The totality of banks, financial organizations that are not banks - what else does the banking system of Russia include, what are its functions and role in the economy?
According to analysts, the banking system of the Russian Federation consists of the following constituent / structural elements:
The Russian banking system belongs to banking systems with two levels - the first level is the Central Bank, the second - other financial and credit organizations.
The Central Bank (CB) of the Russian Federation, also often referred to as the Bank of Russia, has been a financial mega-regulator since 2013, performing the functions of supervision over financial groups (including those not belonging to the banking sector), as well as an institution with a monopoly on:
issue of cash
management of the settlement and payment system
ensuring stability financial market countries and national currency and etc.
Bank of Russia, holding highest level financial and credit system, has the exclusive right to issue and revoke banking licenses. The development of the banking system is also the role of the regulator. Detailed overview I did the Central Bank.
Commercial are all, without exception, organizations of the country's banking system that provide private and legal entities Banking services. These services include:
Banks are called commercial because, unlike the regulator, they are called upon to conduct financial and economic activities aimed at making a profit. The commercial status does not contradict the classification of banking organizations into private and public. The latter include companies with a government stake of at least 50% + 1 share.
The following forms of ownership are also provided for banks:
In addition, in the modern banking system, banks are classified:
Banking system Russia today includes eleven systemically important companies:
The number of state-owned Russian banks in the banking system is relatively small - less than twenty, but in terms of assets, the share of the state in 2017 increased to 70% against 61% at the beginning of 2015. This is due to three large banking companies - Otkritie, Promsvyazbank and Binbank - carried out by the Fund for the consolidation of the banking sector under a new procedure, when banks being rehabilitated become the property of the state. An overview of the FBKS fund is located. Upon completion of recovery, financial institutions are put up for sale, but if there are no buyers (as many analysts predict), they will remain state property.
The credit and banking system of the Russian Federation also includes a set of financial institutions that are not Russian banks, but carry out individual banking operations. The abbreviation NCO is also used to refer to non-profit organizations so you have to be careful. The total amount of funds in NCOs is a few percent of the funds in commercial banks.
Non-bank financial institutions include three main areas:
The category of NBSCOs providing cash settlement services to legal entities and individuals or engaged in foreign exchange transactions includes:
Examples of RNKO - LLC RNKO "Payment Center" (settlement center of the payment system " gold Crown", the issuer of payment cards "Beeline", "Corn", etc.); JSC "NCO "Moscow Clearing Center", carrying out banking operations in the "Eleksnet" system; dealing center "Alpari".
The activities of PNPOs are limited to sending and issuing money transfers without opening current accounts for clients. Examples of PNCOs are (Yandex.Money, WebMoney, etc.), Unistream, Contact, payment systems of mobile network operators.
What exactly can be attributed to non-bank deposit and credit organizations? Legally, these are structures that attract money only from legal entities, although they cannot open and maintain bank accounts for NDCOs. But they can give bank guarantees. Examples of NDKOs are the Moscow "Deposit Credit House" or the Voronezh "Interregional Center for Microcrediting".
In total, the main differences between banks and NPOs can be presented in the form of a table:
However, in a broader sense, organizations working with individuals can also be included in the NDCO group:
Important: non-bank organizations that attract deposits do not participate in the deposit insurance system, so that customers who decide to keep their savings in them are quite at risk. Non-banking institutions are also at risk of license revocation.
It was written in detail about microfinance organizations, there was information about credit consumer cooperatives. Organize activities credit organizations:
The banking financial system cannot function without the necessary infrastructure, which includes:
Preventing loss Russian citizens savings held in banks. Thus, it is encouraged to keep money in bank accounts. Not only deposits are insured, but also funds placed on debit bank card accounts, although this rule does not apply to all card products of Russian banking institutions. The functions of the insurer are assigned to a state institution called the Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA);
Independent systems for making settlements between corporate and private clients of banks, as well as banking organizations themselves. The main such system is SWIFT, although in connection with international sanctions against Russia, an alternative SPFS system has already been developed in the country, to which Moscow proposes to switch the states of the Eurasian Economic Union;
Payment systems for carrying out operations with plastic and virtual bank cards - MasterCard, VISA, MIR, American Express, etc.;
Auditing organizations designed to conduct an independent audit of the functioning of not only commercial banks, but also the Central Bank of the Russian Federation itself, and not only verification, but also confirmation of finished financial statements;
Legal and consulting organizations that assist banks in developing their business, representing their interests in interaction with authorities, corporate and private clients;
Providers of technological and information solutions that develop and implement, together with banks, modern settlement and processing technologies aimed at increasing the level of security of settlements and other processes;
Educational organizations that train and retrain bank personnel, conduct various seminars, trainings, refresher courses, which also positively affect the functioning of banks, since their employees must acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities in the context of updating modern technologies and introducing the latest standards of banking services .
Legislative acts regulating the activities of banking institutions in the Russian territory:
the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
Civil Code;
Banking Law No. 395-1 (adopted in 1990);
Law on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 86-FZ (adopted in 2002)
Deposit Insurance Law No. 177-FZ (adopted in 2003)
National payment system No. 161-FZ (adopted in 2011)
Consumer Credit Law No. 353-FZ (adopted in 2013)
The banking system is a set of various types of national banks and credit institutions operating within the framework of a common monetary mechanism. Includes the Central Bank, a network of commercial banks and other credit and settlement centers. The Central Bank conducts the state issuing and foreign exchange policy, is the core of the reserve system. The modern economy is a very complex system, each part of which is closely connected with others and plays an important role. But one of the most important roles is played by the banking system, which provides present stage development of economic relations the normal functioning of the entire economy as a whole. The banking system is a set of different types of banks and banking institutions and their relationships that exist in a particular country in a certain historical period.
Banking systems are used to solve the following current and strategic tasks:
ensure economic growth;
regulation of inflation;
regulation of the balance of payments.
In countries with developed market economy developed two-tier banking systems. The upper level of the system is represented by the central (issuing) bank. At the lower level there are commercial banks subdivided into universal and specialized banks ( investment banks, savings banks, mortgage banks, banks consumer credit, industry banks, intra-industrial banks) and non-bank financial institutions ( investment companies, investment funds, Insurance companies, pension funds, pawnshops, trust companies, etc.).
Modern credit and banking systems have a complex, multi-link structure. If we take the nature of the services that financial sector institutions provide to their customers as the basis for classification, we can distinguish 3 most important elements of the credit system:
central (issuing bank);
commercial banks;
specialized financial institutions(insurance, savings, etc.).
However, the terms "system" and "banking system" define not only the composition of banks. The content of the concept of "banking system" is broader, it includes:
set of elements;
sufficiency of elements forming a certain integrity;
interaction of elements.
Practice knows several types of the banking system:
distributive centralized banking system;
market banking system;
transitional system.
In contrast to the distribution system, the market-type banking system is characterized by the absence of a state monopoly on banks. Each subject of reproduction of the most diverse form of ownership (not only state) can form a bank. In a market economy, there are a plurality of banks with a decentralized management system. Emission and credit functions are separated by them. The issue is concentrated in the central bank, lending to enterprises and the population is carried out by various business banks - commercial, investment, innovative, mortgage, savings, etc. Business banks are not liable for the obligations of the state, just as the state is not liable for the obligations of business banks; business banks are subject to their Board, the decision of the shareholders, and not to the administrative body of the state. The differences between these two types of system are presented in Table 2.
The modern banking system of Russia is a system of transition. She acts as market model; divided into two tiers. The first tier covers institutions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that issues money. Its task is to ensure the stability of the ruble, supervision and control over the activities of commercial banks. The second tier consists of various business banks, whose task is to serve customers (enterprises, organizations, the population), provide them with a variety of services (crediting, settlements, cash, deposit, currency operations and etc.).
Table 2. Comparison of distributive and market banking system.
|
Distribution (centralized) banking system |
Market banking system |
|
By property type |
|
|
The state is the sole owner of the banks |
Variety of forms of ownership |
|
According to the degree of monopolization |
|
|
State monopoly on the formation of banks |
There is no state monopoly on banks, any legal entities and individuals can form their own bank |
|
By the number of system levels |
|
|
One-tier banking system |
Two-tier banking system |
|
By the nature of the control system |
|
|
Centralized (vertical) control scheme |
Decentralized (horizontal) control scheme |
|
By the nature of banking policy |
|
|
Single bank policy |
Multiple bank policy |
|
By the nature of the relationship between banks and the state |
|
|
The state is responsible for the obligations of banks |
The state is not liable for the obligations of banks, just as banks are not liable for the obligations of the state |
|
By nature of subordination |
|
|
Banks are subordinate to the government, depend on its operational activities |
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation is accountable to the parliament, commercial banks are accountable to their shareholders, the Supervisory Board, and not to the government |
|
On the execution of issuing and lending operations |
|
|
Credit and issuing operations are concentrated in one bank (except for individual banks that do not perform issuing operations) |
Emission operations are concentrated only in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; operations on lending to enterprises and individuals are performed only by commercial banks |
|
According to the method of appointing the heads of the bank |
|
|
The head of the bank is appointed by the central or local authorities, higher authorities |
The head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is approved by the Parliament. Chairman (President) of a commercial bank is appointed by its Council |
The banking system of Russia is in a transitional stage: it contains the components of a market banking system, but their interaction is still underdeveloped. It is known that this or that system, one way or another, comes from the previous one, therefore it contains the “birthmarks” of the past. The market system of Russia, which arose from a centralized system, undergoing formation in the conditions of a transitional period, must still be “filled” with market ideology. The composition of the elements of the banking system and their interaction should take into account the features and conditions of a market economy.
The elements of the banking system include the banking infrastructure. It includes various kinds of enterprises, agencies and services that ensure the vital activity of banks. The banking infrastructure includes information, methodological, scientific, personnel support, as well as means of communication, communication, etc.
In market conditions, banks, first of all, need broad and up-to-date information about the state of the economy, its industries, groups of enterprises, individual enterprises applying to the bank for a loan and other services. In order to assess the creditworthiness of clients, the economic and business market, to advise enterprises and the public, and to manage client property, banks need detailed information.
The increase in the number of market economy entities, the volume of operations performed by banks, have set before banks the tasks of switching to new communication channels, a higher level of technical service when making banking operations. Gradually, the Russian banking system is equipped with new means of communication that ensure high speed of payments and settlements.
A special block of the banking system is banking legislation, which is designed to regulate banking activities. There are currently two laws in force in Russia directly related to the work of banks. These are the Federal Laws “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation” (1995) and “On Banks and banking"(1996). In addition, the system of banking legislation usually also includes laws regulating various aspects of banking, including credit, electronic payments, bank secrecy, bank failure, etc. The banking system cannot exist without the banking market. Banking resources are concentrated on it, and banking products are also traded. In the context of the economic crisis and inflation, accumulate large resources for significant investment is not possible. In 1996, more than 40% of Russian enterprises were unprofitable, the rest of them Money on the accounts accumulated by banks, as well as on the accounts of citizens, were insignificant. All this hinders the development of the banking system. In the banking product market, trade in loans, short money (especially after the crisis of interbank loans in August 1995) has not yet occupied a prominent position. specific gravity. The development of new types of services related to credit cards and electronic payments is hindered by the insufficiently powerful technical base of Russian banks.
The banking system is a combination of national and commercial banks, as well as non-banking credit institutions. Thus, in addition to the Central, commercial and state banks, it also includes NCOs.
According to this criterion, three types of systems are distinguished: administrative-command, market, and transitional.
Administrative systems are characterized by:
A similar system was characteristic of the Soviet Union. At present, China has followed its path, the banking system of which is also administrative.
System market type typical of developed countries. Among its distinguishing features, we highlight the following:
Some scholars also distinguish transitional development system. It tends to move to a market type, but still continues to retain some signs of a command-administrative system. According to some experts, the banking sector of our country belongs to transitional type. This is due to the weak level of competition between credit institutions. Thus, more than 50% of assets are concentrated in banks with state participation.
Banking systems can be classified on a structural basis. According to this criterion, they are divided into:
Single-level systems are inherent in countries with totalitarian regimes. All operations are concentrated at the same level, where the Central Bank and credit institutions with the participation of the state (if any) are located.
At the first level of the two-tier system is the Central Bank. He is responsible for performing the function of issuing money, that is, it produces their release into circulation. At the second level, the banking system includes credit institutions. Commercial banks, according to the scope of operations performed, are divided into universal and segmented. First perform a wide range of operations. Their main advantage lies in the diversification of activities, which reduces risks. Segmented institutions specialize in a narrow range of operations. This allows them to provide higher quality services. However, the activities of such institutions are at greater risk.
Some economists also distinguish three-level systems. A typical example is the banking system of the EU countries. The first link is the European Central Bank, the second - national banks EU member states (for example, the Central Bank of Austria), and the role of the third link is played by commercial banks.
To understand what the banking system is, one should study its goals and functions. The key goal of the banking sector of any state is to provide loans to the economy represented by the following entities: the state; business; population.
The main functions of the banking system include:
These functions determine how the banking system works. The degree of their development depends on the level of development of the banking system of a particular state. In Russia, its purpose and functions are not fully implemented. This is due to the weak level of development of lending to both businesses and the population. In particular, high stakes interest on loans turn them into an inefficient way to develop the economy.
In addition, commercial banks are reluctant to lend funds for a long period of time to enterprises that represent the real sector of the economy. The reason for this is the lack of "long" money among their resources and the high level of risk of these operations.
At present, no one doubts the need to regulate the credit sector. However, this was not always the case. Before the Great Depression of 1929, which hit first the United States and then many other developed countries, government intervention in the functioning of the economy was considered detrimental. During this period dominated monetarist concept.
However, the crisis showed the fallacy of this theory at that time. And since the 30s of the 20th century. more and more attention is paid to strengthening the regulation of the banking system and the creation of specialized bodies. Thus, the Central banks of developed countries are beginning to pay more attention to conducting monetary regulation.
The main institution that regulates the banking sector of any state is the Central Bank. It is also the first link of a two-level system. Among the main possible goals of the activities of central banks, the following stand out:
These functions are largely achieved thanks to the Central Bank's prudent monetary policy. In each state, the Central Bank independently chooses one or another goal, depending on the current economic situation. In particular, its goals may be: reducing inflation, ensuring a balanced growth of wealth, reducing the unemployment rate, strengthening the country's currency ...
It is customary to refer to the main international regulatory body, first of all, the Basel Committee, which is located in Switzerland, in the city of Basel. At present, the standards of the so-called Basel III. They regulate and limit the risks of banking activities, in particular the risks of transactions related to derivative instruments. It was the latter that served as the main cause of the latest global financial and economic crisis that hit developed countries in 2008.
The standards of the latest Basel Accord are being implemented and in Russian banks. In particular, guided by these international requirements, since 2016 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has been applying new regulatory restrictions for banks. So, the minimum allowable level of capital adequacy for banks has been changed - it has been lowered from 10% to 8%.
The banking system of the Russian Federation is a two-tier one and belongs to the market type. Although some economists are of the opinion that it is still in transition. The mega-regulator of financial markets is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. It means that it controls not only the country's banking system, but the entire financial sector as a whole.
The Central Bank pursues an independent monetary policy. Although formally he is accountable to the State Duma, but the goal monetary policy he defines himself. Currently, it is inflation targeting. This means that the main goal of the Bank of Russia is to reduce inflation.
Thus, the target is to reduce it to 4% already in 2017.
Let us note the main problems of the banking system of Russia at the present stage of its development:
Current political and economic situation did not contribute to the development of the country's banking system. Domestic banks turned out to be "cut off" from the world community. This was manifested primarily in the fact that, due to the sanctions Western banks stopped providing cheap loans to Russian credit institutions. Therefore, the latter were forced to resort to more expensive refinancing in the domestic market.
Interesting statistics: TOP-10 largest Russian banks by assets
For comparison: key rate in the EU, which directly affects interest rates in the economy, is 0%. And in Russia, the level of this rate at the present time is 10%. This explains the high interest rates. They significantly slow down economic development countries.
Thus, we examined what the banking system is briefly. The banking sector is the "circulatory system" of the economy of any country. Any disruption will inevitably lead to economic problems.
BANKING SYSTEM OF THE STATE
1 The concept and structure of the banking system, types of banking systems
2 Bank as economic entity, its functions and operations
3 The central bank of the state, its functions and operations
4 Characteristics of the banking system of the Republic of Belarus
Credit system - a set of credit relations existing in the country, forms and methods of lending, banks and other credit institutions organizing and implementing such relationships.
Banking system- a collection of different types of national banks operating within the framework of the general monetary mechanism. The banking system includes central bank, a network of commercial banks. The Central Bank conducts the state issuing and foreign exchange policy, is the core of the reserve system. Commercial banks carry out all types of banking operations.
Depending on the subordination of credit institutions, as well as depending on from a hierarchical structure banking system, allocate:
- one-level banking system - provides for the presence of horizontal links between banking institutions, universalization of their functions and operations. Used in underdeveloped countries economic structures and in countries with a totalitarian, administrative-command regime;
- two-level banking system - based on building relationships between banking institutions, both horizontally and vertically. Horizontally, these are relations of equal partnership between links (commercial banks); vertically - between the central bank as a leading and managing center and lower lower levels (commercial banks).
In developed market economies, there are two-tier banking systems. The top level of the system is represented central (issuing) bank. At the lower level there are commercial banks, subdivided into universal and specialized banks(investment banks, savings banks, mortgage banks, consumer credit banks, industry banks, in-house banks). AT credit system except banks include non-bank credit and financial institutions(investment companies, investment funds, insurance companies, pension funds, pawnshops, trust companies).
International practice knows several types of banking systems:
Distribution centralized banking system;
Market banking system;
banking system in transition.
Distribution (centralized) banking system: the state is the sole owner, the state monopoly on the formation of banks, a single-level banking system, a single bank policy, the state is responsible for the obligations of banks, banks are subordinate to the government and depend on its operational activities, credit and emission operations are concentrated in one bank, the head of the bank is appointed by the central or local authorities by higher authorities.
Banking system market type characterized by the absence of a state monopoly on banking activities. Banking competition is typical for the banking system in market conditions. Issuing and lending functions are separated from each other. The issue of money is concentrated in the central bank, lending to enterprises and the population is carried out by various business banks - commercial, investment, innovative, mortgage, savings, etc. Commercial banks are not liable for the obligations of the state, just as the state is not liable for the obligations of commercial banks.
Banking system transition period has features of both distribution and market banking system.
Due to the fact that banking is one of the varieties entrepreneurial activity general and specific principles apply to it. General principles are fundamental to all business activities in general:
Inviolability of property;
The principle of freedom of banking;
Encouragement of competition and protection against monopoly;
The principle of banking activities in the single economic space;
Combination of interests of all banking entities.
Specific Principles:
1 building and development of the banking system:
The principle of a two-level construction of the banking system;
The principle of economic zoning in the organizational structure of the Central Bank;
Separation and fixation of the powers of the upper level of the banking system;
The principle of independence of the Central Bank from other state authorities;
2 principle of the procedure for carrying out banking activities:
Responsibility of the Central Bank for its actions;
The principle of monopoly implementation by the Central Bank of the issue of cash and the organization of their circulation;
Combination principle government controlled banking system with self-management;
The principle of inadmissibility of interference of state authorities in the operational activities of a credit institution;
The principle of the exclusive legal capacity of a credit institution, is entitled to carry out banking operations from the moment of obtaining a license;
The principle of bank secrecy;
Payment banking services.
Banking system of the Republic of Belarus – component financial and credit system of the Republic of Belarus. The banking system of the Republic of Belarus is two-tier and includes the National Bank and other banks.
Financial and credit system The Republic of Belarus, in addition to banks, includes non-bank credit and financial organizations.
banking- a set of banking operations carried out by banks and non-banking financial organizations aimed at making a profit.
Basic principles of banking in the Republic of Belarus are:
Obligation for banks and non-bank financial institutions to obtain a special permit (license) to carry out banking activities (hereinafter referred to as a license to carry out banking activities);
Independence of banks and non-bank credit and financial organizations in their activities, non-interference on the part of state bodies in their work, with the exception of cases provided for by legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus;
Separation of responsibility between banks, non-bank financial institutions and the state;
The obligation to comply with the established National Bank standards of safe functioning to maintain the stability and soundness of the banking system of the Republic of Belarus;
Providing individuals and legal entities with the right to choose a bank, non-bank financial institution;
Ensuring banking secrecy on transactions, accounts and deposits (deposits) of clients;
Ensuring the return of funds to bank depositors.
In this material, we will consider in detail the banking system of the Russian Federation and its prospects for the future.
About what is in Russian Federation there is a Central Bank (we wrote about it in detail), almost everyone knows. But, of course, this alone cannot fully explain the entire complex structure of the banking system of the Russian Federation, or even imagine it as it really is in 2019. Strictly speaking, Russian citizens often know only 2-3% of the structural foundations of this financial system, if we compare their knowledge with the information baggage of professionals in the field of finance and banking.
To make the perception of new information as easy as possible, let's start with the definition of the term "Russian banking system". In a nutshell, it's called market mechanism, where various operations are carried out between commercial banks and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Such transactions include the transfer of funds that are not related to the bank's assets or related to temporary assets (for example, deposits of depositors); crediting of new assets (payment of bank borrowers for the use of loaned money); the formation of liabilities as a result of obtaining a loan from another commercial bank or the Central Bank, etc., this list can be continued for a long time.
In the banking structure there is not only the Central Bank and commercial banks like Sberbank, VTB, etc. Credit organizations of other types, non-banking - pawnshops, MFIs and other varieties adjoin them.
In addition, on another "tier" of this structure are insurance companies that take the hit in the event of a company's bankruptcy, recall banking license, stock market crash and other factors.
Thus, the definition of the term directly includes all organizations that, in one way or another, officially lend and receive money for temporary use (meaning deposits, options, mutual funds, shares and bonds, services for the placement of which commercial banks offer only optionally). Indirectly, this area additionally includes insurers, MFIs and pawnshops.
Of course, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation occupies a special place in this entire structure. But he is only a link in the chain of organizations that make up financial structure in our country. Because of too much a large number agents in the chain, you start to get lost in the question of how many levels there are in the banking system of the Russian Federation. So, to simplify perception, economists have derived a model of a two-level banking system of the Russian Federation, which basically explains the interaction of agents of this network.
At the first level is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Its tasks include both general and supervisory functions, and the monopoly right to:
Despite the paramount importance of the Central Bank, all the elements of the banking system of the Russian Federation are not limited to this. At the second level are commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations.
Attention: the interaction of the domestic sector with the foreign sector is included in separate category, because in relations with foreign banks, the difference in the economic potentials of countries, the ratio of exchange rates, etc. is taken into account. Despite this, foreign banks are included in the scheme of the Russian banking structure as part of the second level.
We have already talked about the fact that the banking system of the Russian Federation includes the Central Bank, commercial banks, as well as non-bank credit organizations (NCOs). But banks and NCOs are also systematized according to certain parameters.
Commercial banks by the form of ownership can be joint-stock, cooperative or joint companies. The bank, even if 51% of its shares or more belongs to the state, still continues to be commercial, because. the main goal of his activity is a constant and increasing profit. Commercial banks have the right to do the following:
As for non-bank credit organizations (NCOs), they are of the following types:
It should be noted that in modern banking everything is by no means confined to the Central Bank, banks and NGOs. Although formally the rest of the infrastructure is taken out of the two-level structure, in fact, a lot depends on it.
Infrastructure includes:
The activity of the Central Bank regulates the federal law "O Central Bank Russia" No. 86-FZ, as well as the Constitution of the Russian Federation (more precisely, Art. 75). Banking activities, as well as banking infrastructure in general sense regulate the following documents:
Give a complete description current state banking in Russia is impossible without a preliminary digression into history.
The first financiers and banking organizations appeared in Russian Empire under Elizabeth, in 1754. From this time until the beginning of the First World War, the number of banks increased from two to six hundred, and this is not counting all the branches of each bank separately.
Since 1917, banks have been owned by the state. This situation remained until 1990, with a break in the New Economic Policy, when it was allowed to open private and mixed banks according to the owner of the property. In 1921 appeared National Bank RSFSR, which in 1923 expanded to the state bank of the entire USSR. The charter of the State Bank appeared in 1929.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, banking has acquired a completely new scale: new laws began to come out, banks were able to attract private and even foreign capital; the Central Bank of the Russian Federation appeared, whose instructions at the moment most of all regulate the structure of the financial market of all legal documents within the Russian Federation.
On the one hand, positive trends can be seen:
But there are at least ambiguous actions on the part of the Government and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in particular. For example, the trend towards a decrease in the number of commercial banks in the country is clearly visible: from the beginning of 2008 to the beginning of 2018, their number has halved, i.e. from 1136 to 561 banks. This can be explained both as a result of normal healthy competition and as a result of growth restraint by monopolies and legislatures.
If we draw a line under the above prospects, it can be argued that the breadth of the market and the number of players will continue to decrease. However, the quality of services from each bank separately and the security of citizens will only increase.
This can be seen in the recent example of FC Otkritie, which almost went bankrupt - the state simply did not allow the bank to ruin all its customers. The bank's shares were purchased along with the debts.
The stability of the economy is also gradually increasing, which is very useful given the dependence of Russian exports on volatile oil and natural gas prices.
The composition of the Russian banking system is simple: it consists of two levels, one of which is occupied by the off-budget and completely independent Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The second level is domestic and foreign commercial banks. This entire structure is also “contained” and surrounded by infrastructure, which includes insurance companies, legal enterprises etc.
