurgical plant that produces steel from iron ore concentrates, bypassing the stage of pig iron production. This is the most modern enterprise in the industry in the country, producing high quality steel and rolled products.

The main sub-sectors are sugar, oil-milling, flour-grinding, cereals, canned vegetables, cheese-and-butter, milk-canning, and meat industries. About 40% of granulated sugar, 25% of vegetable oil, 10-15% of flour, cereals, animal oil, canned vegetables, and meat are produced in the Central Chernozem region from the all-Russian production. The sugar sub-sector is especially well developed (more than 50 factories), processing not only local raw materials, but also imported raw sugar.

Mechanical engineering provides about 15% of industrial output in the region. Metal-intensive industries using local metal are well developed: the manufacture of steam boilers in Belgorod, equipment for the chemical industry in Tambov, and excavators in Voronezh. A large tractor plant is located in Lipetsk. In Voronezh (the main scientific center of the region), a complex of plants for precision and military engineering has developed. Aircraft, spacecraft, metalworking machines, instruments, radio engineering and electronics are made here. In the 90s, a large-scale production of refrigerators appeared in Lipetsk (the Stinol plant).

The chemical industry produces about 10% of the region's products. Mineral fertilizers are produced on a large scale: nitrogen fertilizers - in Lipetsk (production originally arose on the basis of the use of coke gas from ferrous metallurgy), phosphate fertilizers from Khibiny apatites - in Uvarov (Tambov region). In the Voronezh region (the city of Rossosh), both nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are produced. Chemical products going to other regions are synthetic rubber and tires from Voronezh, chemical fibers from Kursk, plastics and paint and varnish products from Tambov.

The building materials industry produces about 5% of the region's industrial output. Of interregional importance is the production of cement, which was formed on the basis of the use of limestone and dolomite deposits, as well as the processing of overburden and ferrous metallurgy waste. The main production centers are Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk.

The main branch of agriculture in the region is crop production.

Central Black Earth Region

The cultivation of cereals (winter wheat, barley, buckwheat), sugar beets, and potatoes is widespread. Lots of gardens and vegetable gardens. In the southern part of the district, sunflower crops are large, essential oil crops are grown. In the northern part of the district there are hemp crops. The main sub-sector of animal husbandry is dairy and beef cattle breeding. Pig breeding and poultry farming are also widespread, which use waste from crop production and the food industry. An acute problem for the agriculture of the region is the large-scale withdrawal of fertile lands and a decrease in the level of groundwater during the quarrying of iron ore deposits.

The work of the district's specialization branches is provided by the electric power industry and transport. Unlike other regions of the country, two nuclear power plants generate most of the energy: Kursk, one of the most powerful in Russia (4 million kW), and Novovoronezh. There are absolutely no hydroelectric power stations. At the same time, there is not enough energy in the region. The Central Black Earth Region has a dense network of railways and motor roads. In terms of the density of public roads with a hard surface, the Central Chernozem Region is the leader in Russia - about 200 km per 1000 km2, in terms of the density of railways it shares the first place with the Central District. Main gas and oil pipelines are laid through the territory of the Central Chernozem region, following from the Volga region and Western Siberia towards Ukraine and further to Europe.

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Central Black Earth region.

Composition, geographical location, natural resource potential. The Central Black Earth Region (TsChR) includes the Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions. This is the smallest region of Russia in terms of area - 167.7 thousand km2. The name of the district comes from its location - it is located in that part of Central Russia where chernozem soils predominate. In the north and northwest, the region borders on the Central region of Russia, in the east - on the Volga region, in the south - on the North Caucasian region, in the southwest - on Ukraine.

Central - Chernozemny region (p. 1 of 4)

The deposits are located in the Belgorod (Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.) and Kursk (Mikhailovskoye) regions. Secondly, there are large deposits of cement raw materials in the region. In terms of reserves of non-mineral natural resources - forest, water and hydropower - the Central Chernobyl region occupies the last place in Russia.

The EGP of the Central Black Earth region is advantageous, since it is located at the intersection of transport routes from the Center to the South of Russia and to Ukraine, as well as from the Volga region to European countries. The presence of huge reserves of iron ore and good conditions for the development of agriculture are favorable. The lack of access to the oceans has a negative effect.

There are no millionaire cities in the region, although more than 1 million inhabitants live in the urban agglomeration of Voronezh.

The natural decline in the population in the region is large (up to 10%o), and in most years during the 90s it was not blocked by the migration influx. A significant proportion of migrants in recent years are refugees and internally displaced persons from newly independent states. As a result, at present the population in the region is less than in 1989, by 3%. In contrast to the situation in the 1990s, in the previous decades, there was an intensive migration outflow of the population from the region. Therefore, the age structure of the population is old. The proportion of the population of working age is minimal among the regions of the country. The level of qualification of the labor resources of the CCR is quite high. At the same time, due to the strong decline in industrial production and the influx of forced migrants, the unemployment rate in the Tambov, Voronezh and Belgorod regions is higher than the national average. The CCR is the most homogeneous in the country in terms of the ethnic composition of the population. The share of Russians exceeds 90% in all regions. The share of Ukrainians is also significant. The religion of both closely related peoples is Orthodoxy.

Leading Industries. In the Central Black Earth region, the following set of industries of inter-district specialization has developed:

In industry: ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, building materials and food;

In agriculture: growing cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, dairy and meat cattle breeding.

The main branch of agriculture in the region is crop production. The cultivation of cereals (winter wheat, barley, buckwheat), sugar beets, and potatoes is widespread. Lots of gardens and vegetable gardens. In the southern part of the district, sunflower crops are large, essential oil crops are grown. In the northern part of the district there are hemp crops. The main sub-sector of animal husbandry is dairy and beef cattle breeding. Pig breeding and poultry farming are also widespread, which use waste from crop production and the food industry. An acute problem for the agriculture of the region is the large-scale withdrawal of fertile lands and a decrease in the level of groundwater during the quarrying of iron ore deposits.

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The Non-Chernozem Region, or, more precisely, the Non-Chernozem Zone, is a vast territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its chernozem soils and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 28 regions and republics, as well as the Perm Territory, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and two federal cities. The Non-Chernozem zone is included in four large economic regions - North-Western, Northern, Volga-Vyatka and Central. Its total area is 2824 thousand km2. This is more than the area of France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany combined. About 60 million people live in the Non-Chernozem region, that is, more than 1/3 of the population of Russia. Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem Zone has played and continues to play an important role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century. the Russian centralized state arose.

Central Chernozem Economic Region Contents 1 Composition

The Russian national culture was created in the Non-Black Earth region, from here the Russians settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, the Russian people have defended their freedom and independence on this territory. Russian industry was born here, large Russian cities have grown and are developing.

And in our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. The center of the Non-Black Earth Region, St. Petersburg, the Urals are the most important industrial bases, forges of scientific and working personnel. In the Non-Chernozem region are the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second city in economic and cultural significance - St. Petersburg and such major cities and industrial centers, how Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, etc.

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region of Russia. Here is 1/5 of the area of agricultural land in the country.

The development of agriculture here is favored by the presence of huge tracts of arable land, many meadows and pastures, as well as good moisture, and the almost complete absence of droughts. True, the soils here are poor in humus. However, the soils of the Non-Chernozem region in climatically favorable areas, when carrying out the necessary reclamation (drainage, liming, mineral fertilizers), can produce up to 80 centners of grain and up to 800–1000 centners of potatoes per hectare.

The development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region on the basis of its intensification, melioration, complex mechanization and chemicalization is the level of a national task.

The development of the Non-Black Earth region will take more than one decade. It is necessary to increase the production of various agricultural products.

But the accelerated growth in the production of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, vegetables, and other products is only one of the aspects of the growth of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth region. After all, all the products received must be stored and processed. Therefore, new grain elevators, meat processing plants, dairy plants, storage facilities for potatoes and vegetables are being built here.

It is especially important to organize large mechanized farms in dairy and meat animal husbandry, the main branch of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region. The population of this zone is the largest consumer of milk and fresh meat.

Work is underway to change the structure and geography of cultivated crops. Thus, due to wheat, the areas under oats and barley are being expanded, as they are more productive and, moreover, suitable for livestock feed, work is underway on a more rational distribution of industrial crops (primarily flax), on the concentration of planting potatoes and vegetables.

The primary task is to develop new non-chernozem lands for arable land, improve existing arable land, and increase its fertility. Another important task is the creation of cultural pastures.

An important task has been set before the Non-Chernozem region - the transformation into a region of highly productive agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the development of industries related to them.

It is unthinkable to fulfill the tasks of transforming the agriculture of the Non-Chernozem region without the active participation of young people. This goal will be attractive to young men and women, here there is an opportunity for everyone to apply their knowledge, energy, and show love for work on earth.

discipline: Economic geography and reginalistics

Completed:

2nd year students

groups 6-12TD2/8

Queen I.

Nezhdanova A.

Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth economic region.

The Central Black Earth economic region includes:

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions with an area of 167.7 thousand km2 (1% of the entire territory of Russia) and a population living in them as of 09.10.2002 7,517,456 people. (5.3% of the total population of Russia). According to the number of inhabitants, the cities (thousands) are distinguished: Voronezh (903), Lipetsk (375), Kursk (373), Tambov (265), Belgorod (227), Yelets (113) and Michurinsk (102).

Central Black Earth Region

The western part of the region (Oryol, Kursk and Belgorod regions) is located on the Central Russian Upland, the middle part (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions) is on the Oka-Donskaya lowland. A feature of the modern relief is a lot of ravines, the development of which was facilitated by both natural factors (hilly, easily eroded soils) and socio-economic factors (excessive deforestation, plowing of meadows). Using the advantages of its geographical position between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Chernozem Center is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region.

In the inter-district territorial division of social labor in the Central

The Chernozem region is distinguished by the production of products of the iron ore and metallurgical complex, related engineering, chemical and food industries. In formation economic complex Central

In the Chernozem economic region, an important role is played by the presence of the richest reserves of iron ore, massive fertile black earth lands, combined with favorable agro-climatic conditions and a convenient economic and geographical position. natural conditions The region is characterized by moderate continentality. Despite the aridity, the conditions are favorable for agriculture.

In agriculture industries market specialization are the production of grain, sugar beet, sunflower, essential oil crops, fruits, berries, milk and meat. Having 1% of the territory of Russia and 5.3% of the population, the district produces 49.3% of marketable iron ore, 17.2% of pig iron, 18.8% of steel, 19.4% of finished rolled ferrous metals, 2.2% of forging and pressing machines, 12.4% cement, 25.2% vegetable oil and 35.4% granulated sugar.

The Central Chernozemny region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average for Russia. The Central Black Earth region has developed economic ties With
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and with
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral construction materials, ferrous metals, bread, and sugar are exported from the region. Since the economy of the region is experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the import of coal, coke, oil and oil products prevails, and large volumes of mineral construction cargo, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc. are imported.

2. Natural resource potential of the Central Black Earth region.

The main natural wealth of the region is the iron ore of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which occurs on its territory in two bands: Orel - Shchigry - Stary Oskol - Valuyki (Oryol and Tula region) with a width of 1 to 25 km and Lgov-Belgorod (Kursk and Belgorod region) with a width of 2 to 40 km with seam thickness of 70-350 meters. Two main types of ores are developed: poor, but largely economically enriched, with an iron content of 36% and rich, the iron content, in which is over 60% with a small amount of sulfur and phosphorus. Poor ores are represented by ferruginous quartzites, their occurrence depth is from several meters to 700 m (southwestern part of the Kursk magnetic anomaly). Rich ores belong to magnetite, hematite and martite species and are located in the Belgorod region. Currently, the most famous deposits in the Belgorod region are: Yakovlevskoye, Gostishchevskoye, Saltykovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Pogrometskoye, Chernyanskoye; in the Kursk region - Mikhailovskoye, Kurbakinskoye and Dichnyansko-Reutetskoye. The shallow occurrence of ores (at a depth of 35-40 to 400-500 meters) and deeper allows them to be mined in open pits with significantly lower capital and current costs of labor and funds. Mine mining of ores at depth is complicated here by the abundant water saturation of underground horizons. The construction of underground mines is carried out with the help of special refrigeration units for freezing rocks during the sinking of mine shafts. The high quality of rich ores at depth can not only compensate for the costs of this equipment, but also ensure the high efficiency of the KMA mining industry. In addition to the high iron content, these ores contain only tenths of a percent of sulfur and hundredths of a phosphorus.

The region also has large reserves of non-metallic minerals: granites, refractory clays, chalk, marls, dolomites; there are reserves of copper-nickel ores and bauxites.

In the iron ore deposits of the Belgorod region, industrial bauxite deposits have been discovered - the Vislovskoye deposit, but due to the great depth of occurrence and difficult hydrogeological conditions, it has not yet been exploited.

Copper-nickel deposits of the Voronezh region form the third largest (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province Russian Federation. In addition, there are deposits of cement raw materials, refractory clay, sand, and building stone in the region. The most famous are the Latnenskoye deposit of refractory clays and the Pavlovskoye deposit of building materials.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

The Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The best known are deposits of building materials, such as Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, and dolomites - Dankovskoye.

The Tambov region has stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; the most famous sand deposits are Tambovskoe and Polkovskoe.

The Central Black Earth region is acutely deficient in terms of fuel and energy resources and uses almost entirely imported fuel.

The climate of the region is moderately continental, in a given part it is quite humid, in the southeast it is drier, droughts are not uncommon. The average temperature in July is +(19-20) 0С, in January - (9-11) 0С. The amount of annual precipitation is 400-500 mm per year. The duration of the growing season with temperatures above 50C - 175-200 days, with temperatures above 100C - 140-170 days. The hydrographic network is poor. The only major river is the Don with its tributaries the Voronezh and the Northern Donets. The Don is navigable only in the lower reaches of Pavlovsk. The remaining rivers are shallow, their main use is water supply for the population and industrial enterprises. Currently, there is a tense water management balance in large cities.

Soils are the most valuable wealth of the region: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov regions gray forest and podzolic soils are common, throughout the rest of the territory - various types of chernozem with a humus content of 4-6 to 10-12% with a horizon thickness of up to 120 in some areas. - 130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Chernozems here were formed on loose soils of sandy loams, so they are easily amenable to water erosion, leading to the formation of ravines. In some regions, up to 60% of the land is subject to erosion, so the fight against ravines is the most important task of the farmers of the region. The real means of this struggle was the special processing of fields and artificial forest plantations, which make up about half of the forested area of the region. The average forest cover in the region is 8%. Industrial logging is prohibited almost everywhere. Forest resources are mainly of soil protection and recreational importance. The industrial exploitation of forests does not play any significant role in providing the region with commercial timber. The timber and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials; furniture, lumber, chipboard, and plywood are produced in the region. The industry's products meet the region's internal needs for consumer goods.

3. POPULATION AND WORK RESOURCES.

Population of C.Ch.E.R. is 7.9 million people, or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation. 61.6% of the population lives in cities, in countryside 38.4% of the population. In terms of population density (47.0 people per km2), the region occupies one of the leading places in Russia. In connection with the intensive development of the iron ore and metallurgical complex in the region, as well as the fact that for a long time the region supplied labor reserves to other regions of the country, in the C.Ch.E.R. the age and sex structure was disturbed, which led to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate of the population. As a result, in the region, one of the first in Russia, a natural population decline began. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a slight increase in the birth rate in 1985-1987. and at the expense of emigrants from areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from neighboring countries, but continues to be critical.

Central Black Earth region.

Composition, geographical location, natural resource potential. The Central Black Earth Region (TsChR) includes the Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions. This is the smallest region of Russia in terms of area - 167.7 thousand km2. The name of the district comes from its location - it is located in that part of Central Russia where chernozem soils predominate. In the north and northwest, the region borders on the Central region of Russia, in the east - on the Volga region, in the south - on the North Caucasian region, in the southwest - on Ukraine.

The EGP of the Central Black Earth region is advantageous, since it is located at the intersection of transport routes from the Center to the South of Russia and to Ukraine, as well as from the Volga region to European countries. The presence of huge reserves of iron ore and good conditions for the development of agriculture are favorable. The lack of access to the oceans has a negative effect.

Central Black Earth Economic Region

Therefore, the age structure of the population is old. The proportion of the population of working age is minimal among the regions of the country. The level of qualification of the labor resources of the CCR is quite high. At the same time, due to the strong decline in industrial production and the influx of forced migrants, the unemployment rate in the Tambov, Voronezh and Belgorod regions is higher than the national average. The CCR is the most homogeneous in the country in terms of the ethnic composition of the population. The share of Russians exceeds 90% in all regions. The share of Ukrainians is also significant. The religion of both closely related peoples is Orthodoxy.

Leading Industries. In the Central Black Earth region, the following set of industries of inter-district specialization has developed:

In industry: ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, building materials and food;

In agriculture: growing cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, dairy and meat cattle breeding.

discipline: Economic geography and reginalistics

Completed:

2nd year students

groups 6-12TD2/8

Queen I.

Nezhdanova A.

Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth economic region.

The Central Black Earth economic region includes:

The Central Black Earth economic region occupies a central position in the black earth belt of the Russian Plain and borders on the leading industrial region of the country - Central, and is also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and Ukraine. The territory of the TsChER is located on the watershed, along the upper reaches of the Oka, Don and Seima rivers (a tributary of the Desna, on which Kursk stands). The western part of the region (Oryol, Kursk and Belgorod regions) is located on the Central Russian Upland, the middle part (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions) is on the Oka-Donskaya lowland. A feature of the modern relief is a lot of ravines, the development of which was facilitated by both natural factors (hilly, easily eroded soils) and socio-economic factors (excessive deforestation, plowing of meadows). Using the advantages of its geographical position between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Chernozem Center is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region.

In the inter-district territorial division of social labor in the Central

The Chernozem region is distinguished by the production of products of the iron ore and metallurgical complex, related engineering, chemical and food industries. In the formation of the economic complex of the Central

The presence of the richest reserves of iron ore, massive fertile black earth lands in combination with favorable agro-climatic conditions and a convenient economic and geographical position play an important role in the Chernozem economic region. The natural conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality. Despite the aridity, the conditions are favorable for agriculture.

In agriculture, the sectors of market specialization are the production of grain, sugar beet, sunflower, essential oil crops, fruits, berries, milk and meat. Having 1% of the territory of Russia and 5.3% of the population, the district produces 49.3% of marketable iron ore, 17.2% of pig iron, 18.8% of steel, 19.4% of finished rolled ferrous metals, 2.2% of forging and pressing machines, 12.4% cement, 25.2% vegetable oil and 35.4% granulated sugar.

The Central Chernozemny region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average for Russia. The Central Black Earth region has developed economic ties with
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and with
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral construction materials, ferrous metals, bread, and sugar are exported from the region. Since the economy of the region is experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the import of coal, coke, oil and oil products prevails, and large volumes of mineral construction cargo, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc. are imported.

2. Natural resource potential of the Central Black Earth region.

The region also has large reserves of non-metallic minerals: granites, refractory clays, chalk, marls, dolomites; there are reserves of copper-nickel ores and bauxites.

Copper-nickel deposits of the Voronezh region form the third most important (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province of the Russian Federation. In addition, there are deposits of cement raw materials, refractory clay, sand, and building stone in the region. The most famous are the Latnenskoye deposit of refractory clays and the Pavlovskoye deposit of building materials.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

The Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The best known are deposits of building materials, such as Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, and dolomites - Dankovskoye.

The Tambov region has stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; the most famous sand deposits are Tambovskoe and Polkovskoe.

The Central Black Earth region is acutely deficient in terms of fuel and energy resources and uses almost entirely imported fuel.

3. POPULATION AND WORK RESOURCES.

Population of C.Ch.E.R. is 7.9 million people, or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation. 61.6% of the population lives in cities, 38.4% of the population lives in rural areas. In terms of population density (47.0 people per km2), the region occupies one of the leading places in Russia. In connection with the intensive development of the iron ore and metallurgical complex in the region, as well as the fact that for a long time the region supplied labor reserves to other regions of the country, in the C.Ch.E.R. the age and sex structure was disturbed, which led to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate of the population. As a result, in the region, one of the first in Russia, a natural population decline began. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a slight increase in the birth rate in 1985-1987. and at the expense of emigrants from areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from neighboring countries, but continues to be critical.

The number of labor resources tends to decrease and the area from the category of labor surplus, perhaps, will move to the category of labor shortage.

4. Demographic situation and population distribution

Birth, death, natural increase determine the total number

the population of the country as a whole. In the context of individual regions, natural and

mechanical increments can affect the change in the total number in different ways

population of the country and territory

Consider the general fertility rates. The table shows

birth rate data in the Central Black Earth region for the regions included in these regions.

Total fertility rates (number of births per 1,000 population)

Central Chernoz. area

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

After analyzing the data in the table, we can conclude that

the last decade there has been a decrease in the number of births in all

areas of this region. Today, according to some observers, an incredible demographic catastrophe has hit the country; in terms of birth rates, it has only entered a number of European countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, which are by no means in a state of crisis.

Fertility depends on a very large number of factors, among which,

there are probably those that can be influenced and thereby somewhat

raise its level. Such opportunities, not, must be identified and

use. But to calculate the growth of the birth rate, capable of

fundamentally change the situation with natural growth, hardly

Mortality is the second component of the form natural increase population.

It is known that in Russia it is very high.

Consider the data on mortality in the Central Black Earth region in the table.

Central Chernoz. area

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

The situation with mortality in this area is also not the best. Increase in mortality in this area compared to 1985 on average

amounted to about 20-30%. This is slightly more than in some other areas, but in

In general, there is a tendency for an increase in mortality in Russia.

In Russia, in the early 90s, the mortality rate of men aged 30 to 40

was 3.4 times higher, women - 2 times higher than in the West. At Russian structure mortality in 1990, out of every thousand born boys, sooner or later 147 will die from an accident.

In 1995, there was a new turn, this time - for the better. Back to top

In 1998, life expectancy for men increased by 3.6 years, for women - by 2.1 years. But even now life expectancy in Russia is still very low: for women it is at the level of the turn of the 70-80s, for men it is even less than this extremely low

The deformed age structure of the population is the third factor, from

on which its natural growth depends. In the Central Black Earth region, and in Russia as a whole, its influence masked depopulation trends for a long time and contributed to the persistence of the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths, when the age-related intensities of births and deaths no longer gave grounds for this. Generally speaking, for a period of rapid decline in fertility and the aging associated with it, this is a common situation.

Now the potential for demographic growth in the Central Black Earth region under consideration has been exhausted, they cannot play the former masking role and de age pyramid. The natural increase in these regions all depends directly on the age-related intensities of births and deaths, and the decisive importance belongs to the birth rate, which is very low here, and its significant increase is small. Thus, the current demographic situation and those with forecasts do not leave much hope for a positive natural increase in the foreseeable future

State Committee according to the statistics of the Russian Federation, based on the current

time trends and their possible changes in the future made forward-looking

population estimates up to 2010. At the same time, three

hypothetical options demographic development- average, pessimistic

and optimistic.

The middle option is based on the assumption of a slow exit of the country from

economic crisis, which, on the one hand, will have a positive effect on the dynamics

mortality, and on the other hand, will allow families to fully realize their

reproductive intentions identified in the 1994 micro-census.

A pessimistic scenario is quite likely if the crisis drags on. He

is based on the extrapolation of the dynamics of the increase in mortality, which began in the middle

60s, until the end of the forecast period. Fertility is stabilizing

limit below which it cannot fall.

An optimistic vision of the future is based on the fact that crisis phenomena

recent years, it will be possible to quickly neutralize, as a result of which already in

In the coming years, there will be positive changes in the dynamics of mortality. Level

birth rate will approach the pre-crisis indicator, and in the future in Russia

a smooth transition to a new stage of demographic development will begin.

The forecast of the prospective population size is made taking into account possible

applications of migration flows. It was assumed that during the entire period

migration processes will serve as a deterrent to a significant decline in

population due to negative natural growth.

So, for 1996-2010. The migration component may exceed 2.6 million people.

human. At the same time, the influx of migrants from the former Soviet republics to Russia will amount to

more than 3.6 million people, and the number of Russians who left for permanent place

residence in foreign countries- almost 1 million people.

According to forecast estimates, the number of migrants from the former Soviet republics

will gradually decrease. Until 2000, the excess of entry into Russia over

departure from it, on average, will be at the level of about 400 thousand people per

year, at the beginning of the new millennium (2000-2005) - a little more than 200 thousand people.

people, and in the future (2006-2010) - most likely will not exceed 150 thousand people.

person per year. The main influx of population from the former Soviet republics

will fall on the Central, Central Black Earth, North Caucasian and

Volga regions. Migration processes within Russia will

be characterized by a mass exodus of the population from the northern and eastern regions

European part of the country. By the end of the millennium, more than 300 thousand people will leave

these territories.

Today, it is almost impossible to sharply increase the birth rate, and it is also unrealistic to reduce mortality, i.e. it is necessary to look for other ways out of the current situation. One of these solutions can be called the migration process that is observed today. AT last years population of the Central Black Earth

The area is replenished only due to migration processes. And here already

there is a lack of state regulation chaotic migration.

The state is obliged to intervene in the processes of migration. Unfortunately for this

there is no clear concept yet. Meanwhile Russian society must

protect themselves from the negative social consequences of illegal migration.

It is clear that in the conditions of "transparency" of Russia's borders, it has not yet been possible to

put a solid barrier to the illegal entry of migrants into its

territory. Therefore, the legislative base of migration processes is the main

problem on the way of regulation of social problems in Russia. They are diverse

and difficult, but it is necessary to solve them, since through migration Russia

will be able to redistribute its population potential with the greatest

benefit the country.

5. Industry of the Central Black Earth region

AT industrial complex In the Central Black Earth region, the leading place is occupied by ferrous metallurgy, which is a branch of market specialization. Commercial iron ore, cast iron, steel, finished rolled products are widely exported to other regions of Russia, to neighboring countries. The largest enterprises of the metallurgical complex include Lebedinsky, Mikhailovsky, Stoilensky GOKs, the KMAruda association, the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, the Svobodny Sokol plant, the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant, the Semiluksky Refractories Plant and others. The cost of iron ore production in the region is 20% lower than the average for the Russian Federation, even despite the high costs of land reclamation and other environmental protection measures. The development of the industry in the Central Chernozem region goes in two directions: expansion of mining and enrichment of iron ores and an increase in the output and range of metallurgical products due to the reconstruction of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant and the introduction of new capacities at the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant. The district is the main supplier of electrical, automotive sheet and pipe steel in Russia. The technical level of production and labor productivity in the ferrous metallurgy of the region is higher than the average for Russia; in many respects, the industry's products meet international standards.

mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is also a branch of market specialization of the Central Black Earth region and is characterized by a diversified structure. Complex labor-intensive industries have developed in the region: radio electronics, aviation, instrument making, and metal-intensive industries: mining engineering, production of excavators, forging and pressing machines, metal-cutting machines, tractor building and agricultural engineering, chemical and petrochemical engineering, production of metal structures. The location of the machine-building complex in the region is extremely uneven and is concentrated mainly in the Voronezh region (42% of the total output), machine-building centers are also distinguished: Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Tambov, Yelets, Dankov, Michurinsk, Zheleznogorsk and others. Mechanical engineering for the food industry is not sufficiently developed in the region.

food industry

The branch of market specialization of the district is the food industry. It has a powerful developed own raw material base and is also diversified. Importance has sugar, meat, butter, butter, cheese, alcohol, tobacco, fruit and vegetable canning. These industries supply their products to the all-Russian food market. The food industry in the region is characterized by technical backwardness, high wear and tear of the main production assets(up to 70%), a high proportion of manual labor. The capacity of enterprises lags far behind the volumes of harvested raw materials. Therefore, even in average yield years, part of the raw material remains unprocessed.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry in the Central Black Earth region also belongs to the branches of market specialization. But it is constrained by the lack of its own raw material base and the shortage of water and energy resources. Nevertheless, the industry in the region has received significant development and most of its products enter the interregional exchange. These are synthetic rubber, tires from Voronezh, rubber products from Tambov and Kursk, synthetic fibers from Kursk, synthetic detergents from Shebekino, aniline dyes from Tambov. The production of mineral fertilizers and the production of synthetic materials are promising in the region.

cement industry

For the rest of the sub-sectors, the increase in capacity is inexpedient due to the limited internal resources. The cement industry, a branch of the construction complex of the Central Black Earth region, also belongs to the branches of market specialization. Its development in the area is due to the presence large resources raw materials, complex use of overburden in the development of iron ores KMA. Large cement plants are located in Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk. Other industries in the Central Black Earth region are complementary to the complex.

Power industry

The electric power industry of the region has a specific structure. More than 80% of electricity comes from nuclear power plants. The Novovoronezh and Kursk nuclear power plants have been built here and are constantly expanding. Large thermal power plants operate in regional centers. Part of the electricity comes from the UES of Russia, but the region is still deficient in electricity, and this factor hinders the development of the economy of the Central Chernozem region.

Forestry and woodworking industry

The timber and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials; furniture, lumber, chipboard, and plywood are produced in the region. The industry's products meet the region's internal needs for consumer goods.

Light industry

The light industry of the Central Black Earth region is poorly developed and is very unevenly distributed. Enterprises are concentrated mainly in the Tambov and Kursk regions. The Tambov region specializes in the production of woolen fabrics, the Glushkovo wool factory is located in the Kursk region, and a large knitting plant has been built using chemical fiber. Further development of the industry is associated with the improvement of its territorial structure and is aimed at better meeting the needs of the population of the region. The clothing industry is located everywhere, leather and footwear enterprises are located in Kursk, Voronezh.

6. Agriculture Central Black Earth region

Within the framework of the all-Russian division of labor, the agro-industrial complex specializes in products that are most profitable to obtain in this area. Cereals are grown here (the most important among them is wheat), industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower, shag, hemp, etc.), potatoes and various vegetable, fruit and berry crops. The share of industrial crops in the structure of sown areas is almost 13%, i.e., more than two times more than the average for the Russian Federation; the share of vegetable, melon and fruit crops is also higher here.

The most important economic prerequisite for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the position of the region in the center of the European part of the country, close to developed regions with a large share of the urban population and, consequently, a great demand for food. Residents of the Central Black Earth region have vast experience and skills in the production of various agricultural products. The created potential of the region allows to provide the agro-industrial complex with machines and mechanisms, to carry out their repair, to supply spare parts. The chemical industry of the region supplies a significant part of its products to agriculture.

The district accounts for only 6.3% of Russia's agricultural land. At the same time, it produces in different years from 9 to 12% of grain (the yield of cereals fluctuates at the level of 21-23 centners per 1 ha, which is 7-8 centners more than the average for Russia), approximately 50% of sugar beet, 15-17% of sunflower seeds, 7-11% of potatoes, 7-8% of the gross harvest of vegetables, 11-13% of fruits and berries. The production of the main types of crop products per capita in the region is much higher than the average for the Russian Federation. So, for example, per 1 person, grains are produced here more than 4 tons (average in Russia 600 kg), granulated sugar - more than 160 kg (average in Russia - 20 kg), vegetable oil - 25 kg (average for Russia - about 6 kg).

Flour-grinding and mixed fodder industries are widely represented in the district. Based on the processing of grain and potatoes, starch-treacle and alcohol production has been developed. A large base for the processing of beet raw materials has been created, primarily in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. During the production of sugar, a large number of waste (beet pulp, diffusion water, beet pulp water, molasses, etc.), their disposal is economically beneficial.

Oil and fat production is one of the oldest in the Central Chernozem region. The raw material for it is sunflower. In terms of the area of its cultivation, the region is inferior in the Russian Federation only to the North Caucasus and the Volga region. Voronezh, Tambov, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions are distinguished by the large scale of its crops. The region is the country's main producer of essential oils based on the processing of coriander and anise (Alekseevskiy etherocombinat).

The Central Black Earth region stands out among others for its developed animal husbandry. In terms of meat production per capita, it ranks first in the country. Most high performance in this regard, the Belgorod region has. Pork and beef predominate in the structure of the produced meat; the proportion of poultry and lamb meat is small. Processing capacity is insufficient. The problem of rational use of by-products and production waste remains. In terms of milk production per capita, the district also ranks first in the Russian Federation. Satisfying its needs for food products, the region exports a significant part of them.

Release of goods light industry(developed leather and footwear, knitwear, clothing and some other industries) is concentrated in the regional centers of the region. Mostly imported raw materials are used.

7. Transport complex of the Central Black Earth region

The Central Chernozemny region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average for Russia. The main modes of transport are rail and road; river, pipeline and aviation types have also been developed in the region. Large flows of transit cargoes pass through the region, reflecting the connections of the northern and central regions with the southern, eastern and western ones. In recent years, the flow of goods from the Central Chernozem region has greatly increased, associated with the development of the territorial production complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (TPK KMA) (iron ore, ferrous metals, mineral construction raw materials). Therefore, the capacity of individual lines is no longer sufficient, the technical equipment of transport is weak, and it is necessary to improve the interaction of various modes of transport in the region.

In the Central Chernozem region, a transport network has developed, the configuration of which resembles a grid. It is based on meridional and latitudinal highways of interdistrict significance4 meridional (Bryansk - Kharkov, Orel - Kharkov, Yelets - Valuyki, Gryazi - Millerovo) and 3 latitudinal (Sukhinichi - Tambov, Yelets - Povorino, Vorozhba - Otrozhka) railway lines with numerous connections and branches. The Valuiki-Povorino line runs along the southeastern outskirts, providing an exit from the Donbass. The import of goods in the region prevails over the export. Imports are determined by coal, oil cargoes, mineral building materials, timber cargoes; export - iron ore, cement, rolling of ferrous metals, various shipping cargoes.

The transit function of the transport network is great. Do a lot of work in transportation railways. The density of their network here is much higher than the average for Russia, and is 27.4 km per 1000 km2. network density highways general use with a hard surface - 179 km per 1000 km2, which is 6 times more than the average for Russia. Highways of international importance pass through the territory of the region: Moscow - Simferopol (through Kursk), Moscow - Caucasus, Moscow - Volgograd (through Voronezh) and highways Kharkiv - Volgograd and Bryansk - Volgograd (via Voronezh); by road local importance ore and fluxes are transported to metallurgical plants, building materials, sugar beet, grain.
The transportation process is greatly influenced by pipeline transport, which has an extensive network of product pipelines. The largest of them are: Ufa - Western direction, Samara - Bryansk, Steel Horse - Western direction, Nikolskoye - Voronezh - Belgorod - Sumy. In addition, the Druzhba oil pipeline, which connects the oil-producing regions of the Middle Trans-Volga region with European countries, and gas pipelines: Stavropol - Moscow, Urengoy - Pomary - Yelets - Uzhgorod pass through the Central Black Earth region.

Voronezhavia Airlines OJSC is practically the only civil aviation enterprise in the Central Black Earth region that provides domestic and international transportation. Given the expected reduction in international airports, Voronezh Airport may remain the only one in the region that has international status. The activity of the airline in 2001 and 2002 is characterized as stable. Statistical reporting shows that along with the deterioration of some indicators determined by the demand for air services, there is an improvement in quality indicators. Financial condition airlines sustainable. The airline's revenues in 2002 amounted to 226 million rubles, which is almost 30 percent more than the previous year, while the profit amounted to 7 million rubles.

River transport is poorly developed. Navigation is carried out along the Don, Khopr and the Northern Donets. In 2001, all owners of river vessels (on a state and commercial basis) transported 0.18 million tons.

8. Regional difference in the standard of living of the population

Four years ago there were 148.5 million people.

Since 1992, there has been a decrease in the population, at first small, then increasing. If it were not for the influx of immigrants from other CIS countries, the population would decrease by 1 million per year, and so - 0.5 million per year. A particular reduction stands out in the regions of the non-chernozem belt, recently also in Siberia and the Far East (the outflow of the population due to the economic crisis). In addition to changes in the natural movement of the population, the birth rate is declining, mortality is increasing, and the role of migration in the reduction has increased. The balance of migrations - the excess of entry into Russia over exit is about 500,000 people, which only half compensates for the natural population decline. All the main economic regions of Russia can be divided into 4 groups according to the contribution of the two main components of population growth/decline:

1. Areas with a positive value of both natural movement and migration. only one - North Caucasian.

2. Area with a negative value of natural increase, but positive migration - Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Chernozem, Volga region.

3. Areas with a positive value of natural increase, but negative migration - Siberia (Far East), Far East

4. Areas with negative growth and migration - North and Northwest.

In recent years, about 60 out of 80 districts have recently declined in birth rates, and the death rate has also increased. 16 people per 1000 per year. The largest is the Pskov region - 24/1000. Not only the elderly, but also the able-bodied. The average duration of men is 57 years, women - 63.

The North-Western, Central regions have recently experienced a constant decline in population. In addition to natural movement, it should be noted the strengthening of the urban type of the population - Murmansk region - 89-90% urban population). Small families (no more than 1 child) are more and more typical for Russia. In recent years, Russia has been characterized by an increase in the mobility of the population.

The following features can be distinguished:

· Maintaining a high positive balance in Russia with all CIS countries (except Belarus);

· an increase in the outflow of the Russian population from the CIS and Baltic countries to Russia;

· an increase in the number of refugees who arrived in Russia;

· increased outflow of population from the northern territories, especially from the Asian north;

Age structure of the population of Russia (for the year 2000):

1. Under 16 years old - 22.4%

2. 16-65 (able-bodied) - 57.3%

3. Over 65 years old (Above working age) -20.3%. According to territorial differences, the youngest (in terms of population) is the Far East, the oldest is the Central Black Earth region.

CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

Square :Population:
167.7 thousand sq. km. (1% of the territory of the Russian Federation) 7,674 thousand people (5.3% of the total population of the Russian Federation)

Compound:

In the all-Russian division of social labor, the Central Black Earth Region (TsChR) specializes in the mining, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical, food industries and in the production of certain types of building materials, as well as in intensive agricultural production. Grain crops, sunflower, sugar beet, and potatoes are grown here. A significant share of the region in the all-Russian production of livestock products.

Climate and natural conditions :

The climate of the CCR is temperate continental, with relatively warm winters and hot summers. The continentality of the climate increases from west to east. The terrain is flat,
strongly complicated by erosion (ravines, beams).

A large part of the territory is characterized by a lack of water resources. Significant content of minerals (iron ore deposits).

The total geological reserves of ores, mainly iron quartzites, are determined in the region by trillions of tons, the balance - at 42 billion tons.

Of other minerals, the Central Black Earth region has large reserves of chalk and limestone, significant - marl, refractory clay, brick clay, especially in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions. Deposits of fuel and energy resources are practically absent. Soils are the most valuable wealth of the region: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov region gray forest and podzolic soils are common, throughout the rest of the territory there are various types of chernozems with a humus content of 4 to 12% with a horizon thickness of up to l20–130 cm in some areas. The average forest cover in the region is 8%. Industrial logging is prohibited almost everywhere.

National economic complex

The CCR has a relatively harmonious economic structure. Here, along with heavy industry (ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, machine building), the branches of the agro-industrial complex and light industry are developed.

The leading branch of the national economic specialization of the Central Black Earth region is the mining and metallurgical industry.

Ferrous metallurgy (28.2% against 7.9% on average in Russia) was developed at the beginning of the 17th century. At present, Lipetsk has become a major center of metallurgy of interregional significance. The development of a powerful mining and metallurgical industry is facilitated by the development of iron ore deposits of the KMA.

KMA iron ores are used at metallurgical plants in Lipetsk and Tula, and delivered to Cherepovets, to metallurgical plants in the Urals and Ukraine. In Stary Oskol, an electrometallurgical plant was built to produce steel by direct reduction of iron, bypassing the blast furnace process.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking are important industries of the CCR. Mining machines, machine tools, chemical equipment, radio engineering and electrical products are produced at the factories of the region. In recent years, mechanical engineering has been developing at a faster rate than the national average. The region hosts the largest center of Russian aircraft manufacturing (Voronezh).

The chemical industry is represented by fairly large enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, rubber products and aniline dyes in Tambov, vitamins and detergents in Belgorod and Shebekino, superphosphate in Uvarov, Tambov Region. All these types of production, with the exception of the production of fertilizers, are of interregional importance. But the Central Black Earth region is extremely scarce in terms of fuel and water resources, which dictates the need to restrain the development of water- and fuel-intensive chemical industries. The most promising branches of the chemical industry should be considered vitamin, which has a rich fruit and vegetable base, as well as the production of mineral fertilizers.

On the basis of local raw materials, the industry of building materials is developed: cement, production of chalk and lime - in the Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions, refractories - in the Voronezh region.

The Central Black Earth region belongs to the main agricultural regions of the country. The share of the agricultural sector in the region in the gross regional product is almost 25%. Fertile soils, moisture provided in a significant part of the region, and a long warm period create opportunities for obtaining high yields of agricultural crops here. In terms of the average long-term yield of grain crops, the region is somewhat inferior to the North Caucasus, and in terms of gross output per 100 hectares of agricultural land, it ranks first in the Russian Federation.

The region is characterized by high agricultural land development. More than 80% of its territory is agricultural land, including almost 70% of arable land. Therefore, the growth of agricultural production here is based not on the expansion of the land used, but on the intensification of the available agricultural land. The sown area of the region is about 11 million hectares, including more than half of the area is occupied by grain crops, about 5% by industrial crops and over 1/4 of the sown area by fodder crops.

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Economic and geographical position.

The area has a small territory (107 thousand km 2) and a convenient transport and geographical position. It borders on the Central, Volga and North Caucasian economic regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Railway and highways cross the territory of the region both in the latitudinal and in the meridional direction. There is an extensive network of gas pipelines and power lines.

The presence of large deposits of minerals (iron ore, cement raw materials) and favorable soil and climatic conditions, as well as a significant reserve of labor force, contribute to the development of various industries and agriculture.

Natural conditions and resources.

The climate is temperate continental, milder than in the Central Economic Region. Natural zones - forest-steppe and steppe. The relief is flat. Significant massifs of chernozem soils are concentrated here. But most of the region is experiencing a lack of water resources.

The iron ore reserves of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) are large - about 40 billion tons. A significant proportion of rich ores, where the iron content reaches 60%. Iron ore districts stand out: in the Belgorod region - Starooskolsky (Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye deposits and near the city of Gubkin) and Mikhailovsky (Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region).

There are also deposits of refractory clays, phosphorites, building materials. There are no fuel resources.

Population - 7.0 million people; average density population - 46 people per 1 km 2. It has long been a densely populated area.

The area developed as an agricultural area. Currently, the population is employed in both industry and agriculture. Urbanization coefficient - 62%.

Economy.

The main features of the economy are determined by a convenient EGP, the availability of labor resources, the wealth of ore deposits, favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of agriculture, but the lack of water and energy resources.

The specialization of the region is determined by the predominant development of the metallurgical, machine-building, chemical and food industries, as well as highly developed agriculture.

The mining industry (extraction of iron ore) serves as the basis for the development of ferrous metallurgy. major centers are Novolipetsk metallurgical plant of a full cycle and a plant for blast-furnace metal production in Stary Oskol.

Mechanical engineering of the region specializes in the production of: mining equipment, excavators, agricultural machines, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, electrical products, equipment for the food and cement industries.

Industrial enterprises are located in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod, Michurinsk, Yelets. Precision engineering is represented in Kursk; in Belgorod - metal-intensive engineering - production of mining equipment. There is a large tractor plant in Lipetsk.

The chemical industry is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, dyes in Tambov, chemical fiber in Kursk. Coke oven gases are used for the production of nitrogen fertilizers and aniline dyes. But mostly industrial enterprises of the industry work on imported raw materials.

The industry of building materials, especially cement, is developed in Belgorod, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Zheleznogorsk and Gubkin. The production of reinforced concrete structures is developing.

The area has a highly developed food industry. These are flour mills, oil mills, sugar and tobacco factories.

Agro-industrial complex.

The area is characterized by highly developed agriculture with a predominance of crop production. Mostly cereals (winter wheat, corn, barley, rye) and industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower) are grown. Significant areas are occupied by potatoes and vegetables. Animal husbandry has mainly a meat and dairy direction. Cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry are bred. Suburban economy developed around the cities. Developed horticulture.

The fuel and energy complex is a weak link in the economic complex.

Deprived of its energy sources, the region is forced to import fuel from other regions (mainly oil and gas). All power plants in the region operate on imported fuel. A significant part of the electricity is generated by powerful nuclear power plants - Kursk and Novovoronezh.

Transport.

All types of transport are well developed, the work of which provides internal and external communications.

In the all-Russian division of labor, the Central Chernozemny region specializes in mining, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical, food industries and in the production of certain types of building materials, as well as in agricultural production. Natural resource potential

The Central Black Earth economic region has huge deposits of iron ore resources. The iron ore basin of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is of national importance in terms of the size of iron ore reserves and the technical and economic indicators of their extraction.

Of non-metallic minerals, the area is also rich in molding sands (in the vicinity of Tambov). There is a large deposit of cement raw materials in the Belgorod region. Significant reserves of refractory and refractory clays and glass sands. The Belgorod region has colossal reserves of chalk and limestone.

The black earth center is poor energy resources(it has small reserves of peat, mainly in the north), but the proximity to areas rich in energy resources makes it possible to solve the fuel and energy problem.

The climate of the Chernozem center is temperate continental. The hydrographic network is poorly developed in the region. Here the Don flows with tributaries. The Seim (a tributary of the Desna), the Tsna (a tributary of the Moksha) and the Seversky Donets. In the lower reaches, the Don is navigable.

Forested area is only 10% of the district. Forests are located in the north and are represented mainly by broad-leaved species.

Soils only in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic, gray forest, in the rest - chernozems, which are a huge wealth of the country. The irrational exploitation of land has led to a deterioration in the structure of chernozems and a decrease in their fertility.

Population and workforce

The Chernozem center is a densely populated region of the country. The highest population density is in the Lipetsk region, the lowest is in the Tambov region. Almost the entire territory of the district is characterized by natural population decline, low birth rate. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially to rural areas.

The national composition of the population is homogeneous, the Russian population prevails. In the southern part, the percentage of Ukrainians is quite high.

Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy

The leading branch of market specialization of the Central Black Earth economic region is the mining and metallurgical industry.

In the Soviet economy in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, a large TPK was formed on the basis of the iron ore resources of the KMA. Geographical position The complex was exceptionally profitable, since its territory is crossed in the latitudinal and meridian directions by railway lines that provide access to the Central Region, the industrialized regions of Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus. The territory has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines, power lines. The energy base of the complex was created at the expense of the capacities of the Kursk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants. The development of the KMA contributed to the creation of a metallurgical base in the Central European part of Russia.

The modern structure of the metallurgical base is formed by large metallurgical companies.

OJSC NLMK is a vertically integrated metallurgical company, the structure of which includes: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk); OAO Stoilensky GOK (Belgorod Region), which is the main supplier of iron ore; Dolomit JSC, producing flux and converter dolomite (Dankov, Lipetsk Region); OAO Studenovskaya Joint-Stock Mining Company (Stagdok) (Lipetsk), mining and processing flux and technological limestone; and other businesses, including those outside the district. The HJIM K group produces about 15% of all Russian steel.

The mining division of the Metalloinvest holding includes Lebedinsky (Belgorod region) and Mikhailovsky (Kursk region) mining and processing plants. The metallurgical division on the territory of the region is represented by the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the production of high-quality steel by the method of direct reduction of iron, bypassing the blast-furnace process. It is the only one in Russia with a domainless environmentally friendly technology.

OJSC Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant Svobodny Sokol produces cast iron and a wide range of pipe products.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking is the leading market branch of industry. It is located mainly in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk. Tambov, Belgorod. The factories of the district produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machines, equipment for the food and cement industries, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, radio engineering and electrical products.

The chemical industry is also a branch of specialization and is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and rubber tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic resins in the Belgorod region, varnishes in Dankov (Lipetsk region).

The industries of market specialization also include the production of building materials, in particular, the production of cement and the extraction of chalk. Cement plants operate - Belgorod, Lipetsk, Podgorensky (Voronezh region), Starooskolsky (Belarusian region).

One of the most important branches of market specialization is the food industry. The main branch of the food industry is sugar. It is located in accordance with the raw material base in the Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions. Of the other branches of the food industry, flour-grinding, oil-milling, meat, milk-and-cheese-making, alcohol-vodka, tobacco-shag industries are developed, which mainly use local agricultural raw materials.

The sectors that complement the territorial complex and serve the immediate needs of the population of the region include various branches of light industry and the service sector.

The Central Black Earth region has favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The leading place in agricultural land is occupied by grain - 55%, 28% is occupied by forage crops, 12% by industrial crops, and 5% by potatoes and vegetable melons.

Sugar beet crops are located mainly in the Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod regions. In the same regions and in Tambov, sunflower crops are common.

Branches of specialization of agriculture in agriculture are grain farming (winter wheat), the production of factory-made sugar beets, oil crops (sunflower) and shag.

Animal husbandry has a meat and dairy direction, pig breeding and poultry farming are developed.

Transport and economic relations

The area has a significant rail network. In the southern direction there are railways: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Donbass; Moscow - Kursk - Kharkov. To the east: Saratov - Tambov - Michurinsk: Voronezh - Kursk - Kyiv; Valuyki - Minsk, etc. Major highways pass through the region: Moscow - Simferopol; Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Tambov. Main pipelines pass through the territory of the Chernozem center.

Iron ore, building materials, metal, grain, sugar, etc. are exported from the region. Fuel, timber, mineral fertilizers, goods for the population are imported.

Intra-district differences

The Voronezh region stands out for its qualified mechanical engineering, chemical industry, production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the production of wheat, sugar beet, sunflower.

Large enterprises in Voronezh produce excavators, agricultural machines, forging and pressing equipment, equipment for the food industry, televisions, as well as synthetic rubber and tires.

The Kursk region stands out for its mining industry, primarily for the extraction of iron ores and their primary processing. Machine-building, chemical and food industries are developed in the region.

Machine-building plants in Kursk produce calculating machines, batteries, tractor parts, mobile power plants, and equipment for the food industry.

Machine-building, chemical, food and wool-weaving industries have been developed in the Tambov region. Tambov enterprises produce equipment for the food, chemical, light industries, household appliances.

The Lipetsk region specializes in the production of ferrous metals, mining, tractor building, lime production, food industry, especially sugar.

The branch of specialization of the Belgorod region is ferrous metallurgy. The production of building materials, food industry and agriculture are developed in the region.

Main problems and development prospects

There was a need for structural reorganization of the region's economy in the conditions of market relations.

The factor hindering the economic development of the region is the limited water resources. This is due to the weak development of the river network. The solution to this problem lies in the creation of systems of closed and circulating water supply, the use of groundwater for industrial purposes, an increase in the payment for water use, etc.

Prospects for the development of the region are associated with the formation of a special economic zone of the industrial-production type "Lipetsk" on the territory of the Gryazinsky district of the Lipetsk region. The industrial and production orientation includes manufacturing industries, including: the production of machinery and equipment, household electrical appliances, electrical machines, plastic and metal products, electrical and electronic equipment, furniture and other products.

Central - black earth economic region. Natural conditions and resources of the Central Black Earth economic region Chernozem area

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Central Black Earth Region

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Central Black Earth region.

Central - Chernozemny region (p. 1 of 4)

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Central Chernozem Economic Region Contents 1 Composition

Central Black Earth Region

Central Black Earth region.

Central Black Earth Economic Region

National economic complex

Population and workforce

Transport and economic relations

Intra-district differences

Main problems and development prospects

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