International Marketing Environment
The international marketing environment is especially important element international marketing mix than for domestic marketing. In the context of the formation of a global world market, international companies should monitor the following main factors:
1) natural;
2) demographic;
3) economic;
4) technological;
5) political (legislative);
6) cultural.
The study of the marketing macro-environment allows us to draw conclusions about existing and future trends in the development of world markets.
In order to understand how to adapt their activities to new business conditions, as well as to decide how much the philosophy and practice of national marketing should change when entering a foreign market, international companies conduct a thorough analysis of important blocks of the international marketing environment that create threats or new opportunities - these are economic, technological , political, legal and cultural environment of international business.
The technological environment is a source of special risks associated with tightening life cycle goods, rapid obsolescence of products. Problems can cause administrative barriers (ban, control) for the movement of specific types of goods, services, the need for standardization and certification of imported goods, etc. Therefore, a company, entering a foreign market, must represent the real situation on the market, determine its needs, especially consumer behavior.
When planning to enter foreign markets, an international marketing figure must study the economy of each country of interest to him. The attractiveness of a country as an export market is determined by two characteristics.
The first of them is the structure of the economy. The economic structure of a country determines its needs for goods and services, levels of income and employment, and so on. There are four types of economic structures.
COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMY OF THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE FARMING. Within the economics of the type subsistence farming the overwhelming majority of the population is engaged in the simplest agricultural production. They consume most of what they produce themselves, and exchange the rest directly for simple goods and services. Under these conditions, the exporter does not have many opportunities. Bangladesh and Ethiopia are among the countries with a similar economic system.
COUNTRIES ¾ EXPORTERS OF RAW MATERIALS. Such countries are rich in one or more species natural resources, but are deprived in other respects. Most of the funds they receive through the export of these resources. Chile (tin and copper), Zaire (rubber) and Saudi Arabia (oil) are examples. Such countries are good markets for the sale of mining equipment, tools and auxiliary materials, handling equipment, trucks. Depending on the number of permanent residents of the country and wealthy local rulers and landowners, it may also be a market for Western-style consumer goods and luxury goods.
INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Within the framework of an industrially developing economy, the manufacturing industry already provides from 10 to 20% of the country's gross national product. Examples of such countries are Egypt, the Philippines, India and Brazil. As the manufacturing industry develops, such a country relies more and more on imports of textile raw materials, steel, and heavy engineering products, and less than ¾ on imports of finished textiles, paper goods, and automobiles. Industrialization is creating a new wealthy class and a small but growing middle class who require new types of goods, some of which can only be met by imports.
INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Industrialized countries are the main exporters of manufactured goods. They trade industrial goods among themselves, and also export these goods to countries with other types of economic structure in exchange for raw materials and semi-finished products. Great scope and variety production activities make the industrialized countries, with their formidable middle class, rich markets for all goods. K industrially developed countries include the United States and Western Europe.
Second economic indicator¾ the nature of the distribution of income in the country. The distribution of income is affected not only by the features of the country's economic structure, but also by the features of its political system.
According to the nature of the distribution of income, an international marketing figure divides countries into five types:
1) countries with very low level family income;
2) countries with a predominantly low level of family income;
3) countries with very low and very high levels of family income;
4) countries with low, medium and high levels of family income;
5) countries with a predominantly middle level of family income. Take, for example, the Lamborghini market for ¾ of a car worth more than $50,000. In the countries of the first and second types, it will be very small. The largest single market for this car is that of Portugal (type 3 country), the poorest country in Europe, which, however, has many wealthy, prestige-conscious families capable of buying such a car.
Under the economic activity in the territory of the Russian Federation is meant the process of production or a combination of actions leading to the receipt of certain products. Main Features economic activity are the following factors:
Types of economic activity are objects of the OKDP classification. It is necessary to indicate the type of activity in accordance with the classifier when registering an enterprise with the tax authorities.
Types of economic activity established in the territory Russian Federation, are registered in the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) on the basis of the resolution of the State Standard of Russia. OKDP is designed to regulate and describe economic activity on the territory of the Russian Federation and is a single set of classified economic objects and their groupings. This classifier is part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and social information(ESCC) of the Russian Federation.
Types of economic activity in the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) are sequentially encoded using an alphanumeric alphabetic code. In the formula for the structure of the OKDP code (XX.XX), the following are sequentially indicated:
The codes presented in the classifiers do not depend on the form of ownership and the source of investment - they will be the same when determining the type of economic activity for an LLC and for an individual entrepreneur.
Economic activity is divided into several main types:
The economic environment is characterized by the presence of many links between its elements, which are conventionally divided into:
1) "Vertical" connections are made from state registration business entity and its inclusion in the economic system. In addition, each business entity carries out its activities in accordance with the norms and requirements of the current legislation.
2) "Horizontal" communications ensure the continuity of production processes and sales of products, reflect the relationship between manufacturers and suppliers material resources, with buyers of products, with business partners and competitors.
The economic environment includes two groups of factors:
1) direct exposure environment:
· state;
· suppliers;
· consumers;
· competitors.
2) indirect environment:
· technical;
economic;
social.
In the external economic environment of the functioning of business entities, two levels are distinguished: the macro level ( macro environment) and micro level ( microenvironment).
The main elements of the macro environment:
- economic environment– inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers, new taxes can change the distribution of income, the level interest rates on capital can make investments in new enterprises profitable or unprofitable;
- political situation- changes in government may affect the degree of support for private enterprise, change attitudes towards the public sector, political instability may make long-term investments risky;
- legal environment- Changes in legislation relating to the activities of enterprises may encourage or, conversely, oppress certain areas of entrepreneurship;
- technological environment- new technologies can lead to an increase in competitiveness or its decrease if a competitor has achieved success in developing new technologies;
- social and cultural environment- the emergence of new styles, new fashion can create new opportunities. New ad hoc ideas may lead to certain limitations;
- natural and climatic, geographical situation - a good or bad harvest is immediately reflected in the price level;
- demographic situation - the relocation of people, changes in birth and death rates have a corresponding impact on the level of demand.
The main elements of the microenvironment:
Organizational structure;
The structure of functional duties;
Structure of exchange of services;
Information structure;
Resource-technological structure;
Structure labor resources;
Organizational culture, understood as a set of norms and rules that regulate interactions between members of the workforce and are an expression of their collective knowledge and experience.
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. List the forms of influence of the external environment on the formation of various types of enterprise development strategies.
2. How does the external environment influence the formation of the market
pricing?
3. How is the choice of the pricing strategy of the enterprise, taking into account the combination of market and state regulation prices?
4. Open economic essence the concept of "internal environment
enterprises".
5. Expand the content of the concept of "enterprise" and its formation
internal environment from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept.
6. What subsystems of the internal environment does the enterprise include from the standpoint of a system-integrated theory?
7. List the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise.
Tests
1. Economic environment operation of the enterprise is:
b) a set of external and internal factors that affect the production and economic activities of the company;
c) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
2. The direct impact environment is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
d) an environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises
3. The environment of indirect influence is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) the environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises.
4. Factors of indirect impact:
a) the level of stability of macroeconomic indicators;
d) geographical factors.
5. Groups of factors affecting consumers:
a) external incentives;
b) the dynamics of the development of macroeconomics;
c) the level of development of the capital market;
d) personal.
6. Subjects of the external microenvironment:
a) system government controlled;
b) suppliers;
c) competitors;
d) manufacturers.
7. Types of competition:
a) galloping;
b) price;
c) moderate;
d) non-price.
8. Relationships arising in the external microenvironment:
a) vertical;
b) straight lines;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
9. Relationships arising in the macro environment:
a) vertical;
b) straight lines;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
10. External economic factors of the macro environment:
a) the size of GDP and its fluctuations;
b) presence railways;
c) research funds;
d) a budget deficit or surplus.
11. Subjects of the macro environment:
b) government bodies;
c) local authorities;
d) unions of trade unions.
12. Properties of the external environment:
a) competitiveness;
b) complexity;
c) dynamism;
d) uncertainty.
13. The complexity of the environment is:
a) changes in one factor cause more or less significant changes in others;
b) the number, variety and variability of external factors affecting the economy;
c) the rate of changes occurring in the environment;
d) function of quantity and quality of information.
14. The key to the commercial success of an enterprise from the standpoint of the influence of the external environment on the activities of the company is:
a) net profit;
b) profitability;
c) consumer orientation;
d) focus on a competitor.
15. The external environment has an impact on almost all aspects of the enterprise through:
a) influence on the tactics and strategy of the enterprise;
b) horizontal connections;
c) vertical connections;
d) impact on earnings.
16. Reducing or stopping the production of certain goods:
a) requires the development of new types of products;
b) requires re-equipment of the enterprise;
c) requires the introduction of scientific achievements;
d) affects the competitiveness of the enterprise.
17. The internal environment of the enterprise is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) a set of performance results, conditions and a system of interconnections between business entity units.
18. An enterprise from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept is:
a) a complex, flexible, self-developing, multi-dimensional, multi-spatial production system;
b) an independent business entity with the rights legal entity;
c) the system of subdivisions, workshops and other structural units;
d) a set of similar industries.
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
totality economic conditions development of entrepreneurship, business life; presupposes the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
Economic environment- - in the analysis market mechanism- external environment (external with respect to some economic object), which is determined by sets of goods and possible ways of using them, a set of economic ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary
economic environment- In the analysis of the market mechanism, the external environment (external with respect to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible ways of using them, by the set of economic agents with which this object has ... Technical Translator's Handbook
The set of economic conditions for the development of business, entrepreneurship. E.s. presupposes the existence of economic freedom, the free movement of resources, the existence of significant incentives to work ...
economic environment- a set of economic conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, business life; implies the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production ... Dictionary of economic terms
Wednesday: Derived etymologically from the word middle middle, but means essentially the opposite word environment. That is, everything that is around the middle (around me). In this meaning, the rule is usually used with a clarification (what environment?) ... Wikipedia
Econometrics is a science that studies specific quantitative and qualitative relationships between economic objects and processes using mathematical and statistical methods and models. The definition of the subject of econometrics was given in the charter ... ... Wikipedia
Environment- (synonymous with human habitat) a set of natural, man-made, social and cultural objects, phenomena and processes external to a person, with which he is in direct or indirect relationships. The environment is often... human ecology
- (see ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
Economic and social geography, a social science that studies the patterns of territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and characteristics of its development and distribution in various countries and regions. Subject of study … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (EIS) is a set of organizational, technical, software and information tools combined into a single system for the purpose of collecting, storing, processing and issuing the necessary information intended to perform the functions ... ... Wikipedia
This section of the report contains an analysis of the environmental impact on the main sections and subsections of the All-Russian classifier types of economic activity (OKVED) in dynamics for 2006-2009
All activities are grouped into sections, among which it is necessary to highlight three:
Mining;
Manufacturing industries;
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
Almost all industrial activities are grouped in these sections of OKVED, therefore they are of the greatest interest as the main sources of man-made impact on the environment.
Also of interest are:
Agriculture, hunting and forestry;
Transport and communications;
Provision of other communal, social and personal services.
Production indices for the above three main types of economic activity in 2009, according to Rosstat, amounted to:
Mining - 98.8%
Manufacturing - 84%
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 95.2%
The decline in production was noted in almost all types of economic activity.
The output of the most important types of products amounted to:
|
Product type |
2009 |
2009 |
Product type |
2009 |
2009 |
|
Extraction of useful claim infamous |
Motor gasoline, million tons |
35,8 |
100,5 |
||
|
Coal, million tons |
298 |
90,8 |
Diesel fuel, million tons |
67,3 |
97,7 |
|
Oil produced, including gas condensate, million tons |
494 |
101,2 |
Mineral fertilizers (in terms of 100% nutrients), million tons |
14,6 |
90,4 |
|
Natural gas, billion m 3 |
584 |
87,9 |
Furnace fuel oil, million tons |
64,4 |
100,8 |
|
Iron ore, million tons |
92,0 |
91,9 |
Building bricks, bln cond. PCS. |
8,5 |
62,7 |
|
Non-metallic building materials, million m 3 |
265 |
61,9 |
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million m 3 |
17,5 |
60,7 |
|
Apatite concentrate, million tons |
3,7 |
97,2 |
Cement, million tons |
44 ,3 |
82 ,7 |
|
Processing pr production |
Production and distribution |
||||
|
Sawn timber, million m 3 |
19,0 |
87,8 |
Electricity, billion kW . h |
992 |
95 , 4 |
|
Plywood, million m 3 |
2,1 |
81,3 |
including generation by power plants: |
||
|
Particle boards, mln. m 3 |
4,6 |
79,3 |
atomic |
164 |
100,3 |
|
Commercial cellulose, million tons |
2,0 |
88,1 |
thermal |
652 |
91,8 |
|
Paper, million tons |
3,9 |
98,0 |
hydroelectric power plants |
176 |
105,6 |
|
Primary oil refining, million tons |
236 |
99 ,6 |
Thermal energy, million Gcal |
1341 |
98,6 |
The objects of analysis were:
total emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources (Rosstat data),
volume of polluted Wastewater water bodies (data from Rosvodresursy),
the volume of production and consumption waste generation (data from Rostekhnadzor);
the volume of investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources (Rosstat data).
An analysis of the data given in the tables makes it possible to identify trends in changes in the environmental load of a particular type of economic activity.
Table 1.1
Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air
from stationary sources by type of economic activity, thousand tons
|
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 G. |
|
|
20568,4 |
20636,9 |
20103,3 |
19021,2 |
|
|
yours |
129,3 |
118,2 |
124,8 |
127,5 |
|
- |
103,2 |
100,7 |
110,2 |
114,8 |
|
- |
26,1 |
17,5 |
14,5 |
12,6 |
|
Mining |
6027,1 |
6244,8 |
5567,2 |
5238,6 |
|
infamous |
5509,3 |
5737,9 |
5092,9 |
4867,8 |
|
- |
904,0 |
1063,0 |
1117,3 |
1062,8 |
|
includingcoal mining |
877,0 |
1028,7 |
1083,2 |
1007,0 |
|
enrichment and agglomeration of hard coal |
12,4 |
22,6 |
21,2 |
43,8 |
|
- |
4585,9 |
4655,8 |
3958,2 |
3788,8 |
|
including production of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas; extractionfractions from oil (associated) gas |
3673,4 |
3705,5 |
3108,8 |
3029,1 |
|
extraction of natural gas and gas condensate |
473,4 |
507,6 |
436,8 |
405,6 |
|
- |
19,4 |
19,2 |
17,4 |
16,2 |
|
Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy |
517,8 |
507,0 |
474,3 |
370,8 |
|
- Mining of metal ores |
433,6 |
418,1 |
386,1 |
297,0 |
|
- |
84,2 |
88,8 |
88,2 |
73,8 |
|
Manufacturing industries |
7167,9 |
7205,1 |
6829,4 |
6353,5 |
|
weaving, and tobacco |
144,6 |
146,1 |
140,2 |
144,9 |
|
14,3 |
11,3 |
9,7 |
8,6 |
|
|
3,5 |
3,7 |
3,5 |
3,3 |
|
|
Wood processing and production of wood products |
84,2 |
85,5 |
85,5 |
78,3 |
|
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities |
162,2 |
152,9 |
148,9 |
152,5 |
|
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard andof them |
161,4 |
151,6 |
147,5 |
151,1 |
|
Production of coke and petroleum products and nuclear materials |
793,2 |
859,5 |
853,1 |
701,5 |
|
- |
764,4 |
829,8 |
816,5 |
663,2 |
|
including coke production |
36,9 |
35,3 |
34,8 |
32,7 |
|
production of petroleum products |
727,5 |
794,5 |
781,7 |
630,5 |
|
Chemical production |
368,9 |
374,3 |
351,3 |
332,2 |
|
18,2 |
18,4 |
17,4 |
15,0 |
|
|
497,6 |
520,8 |
462,6 |
403,5 |
|
|
Metallurgical production and |
4787,9 |
4751,4 |
4496,3 |
4303,8 |
|
- |
4756,3 |
4722,3 |
4469,1 |
4278,7 |
|
including production of iron, steel and ferroalloys |
1668,6 |
1636,3 |
1555,2 |
1452,2 |
|
production of non-ferrous metals |
3052,6 |
3048,9 |
2880,4 |
2796,1 |
|
- Manufacture of finished metal products |
31,6 |
29,1 |
27,2 |
25,1 |
|
102,6 |
106,0 |
96,0 |
76,2 |
|
|
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment |
53,7 |
48,3 |
41,3 |
33,5 |
|
Production Vehicle and equipment |
116,4 |
108,3 |
104,4 |
82,5 |
|
Other productions |
20,5 |
18,5 |
19,3 |
17,7 |
|
- Processing of secondary raw materials |
5,6 |
5,7 |
6,4 |
6,3 |
|
rgy, gas and water |
4352,9 |
4206,0 |
4462,2 |
4140,7 |
|
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hotwater cells |
4303,4 |
4162,9 |
4419,0 |
4096,4 |
|
including generation, transmission and distribution of electricity |
3155,2 |
2923,5 |
3129,0 |
2736,6 |
|
production and distribution of gaseous fuels |
18,4 |
37,5 |
38,3 |
40,2 |
|
- |
49,5 |
43,1 |
43,2 |
44,3 |
|
Transport and communications |
2150,2 |
2211,1 |
2475,2 |
2605,9 |
|
- |
1954,6 |
1986,8 |
2247,2 |
2378,9 |
|
including transportation through pipelines |
1837,8 |
1851,5 |
2107,5 |
2240,8 |
|
of themtransportation through pipelines of oil and oil products |
108,1 |
110,1 |
104,2 |
112,7 |
|
transportation through pipelines of gas and its productswork |
1729,6 |
1739,5 |
1997,7 |
2128,0 |
|
servants |
390,2 |
283,7 |
286,3 |
169,6 |
|
- |
238,6 |
174,7 |
161,6 |
119,1 |
|
Provision of other utilities, social and personnel services |
59,1 |
55,2 |
67,9 |
89,9 |
|
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activities |
55,0 |
52,0 |
65,2 |
86,0 |
In terms of emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources, the first place is occupied by“manufacturing industries” (a third of the total volume in Russia) due to metallurgical production. Another major block of sources of air pollution is formed by the production of "mining" (28%), primarily enterprises engaged inextraction of crude oil and oil (associated) gas. Significant volumes of emissions into the atmosphere are characteristic of enterprises power industryand pipeline transport (Fig. 1.1.).
The largest The main sources of atmospheric air pollution are the enterprises of the metallurgical complex and the electric power industry.
Table 1.2
Dynamics of pollutant emissions
largest
sources of air pollution
, thousand tons
|
Company |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 G. |
|
Polar branch OJSC“ MMC Norilsk Nickel, Norilsk |
1987,2 |
1990,1 |
1956,7 |
1949,8 |
|
Branch "Reftinskaya GRES" JSC "OGK-5", Asbest, Sverdlovsk region |
337,3 |
306,2 |
373,5 |
313,7 |
|
OAO Severstal, Cherepovets, Vologda Oblastblast |
335,8 |
335,0 |
315,3 |
290,0 |
|
OAO Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, Lipetsk, Lipetsk Regionblast |
316,3 |
308,3 |
280,5 |
289,1 |
Table 1.3
Volumes of discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies
by type of economic activity, million m
3
|
Type of economic activity |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 G. |
|
Total for the Russian Federation |
17488,77 |
17176,25 |
17119,48 |
15853,56 |
|
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours |
1137,20 |
1039,23 |
1037,69 |
875 , 91 |
|
- Agriculture, hunting and provision of services in these areas |
1135,63 |
1038,66 |
1037,20 |
875,66 |
|
- Forestry and the provision of services in this area |
1,57 |
0,57 |
0,49 |
0,25 |
|
Mining |
963,60 |
1074,87 |
1083,86 |
1016,59 |
|
- Extraction of hard coal, brown coal and peat |
397,78 |
444,13 |
460,64 |
461,12 |
|
- Extraction of crude oil and natural gas; provision of services in these areas |
54,70 |
42,79 |
42,18 |
28,46 |
|
- Mining of uranium and thorium ores |
2,36 |
2,12 |
2,10 |
1,96 |
|
- Mining of metal ores |
218,57 |
243,47 |
249,97 |
204,6 |
|
- Extraction of other minerals |
290,19 |
342,36 |
328,97 |
320,46 |
|
Manufacturing industries |
3572,97 |
3295,31 |
3269,91 |
2732 , 80 |
|
- Food production, includingdrinks |
77,77 |
74,26 |
73,07 |
61,13 |
|
- Textile production |
40,50 |
36,65 |
31,43 |
24,88 |
|
- Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear |
3,28 |
2,46 |
2,60 |
2,44 |
|
- Woodworking and manufacture of wood and cork products, except furniture |
123,50 |
117,47 |
120,48 |
262,76 |
|
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them |
1147,81 |
1092,85 |
1044,85 |
743,10 |
|
- Production of coke, oil products |
263,61 |
233,35 |
223,00 |
117,97 |
|
- Chemical production |
777,19 |
696,08 |
680,46 |
608,87 |
|
- Manufacture of rubber and plastic products |
78,23 |
7,73 |
6,11 |
5,37 |
|
- Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products |
50,53 |
55,13 |
56,42 |
54,78 |
|
- Metallurgical production |
659,08 |
625,20 |
706,64 |
595,67 |
|
- Manufacture of finished metal products |
19,80 |
20,63 |
19,81 |
15,07 |
|
- Manufacture of machinery and equipment |
169,72 |
172,96 |
153,67 |
132,0 |
|
- Production of electrical machines and electrical equipment |
12,56 |
16,16 |
15,09 |
10,21 |
|
- Manufacture of cars, trailers and semi-trailers |
71,85 |
67,07 |
67,19 |
29,85 |
|
- Manufacture of ships, aircraft and spacecraft and other countriessports equipment |
62,17 |
60,16 |
57,69 |
59,30 |
|
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water |
9256,59 |
9013,81 |
9059,89 |
8817,23 |
|
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot waterodes |
825,74 |
892,76 |
937,21 |
940,34 |
|
- Collection, purification and distribution of water |
8430,85 |
8121,05 |
8122,68 |
7876,89 |
|
Transport and communications |
107,09 |
103,85 |
83,79 |
41,18 |
|
- Land transport activities |
22,82 |
21,93 |
20,82 |
16,32 |
|
- Water transport activity |
2,63 |
2,37 |
2,52 |
2,24 |
|
- Air transport activities |
2,43 |
1,96 |
1,02 |
0,88 |
|
- Auxiliary and additional transport activities |
78,21 |
76,64 |
58,92 |
21,13 |
|
Operations with real estate, rental and provision servants |
346,55 |
324,06 |
322,88 |
276,29 |
|
- Operations with real estate |
213,18 |
249,16 |
240,22 |
194,37 |
|
servants |
1884,41 |
2111,98 |
2050,13 |
1887,42 |
|
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activitiesness |
1883,74 |
2111,50 |
2049,60 |
1886,86 |
Of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharged into water bodies in Russia,56% is for “production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”, 17% for “manufacturing”, 12% for “providing other communal, social and personal services” (Fig. 1.2).
In two types of economic activity“collection, purification and distribution of water” and “removal of sewage, waste and similar activities” are concentrated water supply and sewerage enterprises (primarily facilities that have sewer aeration stations, treatment facilities, etc.) on their balance sheet, which are the largest sources of discharge polluted wastewater (62%) into surface water bodies in the country.At the same time, it should be noted that the sewerage facilities of urban“ Vodokanal” a significant amount of industrial wastewater enters, which undergoes appropriate treatment.
Below is a list largest enterprises- sources of surface water pollution,which account for 20% of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharges in Russia (Table 1.4).
Table 1.4
Dynamics of polluted wastewater discharges
largest
sources of water pollution,
million m
3
|
Company |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
SUE "Vodokanal", St. Petersburg |
926,5 |
926,4 |
915,0 |
838,9 |
|
Kuryanovskaya aeration station, Moscow |
862,4 |
860,6 |
832,1 |
785,6 |
|
Luberetskaya aeration station, Moscow |
890,0 |
772,6 |
746,9 |
737,0 |
|
MP Samaravodokanal, Samara, Samara region |
254,2 |
250,7 |
237,5 |
220,6 |
|
MP "Nizhny Novgorod Vodokanal" Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region |
230,0 |
229,7 |
233,2 |
215,1 |
|
Municipal unitary enterprise “Vodokanal”, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region |
217,9 |
217,9 |
223,0 |
206,6 |
|
Vladivostok CHPP-2, Branch of OAO Far Eastern Generating Company, Vladivostok, Primorsky Territory |
198,9 |
204,4 |
204,6 |
202,2 |
Table 1.5
Volumes of production and consumption waste generation
by type of economic activity, million tons
|
Type of economic activity |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 G. |
|
Total for the Russian Federation |
3519,43 |
3899,28 |
3817,68 |
3505,0 |
|
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours |
17,32 |
26,60 |
67,65 |
77,4 |
|
Fishing, fish farming |
0,21 |
0,06 |
0,10 |
0,09 |
|
Mining |
2923,49 |
2785,16 |
3351,07 |
3066,4 |
|
Extraction of fuel and energy useful claimsinfamous |
1732,08 |
1636,29 |
2064,72 |
1984,8 |
|
Extraction of minerals other than fuelexternal energy |
1191,41 |
1148,87 |
1286,35 |
1081,6 |
|
Manufacturing industries |
284,01 |
243,86 |
276,64 |
252,01 |
|
Food production, including drinksweaving, and tobacco |
18,10 |
20,49 |
18,62 |
25,1 |
|
Textile and clothing production |
0,25 |
0,10 |
0,25 |
0,23 |
|
Manufacture of leather, leather products and manufacture ofwow |
0,08 |
0,06 |
0,03 |
0,06 |
|
Wood processing and productionyour wood products |
5,37 |
5,96 |
4,83 |
5,0 |
|
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing businessness |
6,46 |
5,62 |
6,95 |
5,3 |
|
Production of coke and oil products |
2,50 |
1,90 |
1,97 |
1,9 |
|
Chemical production |
44,71 |
46,13 |
27,02 |
20,6 |
|
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products |
0,16 |
0,16 |
0,19 |
0,14 |
|
Production of other non-metallic mineralsproducts |
9,69 |
10,40 |
32,63 |
12,1 |
|
Metallurgical production and production of finished metal productseliy |
189,82 |
145,00 |
175,25 |
174,6 |
|
Manufacture of machinery and equipment |
2,16 |
2,01 |
2,32 |
1,8 |
|
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipmentania |
0,98 |
0,79 |
0,50 |
0,58 |
|
Production of vehicles and equipmentania |
3,00 |
2,96 |
4,15 |
1,9 |
|
Other manufacturing industries |
0,74 |
2,29 |
1,95 |
2,7 |
|
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water |
73,54 |
70,80 |
67,61 |
65,3 |
|
Construction |
17,80 |
62,84 |
14,88 |
24,7 |
|
Wholesale and retail trade; repair vehicles, m otocycles, household products |
143,14 |
310,92 |
13,27 |
2,3 |
|
Transport and communications |
4,03 |
7,49 |
3,17 |
5,3 |
|
Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services |
50,86 |
386,31 |
17,19 |
4,4 |
|
State administration and ensuring military security, obligatory personal welfare |
1,46 |
0,50 |
0,52 |
0,71 |
|
Provision of other communal, social and personal services servants |
3,05 |
4,30 |
4,70 |
5,4 |
|
Other activities |
0,38 |
0,09 |
0,89 |
0,99 |
Almost 90% of the total amount of waste generated per year of all hazard classes in the country is related to the production of "mining", while 57% is the extraction of fuel and energy minerals.
Distribution of environmental investments
by type of economic activity
According to Rosstat, investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources, in 2009 decreased in relation to the level of 2008 (Fig. 1.4) and amounted to 81.9 billion rubles.
The main investment component in environmental activities is the own funds of enterprises, the share of which exceeds three quarters of the total investment. There is a decrease in the contribution to environmental activities of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets(Fig. 1.5).
Direction of environmental investmentsition, presented in fig. 1.6 is characterized by a steady growth trend in the “water” component over the past three years and a significant decrease in investments used for the protection and rational use of land.
