The essence of the economic effect
In order to identify the main ways to improve social and economic efficiency management of Russian organizations, it is necessary to evaluate the effect. The effect can be represented as an absolute value, which can be used to reflect the achievable result in the process of performing a certain procedure.
Definition 1
Economic effects are the result of the use of human labor, which can be directed to the creation of certain material benefits. In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result, but also to determine how it was achieved.
As a basis for calculating economic efficiency, specialists should take the annual economic effect, including the costs of achieving it. In addition, in addition to the absolute magnitude of the effect, the magnitude of the effect is needed, which is calculated by the ratio of the total result obtained to the cost of resources to obtain it.
Efficiency can be determined by the degree of profitability. Performance indicators are relative and are used for comparison with the existing standard or with other effect options.
Benefit from the implementation of the effect can be determined through three circumstances:
In accordance with the economic efficiency of what needs to be measured, capital investments for the acquisition of new equipment, technologies, fixed assets, Money that are invested in a particular project.
Thus, we can say that the economic effect is the result of the used human labor aimed at creating appropriate benefits or a better result.
In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result itself, but also the forces with the help of which the result was achieved. For this reason, economic efficiency is calculated through the annual economic effect, including the costs or costs of achieving it.
In addition, after determining the absolute value of the effect, the relative value is determined, which is calculated through the ratio of the overall result to the cost of resources to obtain the effect.
The economic effect formula characterizes the final economic result obtained from the introduction and implementation of appropriate measures that can improve the performance of the company.
The best result is an absolute indicator, which is measured in monetary units.
AT general view obtaining the effect is based on the initial implementation of certain costs, and in the future in obtaining an additional amount of profit from the activities carried out. In general, the economic effect can be expressed in the form additional income, which the organization can receive through additional profit, minimization of labor and material costs, growth in production volumes, increase in the quality of products, expressed in price.
There is no specific formula for the effect, but several different formulas are often used in calculations. So, the total amount of economic effect can be determined as follows:
$Etotal \u003d (NR - SR) - Z$, where:
The annual amount of the economic effect is determined in accordance with the formula:
$GE \u003d (NR - SR) - Z GO $
$GO$ - the annual standard amount of return on investment.
The essence and significance of the formula for calculating the economic effect is to determine the degree of efficiency, which in turn is able to determine the degree of profitability. The effect indicator is considered relative, for this reason it is most often used when compared with the existing standard.
AT general sense The benefits from the implementation of the effect are characterized by several facts: the costs of the activities carried out should be small, the effects from the implementation should be large, preferably maximum, the period during which the effect is expected to occur.
Depending on the nature of the measures taken to increase the effect, its calculation is carried out in different ways. Not general formula economic effect, it is determined according to the sources of obtaining this effect.
If the calculation requires obtaining the annual effect from the implementation of measures, then to obtain the total amount of the effect, it is necessary to multiply it by the number of years that this effect can bring.
Sources of effective management problems in Russian organizations mainly lie in the low quality of management personnel. In Russian practice, a small number of persons who have the practice of effective management. The bulk of managers receive only theoretical knowledge in universities, without reinforcing them with practice. For this reason, individuals with little life and managerial experience are included in the work.
One more important issue management efficiency in is a high proportion of corruption at all levels of government. If we consider the practice of management in Western states, then there public managers are separated from the distribution of material wealth. In our country, there is a large proportion of officials who become owners of large fortunes.
Remark 1
The low efficiency of management at the state level is also associated with a large number of managers, since in Russia it is management public resources is a profitable and efficient business. At the same time, the sector of private enterprises lacks highly qualified high-level specialists.
If we consider enterprises separately, then the main problem of management lies in the inefficient use of their working time by Russian managers.
In order to better understand what efficiency is, it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of efficiency and effect.
DEFINITION
Effect represents an absolute value, which means the achieved result of a certain process. Economical effect is the result of the labor of the person who creates the product. At the same time, the effectiveness is determined precisely by the indicator of the effect, but taking into account the costs with which it was achieved.
The base of economic efficiency is the ratio of the effect and the costs of achieving it. But in addition to the absolute magnitude of the effect, it is important to determine its relative magnitude, which can be calculated by the ratio of the overall result (effect) to the resource costs that led to its receipt.
In practice, when making calculations, 2 performance indicators are used:
The economic efficiency formula is calculated by dividing the economic effect by the cost of this effect. The economic efficiency formula is as follows:
E = EE/W
Here, EE is the value of the economic effect,
Z - the cost of its implementation.
In practice, the economic efficiency formula is difficult to use, since the numerator and denominator for its calculation most often cannot be measured quantitatively. This is due to the diversity economic activity which is easier to express in qualitative terms than in quantitative terms.
At the macroeconomic level, the two most commonly used performance indicators are:
Macroeconomic indicators that are used to determine the level of performance in general are different from indicators that are used at the level of enterprises (primary economic entities).
At the microeconomic level, the system of indicators of economic efficiency consists of:
Estimated indicators of the economic efficiency of the enterprise are:
The most important problem in determining economic efficiency is the choice (what to produce, what types of goods, in what ways, how to distribute them, how much resources to use in this case).
The economic efficiency formula is based on the principle of comparative advantage, which is considered the basis of specialization of both each state individually and the world community as a whole. Due to the comparative advantage in the use of certain resources over others, it becomes possible to determine the most effective option production, which will provide the maximum difference between the result and costs. In this case, you can set the opportunity cost of any resource.
In connection with the above, economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the values of goods produced to the values of goods, the production of which had to be abandoned due to their maximum opportunity cost.
Efficiency is defined in two ways:
EXAMPLE 1
| Exercise | It is planned to open a new workshop, the enterprise needs to invest 900 rubles for each unit of production, while the cost price was 1600 rubles. The wholesale price for each unit of production is set at 2,000 rubles, while 100,000 pieces of products are produced per year. The company's profitability level is 0.3. |
| Solution | Product profitability is defined as the ratio of profit to investment: Rprod \u003d Pr / Vl Vl \u003d 100,000 * 900 \u003d 90,000,000 rubles To determine profit, subtract the cost of production from revenue: B \u003d 100,000 * 2000 \u003d 200,000,000 rubles Let's calculate the profit: 200,000,000 - 100,000 * 1600 = 40,000,000 rubles Calculate the profitability by the formula: Rprod = 40,000,000 / 90,000,000 = 0.44 Conclusion. Because profitability is higher normative value(0.44 is more than 0.3), then the opening of this workshop should be recognized as effective. |
| Answer | Production efficiently |
The essence of the economic effect
In order to determine the main ways to improve the social and economic efficiency of managing Russian organizations, it is necessary to evaluate the effect. The effect can be represented as an absolute value, which can be used to reflect the achievable result in the process of performing a certain procedure.
Definition 1
Economic effects are the result of the use of human labor, which can be directed to the creation of certain material benefits. In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result, but also to determine how it was achieved.
As a basis for calculating economic efficiency, specialists should take the annual economic effect, including the costs of achieving it. In addition, in addition to the absolute magnitude of the effect, the magnitude of the effect is needed, which is calculated by the ratio of the total result obtained to the cost of resources to obtain it.
Efficiency can be determined by the degree of profitability. Performance indicators are relative and are used for comparison with the existing standard or with other effect options.
Benefit from the implementation of the effect can be determined through three circumstances:
In accordance with the economic efficiency of what needs to be measured, capital investments in the acquisition of new equipment, technologies, fixed assets, and funds that are invested in a particular project can act as costs.
Thus, we can say that the economic effect is the result of the used human labor aimed at creating appropriate benefits or a better result.
In this case, it is important not only to ensure the result itself, but also the forces with the help of which the result was achieved. For this reason, economic efficiency is calculated through the annual economic effect, including the costs or costs of achieving it.
In addition, after determining the absolute value of the effect, the relative value is determined, which is calculated through the ratio of the overall result to the cost of resources to obtain the effect.
The economic effect formula characterizes the final economic result obtained from the introduction and implementation of appropriate measures that can improve the performance of the company.
The best result is an absolute indicator, which is measured in monetary units.
In general, obtaining the effect is based on the initial implementation of certain costs, and in the future in obtaining an additional amount of profit from the activities carried out. In general, the economic effect can be expressed in the form of additional income that the organization can receive through additional profit, minimizing labor and material costs, increasing production volumes, and increasing the quality of products, expressed in price.
There is no specific formula for the effect, but several different formulas are often used in calculations. So, the total amount of economic effect can be determined as follows:
$Etotal \u003d (NR - SR) - Z$, where:
The annual amount of the economic effect is determined in accordance with the formula:
$GE \u003d (NR - SR) - Z GO $
$GO$ - the annual standard amount of return on investment.
The essence and significance of the formula for calculating the economic effect is to determine the degree of efficiency, which in turn is able to determine the degree of profitability. The effect indicator is considered relative, for this reason it is most often used when compared with the existing standard.
In a general sense, the benefit from the implementation of the effect is characterized by several facts: the costs of the measures taken should be small, the effects of the implementation should be large, preferably maximum, the period during which the effect is expected to occur.
Depending on the nature of the measures taken to increase the effect, its calculation is carried out in different ways. There is no general formula for the economic effect; it is determined according to the sources of obtaining this effect.
If the calculation requires obtaining the annual effect from the implementation of measures, then to obtain the total amount of the effect, it is necessary to multiply it by the number of years that this effect can bring.
The sources of effective management problems in Russian organizations mainly lie in the low quality of management personnel. In Russian practice, a small number of persons who have the practice of effective management. The bulk of managers receive only theoretical knowledge in universities, without reinforcing them with practice. For this reason, individuals with little life and managerial experience are included in the work.
Another important problem of management efficiency in Russia is the high proportion of corruption at all levels of government. If we consider the practice of management in Western states, then there public managers are separated from the distribution of material wealth. In our country, there is a large proportion of officials who become owners of large fortunes.
Remark 1
The low efficiency of management at the state level is also associated with a large number of managers, since in Russia it is the management of state resources that is a profitable and efficient business. At the same time, the sector of private enterprises lacks highly qualified high-level specialists.
If we consider enterprises separately, then the main problem of management lies in the inefficient use of their working time by Russian managers.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…3
1. Annual economic effect…………………………………………...…..6
2. Productivity growth………………………………………………...…….10
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…15
References…………………………………………………………………………..16
INTRODUCTION
The effectiveness of improving the organization of labor.
The organization of labor has an economic, psychophysiological and social orientation, which, respectively, is expressed in the economic, psychophysiological and social effect, which is reflected in the total economic effect.
The calculation of economic efficiency is carried out by comparing labor, material and financial costs before and after the implementation of labor organization measures or by comparing actual costs with standard ones.
The economic efficiency of labor organization is expressed by groups of cost and labor indicators.
The purpose of this control work this is an assessment of the economic efficiency of measures to improve the organization of labor, productivity growth and annual economic efficiency.
The main indicators of the economic efficiency of the organization of labor are:
· growth of labor productivity;
· annual economic effect.
In addition to the main indicators of the economic efficiency of labor organization measures, there are other, private indicators, among them:
release of the number of staff;
saving of working time;
increase in production volumes, works, services;
increase in income (profit) per ruble of costs;
Savings on individual cost items in production (activity) costs;
the actual payback period of the investment.
The solution of various problems of accelerating the country's socio-economic development has brought to the fore the provision of stable rates of growth in labor productivity. This necessitated an in-depth study of the process of formation of costs and results of labor, the development of a set of most important practical recommendations for increasing labor productivity, and consideration of all factors of its growth.
On the present stage development of production objectively increases the role of labor organization, which is explained by more high level socialization of labor and production, qualitative changes in the labor force and means of production during the scientific and technological revolution. Scientific and technological progress causes the need for more progressive ways of combining material and personal factors of production, corresponding to an intensive type of development.
The social organization of labor is a set industrial relations about the nature and method of connecting workers with the means of production. It is she who determines the specific socio-economic form of the operation of the general law of increasing labor productivity as the law of its steady growth. The level of productivity achieved in society is the result of the action of both objectively established and conscious mechanisms for using this law. Labor productivity and the law of its growth are interconnected with broader categories - saving time and labor efficiency. The clarification of this is especially important when considering the question of whether the productivity of which - living or aggregate labor - should be measured. The concept of "economic effect" and "economic efficiency" are among the most important categories market economy. These concepts are closely related.
The economic effect implies some useful result, expressed in terms of value.
Economic efficiency is the ratio between the results economic activity and the cost of living and social labor, resources. In contrast to the economic effect, economic efficiency is a relative value. It can be determined only by comparing the economic effect as a result of activity with the costs that caused this effect. Evaluation of economic efficiency is the basis of management investment activity enterprises, because the choice of investment projects is carried out according to the criterion of economic efficiency and indicators characterizing it.
ANNUAL ECONOMIC EFFECT
This is an indicator that characterizes the reduction of the entire set of costs associated with the production of annual output. The main difference between the concept of "annual cost savings" and "annual economic effect" lies in the completeness of the considered costs. The first indicator summarizes only current costs economic resources. The second indicator, in addition to these resources, includes in the analysis one-time costs - capital investments.
Annual economic effect- is determined in rubles according to the formula:
E \u003d (C1-C2) * B2 - En * Zed;
where C1, C2- the cost of a unit of production (works, services) in comparable prices before and after the implementation of measures to improve the organization of labor, rubles;
IN 2- the annual volume of products (works) in physical terms (pieces, tons, meters, etc.) after the implementation of measures to improve the organization of labor;
Yong– normative coefficient of investment efficiency;
Zed- one-time costs, rub.
When producing heterogeneous products (performing heterogeneous works, services), savings in costs presented in the formula for determining the annual economic effect by the expression (С1-С2)*В2, replaced by the expression of the sum of the number of items of heterogeneous products.
Annual economic effect calculated by the formula:
Eg \u003d Dg- (Nke * Rg);
where
Eg– annual economic effect
Dg- income for the year
Rg-expenses per year
Nke– normative coefficient of efficiency (a value equal to the ratio of profit to capital investments is set for a specific area of activity; usually it is 0.1–0.2, which corresponds to a payback period of capital investments of 5–10 years).
The economic effect is an absolute indicator that characterizes the rational use of a certain set of economic resources, their total savings. If the concept of saving is associated with one type of resource and in the considered options for the implementation of the production process there can be savings of one type and overspending of another type of resource, then the concept of effect takes into account the savings of some types and the overspending of other types of resources and characterizes the total result. Another important point that distinguishes the effect from savings is the unit of measure. Savings can be expressed in physical or cost terms; in tons of saved metal, in thousand kilowatt-hours electrical energy or in thousand rubles saved capital investments. The effect is expressed only in cost indicators, and its measure is monetary units.
The integral economic effect is calculated as the difference between all receipts and expenditures for billing period, during the expected operation of production, i.e. more than one year. The integral economic effect is formed by summing up the annual economic effects for the billing period.
Economic efficiency is a concept that characterizes the effectiveness of the production process in which resources are consumed and, as a result, a useful result, consumer goods, is formed. Economic efficiency is quantified by comparing the results and costs spent on achieving these results. As a rule - a relative indicator.
Absolute economic efficiency is an indicator that characterizes the overall value of the economic effect in comparison with the amount of costs. Since economic efficiency is determined on the basis of resource costs (individual types of resources or their combination), therefore, on the basis of the number of types of resources, economic efficiency indicators are usually classified into local and integral (generalizing). Local indicators include indicators used to analyze the effective use of certain types of resources. Integral indicators characterize the economic efficiency of using a set of resources.
Local indicators are indicators of economic efficiency used to evaluate the use or application of certain types of resources.
ECONOMICAL EFFECT- the difference between the results of economic activity (for example, the product in terms of value) and the costs incurred to obtain and use them. When the result of economic activity is not only economic, but also wider socio-economic consequences, it is more correct to speak of a socio-economic effect. If the results of economic activity exceed the costs, we have a positive E. e. (estimated, for example, by profit); in the opposite case - negative (eg, damage, loss).
The effect as the difference between the cost of a product and the cost of its production arises, ceteris paribus, in two cases: first, when the product increases (growth in output); secondly, when costs are reduced (saving resources).
If the introduction of measures to improve the organization and standardization of labor require additional capital investments (investments), then their effectiveness is assessed. It is based on comparing the effectiveness of investments in various projects using a system of indicators:
net present value - the difference between the discounted indicators of income and capital investments at the time (discounting-bringing payments at different times to the base date);
yield index ;
internal rate of return - the discount rate at which the value of the reduced effects is equal to the reduced capital investments;
payback period - the period of time during which the investment will be returned at the expense of income.
The creation of a formula for calculating economic efficiency could greatly facilitate the life of enterprises. In order to increase profits, every company is trying to improve the quality of products and increase their income or invest money in the production process in order to reduce costs.
Efficiency falls into two categories. The first is economic. The second is socio-economic.
With economic efficiency, the criterion is the company's ability to maximize its profits. The criterion of socio-economic efficiency is the level of satisfaction of the interests and needs of the population.
The general formula for calculating economic efficiency is as follows:
EkEf \u003d R / Z, where
ЕкЕф - economic efficiency;
Р - the result received from investment;
Z - the costs incurred to achieve the result.
This formula can be used to calculate the cost-effectiveness of activities whose duration is designed for a short period of time. In another case, this indicator is not able to reflect the feasibility of investments, since additional variables appear in the formula that are not included in the above formula.
There is also a formula that displays the absolute efficiency. It looks like this:
EE abs \u003d (Eph 1 - Eph 0) / (I + K * K n), where
ITS abs - economic efficiency;
Ef 1 - the overall result after the events;
Eph 0 - the result before the events;
I - total costs;
K - capital investments for holding events;
This index shows what the minimum allowable efficiency in a particular area can be. The parameter is the same for all types of activities in a particular industry, but may differ depending on the area.
The value of the coefficient is in the range from 10 to 33 percent. In trade, this figure is 25%, in the industrial sector - 16%.
Any enterprise has labor resources, fixed and working capital. Without them, the production process is unrealistic. Companies are also trying to improve their investment performance to improve performance.
To calculate the effectiveness of the use of each of these factors, their own methods are used. Some of them are based on the same principles.
In order to measure how effectively an enterprise uses its workers, two parameters are used. The first is production. The second indicator is labor intensity. The output is calculated as the ratio of the number of goods produced to the cost of personnel:
B = O / Z, where
B - production;
The labor intensity indicator is the reverse of the previous indicator and displays how much money needs to be spent on the personnel of the enterprise in order to produce one unit of output.
T \u003d W / O \u003d B -1 \u003d 1 / B, where
T - labor intensity;
B - production;
O - the volume of products manufactured at the enterprise;
Z - the costs incurred by the enterprise for labor resources.
Formula for calculating economic efficiency for labor resources companies can be displayed as follows:
EE tr \u003d ((O 1 * C - Z 1) - (O 0 * C - Z 0)) / And, where
ITS tr - economic efficiency for labor resources;
О 1 - the volume of manufactured products after investment in personnel;
C - the price of products;
О 0 - the volume of product sales before investment in labor resources;
There are two main parameters for calculating the efficiency of using fixed assets: capital productivity and capital intensity. The return on assets is calculated as the ratio of the value of all products that were produced by the enterprise within one year to the average annual value of funds.
F o \u003d VP / C this year, where
VP - all products of the company in monetary terms (including the cost of semi-finished products and work in progress);
F o - return on assets;
Since this year - the cost of the OF in the calculation for 1 year on average.
The index of capital intensity is the inverse of the return on fixed assets. You can determine the value of the coefficient using several formulas.
F e \u003d (F o) -1 \u003d 1 / F o, where
F e - capital intensity;
F o - return on assets.
In the event that the return on fixed assets (OS) is not found, capital intensity can be determined as follows:
F e \u003d (S.g. / VP), where
F e - capital intensity;
VP - the value of gross output in monetary terms;
Since this year - average annual cost fixed assets.
All companies are trying to reduce capital intensity and increase capital productivity. An example formula for calculating the economic efficiency of investments in fixed assets is presented below:
EE of \u003d ((O 1 * C 1 - Z 1) - (O 0 * C 0 - Z 0)) / And, where
ITS of - economic efficiency for fixed assets;
О 1 - the volume of manufactured products after investment in OF;
C 1 - the price of products after investment;
P 2 - the price of products before investing in fixed assets;
Z 1 - the cost of production after the events;
О 0 - sales volume before investments in fixed assets;
Z 0 - the cost of production before the events.
To determine the effectiveness of the use of working capital of the enterprise, three indicators are used:
Turnover ratio C. Is the same as the return on assets for the OS. It is calculated according to the formula:
K about \u003d RP / C obs, where
K about - turnover ratio;
The workload ratio is the inverse of the turnover ratio:
K s \u003d (K about) -1 \u003d 1 / K about \u003d C obs / RP, where
K s - load factor;
K about - turnover ratio;
RP - goods sold by the company in monetary terms;
C obs - the average amount of the balance Obs. FROM.
The turnover period is the number of days that it takes for working capital to make one full turnover, calculated as follows:
T about \u003d D / K about \u003d D * C obs / RP, where
T about - turnover time;
D - the number of days of the analyzed period;
K about - turnover ratio;
RP - goods sold by the company in monetary terms;
C obs - the average amount of the balance Obs. FROM.
The formula for improving the use of working capital is based not so much on additional profit, but on cost reduction.
EE obs \u003d E y / I, where
ITS obs - economic efficiency of working capital;
E y - conditional savings of working capital;
And - the size of investments.
Cost-effectiveness formulas have found widespread use among companies that make short-term cash injections to improve certain aspects of their operations. The formula for its calculation is as follows:
Eph \u003d D - I * K, where
Ef - economic effect;
D - income or savings from events;
I - the cost of events;
K n - normative coefficient.
Advertising is a set of marketing tools, the purpose of which is to disseminate information about goods, services, people, companies, as well as to attract customers. The formula for calculating the cost effectiveness of advertising displays the result obtained after the advertising campaign. The formula for determining the coefficient looks like this:
EE p \u003d (VD 1 - VD 0) / And, where
When calculating the effectiveness of the use of advertising means, it is very difficult to determine how much the gross income of an enterprise has grown precisely because of advertising. There is no guarantee that the company's revenue would not have increased if the company had not advertised itself or its product. Despite this, the cost-effectiveness of advertising is still considered.
The main indicator in the work of the company is net profit, the part of the proceeds that remains after all costs are deducted and all taxes paid. There is no point in increasing revenues if costs increase at the same or even greater rate.
Thus, the classical calculation of economic efficiency cannot always show how the proposed measures will eventually affect the final result. This is due to the fact that it is calculated as the ratio of the result to the costs only to achieve it. In cases where the result is gross income, the economic efficiency indicator is not accurate, as it does not take into account the possible increase in production costs.
The formula for calculating the economic efficiency of an enterprise can be expressed as follows:
ITS n \u003d (PE 1 - PE 0) / And, where
EE n - economic efficiency of the enterprise;
PE 1 - net profit after investment;
BH 0 - net profit before investment.
All of the above methods of calculating efficiency can only be used for short-term activities (up to one year). AT long term the calculation formula does not take into account discount factors that make it possible to calculate the feasibility of holding, taking into account alternative incomes.
As such, there is no formula for calculating the economic efficiency of a project that is designed for a long period of time. The feasibility of an investment is calculated on the basis of the net present value, as well as the payback period, which reflects how much time is needed in order to investment project paid off in full and began to make a profit.
Net is calculated as the sum of all payments and income from the investment, taking into account discount factors for each period. The NTS formula can be represented as follows:
PTS = (CF / (1 + p) 1) + (CF / (1 + p) 2) + (CF / (1 + p) 3) + ... + (CF / (1 + p) n), where
NPV - net present value;
CF - payment flow (difference between income and expenses);
p - calculation percentage;
n - the term of the investment project.
This parameter shows how effectively investment funds. If the NPV is higher or equal to zero, this means that it is expedient to carry out an investment project. In the case where the net present value is shown to be negative, the internal interest calculation should be done to see how much the money has paid off.
