The balance sheet is the type of reporting that the legislature is required to submit to almost all enterprises. This document serves to display in the most complete format all the processes that occur within the company. An example of compiling a balance sheet for "dummies" we call the theoretical consideration of this process, which is what we will do in this article.
Simplified form of Balance available at .
A little theory about the balance sheet. The structure of the report is determined by two tables, one of which is called Asset, and the second - Liability.
An asset includes all the possessions of an enterprise that can be converted into a monetary equivalent. This may be the premises, and equipment, and vehicles, which is owned by the company. The asset also includes those amounts that other enterprises owe to this. All elements of an asset must be displayed in monetary terms.
In simple words, this is everything that belongs to this enterprise.
The asset has its own structure. Its fragment is non-current Assets. This is the property of the enterprise, which it uses long term in order to successfully carry out your entrepreneurial activity. This category includes buildings, equipment, vehicles, etc.
The second fragment of the structure of the Asset is the current Asset. Its final indicator is the amount of funds that are used by this enterprise for a relatively short time and require constant replenishment. This category includes materials, goods, raw materials, receivables that will return soon, etc.
The passive is provided in order to display those sources from where the funds placed in the Asset appear. It also has its own classification and may consist of the following groups:
The passive has three main structural sections:
Achieving equality between is the main goal of compiling the balance sheet. It is compiled in form 1 for the balance sheet, adopted by law for approval in 2010. This reporting form issued rather as a recommendation document and may undergo changes related to the specifics of the organization's activities.
The formation of the balance sheet is carried out in the process of filling in by the entrepreneur all the lines of the form intended for this, taking into account the subtleties and nuances of the activities carried out by the company.
Both halves of the document are formed by lines, in which those indicators are entered separately that characterize the financial position of the enterprise.
Each line has its own serial number, and also shows the name of the indicator that is displayed in this line.
The total amount of the asset, taking into account the order in which the balance sheet is filled, is found by summing up all indicators in accordance with their sequence over the first two balance sections.
An example of filling in an Asset in the balance sheet:
An example of filling in the Liabilities of the balance:
Sometimes an amount equal to zero can be entered in some lines, then this fact should be explained in the documents accompanying the balance sheet.
The reflection of amounts in the balance sheet takes into account the reduction of amounts by three or six zeros (in thousands or millions). So, if the value of real estate, which is in the possession of this company, is 10,000,000 rubles, then this amount can be reflected in the balance sheet as 10,000 thousand. Some companies, whose scale of activity is very large, may use their own abbreviation, which is convenient for them.
You can choose how to express the indicators when filling out the heading of the balance form:
Full instructions on how to draw up a balance for dummies can be seen in this video:
So, answering how to draw up a balance sheet, you should consider its two main components - this is Asset and Liability, which are represented by two tables and are designed to display all financial processes occurring within the company and in its interaction with other organizations, from the point of view of the financial transaction, as well as its source.
How is the balance sheet 2016 compiled (you can download the Word form in the current form below)? Main part the work of each accountant is the filling of regulated forms financial statements. This source of information for tax, financial and credit authorities; for contractors and business partners, business owners, the balance sheet (form 1) is a generalized document on the company's activities.
Accounting financial statements, the forms of which are approved by Order No. 66n dated July 2, 2010, includes, first of all, the company's balance sheet and the so-called form 2 - a financial results report. The form is provided for the reporting calendar year and contains essential information on articles, the importance and detailing of which is established by the organization independently.
Important! Small businesses have the right to submit reports, including accounting form 1, in a simplified manner. This implies the lack of detailing of articles, the combination of indicators and filling in the enlarged elements.
The data required to be reflected in Form 1 of the financial statements, the form of which will need to be filled out at the end of the year and submitted to the tax office, are collected by codes and accounts in the table:
|
Asset item |
Accounts |
Line code |
Liability article |
Accounts |
Line code |
|
Tangible non-current assets (VA) |
The difference between c. 01 and 02; The difference between c. 03 and 02; Accounts 07, 08 |
Capital, reserves |
sch. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 99 |
||
|
Financial, intangible, other VA |
The difference between c. 04 and 05; Accounts 09, 08 (minerals), 55.3, 60, 73; The difference between c. 58 and 59 (in the long term) |
Borrowed funds of a long-term nature |
|||
|
sch. 10, 11, 20, 23, 21, 29, 41, 43, 44, 46, 45, 16, 15, 97, 19 |
Other long-term liabilities |
sch. 60, 62, 73, 75, 76, 96 |
|||
|
Cash equivalents and funds |
sch. 50, 51, 52, 55, 57 |
Borrowed funds of a short-term nature |
|||
|
Financial and other current assets (OA) |
sch. 55, 58 and 59 (in the short term), 73, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 50, 76, 94 |
sch. 60.62, 68, 69, 70, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76 |
|||
|
Other accounts payable |
sch. 79 (trust management agreements), 96, 98 |
||||
|
Total asset balance line 1600 |
Amounts on line 1150 + 1110 + 1210 + 1250 + 1240 |
Total liabilities line 1700 |
Amounts on line 1310 + 1410 + 1450 + 1510 + 1520 + 1550 |
||
Several additional documents. Among other annual forms stands out explanatory note- form 5 of financial statements. The form, however, you will not find now, since this form has been canceled in its usual form. Now there are so-called explanations to the balance sheet, an example of which is given in Appendix No. 3 to Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance. It can be downloaded below. Explanations are not required for small businesses that do not fall under mandatory audit; public organizations that are not engaged in commercial activities.
Another important form, in addition to the balance sheet, is form 2 (Report on financial results). The document refers to mandatory reports, including in a simplified form. It reflects the most important information on revenue, expenses of the enterprise, interest paid, other income / expenses, accrued income tax, as well as net profit for the period. It should be borne in mind that all the numbering of modern forms is rather conditional. It was until 2011 that they had numbers familiar to all accountants, now they are called that way out of habit.
Why do you need a properly completed balance sheet of the organization
The balance sheet is a document that reflects information about financial indicators activities of the enterprise for a specific period.
Currently, all organizations present a balance sheet for each reporting period on a certain date, therefore, all the indicators reflected in it can be considered in dynamics and traced positive and negative trends in the conduct of activities.
Today, many interested persons, when obtaining financial information about the organization, use various forms of accounting. Eventually accounting information is a source of valuable information:
for business owners;
employees of the financial economic service of the organization;
tax inspectors;
employees of statistical bodies of the Russian Federation;
employees of banks that lend to the organization;
investors;
sponsors
counterparties with whom the company cooperates on a daily basis, etc.
When checking the balance sheet, the interested person receives information about the current financial situation at the enterprise and analyzes its changes in accordance with the information for previous years.
Also, when studying the development plan of an organization, an interested person makes a forecast of the company's activities - makes a forecast balance sheet.
External users in most cases take information from the balance sheet of the organization, which is compiled for the reporting period, most often this is a year. They study the accounting reports that accountants submit to the Federal Tax Service and Rosstat.
At the same time, internal users in the current analysis and taking measures to adjust the activities of the organization use various types of balance sheet, which have different frequency.
As a result, the balance sheet is considered an important accounting document of the enterprise, which the accountant submits to the Federal Tax Service. Therefore, business economists need to know how todraw up a balance sheet .
According to the Federal Law "On Accounting" dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, as well as clause 5.1.4 of the Accounting Concept in market economy RF economists display information about the financial position of the company in such documents as:
Account balance. In it, the accountant discloses information about the financial position of the company. The organization's balance sheet is prepared at least every calendar year.
Report on financial results. In it, the economist reflects information about the financial results of the company's business activities for the period.
Cash flow report. In it, the accountant provides information on the movement of funds.
o Statements of changes in equity. They show what changes have occurred with the capital of the organization during the year.
Report on the intended use of funds. The form is filled out only by those enterprises that have received funds for the intended use.
Explanations.
The accounting records of a Russian company must comply with the following requirements:
1. Reliability.
The accounting records should reflect reliable information about the financial position of the company, the financial results of its activities and the movement of money for the reporting period. Such information is studied by both internal and external users - when approving important decisions in the field of the economy.
In order to ensure the reliability of accounting information, company owners conduct an inventory of assets and liabilities. At the same time, they document the presence or absence, condition and evaluate the assets and liabilities of the organization. You will learn how to properly conduct an inventory from the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/13/1995 No. 49.
The owner of the company determines the procedure and establishes the timing of the inventory in the company, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
So, the owner must without fail conduct an inventory before the formation of annual accounting - not earlier than October 1 of the calendar year (clauses 26, 27 of the Regulation on accounting and accounting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, part 3 of article 11, part 1 of article 30 of Law No. 402-FZ).
2. Usefulness.
The information presented in the financial statements is considered useful if, in accordance with paragraphs. 6.1, 6.5.1 The concepts are:
appropriate;
reliable;
comparable;
timely.
Accounting data is relevant (clause 6.2 of the Concept) if their presence or absence affects certain decisions (including management) of accounting users. In such a situation, accounting information helps economists analyze past, present, or future decisions while confirming or changing previous estimates.
Accounting information is reliable (clauses 6.3, 6.3.1 of the Concept) if they do not have significant errors. The accounting regulation “Correction of errors in accounting and reporting” (PBU 22/2010), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 No. 63n, is devoted to the materiality of accounting errors.
Accounting data are reliable only if they objectively reflect the facts of the economic activity to which they relate.
Accounting data are comparable (clause 6.4 of the Concept) if they help users of accounting to compare the performance of an enterprise for different periods of time. At the same time, economists determine trends in the financial position of the company and analyze the financial results of its activities.
Accounting information is timely (clause 6.5.1 of the Concept) if it satisfies the needs of users that are related to making financial decisions.
3. Completeness of information.
Accounting statements should fully disclose information about the financial position of the company, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position.
Accountants are responsible for the completeness of accounting information, subject to the unity of accounting reports and other relevant documents (clause 6 PBU 4/99 “Accounting of an organization”, paragraph 2, clause 5.1.4, clause 6.3.5 of the Concept).
4. Materiality.
The balance sheet is compiled on the basis of significant indicators.
The accounting indicator is considered significant if its absence affects the labor activity of interested persons who accept economic decisions based on bookkeeping.
Economists determine the materiality of the accounting indicator for various factors (clause 11 PBU 4/99, clause 6.2.1 of the Concept, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 24, 2011 No. 07-02-18 / 01).
A company's decision on whether an indicator is material when disclosed in the financial statements depends on the assessment of such an indicator.
5. Neutrality.
With the correct formation of accounting records, the company ensures the neutrality of accounting information, that is, it excludes the receipt of unilateral benefits by one of the interested parties.
Accounting information is not considered neutral if it changes the decisions of accounting users when pre-planned results are achieved (clause 7 PBU 4/99, clause 6.3.3 of the Concept).
6. Consistency.
With a competent approach, the company constantly maintains accounting records in a certain form and content - from 1 calendar year to another.
Adjustment of the accepted content and form of the balance sheet, the report on financial results and explanations to them is allowed only in specific cases, in particular when changing the type of economic activity (clause 9 PBU 4/99, part 1 article 14 of law No. 402-FZ).
Reformation of the balance sheet is considered a serious stage of accounting activity. The value of the final result of the organization's economic activity, as well as the reliability of annual reporting.
The purpose of any firm is to make profit.
How to draw up a balance sheet and determine with what result the company completed the past year? Profit received or still a loss?
This question is asked not only by the director of the company, but also by other interested parties: owners (in order to receive dividends), employees (in order to receive a bonus based on the results of work for the calendar year) and controlling authorities (in order to replenish the state budget of the Russian Federation through taxes).
To identify the amount of the financial result of the company, accountants carry out the transformation of the balance sheet - the reformation.
Accountants sum up the results of the company's work in order to identify the annual financial result as of December 31. Law No. 402-FZ (clause 1, article 15) establishes that December 31 is the reporting date for the annual balance sheet.
Note! It happens that the balance sheet has to be reformed not before December 31, but at other times (if the company is liquidated before the end of the calendar year).
1. The preparatory stage of the reformation.
As you know, the accountant reflects all the operations in various accounts. Moreover, if a person makes a mistake, then incorrect information is entered into the computer. As a result, before compiling annual reports, the accountant must make sure that all entries are correct.
After such a check, an inventory of the property and liabilities of the company can be carried out. All found discrepancies the accountant documents in a timely manner and reflects the relevant records.
2. Carrying out the reformation.
After completing the above procedures, you can proceed to the reformation. So, the accountant debits to account 90/9 “Profit or loss from sales” the balance of accounts 90/1 “Revenue”, 90/2 “Cost” and 90/3 “VAT”. As a result, account 90 is closed, i.e., its balances are reset to zero. The accountant performs the same actions with account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
As a result, on these accounting accounts, the accountant generates a specific financial result - profit or loss from ordinary business activities and other operations.
In order for accounting information, scattered across different accounts, to give a complete picture of the profitability or unprofitability of the company as a whole, the economist combines it. At the same time, on account 99 “Profit and Loss”, from month to month, the accountant reflects information about the losses or profits of the organization.
3. Completion of the reformation.
At the final stage of the reform, the economist does serious work with account 99. Businessmen who, by law, comply with PBU 18/02, in addition to conditional income tax expense (income), separately attribute tax sanctions, permanent liabilities (PNO) and assets (PNA) to account 99 ) for taxes, and also write off deferred liabilities (IT) and assets (IT) for taxes.
The receipt of a reliable financial result as a result depends on the correctness of maintaining account 99, because the financial result is the balance on account 99 before income tax is charged.
After closing account 99, the accountant transfers the received financial result to account 84 " Undestributed profits". Balance sheet reformation completed.
The balance sheet shall be handed over to the controllers in the form approved by the authorities. These forms may vary in some way for each type of organization.
For internal users, the following types of accounting information are applicable:
dated financial information (balance sheet) or information on turnover for a specific period (turnover balance);
initial inventory information or accounting data confirmed during the inventory;
information that is in the regulatory articles (accounting information on depreciation, reserves, etc.);
balance sheet for a specific type of activity of the organization;
balance sheet, which is drawn up in full or simplified form;
balance sheet, which can be drawn up according to the scheme: assets = capitals and liabilities or capital = assets - liabilities;
opening, dividing, liquidating or unifying balance sheet, depending on what happened to the enterprise, etc.
Above is a list of the main possible types of balance sheet intended for internal use. However, every accountant must know how to correctly fill out the accounting forms, regardless of how the initial information is reflected in the balance sheet.
The recommended forms of accounting for submission to the IFTS and statistical authorities, as well as the methodology for compiling the balance sheet are reflected in the current version of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 No. 66n.
The full form of the balance sheet contains the entire list of items that accountants must indicate in its specific sections.
At the same time, the company does not indicate in the balance sheet items for which it does not have information, and, on the contrary, supplements the sections with additional items to increase the reliability of the reporting.
In full form, there is a column in which the accountant reflects the notes to a particular article. Before,how to make a balance sheet , the accountant of the organization independently decides whether he needs to use such a column. In most cases, accountants make notes in documents using non-standard forms.
In the abbreviated form of the balance sheet, there are no sections and columns for notes. In this case, accountants combine articles - consolidate financial information.
The basic rules that establish the procedure for compiling a balance sheet for reporting are reflected in PBU 4/99 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 07/06/1999 No. 43n).
According to the rules, the technique for compiling the balance sheet is as follows:
the information source for the formation of the balance sheet is accounting information;
the accountant must reflect the accounting data in the balance sheet in accordance with the rules of PBU, with strict observance of the company's accounting policy;
accounting data must be reliable, in addition, they must reflect complete information about the company's activities;
a company with branches maintains a single balance sheet throughout the enterprise;
the information reflected in the balance sheet must be neutral, in addition, the balance sheet data must coincide with the information of previous periods;
accountants allocate articles in the sections of the balance sheet, using the principle of materiality;
reporting period for balance - 1 calendar year;
liabilities and assets that the accountant reflects in the balance sheet are short-term and long-term (with a maturity of less than and more than 1 year, respectively);
accountants do not offset between active and passive items (except as specified in PBU);
economists evaluate the company's property at net worth (minus information from regulatory articles);
conducting an inventory is mandatory, since its data confirm the reliability of accounting indicators.
Currently, when filling out the balance sheet, accountants use information about the balances on accounting accounts for reporting date. They reflect similar balances in accordance with the requirements that must be met when drawing up a particular report.
When disclosing information about the financial result (profit or loss), accountants draw up a balance sheet, including the full number of months in a calendar year, because financial results accounts are closed monthly.
In most cases, accountants indicate information in the balance sheet in thousands of rubles.
As you know, the balance sheet consists of 2 parts: assets and liabilities. The balance sheet asset, in turn, consists of 2 sections: non-current and current assets. Balance sheet liability - from 3 sections: 2 for liabilities (short-term and long-term) and 1 for equity.
The reflection of information on certain lines of the balance sheet should be subject to certain requirements. In accordance with these requirements, the accountant:
Reflects in the balance sheet information on the cost of fixed and leased assets, as well as intangible assets, minus depreciation.
Enters into the balance sheet lines information on R&D, search mat assets (PMA) and intangible assets only if such assets are available. In this case, the accountant reflects PMA minus depreciation.
Separates information about financial investments (loans granted to other companies, cash bank investments, deposits, contributions to other companies, securities) into long-term and short-term and indicates in various sections of the asset. The economist reflects such amounts less the formed reserve for the depreciation of financial investments.
Indicates deferred assets (ONA) and liabilities (ONO) for taxes in the balance sheet lines “Non-current assets” and “Long-term liabilities”, respectively, if RAS 18/02 is applied.
Reduces information about stocks (balances on accounts of goods, finished products etc.) by the amount of the reserve for depreciation of goods and materials and the indicator of the trade margin, if the economist takes into account marketable products with it.
It reflects in detail in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet accounts receivable (who owes the company) and accounts payable (who owes the organization) debts. In such a situation, the economist reduces accounts receivable by the amount of the reserve formed for doubtful debt and the amount of the corresponding financial investments.
Reflects VAT on advances in the balance sheet according to accounting policy companies.
Indicates various funds (cash, non-cash, currency) in the total amount minus deposits reflected in the lines of financial investments.
Divides the amount of additional capital into 2 lines. It depends on whether additional capital was formed during the revaluation of property or not.
Forms the financial result in the annual balance sheet - the result of the company's activities for the year (after the reformation of the balance sheet). AT interim reporting the accountant forms the financial result from 2 numbers: the financial result of previous years and the current period. In this case, the final result may be lower than 0.
Divides information on loans into short-term and long-term liabilities and reflects them in various sections accounting liability, but the accrued interest on a long-term loan is indicated in the line on short-term debts.
Divides estimated liabilities into long-term and short-term and reflects them in various sections of liabilities. In this case, estimated liabilities are considered to be the amounts of reserves formed for future expenses.
Includes in deferred income the money allocated for earmarked financing.
In all sections of the balance sheet, except for the section “Capital and reserves”, there is a line in which economists reflect other assets or liabilities. The accountant enters into it data on assets and liabilities that were not reflected in other lines of a particular section, or information that the company decided to reflect separately in the balance sheet.
If the accountant draws up an abbreviated (simplified) form of the balance sheet, then he connects several articles that are highlighted in full form. As a result, before making a balance sheet, the accountant performs the following actions:
under the items "Non-current tangible assets(VMA)" sums up the value of fixed assets and the amount of capital investments in progress, which in the full form of the balance sheet is placed in 4 articles: "Exploration intangible assets", "Exploration tangible assets (PMA)", material values»;
in the article “Financial assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets” summarizes the value of intangible assets, R&D, unfinished financial investments in intangible assets, long-term financial investments and deferred tax assets (ITA);
in the article “Financial and other current assets” summarizes short-term financial investments, VAT on acquired financial assets and receivables;
in the line "Capital and reserves" combines information on the capital of the organization, the company's own acquired shares, the revaluation of the company's property and the undistributed profits of the organization (uncovered loss);
in the line "Other long-term liabilities" adds up the amount of deferred tax liabilities (ITA) with the value of the long-term estimated liability;
in the article "Other short-term liabilities" indicates the amount of income for future years and the amount of the estimated short-term liability.
When forming balance sheet items, the accountant takes from certain accounting accounts information about the balances available at the reporting date. We will analyze how this is done when compiling the full and abbreviated forms.
According to the modern version of the accounting plan (order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n), when forming the full form of the accounting balance sheet, the economist distributes the balances among the following accounting accounts:
For the line "NMA", it takes the final balance of account 04 minus the total of account 05. At the same time, it does not indicate on account 04 information that falls into the article "Results of scientific developments and various studies", and on account 05 - the amount related to search NMA.
In the line "Results of scientific developments and various studies" indicates information on R&D expenses, which are reflected in the balance of account 04.
In the items “Prospecting intangible assets” and “PMA”, it shows the expenses for the extraction of natural resources from account 08, minus the depreciation related to these assets, which is taken into account on accounts 02 and 05.
In the article “OS”, the accountant indicates the amount in the form of the difference in the balances of accounts 01 and 02. At the same time, on account 02, he does not take into account the amounts that show the amount of depreciation of the PMA and profitable investments in material values. To the resulting difference in balances, the accountant adds the amount of expenses for capital investments, which is taken into account on accounts 07 and 08 (except for the amounts falling into the lines "Exploratory intangible assets" and "PMA").
In the article "Profitable financial investments in value" shows the difference between the balances of accounts 03 and 02 in relation to the same objects.
For the line "Financial investments" in non-current assets, the economist indicates long-term amounts (with a maturity of more than 1 year) on accounts 55 (deposits), 58, 73 (for loans issued to employees). The accountant reduces the amounts received by the amount of reserves for long-term cash investments (account 59).
In the line "SHE" indicates the balance of account 09.
In the line "Stocks" he gives the sum of the balances on accounts 10, 11 (excluding the reserve, which is recorded on account 14), 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 41 (minus account 42, if the company keeps records of a specific commodity products with a margin), 43–46, 97.
In the line "VAT on acquired values" indicates the balance of account 19;
In the article " Accounts receivable"enters the balances on Dt of accounts 60, 62 (this excludes the reserve indicated on account 63), 66–71, 73 (except for the amounts recorded under the item" Financial investments "), 75, 76.
In the article “Financial investments” of the current assets section, it indicates information on short-term amounts (with a maturity of less than 1 year) on accounts 55 (deposits), 58, 73 (loans received by employees of the enterprise). The accountant reduces these amounts by the amount of reserves for short-term investments (account 59).
In the article " Cash and equivalents" indicates the amount of balances on accounts 50, 51, 52, 55 (except for deposits), 57.
For the article "Authorized capital" takes the balance of account 80.
In the article "Own shares that are redeemed from shareholders" indicates the balance of account 81.
In the article "Revaluation of non-current assets" summarizes the balances from account 83, which relate to fixed assets and intangible assets.
In the article “Additional capital (without revaluation)”, it generates information about the balances on account 83 minus the amounts that relate to fixed assets and intangible assets.
For the item "Reserve capital" takes the balance of account 82.
In the article “Retained earnings” of the annual balance sheet, it indicates the balance of account 84. When forming interim reporting, it adds up 2 balances: on accounts 84 (the result of previous years) and 99 (the result of the current period in the reporting year).
In the article "Loans" of the section "Long-term liabilities" from the balances on account 67 indicates long-term (with a remaining maturity of more than 1 year) debt on credit and borrowed funds. The accountant records interest on long-term loans that have been accrued in short-term debt.
In the article "Deferred tax liabilities (IT)" indicates the balance of account 77.
In the article "Estimated liabilities" of the section "Long-term liabilities" from the balances on account 96 allocates the amount of long-term reserves, the period of application of which exceeds 1 year.
For the article “Loans” of the section “Current liabilities”, it adds up the balances on account 66, interest on long-term loans that are included in the balances on account 67, and those debts on long-term credit and borrowings (account 67) that became short-term at the time of the formation of the accounting report (less than 1 year left to pay off the debt).
In the article "Accounts payable" indicates the balance on the credit of accounts 60, 62, 68–70, 71, 73, 75, 76.
In the line "Deferred income" gives the balances of accounts 86 and 98.
For the article "Estimated liabilities" of the section "Current liabilities" from the balances on account 96 allocates the amount of short-term reserve funds, the period of application of which is less than 1 year.
The procedure for the formation of the balance sheet in an abbreviated form is that the accountant distributes the balances to such accounts:
In the article “Non-current assets”, he sums up the balances on accounts 01 and 03 minus the balance on account 02. He adds the amount received to the balances on accounts 07 and 08, which relate to non-current assets.
In the article "Financial assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets" adds up the amount of the balance on account 04 (minus the amounts reflected on account 05) with the amounts related to long-term investments on accounts 55 (deposits), 58, 73 (loans received by employees companies). The resulting amount is reduced by the economist by the amount of reserves for long-term financial investments (account 59), by the balance of account 09 and by the amount of unfinished financial investments in intangible assets and R&D, which are reflected in account 08.
In the article “Current financial assets”, it summarizes information on accounts 19, 55 (except for a long-term deposit), 58 (short-term financial investments). The economist reduces the amount received by the amount of reserves (account 59). It also reflects debit balances on accounts 60, 62 (excluding reserves recorded on account 63), 66–71, 73 (except for a long-term loan), 75, 76.
In the article "Capital and reserves" indicates the total amount of balances on accounts 80-84.
In the article "Other long-term liabilities" he cites the balances of accounts 77 and 96 (reserves with a maturity of more than 1 year).
In the article "Other short-term liabilities" indicates the balances of accounts 86, 96 (short-term reserves) and 98.
Articles "Stocks", "Long-term loans", "Short-term loans", "Accounts payable" the accountant fills in the same way as similar articles of the full form of the balance sheet.
Currently, many inexperienced accountants do not know how to properly prepare a balance sheet.
An example of compiling a balance sheet online, a balance sheet scheme can be found on the websites of various legal systems.
The correct construction of the balance sheet can also be viewed on the form that the accountant fills out automatically in 1C - one of the programs for keeping records and, accordingly, compiling the balance sheet. However, after the program has generated a ready-made form, the economist must once again check the correctness of filling in the balance fields.
To carry out such a check and set up automatic filling in the form in the program, you need to knowhow is the balance sheet prepared organizations.
Below is an illustrative example of how an organization's balance sheet is compiled according to accounting information as of the reporting date for the full number of months, the financial result for which is obtained after the necessary accounting operations have been carried out.
For example, a company is engaged in production and wholesale trade. She has the following credentials:
has OS and intangible assets;
makes capital investments;
has various financial investments;
has available reserve funds for the depreciation of financial investments and goods and materials;
has available reserve funds for the payment of vacation pay;
credited to specific banks;
pays VAT to the budget - reimburses;
receives reimbursement for payment sick leave from the Social Security Fund;
uses PBU 18/02;
makes a profit over the past years;
has a loss, which was obtained based on the results of activities for the reporting period in the current year.
The table below, with a breakdown by accounting records, reflects the accounting data of the company as of the reporting date.
The table consists of detailed information on the balances (both for Dt and for Kt), which are not broken down into subcounts and are expressed in thousands of rubles without division into decimal places.
The following shows how the companypreparation of the balance sheet (example ).
Insert extra. file.
The correctness of the balance sheet can be checked by 2 methods: from the total of the balances for Dt and from the total of the balances for Kt.
When checking by the 1st method, from the total amount of balances on Dt on accounting accounts, the accountant subtracts the amounts that relate to regulatory items (in particular, depreciation), i.e. balances on Kt accounts 02, 05, 14, 59, 63, and the amount of loss for 1 calendar year (balance on account Dt 99). The result obtained is equal to the total of the balance sheet asset.
Check: 12,750 - 2,200 - 20 - 90 - 80 - 80 - 70 = 10,210.
Accountants use a similar formula when checking by the 2nd method - from the total amount of balances by CT. At the same time, the indicators of regulatory articles are subtracted (balances on Kt of accounts 02, 05, 14, 59, 63) and the loss indicator of the reporting period (balance on Dt of account 99). The result obtained is equal to the final result of the balance sheet liabilities.
Check: 12760 - 2200 - 20 - 90 - 80 - 80 - 70 = 10210.
If the above accounting information refers to annual reporting, their main difference is the lack of information on account 99 - due to the reformation of the balance sheet made on December 31.
The balance, which is filled automatically, must be double-checked. The accountant at the same time reconciles the balance figures with the information obtained from the consolidated balance sheet for accounting accounts, formed on the reporting date.
When selecting information on property, financial investments, loans, reserves, the economist applies the reverse balance sheet according to the respective accounts.
The accountant faces great difficulties when checking the correctness of the formation of detailed balances on the accounting accounts of settlements with the counterparty. At the same time, the economist summarizes the balance on certain accounting accounts and the debt of certain counterparties on account 76.
Prior to submission to the state statistics authorities, the accountant encodes the lines of the balance sheet in a separate column of the form. The codes that the economist uses in full form are reflected in Appendix 4 to Order No. 66n.
When compiling a simplified form, the accountant puts down in the combined lines the code name of the indicator, which represents the bulk of the amount.
The balance sheet, compiled according to the form approved by Order No. 66n, contains, in addition to reporting data, information at the end of 2 previous years. With the correct construction of the balance sheet, the accounting information of previous years coincides with the accounting figures for past years.
When designing a section that is located above main table balance sheet, the accountant performs the following actions:
indicates the kind economic activity by type of economic activity, which brought the largest revenue over the past calendar year;
takes company codes from the document on registration with the IFTS, letters from the state statistics authority about codes and directories of certain code names;
for a unit of measurement takes thousands or millions of rubles with a specific code.
So, when carrying out activities, the company draws up a full or abbreviated form of the balance sheet.
In case of untimely submission of the accounting report to state bodies, controllers impose various sanctions on the company.
The balance sheet of the company is one of the five forms of financial statements (Form No. 1). It is compiled as of a certain reporting date and contains information on the value of the organization's assets and liabilities, expressed in monetary terms. Many enterprises fill in the balance sheet terms in thousands of rubles without decimal places. Large companies report information in millions of rubles without decimals.
The balance sheet is of interest not only to tax authorities and departments of state statistics, but also for the company itself, in particular the management and employees of the analytical department. Based on the data contained in it (the amount of reserves, reserves, capital, financial investments, debts, etc.) short-term and long-term financial and economic planning is carried out.
The balance sheet has two main sections: assets and liabilities.
The balance sheet asset contains information about the resources available to the organization. These resources are divided into two groups, representing two parts of the asset:
Liabilities balance allows you to get an idea about the sources of formation of the company's resources. The liabilities are divided into three sections:
The standard form of the balance sheet was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation N 66n, issued on 07/02/2010. To this order, edition N 124n dated 05.10.2011 was issued. This form has been used since the submission of the annual accounts for 2011.
The legislation provides companies with the right to independently develop a form of balance sheet that is convenient for them, retaining all sections that allow them to most fully disclose information about financial condition enterprises. At the same time, the line codes of groups of articles, all sections, as well as total lines must match the codes provided for standard form balance.
In the process of drawing up the balance sheet, the accountant must adhere to strict rules. Including:
The general form of the balance sheet is given in Appendix N 1 to Order N 66n.
Balance by general form has graphs in which indicators are given for each article:
For December 31 previous year(when filling out the balance sheet for 2015 - as of December 31, 2014);
As of December 31 of the year preceding the previous one (when filling out the balance sheet for 2015 - as of December 31, 2013).
Column 1 of the balance sheet is intended to indicate the number of the corresponding explanation to the balance sheet (if an explanatory note is drawn up).
Organizations add column 3 on their own to put down the line code in it.
The balance sheet contains two parts - an asset and a liability, which must be equal to each other.
The asset reflects the amount of non-current and current assets, and the liability reflects the amount of equity and borrowed funds, as well as accounts payable.
Intangible assets. residual value intangible assets are reflected in line 1110. Clause 3 PBU 14/2007 "Accounting for intangible assets", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007 N 153n, allows you to find out what belongs to this group. Thus, in order for an object to be accepted for accounting as an intangible asset, it is necessary that the following conditions be met at a time:
The facility is capable of generating economic benefits in the future, and the organization has the right to receive them;
The object can be isolated or separated (identified) from other assets;
The object is intended to be used for a long time, that is, it exceeds 12 months;
It is possible to reliably determine the actual (initial) cost of the object;
The object has no material-substantial form.
For example, if the specified conditions are met, intangible assets include works of science, literature and art, programs for electronic computers, inventions, utility models, selection achievements, production secrets (know-how), trademarks and service marks. The composition of intangible assets also takes into account the business reputation that arose in connection with the purchase of an enterprise as a property complex (in whole or in part).
Intangible assets are not expenses associated with education legal entity(organizational expenses), intellectual and business qualities of the organization's personnel, their qualifications and ability to work (clause 4 PBU 14/2007).
Results of research and development. Expenses for research and development, accounted for on account 04 "Intangible assets", are reflected in line 1120.
Accounts receivable. This line 1230 is for short-term receivables that are expected to be settled within 12 months after the balance sheet date.
Financial investments (excluding cash equivalents). For these assets, line 1240 is provided, which, in particular, shows loans provided by the organization for a period of less than 12 months.
If you define the current market value financial investments, use all sources of information available to you, including data from foreign organized markets or trade organizers. Such recommendations are contained in the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 29, 2009 07-02-18/01. If at the reporting date you cannot determine the market value of a previously appraised property, reflect it at the cost of the last appraisal.
Cash and cash equivalents. To fill in the line, you need to sum up the cost of cash equivalents (balance of the corresponding sub-accounts of the account) and cash account balances (50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 55 "Special accounts in banks" and 57 "Transfers to way").
The concept of cash equivalents, we recall, is contained in the Accounting Regulation "Cash Flow Statement" (PBU 23/2011), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.02.2011 N 11n. Cash equivalents may include, for example, open in credit institutions demand deposits.
Other current assets. Here (line 1260) shows data on current assets that are not reflected in other lines of section. II balance.
Authorized capital (share capital, authorized fund, contributions of comrades).
Line 1310 of the balance sheet reflects the amount of the authorized capital of the company. It must match the amount of the authorized capital, which is fixed in the constituent documents of the company.
Own shares repurchased from shareholders. We have already said that if an organization redeemed its own shares (shares of the founders) in the authorized capital not for sale, then their value is entered in line 1320. Such shares are supposed to be canceled, which automatically leads to a decrease in the authorized capital, therefore, the indicator of this line as a negative value is given in brackets. But if own shares are redeemed and resold, they are already considered an asset and their value must be entered in line 1260 "Other current assets".
Revaluation of non-current assets. This row is numbered 1340 (there is no indicator for row number 1330). It shows the revaluation of fixed assets and intangible assets, which is taken into account on account 83 "Additional capital".
Additional capital (without revaluation). The amounts of additional capital are reflected in line 1350. Note that the indicator for this line is taken without taking into account the revaluation amounts that should be reflected in the line above.
Reserve capital. Remainder reserve fund indicate on line 1360. It reflects both the reserves formed as required by law and the reserves created in accordance with the constituent documents. Decryption is required only if the indicators are material.
Retained earnings (uncovered loss). Accumulated for all years, including reporting, retained earnings are shown in line 1370. It also reflects an uncovered loss (only such an amount is enclosed in brackets).
Components of the indicator (profit (loss) for reporting year and (or) for previous periods) can be written in additional lines, that is, decrypted according to the received financial results(profit/loss), as well as for all years of the company's activity.
Borrowed funds. Line 1410 is reserved for the debt of the organization itself on long-term (with a maturity date of December 31, 2015 more than 12 months) loans and credits.
Deferred tax liabilities. Line 1420 is filled in by income tax payers. "Simplifiers" are not among them, so they put a dash in this line.
Estimated liabilities. The specified line 1430 is filled in if the organization recognizes estimated liabilities in accounting in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" (PBU 8/2010), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 N 167n. Recall that small businesses, which are the majority of "simplifiers", may not apply this PBU.
Other obligations. Here (line 1450) other long-term liabilities are shown that are not reflected in other lines of section. IV balance. Note that the indicator for line 1440 is not provided for by Order N 66n.
Borrowed funds. Line 1510 indicates the debt for short-term loans and loans taken for a period not exceeding 12 months. In this case, the amount should be reflected taking into account the interest due at the end of the reporting period.
Accounts payable. total amount payables are recorded in line 1520. And this should be only short-term debt.
Note that there is no separate line for debts to participants (founders) for the payment of income. The amount of such debt should be included here and deciphered on a separate line, since this indicator is always significant.
Revenue of the future periods. Line 1530 is filled in when the accounting provisions provide for the recognition of this accounting object. For example, if your organization receives budget resources or the amount of targeted funding. Such funds are just subject to accounting as part of deferred income on accounts 98 "Deferred income" and 86 "Target financing" (clauses 9 and 20 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for State Assistance" (PBU 13/2000), approved Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 16, 2000 N 92n).
Estimated liabilities. The explanations that we gave to line 1430 apply here: line 1540 is filled in if the company recognizes estimated liabilities in accounting. Only in line 1430 reflect long-term liabilities, and in line 1540 - short-term.
Other obligations. Line 1550 shows others that are not reflected in other lines of section. V balance.
So, we have considered balance sheet items.
Now we offer a scheme that will help determine its indicators (debit and credit balance for accounting accounts, we denote respectively Dt and Kt).
Section I "Non-current assets"
Line 1110 "Intangible assets"\u003d Dt (excluding R&D costs) - Kt.
Line 1120 "Research and development results"= Dt (analytical account for R&D expenses).
Line 1130 "Intangible exploration assets"\u003d Dt (analytical account for accounting for expenses for intangible search costs).
Line 1140 "Tangible exploration assets"\u003d Dt (analytical account for accounting for expenses for material search costs).
Line 1150 "Fixed assets" \u003d Dt - Kt + Dt (analytical account for the cost of construction in progress).
Line 1160 "Profitable investments in material assets"\u003d Dt - Kt (analytical account for depreciation of property related to profitable investments).
Line 1170 "Financial investments"\u003d Dt + Dt, subaccount "Deposit accounts", + Dt, subaccount "Settlements on granted loans" (analytical accounts for long-term financial investments), - Kt (analytical account for the reserve for long-term financial investments).
Line 1180 "Delayed tax assets" = Dt .
Line 1190 "Other non-current assets"= value of non-current assets not included in other indicators of Sec. I balance sheet.
Line 1100 "Total for Section I"= the sum of the indicators of rows 1110 - 1190.
Section II "Current assets"
Line 1210 "Stocks"= the sum of the debit balances of the accounts
Line 1220 "VAT on acquired values"= Dt .
Line 1230 "Accounts receivable"\u003d Dt + Dt + Dt + Dt + Dt + Dt + Dt (except for interest-bearing loans) + Dt + Dt - Kt.
Line 1240 "Financial investments (excluding cash equivalents)"\u003d Dt + Dt, subaccount "Deposit accounts", + Dt, subaccount "Settlements on loans" (analytical accounts for short-term financial investments), - Kt (analytical account for the reserve for short-term financial investments).
Line 1250 "Cash and cash equivalents"\u003d Dt + Dt + + Dt + Dt + Dt - Dt, subaccount "Deposit accounts" (analytical accounts for accounting for financial investments).
Line 1260 "Other current assets"= the value of current assets, not included in other indicators of Sec. II balance sheet.
Line 1200 "Total for Section II"= sum of rows 1210 - 1260.
Line 1600 "Balance"= row score 1100 + row score 1200.
Section III "Capital and reserves"
Line 1310 "Authorized capital (share capital, authorized fund, contributions of comrades)"= Kt.
Line 1320 "Treasury shares redeemed from shareholders"= Dt . Enclose the indicator in parentheses.
Line 1340 "Revaluation of non-current assets"\u003d Kt (analytical account for accounting for the amounts of revaluation of fixed assets and intangible assets).
Line 1350 "Additional capital (without revaluation)"= Kt (except for the amounts of revaluation of fixed assets and intangible assets).
Line 1360 "Reserve capital"= Kt.
Line 1370 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"\u003d Kt (Dt). If the debit balance is negative (that is, there is a loss), enclose it in brackets.
Line 1300 "Total for section III"= sum of scores in lines 1310 - 1370. If the result is negative (if there are negative scores in lines 1320 and 1370), show it in parentheses.
Section IV "Long-term obligations"
Line 1410 "Borrowed funds"= Kt. At the same time, accrued interest, the maturity of which as of the reporting date is less than 12 months, should be excluded and reflected in line 1510 (preferably with a breakdown).
Line 1420 "Deferred tax liabilities"= Kt.
Line 1430 "Estimated liabilities"= Кт (only estimated liabilities with a maturity of more than 12 months after the reporting date).
Line 1450 "Other liabilities"= long-term debt, which was not included in other indicators of Sec. IV balance sheet.
Line 1400 "Total for section IV"= the sum of the indicators of the above lines 1410 - 1450.
Section V "Current liabilities"
Line 1510 "Borrowed funds"= Kt + Kt (in terms of accrued interest, the maturity of which as of the reporting date is not more than 12 months).
Line 1520 "Accounts payable"\u003d Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt + Kt. In this case, consider only short-term debt.
Line 1530 "Deferred income"= Kt + Kt in the part of the target budget financing, grants, technical assistance, etc.
Line 1540 "Estimated liabilities"= Кт (only estimated liabilities with a maturity of no more than 12 months after the reporting date).
Line 1550 "Other liabilities"= the amounts of debts on short-term obligations, not taken into account when determining other indicators Sec. V balance.
Line 1500 "Total for Section V"= the sum of the indicators of lines 1510 - 1550.
Line 1700 "Balance"= row scores 1300 + 1400 + 1500.
If everyone business transactions reflected correctly and correctly transferred to the balance sheet, the indicators of lines 1600 and 1700 will match. If this equality is not observed, a mistake has been made somewhere. Then you need to check, recalculate and correct the entered data.
LLC, registered in 2015, applies a simplified taxation system. The indicators of accounting registers as of December 31, 2015 are given in the table:
Table
Balances (Kt - credit, Dt - debit) on accounts
accounting as of December 31, 2015
OOO
|
Balance |
Amount, rub. |
Balance |
Amount, rub. |
