LLC "Expert System" offers services for the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy to verify its authenticity.

The authenticity of OSAGO can be established visually or using an automated database of stolen and lost OSAGO policies.

Insurance payments for fake OSAGO insurance are not carried out, the owner of the policy, in the event of an accident, will be forced to independently compensate for the harm caused. Fake is considered to be a completely false form, made in a typographical way and having all the necessary attributes, as well as a genuine form stolen or lost by an insurance company.

Visual authentication:

The form of the OSAGO policy is longer than an A4 sheet by about 9-10 mm;

On the front side insurance policy a microgrid of a greenish-blue tint is applied over the entire format of the form;

Watermarks with the emblem of the Russian Union of Motor Insurers are clearly visible against the light;

On the reverse side of the form, a metal strip 2 mm wide is clearly visible on the right;

Red villi are interspersed in the form of the policy;

The paint is of high quality - does not remain on the hands;

The ten-digit policy number printed in the upper right corner of the form must be convex to the touch;

Stamp of the insurance company in the upper left corner;

A note in the lower right corner that the form was printed in the Gozznak printing house;

At the top is the inscription "Insurance policy of civil liability owner ev Vehicle"

Since December 11, 2014, a series of EEE forms has been introduced. Until March 31, 2015, insurers can use the "old" forms of policies of the CCC series, issued from July 1, 2013, when concluding contracts

Where do "left" insurances come from:

Specially made by scammers;

Lost and stolen forms of insurance companies. This also includes forms not submitted by insurance intermediaries when terminating contracts with an insurer;

Forms of insurance companies with revoked licenses or declared bankrupt, and not submitted in accordance with the established procedure in the PCA.

RSA database check. Official services for checking the OSAGO policy.

Checking the OSAGO policy form for belonging to an insurance company.

The service allows you to find out by the number of the policy form:

Which insurance company issued the form;

Status of the form (“at the insured”, “at the insurer”, “lost”, etc.)

The date of conclusion of the contract;

Start date of the contract;

End date of the contract.

Verification of information about the vehicle from the OSAGO agreement.

The service allows you to obtain information about the insured vehicle by the number of the policy form:

His state registration plate;

VIN number;

The status of the OSAGO agreement on a certain date (“valid”, “not valid”);

The name of the insurance company that issued the policy.

Checking information about the OSAGO policy.

The service allows you to find out about the presence of a valid OSAGO policy by the VIN number or the state registration plate of the vehicle:

Series and number of OSAGO form;

The name of the insurance company that issued the policy;

Type of insurance (“limited”, “unlimited”).

Additionally, knowing the series and number of the driver's license, you can check whether a particular driver is allowed to drive this vehicle.

Subject, objects and tasks of the examination of the OSAGO policy

Forensic examination of the OSAGO policy refers to traditional forensic examinations. It is singled out as an independent genus due to the specifics of the subject of expertise, the objects under study and the tasks to be solved.

The subject of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy is the actual circumstances associated with the production of documents, the identification of the materials of documents and the technical means of production of documents, which may have the value of evidence in criminal and civil cases, established on the basis of a technical and forensic examination of documents.

The technical and forensic examination of a document includes the examination of the details of the document and the examination of the material substance (materials of the document).

Document details - this is a generalized name of texts, images made by printing methods or on character printing devices; handwritten notes, signatures, seals and stamps, etc.

Document materials - this is the conventional name for materials and substances intended for the manufacture of documents: writing materials (used to complete the details in the document), the basis of the document (paper, cardboard), auxiliary materials (used for fastening, stitching parts of the document, for adjusting the details, etc. .P.). Document materials also include substances used for criminal purposes to remove details in a document - etching (washing) substances.

The objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are:

OSAGO policy;

Products from materials intended for the manufacture of an OSAGO policy (paper and white products, containers with writing materials, carbon paper, tapes for character printers), technical means intended for making requisites (writing instruments, character printers, duplicating equipment, printing forms, composters);

Technical means intended for finishing, stitching documents;

Substances (products) intended (used) to change the content of documents (paste-stroke, correction paper, stain removers, etc.);

Items that are not documents in the exact sense of the word, are examined according to methods developed for typical objects - on which it is necessary to identify faintly visible or invisible records, stamp imprints, to establish the nature of the coloring matter with which the records are made on objects.

The essential features that distinguish the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy from the multitude of objects of examination are their informational nature, material nature and epistemological characteristics.

The objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are carriers of information about the circumstances of the document's production (method, time, technical means, materials used for the production of the document, etc.); about the original content of the document, about the presence of changes in the content of the document and the method of making them; about the identity of technical means, about the identity of a specific amount of material used to make a document; about belonging of parts to one whole.

The objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, which have independent informational significance in the course of the examination, are typical objects. The system of typical objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy includes not only objects, but also elements of objects in respect of which an independent task can be set.

By their material nature, the typical objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy can be divided into the following groups:

Items (things): documents, technical means intended for the production of a document, products from document materials;

Items that are not documents by purpose and material nature, but have the same informational essence and are examined according to the methods developed for the study of documents;

The material substance of the document (document materials);

Traces: displays of technical means intended for the production of documents (strokes of writing instruments, prints of printing forms, displays of stitching, cutting and other means intended for finishing a document); displaying various kinds of influences (most often mechanical and chemical) that appeared in the process of the "life" of the document; material formations of an unknown nature, causally related to the event under study, in respect of which it is suggested that they belong to the objects of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, namely, to the product from the materials of the documents.

When conducting a forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, diagnostic, identification and classification tasks are solved. The general (main) tasks of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are as follows.

Diagnostic tasks:

Establishing the method of document production;

Determining the time of production of a document or its individual parts;

Establishing the fact and method of making changes to the document;

Identification of the original content of the document.

Identification tasks:

Establishment of belonging of parts to one document;

Identification of technical means used to produce documents or make changes to them;

Identification of products and materials used to produce documents or make changes to them.

Classification tasks: establishing the fact that a particular object belongs to a particular group in accordance with the existing classification.

In accordance with the characteristics of the objectives of the study and the direct objects of the study, two types are distinguished in the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy: examination of the details of documents and examination of document materials. In each type of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, subspecies and varieties of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are distinguished according to the same principle.

The objects of examination of the details of documents are the details of documents and the technical means used for the production of documents, for making changes to the content of documents, for finishing documents.

The details of the document according to the method of execution are divided into the following groups:

Handwritten details (texts, short notes, signatures);

Imprints of printed forms (prints of seals and stamps, displays of composters and perforators, typewritten texts, texts made on printers, telegraph, cash and other sign-printing devices);

Attached props (photographs, stamps, labels).

Technical means designed to perform details in documents can be divided into two groups according to consumer purposes:

Writing instruments (fountain pens, ballpoint pens, felt-tip pens, gel pens and ROLLER pens, pencils);

Printing forms (cliches, composters, perforators, character printers, printing and copying equipment).

The main tasks of the examination of the details of documents are as follows:

Establishing a method for fulfilling the details of documents;

Determining the limitation period for fulfilling the details of documents;

Establishing the fact and method of changing the details of documents;

Establishment of the initial content of details;

Identification of poorly visible, invisible and unreadable details;

Identification of the technical means used to fulfill the details of the document.

In accordance with the classification of requisites according to the method of execution, within the framework of the examination of the requisites of documents, an examination of handwritten requisites, an examination of imprints of printed forms, an examination of glued requisites are distinguished.

The following questions can be formulated regarding the tasks of examination of handwritten records:

How the recordings were made (directly by a writing device or using copying and duplicating equipment, by editing);

What kind (type) of writing device was used to record;

What properties did the substrate have on which the document was located during its manufacture (soft, hard, smooth, rough, porous, clean, dirty, etc.);

Whether the signature was made with preliminary technical preparation, using a facsimile;

In what sequence are the intersecting strokes of handwritten notes and other details of the document applied;

Were the handwritten notes subject to changes by adding, adding individual strokes, performing some strokes on top of others;

Have the handwritten notes been altered by erasing;

Have the handwritten notes been altered by etching (washing);

The same or different writing instruments made entries in the document;

Whether the provided writing instrument was used to make notes in the document;

For how many documents did the provided sheet of carbon paper be used?

According to the tasks of examination of imprints of printed forms - imprints of seals and stamps, the following questions can be formulated:

How the image of the seal (stamp) is applied in the documents;

How the seal (stamp) was made, the imprint of which is in the document;

Does the time of applying the seal (stamp) correspond to the date indicated on the document; in what period of time an imprint of the seal (stamp) was applied;

In what sequence are the intersecting strokes of the seal and other details of the document applied;

Have any changes been made to the content of the seal imprint (by drawing, erasing, etching);

What is the original content of the seal imprint that has undergone a change;

Is the print made with this seal (stamp);

Are the documents imprinted with the same or different seals (stamps)?

According to the tasks of examination of texts printed on character printers, the following questions can be formulated:

How is the text written?

Does the execution time of the printed text correspond to the date indicated on the document; in what period of time the typewritten text, the text on the printer was printed;

In what sequence the printed text and other details of the document are made;

Whether a part of another document (for example, one that had a signature and a seal imprint) was used to execute the text of the document;

The typewriter of what class, type, type, brand, model was used to execute typewritten text;

What type of character printer, model was used to execute the text of the document;

What copy in the bookmark was the submitted typewritten document;

Whether the content of the text was changed by reprinting;

Whether the content of the text was changed by erasing;

Whether the content of the text has been changed by etching;

What is the original content of the text that has been changed;

On one or different typewriters (other character-printing devices) the texts of documents are executed;

Whether the text was printed on the same typewriter (another character-printing machine) on which the presented sample texts were made;

Typewritten texts were printed by one or different persons;

According to the objectives of the examination of printed products, the following questions can be formulated:

Whether the text is printed;

How is the document written?

Are the documents submitted for examination prepared in the same way;

How are the printing forms used for printing products made;

Whether individual details were made on the electrophotographic copy by editing;

In what sequence are the details applied by the electrophotographic method and other details made;

What is the way of cutting sheets;

Bonded manually or with a stitching machine;

Whether the documents were produced using the image available on the submitted originals and photo negatives;

What type of typographic font, brand is used for the text;

Whether the submitted documents are printed from the same set (form, cliché, stereotype);

Are the kit and printed products with the help of the letter shop of this typesetting machine;

What is the type, brand, model of the electrophotographic apparatus (other copier) used to make the copy;

Whether copies were made on one electrophotographic apparatus (another copier);

Whether the submitted document was made on the electrophotographic apparatus on which the sample copies were made;

Have the sheets of the document(s) been cut with one paper cutter?

When solving the problems of examination of compost marks, the following questions can be formulated:

How are the composting designations applied in the document;

Whether the content of the compost marks has been changed;

Have the composter marks been applied by this composter?

When solving the problems of examining glued details, the following questions can be formulated:

Has the photo (stamp, label) been replaced (re-glued) in the document;

Was there a replacement (re-gluing) of sheets in the document;

Whether the content of the text was changed by sticking details on a sheet of paper of the document;

What is the original content of the document that has been modified by attaching details?

When solving the problems of examination of burned documents, the following questions can be formulated:

The burnt (charred) remains of sheets of paper are the result of the combustion of how many and which documents exactly;

When examining torn documents, the following questions can be formulated:

What part of the product was the torn sheet;

Whether the submitted sheet of paper of the document belonged to this notebook (another specific product), in which some of the sheets are missing;

Whether the submitted fragments of the document previously formed a single whole;

Whether the tearing (tearing) of sheets was carried out at the same time;

What is the original appearance and content of the torn documents?

The objects of examination of documents materials are:

Writing materials in strokes;

Writing materials in containers (in ampoules of writing instruments, cartridges for some types of printers, in bottles, in tubes, impregnation of stamp pads);

Cover layer on paper (copy paper), fabrics and other materials (tapes for printing devices);

Layering on the surface of printing forms (seals, stamps, etc.);

Painted spots (pollution) on objects - elements of the real environment of the events under investigation, presumably left by the materials of the letter;

Colored substances in containers (liquid, powder), presumably being writing materials, their components (for example, dyes);

Paper (cardboard) - the material (base) of the document;

Products (parts of products) made of paper and cardboard: white paper products (notebooks, account books, albums, envelopes, folders, notepads, notebooks, packs and sheets of paper in consumer sizes, etc.) products intended for packaging products ( bags, packages, boxes, rolls of paper, sheets of paper, paper twine, paper ribbons, etc.); products for sanitary and hygienic purposes; details of industrial and technical and household products made of paper and cardboard (filters, gaskets, etc.); tobacco products (cigarettes, cigarettes);

Material formations that have lost the structure of the material and product as a result of explosion, burning, pollution, grinding (ash, ash, charred, charred, disintegrated particles, fibers);

Glue - document material in the form of particles, a layer on the surface of document fragments (paper or cardboard products);

Glue in a container (bottle, tube, etc.);

Corrective agents in the form of a layer (particles) on the surface of the document (paste-stroke, surface layer of corrective paper);

Corrective substances-products (paste-stroke in a bottle, surface layer of corrective paper);

Materials (threads, fabric, wire, etc.) intended for fastening parts of a document or white paper products are the material substance of the document;

Materials intended for the manufacture of external coatings for documents and white paper products, products (rolls, pieces, canvases, etc.);

Particles that have lost the original structure of the material and product, on objects - elements of the real environment of the events under investigation, presumably being the remains of documents or products intended for their manufacture;

Residues (transformation products) of substances used to remove the details in the document (listed below), adsorbed by the base of the document;

Substances (mixtures of substances) in containers, packaging, etc., under the influence of which the details become invisible or slightly visible: household chemicals (synthetic detergents, synthetic bleaching agents, stain removers, acids, solvents, etc.), disinfectant pharmaceuticals, food products (such as acetic acid, citric acid), chemical reagents (mineral and organic acids, solvents, etc.).

The main tasks of the examination of documents materials are as follows:

Determination of the consumer purpose (kind, type) of the material of the document, products from it;

Establishing the belonging of material formations that have lost the structure of the material and product to a product (including a document) of a particular type;

Establishing the ownership of the material (product) of standard products of domestic or foreign production;

Establishing the fact of manufacturing a material (products from it) in a handicraft way;

Determination of the source of origin of the material, product;

Attribution of the material to a certain mass, allocated according to the specifics of manufacturing, storage, use;

Identification of a specifically allocated volume of material;

Establishment of belonging of parts to one product;

Establishing the fact of aggressive impact (thermal, light, chemical) on the materials of the document;

Establishment of the execution time of the document based on the study of its materials.

In accordance with the classification of document materials for consumer purposes, within the framework of the examination of document materials, the following are distinguished: examination of letter materials, examination of paper and paper products, examination of auxiliary materials, examination of etching (washing) substances.

According to the tasks of examination of documents materials, questions can be formulated in the following form.

Examination of the materials of the letter:

What kind of letter materials are used to complete the details in the document;

What is the consumer purpose of the coloring matter, the particles (spots) of which are present on the surface of the presented objects;

What is the consumer purpose of the coloring matter presented in the container;

Are the materials of the letter of the same kind used to complete the texts in the submitted documents;

Are the entries in the submitted documents made by the materials of the letter that are identical in composition;

Are there any entries in the submitted documents made by the materials of the letter that are identical in composition;

Whether the coloring matter of the same type as in the presented container was used to complete the details in the document (in documents);

Is the coloring matter in the strokes a product of standard or handicraft, domestic or foreign production;

Whether the coloring matter in the strokes of the texts in the submitted documents previously belonged to a single mass - products of the same production output;

Whether the entries in the documents were made with paste from the core of the presented ballpoint pen;

Are the entries in the documents made with paste from the same ballpoint pen refill;

Whether the entries in the documents are made by the material of the letter from this container;

Whether stamp ink of the same composition was used for applying impressions (seals, stamps) in the submitted documents;

Whether stamp ink was used for applying impressions (seals, stamps) in the submitted documents from the same container (bottle, stamp pad);

Whether stamp ink was used for applying impressions (seals, stamps) in the submitted documents from a specific container (bottle or stamp pad);

Does the execution time of handwritten details correspond to the date indicated in the document; if not, then in what period of time the details were made;

Does the time of applying the seal (stamp) correspond to the date indicated in the document; if not, then in what period of time the impression was made;

Whether in one period of time the details (handwritten notes, prints) were made in several documents;

Are the details in the undated document not fulfilled in a particular

Time period (specify boundaries).

Examination of paper and paper products:

Are the presented objects (fibers, ash, ash, particles) paper remnants;

Which type of paper product (consumer purpose) could belong to the presented particles (fibers, ash, ash, etc.);

Are the presented objects (fibers, ash, ash, particles) the remains of a paper product of a certain type;

What type (class) of paper was used to make the submitted document;

Paper of what consumer purpose was used for the production of these documents;

Whether the paper of the submitted documents is the product of the same enterprise, the product of the same issue;

What type of product does the presented sheet of paper (part of the sheet) belong to?

Is the paper of the documents submitted ( banknotes, bonds) in an artisanal way;

Did the sheets (torn pieces) of paper previously belong to the same product: a roll of paper, a large sheet, a white paper product, etc.;

Do the submitted sheets (parts of sheets) belong to the same notebook;

Whether the sheet of paper of the document belonged to this notebook, in which some of the sheets are missing;

Has the submitted document been subjected to thermal treatment, such as ironing;

In what period of time was the paper of the document made;

In what period of time was the presented paper product made?

Examination of auxiliary materials:

What type of glue was used in the manufacture of the document;

Whether one type of glue was used for sticking to documents;

Could the substance from the presented container be used for gluing labels;

Are the particles of the substance found on the presented pieces of paper, particles of glue;

Examination of etching and washing substances:

Has the document been chemically attacked (etched, washed off);

Whether the content of the document has been altered by chemical exposure;

What is the chemical nature and consumer purpose of the substance (substances) that was used to remove entries in the document;

What is the chemical nature and consumer purpose of the substance in the presented container, could it be used to change the content of the document (remove specific details);

Whether a substance of the same type (by chemical nature and consumer purpose) was used to remove details in several submitted documents;

Was the substance from this container (package, etc.) used to remove details in the submitted document?

Gnoseological characteristics of the object of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy is a system of properties due to the purpose of the object, its occurrence (manufacturing), the conditions of "life" (storage and use). The properties of the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are direct sources of information about the event under study. Each category of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy: documents, details, technical means, document materials and products made from them is characterized by a certain system of properties. These properties can be divided into three groups: structural-dimensional, substantial and functional.

Structural and dimensional properties of the object of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are manifested in its size, shape, number of structural elements (details), their relative location, the nature of the connections between the elements, the shape and size of the elements.

Substantial properties characterize the features, features of the material substance of the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy. They are manifested in its structure - external (morphology) and internal; chemical composition - component, molecular (phase), elemental, physical, chemical, mechanical, special consumer properties. According to their informational status, the components of the document materials belong to the category of properties of the objects of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy. Each component has a certain set of properties such as molecular (phase), elemental composition, the ability to react in a certain way to external influences, for example, the attitude to water and various types of organic solvents, chromatographic mobility under certain conditions, the ability to luminesce, etc.

Functional properties inherent in the technical means intended for the production of documents, and are manifested in the mechanism of interaction with the basis of the document (when performing details, when finishing the document).

The most important characteristics of properties that make it possible to determine their value in solving the problems of forensic examination of an OSAGO policy are: the materiality of the property for solving the task, the origin of the property, its stability over time, the volume of the set distinguished by the property, frequency of occurrence, intensity (the degree of manifestation of the property), uniformity property distribution in the system (object). The listed characteristics are the basis for classifying properties into groups depending on their nature and information essence.

By origin, all properties can be divided into two groups:

Properties due to the manufacture, the appearance of the object,

Properties acquired during the existence of an object.

Depending on the correspondence (or discrepancy) to the objective laws of the emergence and existence of an object, the properties of each group are divided into necessary (natural) and random. To necessary include properties determined by the purpose of the object, as well as those that appeared during the operation of the object in accordance with the established rules for its use. For example, a reconfigured typewriter character is the result of printing plate defects after prolonged use of the machine. Another example is the change in the properties of document materials during natural aging. Random properties may result from violations technological process, as a result of random impacts on objects in the course of their "life". The assessment of a property as random is relative and depends on which event is being investigated. For example, excessive content (above the established criteria) in paper of chlorine, when determining the type of paper, we evaluate as random. When establishing the fact of a chemical effect on a document, the appearance of this property in paper is assessed as natural when processing documents with chlorine-containing substances, that is, it becomes a natural property of the base of the document subjected to etching.

In terms of stability over time, properties are divided into practically unchanged over time (stable) and time-varying (not stable). Unstable properties can be classified according to the degree of stability in a certain period of time, depending on the conditions of storage and operation of objects.

By distribution in a material substance, properties can be evenly distributed and unevenly distributed. Evaluation of properties, taking into account the uniformity of their distribution in the system (object), is especially important when comparing objects of small sizes, for example, single strokes. The observed differences in the manifestation of one and the same property, for example, the density of the paste in different parts of the strokes, may be due to the heterogeneity of the objects in relation to the property under study.

By relationships and interactions, the properties of an object can be divided into mutually independent (if the relationships between properties can be neglected) and interdependent. Such a division is relative and depends on the task for which the evaluation of properties is carried out. For example, such features of the object of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy - writing material, as compositions of dyes, solvents, binders, due to its consumer purpose, are interdependent and therefore, when solving a classification problem, it is possible to study only a part of these properties, sufficient to classify the object to a certain classification group.

According to the prevalence of properties in the system of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy (by specificity), it is possible to distinguish the properties inherent in objects of a particular category, groups of objects identified within each category (genus, species, one source of origin), single objects. Properties belonging to all elements of the system are general properties, properties belonging to individual elements (parts) of the system are private properties. The division of properties into general and particular is relatively. In each specific case, it is necessary to indicate in relation to which system (set of objects, elements) this property is evaluated. For example, the composition of dyes is a common property of pastes made according to the same recipe; the composition (composition) of impurities in dyes will in this case be a particular property of pastes made according to the same recipe, and common to paste in rods, for filling which products of the same release were used.

The frequency of occurrence is an important characteristic of the properties of objects of expert research. The frequency of occurrence of properties due to the consumer purpose of an object can be estimated on the basis of statistical data on the production and consumption of objects of a given kind (type) and analysis of their properties. To estimate the frequency of occurrence of properties acquired by an object in the course of its "life", statistical data on the state of similar objects in the same situations are needed.

According to their importance for solving a specific problem, the properties are divided into significant and non-essential. Essential properties according to the degree of significance can be divided into defining (basic) and additional.

Cognizing the properties of objects, we obtain information about the cognized property or its absence. This information is a sign of the system (object) or its individual property. The system of signs is a model (image) of the system of properties of a cognizable object. In each specific case, the expression of a property through a feature depends on way studying a property (a way to extract information about a property). The sign does not correspond to the property, but only approximately reflects it. The main characteristics of a feature are its nature, origin, stability over time, specificity, frequency of occurrence, stability (reproducibility) of the feature in the system, the method of modeling the property, the significance of the feature for solving a specific expert problem.

The listed characteristics are the basis for classifying the features of the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy in order to determine their forensic significance in solving expert problems.

By the nature of the displayed properties, the signs of the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are divided into structural-dimensional, substantive.

By origin, the signs are divided into the following groups:

Appeared as a result of the manufacture of objects, in particular technological (for technical means, documents, materials of documents and products from them),

Appeared during the existence of the object, due to: a) the conditions (method) of storage, b) the operation of the object, c) the natural aging of the object.

By analogy with the displayed properties, characteristics by origin can be necessary(regular) and random.

In terms of stability over time, signs are divided into not changing in time(persistent) and time-varying(unstable). Unstable signs can be differentiated by the degree of their stability over time. According to the distribution of properties in the system (object), the corresponding signs are divided into local and integral.

The specificity of a feature depends on the degree of its prevalence for objects of the same category: features that belong to single objects (individualizing) and a set of objects are distinguished. The signs of the second group are divided into groups depending on the degree of commonality of objects (category, genus, species, subspecies, etc.).

Variability is inherent in features that reflect the local properties of the object, as well as those properties, the degree of manifestation of which depends on the conditions of manufacture (emergence) of the object, as well as on external conditions. For example, the characteristics of paper properties within the same paper web may differ, the difference is due to the specifics of paper manufacture.

The frequency of occurrence of the sign depends on the nature and conditions of origin of the properties of the object of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy. According to the frequency of occurrence, all signs at a qualitative level can be divided into two groups, often found - common for a specific classification group of objects, corresponding to typical conditions for the occurrence and operation of objects, rarely occurring signs - that appeared under random circumstances in terms of the mechanism of occurrence.

When assessing the informational significance of features, the identification of groups is of great importance. mutually independent and interdependent signs. The appearance of interdependent features can be the result of: a) the mutual dependence of the properties expressed by the features, b) expressing information about the property in several ways. For example, the property of paper - the content of fillers can be expressed in several ways:

By determining the ash content of paper, the sign is a characteristic of the ash content;

Determination of the phase composition of fillers - the corresponding characteristic;

Determination of the elemental composition of paper - the relative content of elements corresponding to a particular filler.

An important characteristic of the significance of signs in evaluating the results of identification studies is the frequency of occurrence of a sign.

In terms of reproducibility within a certain system of objects, signs can be divided into stable for a given object (group of objects) and unstable.

According to the significance of the features of the object for solving a specific problem, they are divided into essential and non-essential, defining (basic) and additional.

According to the method of modeling properties, signs are divided into qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative.

Informative features that reflect the properties of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, studied in solving expert problems, are the basis for forensic classifications of typical objects, developed taking into account the tasks of forensic investigation and expert practice.

Objects of each category: documents, requisites, technical means, materials of documents and products from them - are distinguished according to the specifics of the studied properties, due to the origin (emergence) of objects. Within the same category, objects have a common building plan ( internal organization). The system of typical objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy has a hierarchical structure. The top level belongs to the document. Objects of other categories are subordinate objects in relation to the document. The objects of each category (subsystem) form a hierarchical structure that reflects the degree of subordination of objects within one category.

The structure of the system of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy as a whole and its individual subsystems corresponds to the multi-stage process of forensic examination of the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy. In the process of solving expert problems, objects occupying more than high levels, become intermediate in relation to objects of the same kind located at lower levels.

Classification by intended purpose in relation to each category of objects: documents, technical means, materials of documents and products from them - allows you to take into account all possible groups of objects of the same purpose - of the same kind; define a system of objects of the same genus - identify narrower groups of objects within the genus: species, subspecies, etc. The final element of the classification of objects by purpose is the narrowest group within the genus. The systematization of objects within a genus is often carried out in accordance with their scientific and technical classification (commodity science, materials science), and, as a rule, the terminology established by these classifications is used to describe the distinguished groups within the genus. Examples are the classifications of typewriters, paper, stationery, pencils, and the like.

Classification of objects - traces according to the method of execution allows you to take into account all types of details of documents and displays of technical means intended for finishing documents.

Classification of objects according to the intended (consumer) purpose is necessary for an expert when solving classification and diagnostic problems (determining the method of producing a document), as well as for determining the generic affiliation of an object when solving identification problems. The basis for the classification are signs that reflect the specifics of the manufacture (occurrence) of an object of a particular category.

The classification of the details of documents according to the method of execution corresponds to the classification of technical means according to their intended purpose.

The systematization of objects of the same species (the narrowest group within the genus) includes their division into groups:

According to the commonality of manufacture in relation to items (documents, technical means, materials of documents and products from them - products of one enterprise, one issue, part of one whole - individually selected item, volume of material, multiple object, for example, bales or packs of sheets),

By common storage and use.

The grounds for distinguishing groups of objects according to the commonality of manufacturing are the features that appeared in the process of manufacturing the object, the so-called technological features. These signs can be studied and systematized.

The grounds for distinguishing groups of objects according to the commonality of storage and use are signs that reflect changes in the properties of objects in the process of natural aging, in the process of operation under the influence of the environment. The systematization of signs of this kind in relation to certain groups of objects makes it possible to attribute their occurrence to a certain time interval, to certain conditions of storage and use.

Objects of the same genus, one category or several categories, similar in nature, can be classified according to the degree of manifestation of a certain property (properties). Such classifications are the basis of information retrieval systems developed in relation to the tasks of forensic research of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy. An example of a classification developed in relation to objects of a particular kind is the classification of fonts for typewriters according to the degree of generality of geometric features that display the configuration and size of individual characters. The final element of such a classification is the font brand. As another example, we can cite the classification of paper types according to the degree of manifestation of a certain property, in which each group combines paper types that have this property.

The identification of groups of objects according to their common nature, or individual properties, is useful in developing methods for studying objects of forensic examination of an OSAGO policy and evaluating the results of studies, in organizing the production of examinations.

When solving problems related to identifying the circumstances of a material forgery, experts use the classifications of objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy of the following types:

The division of objects (documents, details, technical means, materials of documents and products from them) into groups based on the compliance (non-compliance) of the method of their manufacture (fulfillment) with the established rules: objects manufactured in accordance with the established rules; objects that do not comply with the established rules; further classification of objects belonging to the second group is determined by the type of object and possible ways of non-standard production of objects of this type;

The division of documents into groups with unchanged original content and with content that has undergone a change; further division of documents of the second group is carried out according to the method of changing their content;

The division of details in documents that have undergone a change into two groups: 1) visible, 2) poorly visible (invisible); subsequent selection of subgroups in each group, depending on the method of changing the details.

Preparation of materials for conducting a forensic examination of the OSAGO policy.

The possibilities of examination largely depend on the preparation of materials for its implementation. When preparing materials, certain requirements for handling material evidence must be met, the task for the expert is clearly formulated, the necessary comparative materials are collected, and the information necessary for the examination is collected.

In accordance with the rules for handling documents - material evidence developed in forensic science, the court is obliged to:

Present documents to the expert in the form and condition in which they were;

Keep documents - physical evidence in separate envelopes (packages, files), do not stick on sheets of paper for inclusion in the case file; bend and fold sheets of paper documents only according to the existing folds;

Protect documents from exposure to light, moisture, high temperature, as this can lead to significant changes in their properties;

Use tweezers when examining documents so as not to contaminate them, not to leave fingerprints on them (this can make it difficult to identify a person by handprints on documents if the documents become the object of a trace examination);

Do not make marks, strokes, instructions on documents.

In the resolution (determination) it is necessary to specify the objects to be researched:

Indicate the name of the document, the date of its compilation given in the document;

Give information about the circumstances of the discovery of documents - material evidence (date, place of discovery, seizure);

Indicate the immediate object of study - describe its content (sign, word, line, etc.), location in the document;

When sending the case materials for examination, indicate the location of the document in the case materials - the case sheet; clearly identify the studied documents and comparative materials so as not to lead to their confusion during the examination.

When appointing examinations that require material science studies of the document (determining the composition of the letter materials in strokes of details, determining the composition and properties of the base, etc.), it is not allowed to submit a copy of the document for examination instead of the original.

Questions to the expert should not go beyond his competence, require a legal assessment of the results of the study. When formulating the task, it is unacceptable for an expert to use terms that have a double interpretation - technical and legal: "correction", "fake", as synonyms for the terms: "change", "non-compliance with the rules".

When formulating questions, the scope of the assignment to the expert should be clearly defined. The reason for the vague task of the expert when formulating questions is the incorrect use of terminology.

It is unacceptable to use the term "dye" as a synonym for the term "dye" when posing questions regarding the materials of the letter. Ink is not the only ingredient in writing materials. Writing materials of the same color may have the same composition of dyes and differ in the composition of undyed components. The use of the term "dye" when posing a question may incorrectly guide the expert in conducting research and formulating conclusions and, as a result, will affect the evidentiary value of the conclusion as a whole.

Questions about similarity, homogeneity, identity, common generic (group) affiliation, simultaneity are questions with an indefinite task for the expert.

In matters, the solution of which requires identification studies of document materials in order to establish the commonality of their origin, to identify an individually allocated volume of material, the object of identification must be determined. It is unacceptable to formulate questions about similarity, homogeneity, identity, common generic (group) affiliation without explanations of the person who appointed the examination, which in each specific case should be understood as a genus, a group of objects, which set (group of objects) is distinguished by the term "homogeneous".

Questions about the simultaneous execution of several documents, fragments of one document are a typical case of an indefinite form of assignment to an expert. The term "simultaneity" is appropriate only for documents made in one step: in one bookmark using carbon paper or carbon paper. In other cases, the term "simultaneity" requires clarification: what period of time is of interest to the investigation (court). An analysis of expert practice indicates that when raising the question of the simultaneity of execution of strokes, fragments of a document, the investigation (court) is usually interested in the fact of making changes to the document by adding, the sequence of execution of fragments of the document, the sequence of execution of documents (which is earlier, which is later) .

If the objects of examination are technical means designed to fulfill the details of documents (writing instruments, character printers, copying equipment, printing forms, composters), then, depending on the expert task being solved and the specific situation, either technical means directly or Comparative materials made with their help are samples of the following types: experimental samples and free samples.

Experimental samples - specially selected for the needs of the examination in the course of the proceedings (for example, experimentally made prints of the seal, texts on printers, etc.). When submitting experimental samples for examination, the expert must be provided with information on who, when, under what circumstances the experimental samples were obtained (sampling is recorded in the protocol according to the rules provided for by procedural legislation).

Free samples in the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy are documents that exist regardless of the proceedings, often even before it begins, in which there are details made using the same technical means of manufacturing documents, the same materials with which the document under study was made.

According to the procedural method and the subject of obtaining, samples can be forensic and expert. Forensic investigative samples are obtained by the body or person who appointed the examination, in the manner prescribed by the procedural legislation. Expert samples are made by the expert in the course of the examination. Samples received by the court (investigator) and properly executed ensure the objectivity and reliability of the expert study.

Some methods of expert research are associated with damage to the object or even its complete destruction. Such methods are used with the permission of the body or person that appointed the examination. The specified permission must be contained in the resolution (determination) on the appointment of the examination or in the corresponding letter. Permission for partial destruction of a document, taking samples, cuttings from strokes is mandatory when examining document materials, in particular when appointing an examination to solve the following tasks:

Establishing the limitation period for the execution of a document,

Establishing the sequence of execution of intersecting strokes,

Establishing a way to execute a document,

Establishment of the type, consumer purpose of paper,

Establishing the fact of addition,

Identification of the writing instrument by strokes,

Printer identification by texts.

Identification of seals and stamps by imprints

Along with the document being examined, a checked seal or experimental samples (10-20 experimental prints of an identifiable seal or stamp) and (or) free samples (10-20 documents with impressions of the corresponding seal or stamp) are sent for examination. Experimental samples should be obtained with different degrees of staining intensity, pressure force (weak, medium, strong) and on a different substrate (soft, hard), change the pressure on different areas of the print. In the protocol for obtaining samples or directly on paper with sample prints, the conditions for experimental production of prints must be indicated. If a lot of time (more than a year) has passed since the production of the document under investigation, it is advisable to submit for examination samples of seal (stamp) impressions related to the estimated time of production of the document under investigation. If the suspects were found to have seals (stamps) and there is an assumption that they made impressions in the documents being examined, then these seals (stamps) should be sent for examination. It is also necessary to provide the expert with information on how many seals of a particular organization were made at one time (using one matrix, photo negative, etc.).

Identification of a typewriter by texts

When identifying a typewriter by text, the expert must be presented with samples of texts made on the typewriter (machines) being checked. As free samples, it is necessary to submit: typewritten texts executed on a typewriter approximately in the same period when the document under study was printed; experimental samples of text similar to the content under study, as well as prints of all typewritten characters available on this machine, in particular, in accordance with their location on the keyboard of a typewriter. In this case, it is desirable to type the text on a typewriter before and after cleaning the font. It is also necessary to submit a certificate on the repair of the typewriter, what it consisted of, whether the resoldering of the characters was carried out, when identifying the electronic typewriter, whether additional replaceable type carriers of the same brand were purchased, if so, provide the relevant sample texts.

Printer identification by texts

To identify printers: character-synthesizing dot-matrix, inkjet, laser, LED, thermographic, with a monolithic type carrier, free samples are needed - texts made on the checked printer in the same period when the document under study was printed. When choosing free samples, preference should be given to documents comparable to the one under study (in terms of text content, size and character configuration). Experimental sample texts should be submitted for examination only if the possibility of executing the document under study using the same cartridge that is installed in the printer at the time of its submission for examination is checked. These requirements are due to the fact that the identification capabilities of the printer are primarily related to the identification of the cartridge. When sending materials for examination, it should be reflected in the decision or determination whether it is possible to cut out text marks from strokes to study the composition of the coloring matter in strokes.

Identification of means of reprography by texts

For identification studies of documents printed on copiers (electrophotographic, inkjet, thermographic, such as a risograph, etc.), texts printed on this machine at about the same time as the document under study should be sent as comparative materials (at least 10 pages). In addition, you should attach a certificate of the tests carried out since the production of the document under study. repair work copier (indicating the nature of the repair).

Identification of the writing instrument by strokes

For examination, all writing instruments, containers with dyes, as well as documents that could be executed by a pen of interest to the investigation in different times. If the entries are made with ballpoint pen paste, ampoules with paste or its residues must also be submitted. The solution of this problem involves the study of the composition of the coloring matter in the strokes, so the expert must be given permission to make clippings from the strokes of records in documents.

Establishing a method for fulfilling the details of documents

To determine the method of document production, it is necessary to present as comparative material documents of the same name with the same output data that are available on the document being checked. If the possibility of executing a document by editing is checked, it is advisable to submit for examination documents whose details could be used as originals when copying.

Establishing the limitation period for the execution of a document

In order to establish the limitation of making prints (stamp) in a document, printed text on a sign machine (typewriter, printer) accurate to the day, week, month - according to the method based on the study of operational characteristics, comparative samples are needed - documents in which there are prints seals made with the same seal, texts made on the same character printing apparatus, for the entire checked period of time with a frequency of a day, a week, a month.

To apply the methodology for establishing the limitation period for the execution of handwritten details with a ballpoint pen; seal impressions - stamp ink; texts made by inkjet printing, according to the method based on the study of the relative content of volatile components in strokes, the following is required: permission to cut out strokes and document paper; information about the time period under which the document was executed, when the document (its copy) was submitted to the court, attached to the case file. If possible, present to the expert as comparative materials the means of production that could be used to complete the document under study: a ballpoint pen, an ink pad, or documents with details made by them during the period under review.

When selecting materials, especially for new objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy, it is advisable to use the help of specialists, in particular when selecting samples for examining the basis of documents and letter materials in order to establish the manufacturer. The participation of a specialist is desirable when taking samples in cases where the display of features largely depends on the specifics of the device and the operation of individual components of the device that needs to be identified, especially if such devices are not described in detail in the literature, for example, when studying texts made on printers.

Possibilities of solving the main tasks of technical examination of documents

The solution of an expert problem is a complex multi-stage research process, at each stage of which intermediate tasks are solved. For each specific task, it is necessary to analyze the system of intermediate tasks, determine the system of studied properties, select a set of research methods, and determine the sequence of their application. The solution of many tasks of the forensic examination of the OSAGO policy became possible thanks to integrated approach to their decision.

Establishing the document production method

Establishing a method for producing a document consists in determining the methods and means used for its production. It can be both an independent goal of the ongoing research, and a necessary stage in the study of documents in solving most of the tasks of a forensic examination of an OSAGO policy: establishing the limitation period for the execution of a document; the fact and method of making changes to the document; identification of the original content of the document that has undergone changes; identification of poorly visible, "faded" and other unreadable texts; identification of technical means, writing instruments and a certain amount of material, establishing the belonging of parts to one document.

The most common tasks of a forensic examination of an OSAGO policy include the tasks of establishing a method for fulfilling the details in a document: texts, signatures, seals (stamps) and other images; problem solving consists in establishing a method for making strokes and is based on considering strokes as a system of properties determined by the composition of the writing material in strokes, the external structure of the contacting surface of the technical means and the mechanism of its action. At the same time, the following characteristics are studied:

The distribution of the coloring matter in the elements of the image (penetrates into the thickness of the paper or does not penetrate into the thickness of the paper, located on the surface of the paper, the shape of the particles, the color intensity of the strokes, the image is monochrome or formed from dots of different colors - turquoise, magenta, yellow, black);

Relief in strokes (presence or absence of traces of pressure, the nature of their distribution in strokes, the location of the coloring matter on the surface in a thick, "protruding" layer);

Areas of a sheet of paper free from signs (the presence in such areas of particles of the same type in color and shape as in the strokes);

The configuration of characters and the nature of the edge of the strokes (smooth, linear-discrete, consisting of dots, the presence of "halos");

Dimensions of signs (using a measuring magnifier or an eyepiece-micrometer of a microscope);

Line step, line step (using a special stencil);

Document paper properties at the location of document details and on document paper areas free of details;

Luminescence of strokes and paper;

The ratio of the coloring matter of the strokes to water and organic solvents;

The composition of the coloring matter of the strokes (the presence of a dye of a certain type, the presence of a certain combination of dyes);

Magnetic properties of matter in strokes.

The study of the details of documents is carried out using the following methods: organoleptic, microscopic, photographic, chemical, physical and chemical (chromatography, spectral, including luminescent analysis in the ultraviolet, visible, infrared zones); express research methods using electron-optical technology and computer image processing. In each specific case, methods are used that allow you to quickly identify the set of features necessary and sufficient for a categorical conclusion about the way the details are performed.

Research of printing products (forms, diplomas, driving licenses, waybills, invoices, etc.). For its production, various methods of classical printing (high, flat, deep, screen printing) and operational printing are used. Establishing the method of manufacturing the document under study and comparing it with the corresponding samples makes it possible to establish various circumstances of its manufacture.

Among printing products, a special place is occupied by documents equipped with special means of protection against forgery: bank notes, bonds, bills, certificates, lottery tickets, letters of credit, savings books, excise stamps, regional special stamps designed to protect consumer goods, postage stamps, passports, birth and marriage certificates, etc. The production of these documents is entrusted to the Main Directorate for the Production of State Signs of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Goznak) and some other organizations. The above documents are recognized as fake if it is established by expert examination that they are completely or partially made in a different way than similar original documents. This applies to the printed image, security grid, watermarks and other details of the document.

The fact of forgery of a money ticket or a form of a particularly important document is established by examining appearance and the content of the document under study, by checking protective equipment:

Technological security (watermarks, security threads, security fibers, optically variable inks; holographic security; paper composition);

Physical and chemical protection (luminescent protection, infrared protection, magnetic protection);

Printing protection (high, deep, flat, screen printing, microprinting).

Primitive forgery can be established by visual examination of the document. Signs of a fake are: the presence of grammatical errors, omissions of words, etc.; distortion of drawings, simplification in the execution of small details.

Microscopic examination, examination under various lighting conditions, using computer technology (for example, using a video spectral comparator) of printed text and drawings, determine the method of printing. The forgery of a document is evidenced by the fact that at least one fragment of the document under study is printed in a different way than the original documents of the same issue.

The facts of a complete forgery of documents were established during an expert study of banknotes and documents of a certain purpose (for example, telex messages, telegrams). In the latter case, personal computer (PC) printers are used to simulate the execution of texts on other character-printing devices, for example, on telex, telegraph machines. An example of a partial forgery of documents using PC printers and scanners is the execution of individual details of documents (signatures, seals), making changes to the original text of the document.

The study of printed texts made on character-printing devices. To establish the method of executing the text, they study the step along the line, the step of the line, the size and configuration of the characters, the nature of the edge of the strokes, the distribution of the coloring matter in the image elements, the relief in the strokes, the areas of the sheet of paper free from characters, the properties of the paper, the ratio of the coloring matter of the strokes to water, and organic solvents, the composition of the coloring matter in strokes. When identifying a set of features characteristic of a character-printing device of a particular type, it is possible to categorically establish the method of executing the text of a document: on a typewriter of a particular type - lever-segment, leverless electronic, on a PC printer of a particular type - character-synthesizing dot-matrix, laser, inkjet, thermographic, with monolithic letter carrier.

The fact of execution of the text on a copier (electrophotographic, inkjet, thermographic) is established on the basis of a study of the configuration of characters, the edge of the strokes, the distribution of the coloring matter in the image elements, the areas of the sheet of paper free from characters, the ratio of the coloring matter of the strokes to water and organic solvents, properties paper document, the composition of the coloring matter in the strokes. A categorical conclusion about the method of executing the text of a document on a copier is formulated when establishing a set of features characteristic of a copier of a particular type: electrophotographic, inkjet, thermographic.

If the features found by the expert are inherent in both the printer and the copier, then a categorical conclusion is formulated about the printing method, for example, the text is made by inkjet printing, and then an alternative conclusion is made about the technical means on which the details of the document are made: on a PC printer or on a copier. -multiplier.

One of the methods of modern copying of documents is risography. To conclude about the method of execution of the document - on equipment such as a risograph (by screen printing), it is enough to find in the text the following signs: the coloring matter is located on the surface of the paper, there are no signs of pressure, the strokes of the characters are evenly colored, have a soft color, a weakly expressed dot structure, the edges of the strokes are uneven, inclined and rounded elements have a stepped configuration, there are elements that protrude beyond the contours of the stroke, in copies received from one master film, the same defects are observed.

Establishing a method for making handwritten details and imprints of seals (stamps). Signatures traditionally became the objects of forensic examination of the OSAGO policy in order to establish the fact of their execution with preliminary technical preparation or with the help of a facsimile. However, more and more often, experts find in documents not signatures, but images of signatures made using technical copying techniques. A similar picture is observed when establishing a method for making prints of seals (stamps) on a document.

The type of writing material in the strokes of handwritten notes and prints of seals (stamps) is established on the basis of studying the nature of the distribution of the coloring matter in the strokes, the nature of the interaction of the coloring matter in the strokes with the base of the document, the width of the strokes, the presence (absence) of traces of pressure in the strokes, the presence (absence) on areas free from strokes of particles of the same type in color and shape as in strokes, the relationship to water, to organic solvents, the composition of the coloring matter in strokes.

Microscopic examination of seal impressions often makes it possible to determine the method of seal production, i.e. determine what kind of seal the impression was made with: photopolymer printing, laser engraving on rubber, Flash technology; rubber, metal, or handicraft stamp cut into elastic material.

Often, when establishing the method for performing the details of documents (as the first stage of the study), the expert comes to the conclusion that the handwritten details were not made directly by the writing device on a sheet of paper, the prints of the seal (stamp) were not applied by the seal (stamp), the printed text was not made by printing , - but with the use of technical copying tools. Consequently, the expert establishes that the object of the examination is not a signature, but an image of a signature, not an impression of a seal (stamp), but an image of an impression of a seal (stamp), not a printed text, but an image of a printed text.

In such cases, the conclusions can be formulated as follows:

The documents submitted for examination are not originals, but copies made by inkjet printing on a character printing device - a copier or printer;

The document submitted for examination was made by editing, namely: the images of the stamp impressions and the round seal in the document were applied by inkjet printing using a copier or printer;

The electrophotographic copy of the receipt submitted for examination was made by editing, is not an "absolute copy" of the original receipt;

The image of the signature in the document is a facsimile.

Determining the age of production of a document or its individual parts

In investigative and judicial practice, the question often arises of the time and sequence of execution of the details of the document, the time interval and sequence of execution of documents, which are usually drawn up in several copies.

It is customary to distinguish between relative and absolute prescription of documents. Relative prescription is understood as the sequence of execution of document fragments, the simultaneity or difference in time of making any entries in this document or in its copies executed through carbon paper. Absolute prescription is understood as the time of drawing up a document, determined by years, months, days.

Clarification of relative prescription, in essence, is a means of establishing additions and other changes, as well as the sequence of execution of fragments (signatures, numerical designations, seal impressions). Most often, it is required to establish the fact of editing - the execution of a document on a text-free section of another document (a sheet of paper) with a signature and a seal imprint on it. The solution of these problems is carried out using methods for studying the details and materials of documents. At the first stage of the study, the specifics of the placement of the details of the document are studied, with special attention being paid to the signs of an unusual placement of handwritten notes (fragments of records) - concisely, as if wrapping around a seal, etc.

In order to successfully solve the problem of establishing a chronological sequence for the execution of details whose strokes intersect, it is necessary to first determine the composition of the coloring matter of the intersecting strokes and select the optimal research conditions on the corresponding models, in particular, determine the optimal conditions (solvent, pressure, contact duration) for applying the adsorption-luminescence method for studies of intersecting strokes. It is usually possible to establish the sequence of intersecting strokes made on a laser printer with strokes applied with ballpoint pen pastes and strokes of seal impressions (stamps).

Determining the absolute prescription of documents is one of the main tasks of the technical examination of documents. This task is usually set in cases where it is required to establish the time of execution of a document, for example, in order to determine the time of the commission of a crime, in order to determine the fact of forgery of a document from the point of view of the impossibility of its execution in accordance with the date indicated in the document.

Determining the absolute prescription of document production requires a comprehensive study of documents: content, details, materials. The basis for determining the prescription of a document is its consideration as a system of features that distinguish a certain period of time. These signs can manifest themselves in the specifics of the content of the document and its individual details, in the structural and dimensional characteristics of the strokes, due to the consumer purpose of the writing instrument, technical means, as well as temporary changes in the properties of these tools during their operation in a certain period of time, in the features of the composition and properties of the material substance of the document, due to the consumer purpose of the writing material in strokes and the base (paper, cardboard), as well as changes in the composition and properties of materials during the "life" of the document.

Currently, there are two approaches to determining the prescription of a document. The first approach is to identify features that do not change (or practically do not change) in time from the moment the document was made (details in the document) to the start of the study. Such features include the content of the document, the characteristics of strokes and the basis of the document, due to the consumer purpose of the writing instrument, technical means and materials of the document. As a result of the study of the document, the compliance (non-compliance) of the identified features with a certain time interval is established. The discrepancy between the date specified in the document and the allocated time interval excludes the possibility of executing the document (individual details) at the time specified in the document; the lower limit of the selected interval determines the time before which the document could not be produced. The effectiveness of this approach to determining the prescription of a document depends primarily on the length of the checked interval, the presence during this period of significant changes in the language, in the range of means (writing instruments, technical means), in the range of document materials.

Based on the study of the content of the document and its details, it is sometimes possible to establish their inconsistency with known facts:

The document uses terms (for example, names of organizations, departments, etc.) that do not correspond to the date indicated in the document;

Forms of documents, seals in documents contain data,

Evidence of belonging to their organization, which was created later than the date of issue of the document or was abolished before its issuance;

The document contains information about phenomena, events that occurred at another time.

Based on the study of the morphology of the strokes, it is possible to exclude the possibility of making handwritten details earlier than the 40s - with a ballpoint pen; before the 70s - with a gel pen, printed texts before the 70s - on electronic typewriters.

Based on the study of the component composition of document materials, in particular, dyes in writing materials, bleaches in paper, it is possible to exclude the possibility of making notes earlier than the 50s - with pastes for ballpoint pens containing phthalocyanine dyes, the possibility of using for making a document earlier than the 60s – domestic paper containing optical brightener.

The second approach to determining the age of a document is to identify signs due to temporary changes in the properties of writing instruments, technical means used to perform details during their operation in a certain period of time, as well as temporary changes in the composition and properties of document materials in the process of their " life." The scientific basis of this approach is knowledge of the patterns of changes in the properties of technical means and writing instruments during their operation, as well as knowledge of the patterns of changes in the composition and properties of document materials in the process of natural aging.

There is a real possibility of determining the age of strokes of details that are imprints of printing forms: imprints of seals (stamps), texts made on character printing devices by studying operational features due to changes in the printing surface of technical means in the checked period of time, because the totality of the features displayed in the print, text is unique for a specific period.

The age of making an impression of a seal (stamp) in a document with an accuracy of a day, a week, a month can be established by comparing it with free samples - documents in which there are impressions made by the same seal (stamp) during the entire checked period of time with a checked frequency - day, week, month.

To determine the age of execution of typewritten text, they study technological data indicating the time of manufacture of the typeface and typewriter of the corresponding brand; signs of wear of the font, typewriter ribbon and defects of the printing mechanism of the typewriter, displayed in the text, their change over a relatively long period. The period of execution of a typewritten document is successfully established according to the identified set of features by comparing it with free samples - documents in which there are texts executed on the same typewriter during the checked period of time with a frequency corresponding to the accuracy of determining the time - day, week, month, year.

It is possible to establish the prescription of the text of a document on a personal computer printer by comparing it with free samples - documents that contain texts printed on the same printer for the entire checked period of time with a checked frequency - day, week, month. An analysis of expert practice has shown that it is most successful to establish the prescription of text execution on a laser printer. We study the characteristics of the cartridge, which are displayed in the text in the form of "marbles" located vertically at the same distance from each other, the specifics of the distribution of the toner, both in the strokes of the characters, and in general in the characters in the text.

One of the directions for solving the problem of determining the age of a document was the study of temporal changes in the composition and properties of letter materials in strokes of document details. Scientific studies carried out in RFTSSE have shown a real possibility of determining the age of props made with writing materials containing at least 20% high-boiling organic solvents, based on the study of residual amounts of solvents in strokes. These writing materials include ballpoint pen ink, stamp ink, and inkjet ink. Using the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes as an example, it was found that the residual solvent content is the main criterion for assessing the age of strokes, the process of natural aging of strokes is described by the time dependence of the relative solvent content in strokes, i.e. the amount of solvent per unit mass of the coloring matter in a stroke, and the basic principles for determining the age of strokes by the content of solvents in them have been developed. A method was proposed for determining the relative content of solvents in the strokes, according to which the solvent content in the stroke was determined by the method of thermal desorption - gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and the mass of the paste in the stroke was estimated from the amount of dyes contained in the analyzed stroke. The content of dyes in the stroke was estimated from the absorption spectrum of the paste extract from the stroke in dimethylformamide after GLC analysis of the stroke.

Based on the study of the patterns of aging strokes of pastes for ballpoint pens containing phenyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, aliphatic ethers of propylene glycol as solvents in RFTSSE, a method was developed for determining the age of making strokes with pastes for ballpoint pens based on studying the process of natural aging of strokes - under conditions of storage of strokes at a temperature close to to a room without access to light. The technique is applicable for expert examination of records made with pastes containing high-boiling solvents, the content of which in the strokes decreases with time and can be reliably detected in the stroke by GLC analysis. The age of the studied strokes is estimated by comparing the characteristics of the relative content of the solvent in them with similar characteristics of the model strokes, the prescription of which coincides (up to a day, month, year) with the date being checked. The significance of the similarity or difference in the characteristics of the relative solvent content in the studied strokes and in the model strokes is estimated taking into account the degree of similarity of the compared strokes (studied and models) in terms of configuration, the nature of the distribution of the paste and the amount of paste in the strokes, as well as on the basis of statistical processing of experimental data for the tested time interval. According to the minimum and maximum values ​​of the age of model strokes, characterized by the same values ​​of the relative solvent content as the studied strokes (taking into account the accuracy of determining these characteristics), the length (boundaries) of the time interval to which the actual execution time of the studied strokes belongs is determined. The beginning of the countdown is the day of the GLC analysis. The maximum value of the age of model strokes is taken as the time limit, before which the studied strokes could not be performed. The length (boundaries) of the time interval in each particular case depends on the following factors: the composition (type) of the paste in the studied strokes, the volume of strokes, the amount of paste in the strokes, the availability and quality of comparative materials (records - free samples), experimental strokes. The application of the methodology in the production of examinations allows you to establish the facts of making entries in documents at a later time than the dates indicated in the documents: a few days, a week before submission for examination, and not 1 month or more; 1 - 3 months before submission for examination, and not a year or more; a year before submission for examination, and not 3 years or more.

At present, the patterns of aging of strokes of prints of seals (stamps) applied with stamp inks, strokes of texts made by inkjet printing have been studied, and appropriate methods have been developed for determining the age of strokes by the content of volatile solvents in strokes. The techniques are applicable to strokes whose age at the time of analysis does not exceed two years.

The general methodological scheme for determining the age of props by the relative content of volatile components in the strokes involves the following stages of research:

Preliminary study of strokes in order to establish the method of their implementation - using an appropriate tool or using a multiplying technique, assessing the suitability of strokes for conducting a comprehensive study of the composition of the coloring matter in strokes; at the same stage, the facts of aggressive impact on the document (light, thermal, chemical) are established;

Analysis of solvents in strokes to determine the suitability of strokes for estimating their execution time;

Analysis of non-volatile components of the writing material in strokes (dyes, resins in pastes) in order to determine the type of coloring matter in strokes and select conditions for quantifying its content in strokes, selecting a model for aging print strokes;

Determination of the relative content of volatile components in strokes - the main sign of stroke aging;

Modeling the aging process of the studied strokes in the checked period of time;

Stroke execution time estimation.

The possibilities of solving problems of determining the limitation period for the execution of documents largely depend on the quality of the preparation of materials for examination. An analysis of LSTED RFTSSE's expert practice showed that one of the reasons for the impossibility to establish the time for completing the details - imprints of printed forms (prints of seals, stamps, printed texts) is the failure to submit the relevant comparative materials (or not presenting them in full). Possibilities of establishing the execution time of the requisites shortly before the submission of the document to the court (investigation) based on the results of the study of volatile components in the strokes of the requisites significantly depend on the length of the interval between the execution time of the requisites in the checked document and the beginning of the study. This interval unreasonably increases if the expert is not given permission to make cuttings from the studied details or if not the original, but a copy of it is submitted for examination.

Increasingly, the objects of examination are documents, in the study of which experts discover the fact of an aggressive effect on the document: light, thermal, chemical, apparently in order to give the documents the appearance of an aged document and make it difficult to conduct an examination to establish the prescription of the document. However, the very fact of such influence can serve as an indication of the "criminal nature of the production" of the document.

The following are signs of thermal impact on the document: a pronounced "mirror" shine, fine-grained structure of strokes is not visible, numerous contaminations are observed on the surface of the document sheet (on the front and back sides) - toner layers, toner "spreads" on paper, fuzzy display of characters, the absence of a part of the toner in the strokes, they are, as it were, “smeared”, sometimes various foreign inclusions fused into the toner can be found in the strokes of characters, for example, textile and other fibers that are not related to the paper of the document.

If a combination of these signs is found, the expert has the right to draw the following conclusion: the document was subjected to aggressive (thermal) effects - it was heated over 100 degrees C.

Establishing the fact and method of making changes to the document

The most common ways to change the original content of a document are writing (finishing, reprinting), erasing, etching, and erasing records, followed by the introduction of new data into the document (or without them). Sometimes changes are made to the content of documents by adding (finishing, reprinting) numbers, letters, words, re-gluing photographs, stamps, etc.

Establishing the facts of deleting records, adding new ones by adding or reprinting, full or partial replacement of details (for example, replacing a photograph of the document owner) is carried out using methods for studying the details of documents and document materials (identifying changes in the composition and properties of document materials). A positive solution to the issues of rewriting or reprinting is possible through a comparative study of the composition of the coloring matter in the strokes of fragments of document records. When deciding on the issue of re-gluing photographs, a study of the nature of the adhesive on the photograph and document is carried out in order to establish the presence of two types of glue.

When making changes to the text of a document, scanners are often used to enter information into a computer, and after text editing, the text is printed on the printer in compliance with the general features of the text of the entire document, but with changed content on some sheet.

Sometimes in passports, military tickets and other documents, individual sheets are replaced for criminal purposes with sheets taken from another similar document (in order to hide the facts of residence in a specific place, work at a specific enterprise, marriage status, service in a specific military unit, etc. .). When examining bound documents, attention is paid to traces of puncture with metal clips: in order to match the new pages in location with the cover, it is often necessary to make new holes for the clips - higher or lower than the existing ones; extra holes indicate replacement pages. When unbending and bending, the paper clip may break.

Of greatest interest at present are the possibilities of solving the problem of establishing the fact of replacing sheets in documents such as contracts, agreements, etc. As a rule, falsification of documents by replacing sheets is carried out in one of the following ways:

One or more sheets in the document are replaced, while the last sheet remains unchanged;

For the manufacture of a document, the last sheet of another document is used, on the reverse side of which the details of the first sheet of the new document are performed.

It is possible to establish the fact of replacing sheets, regardless of the method of forging a document, by comparatively examining the text on different sheets, on different sides of one sheet to establish the method of executing texts, identifying printers (typewriters). It is also possible to establish the fact of replacement of sheets in the first case by a comparative study of the paper, in the second case - by studying the traces of binding - they are in the upper right corner of the sheet, or along the right edge of the sheet, and not on the left.

Revealing the original content of a document

The need to identify the original content of documents arises under the following circumstances:

The documents have been modified and it is required to identify their original content;

Objects of examination - dilapidated documents with unreadable, poorly visible, "faded" details;

Objects of examination - documents filled in, crossed out, smeared over, sealed with details.

The effectiveness of identifying the original content of documents depends on the method of making changes to the document, the intensity of the impact on the document. It is advisable to start the study of such documents by examining them in filtered ultraviolet rays. This will allow you to get a general idea of ​​the condition of the document and the possible impact on the document (for example, any substances). When identifying the original content by erasing, a transmission test, microscopic examination, including the use of digital photography techniques, is used. To identify the original records removed by etching, it is advisable to photograph in reflected ultraviolet rays, to study the pattern of luminescence excited by ultraviolet rays, the pattern of infrared luminescence; apply computer image processing techniques.

When determining the content of flooded, crossed out, smeared, sealed, faded and other unreadable texts, the effectiveness of detecting closed records is largely determined by the material of the letter they are made of, therefore, the method for performing the closed text is preliminarily determined. In the study of flooded, smeared, crossed out records, the choice of research methods depends on the combination of coloring substances with which the text is made and closed. Having determined the nature of the coloring substances, one should experimentally check which of the methods is the most effective for this particular combination of coloring substances, paying special attention to express research methods, in particular, the use of computer image processing techniques.

When detecting text by indented strokes, attention should be paid to the choice of the most rational illumination of the object. To identify the records that were on the remote fragments of the document, you should examine the sections of the document that could come into contact with the remote fragments of the document. When conducting a study, chemical methods are used last, when other methods have not given a positive result.

Establishing the belonging of parts to one document

The question of belonging of parts of a sheet, scraps of paper to one sheet can be resolved if there are common separation lines, if there are handwritten notes on one side of the sheet, lined, etc.

When investigating (considering) cases of various categories, documents made on sheets of school or general notebooks often become objects. Solving the question of whether a sheet belongs to a particular notebook does not cause difficulties if the sheet on which the document under study is made and the part of the sheet remaining in the checked notebook have a common line of separation (break). If the document under study is made on a separate sheet or part of the sheet that does not have a common line of separation with the part of the sheets remaining in the notebook, then to resolve the issue, signs are identified due to the peculiarities of the technology for the production of school and general notebooks. With such a study, intermediate tasks can be solved: a sheet of paper of a document is a sheet of a school (general) notebook; a sheet of document paper and sheets of a notebook are the same in terms of manufacturing method, have the same source of origin - they are made from the same printing plate, cut with the same knife, they are products of the same issue, the same enterprise. At the next stage of the study, line defects are studied. Having found certain regularities in the placement of line defects on the sheets under study, the expert can conclude that the sheet of the document under study belonged to a notebook, some of the sheets in which are missing.

Identification of technical means and products used to produce documents or make changes to them

The study of prints of printing plates allows not only to determine the method of applying the image (print) and the type of printing plate, but also to identify the printing means: character printer, copier, printing, stamp, composter, etc.

The most developed method for identifying typewriters by texts and, above all, lever-segment typewriters. The identification of leverless electronic typewriters (with disk type carriers) has a certain specificity in the evaluation of features. In texts made on an electronic typewriter, general features (line pitch, size and configuration of characters) and particular features are studied: defects in characters (absence of fragments of strokes of letters); deviation of signs from the vertical, saturation of the color of strokes of signs. The combination of general and particular features displayed in the texts makes it possible to identify the typewriter, the type carrier installed on it. In the event that an expert identifies a character carrier (for example, by a unique set of defects in signs), and no signs of the typewriter itself are found, the expert can formulate a conditionally categorical conclusion about the execution of the text on a specific typewriter, provided that the character carrier has not been replaced.

Currently business documents performed using personal computer printers.

To identify printers: character-synthesizing dot-matrix, inkjet, laser, LED, thermal; with a monolithic type carrier, free samples are required - texts made on the checked printer in the same period when the document under study was printed. An analysis of expert practice shows that the most successful solution to the problem of identity is if the object of identification from texts is a laser printer.

In texts printed on laser printers, the signs are studied, due to the specifics in the formation of signs (defects in the style); the nature of the distribution of the toner in the whole text ( uneven distribution toner in the form of vertical text areas, colored weaker or stronger); the nature of the distribution of the toner in the strokes (in the form of sections of the surface of the stroke with different structure, gloss; in the form of uncolored fragments of the strokes, the so-called mottling effect); the nature of the distribution of toner particles in the halos around the character strokes (for example, a denser placement of toner particles along the strokes in the lower, upper parts of the characters, left or right); the nature of the distribution of toner particles on text-free areas of a sheet of paper (the presence and configuration of dots - "marshmallows" located vertically at the same distance from each other, corresponding to the circumference of the photosensitive drum); displays on the sheet caused by defects in the heated pressure roller (presence of relief stripes in characters, areas with poorly fixed toner, etc.); display on the sheet caused by defects in the transport rollers (the presence of vertical stripes on the back of the sheet). If the expert finds only signs of a cartridge, he has the right to give a categorical conclusion about the execution of the text using the same cartridge, and a conditionally categorical conclusion about the execution of the text using the same laser printer, provided that the cartridge was not replaced.

In texts printed on inkjet printers, the microstructure of the strokes (the distribution of dots in the strokes, along the edge of the strokes), solubility, and the composition of the coloring matter in the strokes (thin layer chromatography) are studied. Identification of the same particular features, including: the nature of the distribution of points around the signs (both in location and in size); defects in signs caused by damage to one (several) of the nozzles (uncolored stripes in the strokes), dots along the edge of the strokes, noticeably different in size from other dots; solubility (insolubility) of the coloring matter of strokes in water; composition of the coloring matter - allow us to make a categorical conclusion about the use of the same inkjet printer for the execution of the documents under study.

In texts produced on character-synthesizing dot-matrix printers, general features (line pitch, sizes and configuration of characters) and particular features of the printer are studied: “defects” in characters caused by damage to one (several) of the “needles” of the printer’s printing unit, violations in the output of "needles" in the print area; color saturation of strokes of signs as a whole and separate points forming strokes, relief in signs. The identification of the same general and particular features in their totality allows us to make a categorical conclusion about the use of the same character-synthesizing dot-matrix printer for the execution of the documents under study.

In texts made on thermal printers, general features (line pitch, size and configuration of characters) and particular features of the printer are studied: “defects” in characters (distortion of the stroke configuration due to an electrode defect, for example, due to “burning out” of the electrode) . Texts printed on such printers rarely became the objects of examination and so far it has not been possible to identify a thermal printer from texts.

The identification of printers with a monolithic type carrier by texts is carried out according to the same principle as the identification of electronic typewriters with a monolithic type carrier.

The identification of copying equipment begins with the establishment of a printing method. The specificity of identifying electrophotographic devices by copy is determined by the printing mechanism. Signs due to design, technological features, are common, since they are inherent in a number of copiers. Having discovered that the texts were made using different printing methods, for example, the electrophotographic method and the inkjet printing method, the expert formulates a conclusion about the execution of the texts on different copiers.

In texts printed on electrophotographic copiers (EFCA), the following features are studied: the nature of the distribution of the toner in the whole text (uneven distribution of toner in the form of vertical text sections, colored weaker or stronger); the nature of the distribution of the toner in the strokes; the nature of the distribution of toner particles in the halos around the character strokes; the nature of the distribution of toner particles on text-free areas of a sheet of paper, the presence and configuration of dots - "marshmallows"; display on the sheet caused by defects in the pressure roller, transport rollers (presence of vertical stripes on the reverse side of the sheet). When a set of particular features is found, sufficient to identify the device, the expert formulates a categorical conclusion about the identity. Having established that a certain set of dots-"marbles" was displayed several times on a sheet of a document, the expert has the right to conclude that the electrophotographic copy submitted for examination is the result of several successive copies on the same device.

Identification of electrophotographic full-color copiers, less often laser printers, is possible by the so-called hidden marks displayed on sheets of paper with texts in the form of yellow elements (dots, ovals, dashes, etc.). They are easy to detect by microscopic examination, in studies using the techniques of converting yellow to black.

During the identification study of copies submitted for examination, made on equipment such as a risograph, it can be concluded that they were made using one master film, i.e. on one device, within one circulation.

Identification of seals (stamps by impressions) is the most frequently assigned task for experts. To identify a seal (hereinafter, a stamp is also implied), general signs and particular signs of a seal are studied from the impressions. General signs of printing displayed in prints: the shape and size of the frame, the content of the text, the relative position of words, letters in words relative to each other, the center and base of the seal, the pattern and size of letters, other characters, the distance between them. Particular features of seals are various kinds of deviations from the requirements for seals, defects in signs formed during their manufacture and operation (for example, the absence of individual parts of signs (elements, serifs), curvature and breaks in the strokes of signs, display of space elements of the seal) . When evaluating the identified set of print features, the expert gives a forensic assessment - is it sufficient to identify the print from the prints. It should be taken into account the possibility of making two or more seals from one original layout (photoform), as well as the possibility of making a duplicate seal based on the seal imprint on the document. As a rule, the examiner manages to identify the print by prints, if comparative samples are submitted for examination - prints of the print, made in accordance with the date on the document under study (in the same period of time), or the object of identification is a print made by laser burning on rubber (printing , made from the same original layout, along with matching ones, have different private features, for example, specifics in the display of white space elements). If the expert has found a set of features sufficient to identify the seal from the prints, but cannot exclude the possibility of using a second seal made from the same original layout (photoform), an appropriate conditionally categorical conclusion should be formulated. The imprint of the seal is applied by the seal submitted for examination, provided that the seal was made in a single copy.

To identify a writing instrument by strokes, an expert examines the color shade, microstructure, stroke width, composition of the coloring matter in the strokes.

The difference in color, color shade of strokes made with pastes for ballpoint pens, ink for gel pens, ink for felt-tip pens, ROLLER type pens indicates a difference in the composition of the coloring matter of the strokes and is a sufficient basis for concluding that the compared notes were made with writing materials of different composition, different writing instruments. The difference in composition, for example, ballpoint pen pastes in strokes, is sufficient reason to conclude that the compared notes are made by different ballpoint pen refills. Differences in microstructure, stroke width can be detected both in strokes made with different strokes and in strokes made with the same ballpoint pen refill.

An analysis of expert practice shows that in the strokes of handwritten notes, it is extremely rare to find a set of features sufficient to identify the writing knot. In some cases, in strokes made with pastes for ballpoint pens with the same composition of the main components (resins, dyes, solvents), it is possible to identify particular features of the rod caused by defects in the writing unit: alternation of colored and unpainted stripes, the presence of unpainted areas of a specific shape, clots. In such cases, the expert can conclude that the compared notes were made with the same ballpoint pen.

Experts can be assigned tasks to identify a certain amount of material, for example, a specific pack of paper: the amount of stamp ink in a container (bottle, stamp pad), etc.

Forensic research of document materials for solving identification problems is always a complex, multi-stage process, at individual stages of which signs are revealed that reflect the specifics of the composition and properties of the material under study, which allow it to be consistently attributed to a group with an increasingly narrowing volume: to a variety of materials of the same purpose, one chemical nature (genus, class), to a species within a genus, a brand, a group due to a common origin (manufacturing, storage, operation), and, finally, to an individually defined volume.

Methods for studying document materials - measuring methods (determining the mass of objects, determining linear parameters); methods for studying the structure (light, electron microscopy, X-ray analysis of textures); methods for studying the component composition (chemical, chromatographic, spectral and X-ray). The sequence of application of methods is determined by the degree of destruction of the studied objects during their study, the information content of the studied property and the sensitivity of the method.

The question of belonging of parts to one product is resolved categorically positively in relation to parts of paper products with a common separation line, in the absence of a common separation line - in relation to parts of paper products that are made using printing forms (for example, sheets of notebooks with different types of rulers). It is possible to establish the belonging of sheets to a specific stack of sheets of paper based on a comparative study of the edge sections of the sheets.

When identifying signs of differences in the composition of the compared objects, in respect of which the question of their belonging to one specific volume, product, is clarified, a categorical conclusion about the absence of identity can be made only if the difference in composition is due to a difference in consumer properties in accordance with the purpose of the material , and not differences in the storage conditions of the compared objects (supposed parts of the whole). In each specific case, it is necessary to explain what causes the difference, what is the stability of this feature over time, whether it belongs to the entire volume (integral feature) or can appear only in separate parts of the whole (local feature). For example, it is possible to exclude paper particles that differ in their fibrous composition from belonging to the same sheet. The difference in shades of such particles cannot be the basis for such a conclusion, since it can be due to differences in the conditions of "life" of the particles.

Establishing the fact that a particular object belongs to a particular group in accordance with the existing classification.

When studying the details of documents, the traditional classification tasks are the tasks of establishing the consumer purpose of the technical tool used to make the details in the document, to clarify questions such as:

The typewriter of what class, type, type, brand was used to execute typewritten text;

What type of copier, model, was used to make a copy of the document.

Similar tasks are solved to determine the consumer purpose of the materials from which certain documents are made. For example, what is the consumer purpose of a paper seized from a suspect during a search?

Quite often, classification problems are solved in relation to objects that have undergone a significant change, in particular, in relation to material formations that are presumably documents or products made of paper and cardboard. For example, in relation to ash, such tasks can be solved as determining the presence in the investigated ash of residues of burnt valuable papers, banknotes, the presence of residues of paper products in the ashes and what.

The possibility of solving such problems of technical examination of documents largely depends on the following factors: the equipment of the expert institution with the necessary instruments and equipment, the level of special knowledge of experts.