Investment program lending organized by state support and is aimed at providing financial assistance to small and medium-sized businesses with the aim of qualitative development of any production. Almost all investment loans are made state banks and are a long-term form of lending.
Investment loan- this is a special banking service which is carried out in order to improve production activities, expanding their own business, as well as for the implementation of any projects of small and medium-sized businesses.
Most often, this service is provided by credit institutions in a long-term form and can be used for special lending for commodity purchases, as well as the formation of various production assets.
All this will significantly improve the activity of any production, as well as implement new projects of our own business. That's why this program is very popular among borrowers who care about the quality development of the enterprise.
Most often, this service is used by manufacturing companies engaged in the construction industry, Agriculture, as well as developing various innovations to improve overall efficiency activities of the enterprise and obtaining additional sources of profit.
At the same time, at the moment, not only special joint-stock companies, but also individuals who are individual entrepreneurs. This lending system has its own characteristics:
The investment lending system can be represented by several types:
Each of the types assumes the intended purpose of the investment loan and fully complies with the basic conditions for registration.
A special form of credit can be presented in the following variations:
A special credit system can be organized for legal entities, as well as for officially registered individual entrepreneurs. At the same time, special attention is paid to the implementation of profitable activities of enterprises within a specified time. Additionally, a check is made on the presence of debts from the borrower for credit and tax obligations.
Additionally, there are requirements for the preparation of documentation:
Such a parameter as the interest rate on an investment loan is determined on the basis of general term use of government loans, as well as the availability of collateral. Also, the total accrued rate can be "floating" with a detailed analysis of all the bank's existing risks. The total interest can be paid for the actual number of days the borrower uses the funds provided.
The detailed amount of the interest rate is fixed in the agreement of the credit institution on the basis of an additional decision that is fully consistent with the policy of issuing loans of this company. Some credit organizations provide for the accrual of additional interest for the implementation of operating expenses, as well as total cost attraction of banking resources for the implementation of the lending procedure.
Modern market conditions require careful control of all processes related to business development. At the same time, additional investments are used to increase working capital.
To implement successful business projects, you can use the service of special lending on loyal terms. But it is necessary to foresee the payback of the project in advance - that is why the banking institution requires to think over in detail each item of the individual business plan.
The modern system of investment lending involves the competent development of small and medium-sized businesses. The funds received can be used for the purpose of performing a qualitative modernization of any equipment operating in production, as well as for the implementation of specific projects that affect the efficiency of the enterprise.
Special investment loans to improve the efficiency of small businesses with a competent approach can significantly improve the economic parameters of any production.
Today there is such a thing as an investment loan. Its essence is to borrow the necessary amount of money in order to invest in a project. This may be the opening of a factory or some enterprise.
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The process of obtaining an investment loan can hardly be called easy. The relationship between the lender and the borrower requires a certain knowledge base. Especially, it concerns the borrower.
The loan agreement concluded when obtaining an investment loan has some features that you should pay attention to.
The amounts that are available when obtaining an investment loan are far from small, and therefore the terms are correspondingly large.
The borrower must be in an ideal financial position and the project must be without fail must be competitive. Otherwise, the financial institution will simply refuse to issue this loan.
An investment loan is a long-term target loan that is issued for a specific program.
This loan has the following features:
In most situations, an investment loan is issued for a long time, so that the organization can fully implement the planned changes and achieve the intended results.
At the same time, banking organizations often meet businessmen halfway and allow them to choose the optimal lending conditions.
It should be noted that for banking organization this type of lending is considered risky, because in this case, the future business is financed, which relies only on prospects.
Based on this, credit institutions impose rather stringent requirements on potential borrowers, and the cost is often more expensive than with conventional lending.
To be as savvy as possible in credit and financial matters, you need to understand the basic concepts. Considering that we are talking about investment lending, we need knowledge related directly to this type of loan.
Making such a loan, one way or another, implies that the client must be literate and financially savvy. After all, to open your own business, you need the necessary baggage economic knowledge and entrepreneurial acumen.
So, the most important thing a borrower should know about is this. This term refers to the process of transferring money or other material resources for temporary use.
Participants in the process are two parties - lending (creditor) and credited (borrower, debtor).
The lending party assumes the obligation to repay the loan with the payment of interest within a clearly defined time period.
If this does not happen, the borrower is obliged to incur civil law, and in some cases criminal law.
All the rules that both parties must follow are found in the loan agreement. This document considered fundamental in the lending process.
A loan agreement, in essence, means an agreement between the two parties, according to which the lender must lend money to the borrower in the amount and on the terms specified in the agreement, and the borrower must return the money received and interest to the bank for their use.
This loan is considered targeted and is intended for the development of the following organizations:
Also, an investment loan allows you to purchase and implement:
Also, such a loan allows you to issue loans in another financial institution. All investment loans can be divided into three types:
Investment loans are also divided into types, depending on who and for what it is provided.
Allocate bank (which in turn have one-time loans, credit lines and underwriting), government (leasing) loans and bond issues. Exactly bank loans most often issued by borrowers.
A one-time credit line implies instant crediting of the entire amount to the client, the payment of which occurs monthly annuity, in equal installments (the amount of debt and interest are paid separately) and according to an individually set loan repayment schedule.
A line of credit allows you to borrow money only when you need it (using credit card). Underwriting allows you to get the necessary amount of money through the redemption of bonds.
Lending is considered one of those activities that are strictly controlled by law.
All the basic rules for conducting this financial transaction, as well as the rights and obligations of the participants in such a transaction, are prescribed in the relevant regulatory legal acts.
Some dishonest financial institutions do not adhere to the articles, thereby deceiving the borrower and requiring him to perform actions that are not provided for by law.
Civil Code Russian Federation dated November 30, 1994 is considered fundamental for lending in Russia.
All banks, microfinance companies and other credit organizations, without exception, are guided by it.
Seventeen articles of this code contain everything that plays an important role in obtaining loans, from the conditions for issuing a loan to information about liability in case of violation of the rules of the contract.
Federal laws should also not be ignored:
Federal Law "On Consumer Credit" dated December 21, 2013 No. 353-FZ regulates relations that arise in connection with the provision of a loan to an individual for purposes not related to the implementation of entrepreneurship, on the basis of a loan agreement.
The loan agreement consists of general and individual conditions. The agreement is drawn up in writing and contains all the terms of the loan.
Not every borrower can apply to a financial institution in order to obtain an investment loan.
This is due to the fact that only an experienced person in doing business can get an investment loan. An investment loan implies a fairly large cash loan with a long repayment period.
A client wishing to receive such a loan must unquestioningly comply with the following requirements:
At the same time, the borrower must be an adult citizen of the Russian Federation, have a stable source of income and a clean credit history.
A distinctive feature of investment lending is the verification of not only the client himself, but also his project, in which he wants to invest money. First of all, its competitiveness is evaluated.
Different financial institutions issue investment loans on terms that differ from each other. But it is possible to form general terms and Conditions issuance of such loans.
General conditions for issuing investment loans:
Drawing up an agreement when receiving an investment loan differs from a loan agreement concluded when receiving any other loan.
This is due to the fact that this type of lending includes many complexities that need to be paid special attention to.
The agreement signed by the participants in the process must necessarily consist of clauses on the provision of a loan, on the deduction of interest for the use loan product and about the loan period.
Also, it must contain information on the options and terms of payment, on the conditions for the implementation of the contract, on the responsibility of the parties, on documents confirming the pledge, and.
Violation of such an agreement, as well as a standard loan agreement, threatens with serious consequences for both parties. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the fulfillment of credit conditions, in particular the repayment periods.
The requirements for a package of documents for obtaining an investment loan are also much stricter than when applying for a standard loan. It is very important to provide not only the necessary paperwork, but also a properly developed business plan.
It must prove the competitiveness of this project. Many banks make decisions based specifically on.
But this does not mean at all that a business plan is the only document that must be presented to a financial institution.
You must also provide for an investment loan indicating:
Some banking institutions may be asked to present additional papers at their discretion.
There are many sources of financial support for individuals and entrepreneurs. Someone applies to a bank or an MFI (microfinance organization), it is convenient for someone to get a loan from investment company. What is this direction and how it differs from the others proposed - we will consider below.
Financial difficulties are solved in two ways. Own reserves are sought, which can be a permanent income or a pre-deferred part of the profits received, or the applicant applies for third-party funding. You can receive money in various ways, it all depends on several factors:
As for the last point, the methods differ here. Banks carefully select potential customers, therefore obtaining a loan by this method is accompanied by significant difficulties.
If a person (or an entrepreneur) cared enough about his financial affairs, carried out transactions all the time without delay, paid the due interest, the bank would be happy to cooperate with him. However, many citizens of the Russian Federation cannot say with certainty that their credit history is good enough to apply to a bank. What else can await a person with this method of financing?
To get a loan in banking, it is necessary to observe a number of formalities. Firstly, the applicant will be checked for his past financial life and current solvency. All previous credit events involving the person will be checked, as well as his reaction to complications. If there are entries of a negative nature - overdue payments, debts, etc., then the bank will treat the applicant with coolness.
Secondly, some obligatory things, like permanent employment and income in right size increase the applicant's chances of getting a loan. The bank calculates in advance the options under which a person will not be able to repay the loan. If the applicant works seasonally or his income is below a certain minimum, it makes no sense to count on receiving financial assistance.
It's easier to go the other way to get third-party funds. In this case, a less demanding MFI or a loan from an investment company will do.
The only downside to a relationship of this nature is the interest rate. By issuing small amounts, companies are insured at the expense of high interest from no return. True, the requirements for the applicant here are minimal.
There are many more undeniable advantages:
The list can be long enough. However, there is another significant point that can be attributed to the negative. The amounts manipulated by MFIs often do not exceed several tens of thousands. There are companies that give out large amounts, but they have to use collateral.
In other respects, receiving financial assistance from MFIs looks promising, especially in relation to credit history. Often citizens resort to the following: they take and repay small loans in order to create positive records in their credit history. Consider another way of obtaining a cash loan, which has the parameters of both of the above methods, and takes mostly the best features.
Many companies are making various financial efforts to increase their own cash flows. Investing in various projects, including co-financing, is quite a profitable undertaking. Large and small investment funds offer lending on terms almost identical to those offered by MFIs, while:
It is convenient for companies to invest their own money in lending, especially when it comes to investing in small businesses. Sole proprietors can borrow large sums, leaving their real estate as collateral, or arrange loans under the guarantee of their own business.
Investment companies are not bound by the regulations of banks, therefore they can offer profitable terms while remaining in abundance. An individual approach to each appeal allows investors to attract more and more new customers.
What needs to be done to get a loan from an investment company? You can refer to the global network to find relevant portals that collect and disseminate information about such investment projects. In such a place, it is easier to compare the proposed product according to certain parameters:
The amounts manipulated by investors are large enough to cover the need not only for private applications, but also for requests from individual entrepreneurs. Small business receives support, and the investor - the opportunity to earn on their capital.
When to get financial assistance, several factors need to be considered. If a person is not in a hurry and can wait a few days, then you should contact the bank, where they will conduct appropriate checks on his solvency and provide him with a loan.
If this appeal fails, you should not be upset, because going to an MFI or to investors is the same usual way to find finance. At the same time, one should not forget about the rate set by microlenders and the rather small amounts that they manipulate.
When it comes to a stable deal with good characteristics, you can pay attention to investors. Many companies operating in the financial market offer their services on fairly loyal terms. Getting a loan from an investment company sometimes looks like the most profitable event.
Evgeny Malyar
bsadsensedynamick
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Business loans
Since the basis for issuing a loan is a business project, the bank actually shares potential risks with the borrower.
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Probably every business owner has ideas about how to increase profits. Implementation large-scale project requires investment. The most common solution to this problem involves external lending. Investment loans pursue the main goal - bringing the enterprise to a new level of development. An article about their essence, features, shortcomings, who can access a loan for investment goals and how to get it.
An investment loan is a special kind banking product, characterized in that the person applying for it has a well-developed project for the use of borrowed funds.
An investment loan has special features:
The project should include three main sections:
Based on the nature of the intended use of the loan, it is determined that it belongs to one of the three main types.
Designed to expand the scale of an existing enterprise. Tasks solved by the company with the help of an expansionary investment loan:
The peculiarity of its receipt is that until the debt is repaid, the effect of the improvement financial indicators enterprises should not be calculated. All the additional profit brought by modernization (and in some cases a large amount) will go to settlements with the bank.
When applying for an expansion loan, forecasts are based on the most pessimistic scenarios for the development of further events. Ultimately, only the bankruptcy of an enterprise can hinder the fulfillment of the payment schedule. If it is assessed as probable, the loan will simply not be issued. In the best case, the interest will be set at the maximum level.
Bank risks in this type of investment lending are initially the highest. Project lending provides for the development of one of the directions, separate from the main activity carried out by the enterprise at the time of application. The leaders of the company, acting as a probable debtor, hope to significantly increase the profitability of the business after the implementation of the plan.
Financing investment projects It's always adventurous. The bank's income is formed only by the profitability of the new direction. The credited enterprise simply will not be able to fulfill its obligations under the contract if the project does not give the expected effect.
An enterprise can apply to a bank with an application for a construction and investment loan only after it has incurred certain and considerable costs. This feature is due to the specifics of the activity for the construction of real estate. Negotiations are possible if the prospective developer already owns the relevant piece of land or has a long-term lease on it.
In addition to the areas, the applicant will have to present the design and estimate documentation, the development of which costs a lot of money. Of course, a building permit is required.
The probability of refusal when applying for a construction and investment loan is low, but it is available only to enterprises with high financial potential. The decision on approval and conditions is made by the bank based on the type of facility being built and an assessment (again, pessimistic) of its likely profitability.
The standard criteria by which a bank makes an ordinary financial borrowing are, in this case, supplemented by some specific requirements.
Investment loans for small businesses are often a way to reach medium or even high level business activity, but it is not easy to overcome the boundaries separating an individual entrepreneur from an LLC.
Since we are not talking about small amounts in this case, the need for a clear and convincing business plan that reveals the purpose of the project comes first. In addition, the following developments are needed:
The features of investment loans include a repayment period that almost never exceeds ten years. One should also take into account the cautious attitude of the bank to applications for project refinancing. If the debtor failed to pay off the primary loan, then the estimated profitability as a result did not live up to expectations. At least, that is the conclusion.
According to the source of financing, investment loans are represented by five main forms:
This brief table requires some explanation, indicating the specifics, advantages and disadvantages of each form of investment lending.
A bank investment loan is the most commonly practiced form of capital raising. Availability works in its favor first of all. As the name implies, it is provided to the borrower in commercial banks subject to the conditions described above.
In turn, it has several varieties, determined by the terms of contracts and other conditions:
Of these categories, only the concept of "underwriting" needs comments. It is similar to the bond form, but in this case, the creditor bank acts as the buyer of securities. Of course, only consistently high characteristics of issued bonds can induce such actions.
Investment lending by the development bank, that is, in fact, by the state, is made when the project is of priority importance for the country's economy. Conditions are usually preferential, but they still need to be earned. The objects of public investment are projects that meet high requirements, including:
In other words, if as a result of the implementation of the project in Russia the production of a product based on modern technology without harm to the environment, which is in demand in the domestic and foreign markets, is started, then one can count on state investment.
The requirements for foreign investors attracted as part of international investment are very high. However, there are several effective ways to interest foreign entrepreneurs in investing in domestic production. Among them are a favorable tax climate, highly qualified labor resources and other advantages. Russian economy. The main "trump card" is a tempting project that promises high profits.
A synonym for the term "commodity form of investment" is the word "leasing". By providing an enterprise with a fixed asset on the basis of a financial lease, the lessor creates conditions for the growth of labor productivity, improving the quality and all indicators of the enterprise.
Leasing can be financial and operational, direct and reverse. This method of economic borrowing, and in fact, investment, deserves a separate detailed description.
Finally, the fifth and last method of attracting investment lending is the issuance (issue) of securities, namely, bonds that guarantee a stable income in the form of interest. In this they differ from shares, the value of which depends on stock quotes and the success of the financial performance of the issuing enterprise.
The advantage of issuing bonds for the enterprise is that the investment is made directly from the buyer security. The bank, before issuing a loan amount, must first find it, attracting depositors with interest on the deposit.
There are also difficulties. The main one is the search for those who want to buy bonds. This is not easy: each acquirer must be convinced that the project will be profitable.
We must immediately accept the fact that economical effect from the implementation of almost any project with one hundred percent accuracy and reliability, it is impossible to predict. This, however, does not mean the meaninglessness of the very preparation of a business plan. The maturity and interest of an investment loan always depend on how convincing the applicant's arguments are.
A common method used by banks is to draw analogies between design parameters and the known characteristics of existing counterparts. If the introduction of some equipment brought a certain enterprise a monthly additional income, for example, 100 thousand rubles, and all other conditions (location, form of ownership, turnover, etc.) are approximately equivalent, then we can assume the same effect after the investment.
Another forecasting method is based on the calculation of the ROI. Its disadvantage is in direct proportion to the difficulties associated with determining the expected profit. The calculation formula is as follows:
Where:
ROI- indicator of return on investment;
VP- gross revenue for the conditional reporting period;
VD- gross cost for the conditional reporting period;
VI- the amount of investment.
Everything is clear here: the ROI indicator shows how much profit each ruble invested in the project brings. Questions arise later.
Gross revenue VD is formed by the unit price of the product and the sales quantity. If an entrepreneur who wants to get an investment loan claims that he will sell each copy at a price of, for example, 100 rubles, and its cost will be 60 rubles, then it may make sense for him to believe. Doubts arise when determining the market capacity, which can be determined by conducting large-scale marketing research or experimentally, that is, after the fact.
The slowdown in sales leads to a decrease in the capital turnover ratio, and, as a result, to a deterioration in real financial indicators in comparison with the planned values. Based on this, banks, as a rule, reduce their forecasts to a reasonably pessimistic level when establishing a payback period and profitability. Accordingly, these indicators affect the term of the contract and the interest rate.
After the commissioning of a new technological line, the Rassvet enterprise will introduce to the market New Product"Dewdrop".
Rassvet has its own funds in the amount of 2 million 400 thousand rubles, and intends to spend this money on the purchase of this equipment.
The required amount of investment credit is 19 million 600 thousand rubles.
The business plan states that with these characteristics monthly income will be:
Using the tax calculator, you can calculate that with expenses for:
the amount of monthly profit remaining for business development after taxes will be 629,651 thousand rubles.
The payback period of the investment To will be:
Investment lending is a product that appeared on financial market over 10 years ago. It is relevant for start-up entrepreneurs or already existing organizations, and contributes to their rapid development by attracting credit funds for the purchase of equipment, buildings and other property.
So, investment lending is lending money to a business (starting or operating) for its development. According to the structure of funding sources, it is divided into several types:
The most popular investment bank loans are issued for the following purposes:
| Project finance | Funding to expand existing business | Investment in construction |
| Investments are made in a new project or enterprise | Money is invested in the purchase of new equipment, the construction of additional production facilities, etc. | Involved in the construction of any type of space, usually after the company has received all permits and licenses |
| The loan amount is calculated from the potential profit | The profitability of the organization for different periods of time is taken into account, from this the loan amount is calculated | To calculate the loan, the amount of the borrower's own money invested, the potential profit from the use of financed real estate is taken into account |
| You will need a business plan with detailed calculations | Accounting reports and tax declarations are submitted to the bank for consideration of the application. | Reports on actual and planned costs are sent to the bank |
Note! There is also foreign currency investment lending, in which the company is given money in foreign currency. For example, Uralsib Bank has such an offer: the loan term is up to 6 years, the minimum amount is equivalent to 50,000,000 US dollars, the form is a one-time loan or a credit line (revolving or non-revolving). Property is pledged.
Investment loans are divided into several types:
Each bank uses individual formulas for calculating terms, amounts and obligatory payments on loans. Consider a conditional example of monthly payments, which may differ markedly from the offer of a particular bank.
The company takes a loan of 5,000,000 rubles. for a period of 1 year (12 months) at a rate of 10%. Monthly payment will be calculated as follows:
The monthly interest rate is determined: 10/12 = 0.83%
(5,000,000 × 0.83%) × 12 = 498,000 rubles. per month. In total, for the year it will be necessary to pay 5,976,000 rubles, the overpayment is 976,000 rubles.
Please note: the overpayment is almost 20% of the loan amount, although the rate on it is 10%.
If the loan is taken for a longer period - for example, for 10 years - then the overpayment can increase significantly, although the monthly payment is also reduced accordingly.
Investment lending is a big risk for banks, so they impose increased requirements on borrowers:
These are just general criteria. To assess the reliability and solvency of borrowers, banks use individual methods. In fact, investment lending is similar to other secured loans, but, unlike them, the lender and the borrower have the same goal - to increase profits for the enterprise. This is beneficial for the entrepreneur for obvious reasons, but his financial well-being is also important for the creditor: if there is a risk of a decrease in profitability after the conclusion of the contract, this may entail losses for him.
Consider a few bank offers:
| Name of the bank | Term | Bid | Goals | Loan form | Sum |
| Rosselkhozbank (only for legal entities) | Up to 96 months | individually | Purchase of transport, real estate, equipment, replenishment of fixed assets, reconstruction of premises | Lump sum or credit line with a limit | Up to 60,000,000 rubles. |
| VTB | Up to 12 years old | From 10% | Acquisition of goods, equipment, real estate, transport | One-time loan or non-renewable line of credit | Up to 150,000,000 rubles. |
| Sberbank | Up to 15 years | Financing of leasing transactions, investment projects, import of goods, replenishment of working capital, and other purposes | One-time loan or all types of credit lines | Calculated individually | |
| UniCredit Bank | 1-10 years | individually | Goods, equipment, business expansion, real estate, transportation | One-time loan | Up to 73,000,000 rubles. |
To understand whether it is worth resorting to investment lending in banks, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the advantages and disadvantages:
| pros | Minuses |
| Emergence of additional financial flows | Collateral must be provided: real estate of the enterprise, transport, other non-current assets. Encumbrances are removed only after the return of the debt |
| With the right approach, this can increase the profitability of the enterprise. | High interest rates: on average they vary from 13 to 16% per annum |
| Opportunity to receive larger amounts compared to other types of loans | Long maturities of loans |
| Such loans are not issued to everyone, it is very difficult to get them. | |
| Granting a grace period (deferred payments) for up to 18 months on average | If money is allocated for the purchase of property, it is subsequently pledged to the bank, and until the closing of the contracts, the owner will not be able to sell it if necessary |
If an entrepreneur needs a small amount (up to 10 million rubles), it is better for him to issue a regular consumer credit. Interest rates on it and an investment loan can be approximately the same (13-16%), but the latter is much easier to get, and besides, it is possible to take money for business development without providing collateral.
Large companies represented on , are in a better position than others: to raise funds, they can issue a package of bonds with a noticeably lower coupon rate than they would pay on an investment loan. Moreover, in addition to ordinary bonds, companies can issue and - which allow you to write off debt without becoming bankrupt.
But at the philistine level, the concept of "investment credit" is sometimes understood as private loan which can be used for investment. We repay the debt to the bank, we keep the rest for ourselves. Is it worth it? In the mid-2000s, when the Russian market grew by an average of tens of percent per annum, such tactics could work. However, the average return stock market lower than investment loan rates, which was confirmed after a year: Russian market it took eight years to reach pre-crisis highs.
