Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution of higher professional education
"Ufa State Aviation Technical University"
Institute of economics and management
TEST
in the discipline "Economic theory"
Option 1
(extramural)
Completed by: INEK student
gr. E-209 Asadullina G.N.
Checked by: Maryina A.V.
1. The concept of the national economy
National economy is a historically established system of social reproduction of the country, an interconnected system of industries and types of production, covering the forms of social labor existing in the national economy. The national economy consists of a number of large areas: material and non-material material production, non-manufacturing area.
The most important component of the national economy is material production, in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created. Material production includes industries such as industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, and communications. The largest branch of material production is industry, which consists of two groups of industries - mining and manufacturing.
The national economy is the object of study of various economic sciences. Thus, economic relations and patterns of development in its individual sectors are studied by such disciplines as the economics of industry, construction, Agriculture and etc.
The basis of the national economy is formed by enterprises, firms, organizations, households, united by economic relations into a single whole, performing certain functions in the social division of labor, producing goods or services.
2. Structure of the national economy
The structure of the national economy is a stable quantitative relationship between its constituent parts. There are reproductive, social, territorial structures and infrastructure of the national economy.
The reproductive structure reflects its division into the most widespread species. economic entities which reproduce themselves and as a result of their activities reproduce the flows of goods and services between them. In the economy of each country, three large interconnected groups of the reproductive structure can be distinguished: households, enterprises (entrepreneurial business), and the state.
A special place in the reproductive structure is occupied by the household. It is an important area of the national economy, where a significant part of the national income is consumed, huge sums of money are accumulated. Money. This group is the main supplier of labor resources.
The social structure of the national economy means dividing it into sectors - sets of socio-economic units united by certain socio-economic relations. The national economy can be divided into similar sectors according to groups of enterprises, population, types of work and other characteristics.
The sectoral structure presupposes the division of the national economy into sectors - qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units that perform the same functions in terms of socio-economic content in the process of social reproduction. In the sectoral structure, large national economic sectors are distinguished (industry, agriculture, science, etc., each of which has sub-sectors). The sectoral structure plays an important role in the national economy, as it is in the sectoral "section" that planning and forecasting are carried out, and statistical data are taken into account.
The territorial structure is determined by the distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country and means the division of the national economy into economic regions. Infrastructure includes industries serving production. These include highways and railways, energy, water and gas supply, communications and other industries.
The structure of foreign trade is characterized by the ratio of various commodity groups in exports and imports.
The structure of any national economy tends to become more complex under the influence of scientific and technical progress, the expansion and deepening of the division of labor, the specialization of production, the emergence of new types of production and the withering away of old ones, as well as other factors.
3. Problems of the national economy
The development of the national economy brings to life a whole range of problems. These are the balance of the economic development of the national economy, the improvement of the structure of the latter, the increase in its efficiency, the acceleration of the pace and ways of economic growth, the balance and stability. One of the main problems of macroeconomics at the present stage is the achievement and maintenance of macroeconomic equilibrium, periodic deviations from which indicate the presence of "diseases" in the market economy system. The most important manifestations of economic instability, "diseases" of the market economy are cyclicality, unemployment and inflation.
The balance of the national economy means the correspondence between interrelated industries, between the volumes of products produced and the needs for them. Proportionality is the basis of balance. Balance and proportionality in reality are usually unstable and constantly violated. For example, economic growth leads to the establishment of new proportions and a new balance. Since there is no complete correspondence between sectors in real life, there is a constant need to maintain balance by adjusting the proportions between individual sectors of the economy, as well as within them. In material production, for this it is necessary, first of all, to ensure the correspondence between the first and second subdivisions, i.e. between the production of means of production and consumer goods. If this correspondence is violated, then Department I will not be able to provide both departments with the means of production, and Department II will not be able to provide the employed and additionally attracted workers of both departments with consumer goods.
Abrupt changes in the structure of the national economy can lead to deep and rather acute consequences, covering both national and international economic relations.
Structural crises are manifested in changes not in the general economic situation, but in some individual sectors or sectors of the economy. Structural crises often affect many sectors of the economy and even many areas of the world economy.
Under certain conditions, structural crises can have a profound impact on economic development for quite some time.
Countries with economies in transition at the very beginning of transformations are faced with the problem of suppressing (in a number of countries, preventing) high inflation. An indicator of the success of stabilization measures in this area is the decline in the annual growth of the index consumer prices 30% or less.
4. Main indicators of the national economy and methods for their calculation
1. gross domestic product (GDP);
2. gross national product (GNP);
3. net domestic product (NDP);
4. domestic income (ID);
5. personal income of citizens (PD).
Currently, the main indicator of national production in most countries of the world is GDP.
Gross domestic product expresses the total value of final goods and services created within a country, regardless of the nationality of the factors of production used in production.
Gross domestic product is calculated using three methods:
1. by income: the income of the population, corporations, interest on savings, state income from entrepreneurial activity, as well as in the form of taxes on production and imports, depreciation deductions are summed up;
2. by expenditures: consumer spending by households, investment spending by firms, government spending on the purchase of goods, services and investments, and the balance of foreign trade are summed up;
3. by the amount of output: only the value added by each firm is summed up.
When calculating GDP by the amount of output, in order to avoid double counting, only the value of goods and services that are used for final consumption and not used for further processing is taken into account. Value added refers only to that part of the value of a product or service that is created at a given enterprise.
Distinguish between nominal and real GDP.
Nominal GDP is the volume of goods and services produced at current prices in a given year.
Real GDP is GDP measured in base year prices. The base year is the year from which the measurement begins or against which the GDP is compared.
To bring nominal GDP to its real value, two indices are used: the consumer price index (CPI) and the GDP deflator.
The consumer price index expresses the relative change in the average price level of a group of goods over a certain period. It is determined by the formula:
CPI = Value of a consumer basket in the current year / Value of that basket in the base year X 100%.
Real GDP will be equal to the ratio of nominal GDP to the price index multiplied by 100%:
GDP real = GDP nominal / CPI X 100%.
The GDP deflator shows the change in prices for all final goods and services produced in the economy, i.e. it more fully reflects the change in prices in society, covering all goods and services. Then:
GDP real = GDP nom / Deflator X 100%.
Gross national product (GNP) characterizes the value of final goods and services created not only within the country, but also abroad, i.e. created with resources owned by a given country, regardless of their geographical use.
The gross national product is calculated in the same way as the gross domestic product, but differs from it by an amount equal to the difference between exports and imports.
Net domestic product (NDP) is measured by subtracting depreciation charges from GDP, i.e. the value of investment goods remaining in production. NDP characterizes the value of GDP, which goes to the consumption of the population and private investment:
NVP = GDP-A.
In the case of calculating net national product (NNP), depreciation charges are subtracted from GNP.
Domestic income (ID) is PVP minus all indirect taxes paid by entrepreneurs. VD acts as total income owners of all factors of production: wages, profits, rents, interest.
To determine personal income (PD), subtract from the value of PD: contributions to social insurance citizens, corporate profits, interest paid on loans and add: dividends; transfer payments, interest income.
Personal income is all income received by individuals for consumption, savings, and taxes.
If we deduct individual taxes paid by citizens from the LD, then we get personal disposable income (PDI), which goes directly to consumption and savings, and not to the payment of individual taxes, which include, in particular, personal income tax, personal property tax , inheritance tax, etc.
2.1. If in a closed economy consumer spending is $1,000 billion, private saving is $100 billion, government purchases of goods and services are $300 billion, and the government budget is balanced, then total output is:
a) 1000 billion dollars;
b) 1100 billion dollars;
c) 1200 billion dollars;
d) 1300 billion dollars;
e) 1400 billion dollars.
Total output (Y) = Consumer spending (C)
State. purchases of T and Y (G)
Private savings (S)
Y= 1000+300+100 = 1400 billion dollars
2.2. Country X's GDP is $200 billion, MPC=0.75. If the government of the country has set the goal of achieving a GDP of 400 billion dollars, what should be the investment (initial value or its growth)?
Using the data below, calculate the GDP:
Disposable personal income - $450 billion;
Net investments - 70 billion dollars;
Government purchases of goods and services - $95 billion;
Personal savings - $16 billion;
Depreciation - $47 billion;
Export - 26 billion dollars;
Import - 12 billion dollars
Based on the data given in the conditions of the problem, it is possible to find GDP by expenditure:
GDP = C + I + G + X
gross domestic product investment
To calculate GDP by expenditure, we need to find net exports (X). Net exports is the amount by which exports exceed imports:
X = 26 - 12 = $14 billion
V=C+S, C=V-S
C = 450 - 16 = $434 billion
To calculate gross investment costs (I), we add up net investment and depreciation:
GDP = 434 + 117 + 95 + 14 = $660 billion
The country's GDP is $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. The country's government has set the goal of increasing GDP to $400 billion. How should autonomous investment change?
With an increase in investment, there is a large increase in GDP. This effect is called multiplier. The investment multiplier is a numerical coefficient that characterizes the size GDP growth with increased investment
The multiplier is the value processed by the marginal propensity to save:
It follows that in order to increase GDP to $400 billion, the government must invest $50 billion.
Answer: $50 billion
Tests. Choose the correct answer.
1. According to Keynesian theory, the main factor determining the dynamics of consumption and savings is ...
A) interest rate
B) investments
B) the amount of disposable income
D) the rate of growth of the money supply
2. The marginal propensity to consume is calculated by the formula ...
BUT) MPS = DS / DY
B) MPI = DI / DI
C) MPC = DC / DY
G) APC=C/Y
3. The paradox of thrift arises when ...
A) full employment of resources
B) inflationary gap
B) a recessionary gap
D) the natural rate of unemployment
4. The concept of injections includes ...
A) transfer payments
B) import
B) savings
D) taxes
5. Multiplier effect shows…
A) change in income with a change in investment
B) change in savings with a change in income
C) change in investment with a change in income
D) the relationship between savings and consumption
1. Agapova, T. A. Macroeconomics / T. A. Agapova, S. F. Seregina. - M.: Publishing House "Business and Service", 2004. - 448 p.
2. Ivashkovsky, S. N. Macroeconomics / S. N. Ivashkovsky. - M.: Delo, 2004. - 472 p.
3. Course of economic theory / ed. ed. M. N. Chepurina, E. A. Kiseleva. - Kirov: ASA, 2006. - 832 p.
4. McConnell, K. R. Economics: Principles, problems and politics / K. R. McConnell, S. L. Brue. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. 972 p.
5. Macroeconomics. Theory and Russian practice / ed. A. G. Gryaznova, N. N. Dumnoy. - M.: KNORUS, 2005. - 688 p.
6. Economic theory. Part 2. Macroeconomics / V. A. Logachev [and others]; GU KuzGTU. - Kemerovo, 2006. 162 p.
1.Economic theory: textbook for bachelors. / ed. Lobacheva E.N. – Moscow: Yurayt, 2013.
2. Macroeconomics: a textbook for bachelors / ed. S.F. Seregina M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2013.
Additional
1. World history of economic thought: in 6 volumes. M., 1987–2000.
2. Course of economic theory: a textbook for universities / MGIMO MFA RF, ed. M.N. Chepurina, E.A. Kiseleva. - 4th ed., add. And a reworker. - Kirov: ASA, 2012.
3. Sidorovich A.V. Course of economic theory. General foundations of economic theory. Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. M., 2010.
4. Mankiw N. G. Macroeconomics. St. Petersburg: Peter., 2013.
5. Matveeva T. Yu. Introduction to macroeconomics: textbook. allowance. 5th ed., rev. M., 2011.
6. Kiseleva E. A. Macroeconomics: Express course: textbook. allowance. M., 2009.
7. Khudokormov A. G. History of Economic Thought ( modern stage): textbook. M., 2004.
8. Nikiforov A. A., Antipina O. N., Miklashevskaya N. A. Macroeconomics: scientific schools, concepts, economic policy: textbook. allowance. M., 2010.
9. Chepurin M. N., Kiseleva E. A. Collection of problems in economic theory: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Kirov, 2009.
10. Efimova E. G. Economic theory in schemes, tables, graphs and formulas: textbook. allowance. M., 2011.
11. Economic theory: Questions and answers, tasks and solutions: textbook. allowance / ed. V. Ya. Iokhin. M., 2012.
12. McConnell K.R., Brew S.L. Economics: principles, problems and politics / per. 16th English. ed. M., 2007.
Test options
For part-time students
in the subject "Macroeconomics" (3 semester)
Option 1
1 question. The concept and essence of macroeconomics. Methods of macroeconomic analysis.
2. Question. A task
The rate of natural unemployment in the country is 8%. The number of children and the disabled is 80 million. Determine what the population of the country is if the size of frictional unemployment is 3 million, structural unemployment is 2 million and involuntary unemployment is 4 million people.
Option 2
1 question. The system of macroeconomic interrelations of the main sectors of the national economy.
2. Question. A task
Country X's GDP is $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. If the government of the country has set the goal of achieving a GDP of $400 billion, what should be the investment?
Option 3
1 question. Equilibrium functioning of the national economy.
2. 2. Question. A task
Determine how many times during the year 10,000 monetary units stored in the bank at 12% per annum will depreciate if the inflation rate in the country is 2% per month.
Option 4
1 question. Social product: essence, measurement indicators.
2. Question. A task
What should be the return on investment MPS= 0.5 to provide an increase in income of CU2,000? in CU 1,000?
Option 5
1 question. Income and expenses in the economy.
2. Question. A task
The entire population of the country is 8 million people, of which 5 million are children and pensioners. This year, 120 thousand people changed jobs due to moving to another place of residence, remaining unemployed for an average of 3 months; another 100,000 improved or changed their qualifications, spending an average of 6 months on this; due to the general deterioration in business activity, 200 thousand people lost their jobs, but 60 thousand of them found it by spending on searches new job about 4 months. Determine the unemployment rate in the country.
Option 6
1 question. Measurement of gross domestic product.
2 Question. A task
Draw a graph of the state of long-term equilibrium in the economy and label the equilibrium point A. A sudden surge in investment activity brought the economy out of its original state of long-term equilibrium. Draw a graph of the new equilibrium state in the short run and label it as point B. What will happen in the economy in the long run? Draw, if necessary, a new equilibrium and designate it as point C. Provide comments on the graph.
Option 7
1 question. Components of GDP (consumption, investment, government purchases, net exports)
2. Question. A task
Determine the amount of involuntary unemployment if the country's population is 30 million people, of which 10 million are disabled and children. The unemployment rate is 7% and the natural unemployment rate is 5%.
Option 8
1 question. Real and nominal GDP - GDP deflator.
2. Question. A task
The State Duma believes that Russia should reduce air pollution by reducing gasoline consumption. The tax is set at 0.1 rubles. for every liter of gasoline sold.
Who should be charged new tax- from producers or consumers of gasoline?
Let us assume that the demand for gasoline is highly elastic. How effective would the tax be in this case? Will gasoline consumption go down? Explain and show on a graph.
How does this tax affect consumers?
Option 9
1 question. The level of GDP and economic well-being.
2. Question. A task
The economy is described by the following data:
1)Y=C+I 2) C=100+0.8Y 3) I=50
Define:
1. The equilibrium level of income;
2. Equilibrium level of savings and consumption;
3. If the output level is equal to 800, then what will be the unplanned increase in stocks of products;
Option 10
1 question. The concept of general macroeconomic equilibrium.
2. Question. A task
The actual output of GDP amounted to 600 billion dollars. The natural rate of unemployment in the current year was 6%, and the actual rate was 10%. Using Okun's law, what is the loss in GDP due to cyclical unemployment?
Option 11
1 question. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
2. Question. A task.
The required reserve ratio is 20%. Commercial Bank keeps another 5% of deposits as excess reserves. The value of deposits is 10,000. What is the maximum amount a bank can use to make loans?
Option 12
1 question. What is the role of the state in a market economy?
2. Question. A task
Total reserves commercial bank amount to 220 million rubles. Deposits are equal to 950 million rubles. The mandatory reserve requirement for deposits is 20%. How might the money supply change if a bank decides to use all of its excess reserves to make loans?
Option 13
1 question. Models of relations between the economy and the state.
2. Question. A task
The required reserve ratio is 20%. A commercial bank keeps another 5% of the amount of deposits as excess reserves. The amount of deposits is 10,000. What is the maximum amount a bank can use to make loans?
Option 14
1 question. What is government regulation and what are its main forms?
2. Question. A task
Central bank buys $100 million worth of government bonds from commercial banks. How might the money supply change if commercial banks use their credit opportunities, provided that the reserve requirement for deposits is 10%.
Option 15
1 question. Functional economic systems as objects state regulation.
2. Question. A task
Assume that the required reserve ratio is 0.15. The value of the commercial bank's deposits is 15,000,000. The bank can make loans up to 12,000,000. What is the bank's excess reserves as a percentage of deposits?
Option 16
1 question. The main directions of state regulation in modern Russia.
2. Question. A task
The country's GDP is $4,000, consumption is $2,500, investments are $400, government spending is $1,200, and exports are $200. What is the value of imports?
Option 17
1 question. Economic policy of the state, principles and indicators of its implementation.
2. Question. A task
For conditional economic system The following macroeconomic indicators are known:
GNP - CU 11,000;
consumer spending - CU 6,000;
government spending - CU 1,000;
export volume - CU 2,000;
import volume - CU 1,000
Calculate the amount of investment in the economy.
Option 18
1 question. Incomes of the population: types and sources of formation. Nominal and real income.
2. Question. A task
Suppose that national production includes two goods: X and Y. X - consumer goods, Y is an investment good. This year, 200 units were produced. item X at a price of $2 per unit. and 10 units of product Y at $4 per unit. By the end of the current year, 6 used units of investment goods must be replaced with new ones. Calculate: GDP, NDP, consumption and gross investment, net investment.
Option 19
1. Question. Distribution personal income and the evolution of the social structure of society. Diversification of social status.
2. Question. A task
Determine the volume of GDP according to the following data (currency):
import - 1,200;
depreciation - 300;
export - 1,400;
wage – 8 100;
percentage - 200;
rent - 500;
investments - 200;
indirect taxes – 700;
profit - 1,800.
Option 20
1 question. Income inequality of the population, causes and consequences.
2. Question. A task
Economists of the country believe that the dependence of consumer spending FROM and investment I on the value of GDP are expressed by the equations:
FROM= 8 + 0.6 GDP; I= 0.1 GDP.
They estimate government spending on goods and services next year at CU50, imports at CU10, and exports at CU15. Calculate the projected level of GDP for the next year.
Option 21
1 question. standard of living and poverty. Socio-economic mobility and social progress.
2. Question. A task
The following data is available:
Determine which of the three is the base year.
· Calculate real GDP for each year.
· In which case did you perform the deflation operation, and in which case did you perform inflation?
Give an answer for each year.
Option 22
1 question. State regulation of income distribution.
2. Question. A task
Calculate GDP from the following data (currence):
Salary - 35,000;
Government purchases - 5,000;
Import - 3,000;
Indirect taxes - 3,000;
Percent - 210;
Rent payments - 7,100;
Export - 4,000;
Consumer spending - 40,000;
Investments - 5,000.
Option 23
1 question. Cyclicity as a general form of economic dynamics.
2. Question. A task
There are data on the economy of a particular country for the year (currency): government purchases of goods and services - 17; social insurance contributions - 0.4; corporate income taxes - 2.8; personal consumption expenses - 154.4; depreciation - 15.8; retained earnings corporations - 5.6; net export - 2.2; personal income taxes- 5.2; indirect taxes on business - 14; gross domestic investment - 32.4; transfer payments - 8. Determine what the indicator of disposable income calculated from the data presented above will be.
Option 24
1 question. Violation of macroeconomic equilibrium and its consequences.
2. Question. A task
The table presents data characterizing the aggregate supply.
Define:
a) to what extent does the volume of real GDP change on the Keynesian segment of the aggregate supply curve?
b) within what limits does the price level and the volume of real GNP change on the classical segment of the aggregate supply curve?
c) within what limits does the volume of real GNP change at an intermediate segment of the aggregate supply curve?
Build a graph of aggregate supply.
Option 25
1 question. Market cycles and their characteristics.
2. Question. A task
If GNP increased by 4%, and total income by 2%, then what consequences should this lead to? What happens if, on the contrary, GNP increases by 2% and total income by 4%?
Option 26
1 question. Theories of conjunctural development.
2. Question. A task
The consumption function is given by the formula FROM = 80 + 0,5Y.
· Fill the table.
· Draw a 45° line. Calculate: at what levels of disposable income the costs of consumption are equal, less and more than its volume.
Option 27
1 question. Effects economic cyclicality and objectives of stabilization policy.
2. Question. The task The consumption function has the form: FROM = 100 + 0,8Y.
· Calculate consumer spending (consumption) and savings given income values.
· Build a consumption schedule.
Calculate the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save.
Option 28
1 question. Peculiarities economic crisis in Russia (2008–2015). stabilization programs.
2. Question. A task
Real national income increased from 580 to 640 billion rubles, while savings increased from 336 to 345 billion rubles. Calculate the average propensity to save and the marginal propensity to save.
Option 29
1 question. The impact of business cycles on the production of goods.
2. Question. A task
Calculate the autonomous spending multiplier as household income grows from 30,000 to 50,000 rubles. and an increase in consumption by 15 thousand rubles.
Option 30
1 question. Models economic growth, their essence and characteristics.
2. Question. A task
Disposable income is CU5. Current consumption in this case accounts for CU 4. With an income of CU 8 the amount of consumption is CU 6. Calculate the marginal propensity to save and the marginal propensity to consume.
Questions to prepare for the macroeconomics test
(third semester)
1. Macroeconomics: definition, object and subjects, methods and models.
2. Methods for determining GNP (GDP).
3. Nominal and real GNP. Price indices.
4. System of national accounts. "Net Economic Wealth".
5. Circulation of income and expenses in the national economy.
6. The functions of the state in a market economy.
7. Economic policy of the state. Peculiarities economic policy in Russia.
8. Classical theory of macroeconomic equilibrium.
9. Keynesian theory of macroeconomic equilibrium.
10. Macroeconomic balance in the AD-AS model.
11. Aggregate demand.
12. Aggregate supply.
13. Definition of economic growth.
14. Key indicators of economic growth.
15. Factors of economic growth.
16. Theory of cycles in modern economic development.
17. Features of each phase of the cycle.
18. Counter-cyclical policy of the state
Questions to prepare for the macroeconomics exam
(fourth semester)
1. Macroeconomics and its goals. Circulation of income and expenses in the national economy.
2. System of national accounts and its significance. Indicators of the system of national accounts.
3. GDP: essence and features.
4. Methods for calculating GDP.
5. GDP and prices. Nominal and real GDP. GDP deflator. GDP and public welfare.
6. The role of the state in a market economy. The main instruments of state regulation of the economy.
7. Aggregate demand: concept, schedule features, change.
8. Aggregate supply. Schedule. Non-price factors affecting aggregate supply.
9. Macroeconomic equilibrium in the AD-AS model.
10. Consumption and savings across the national economy.
11. Investments and savings: the problem of balance. IS model.
12. Multiplier. The paradox of thrift. derivative investments.
13. Cyclical fluctuations in the economy, their causes. Cycle phases. Large, small and medium waves
14. Anti-cyclical regulation of the economy. Keynesian and neoclassical approaches.
15. Unemployment. Its change and types. definition of full employment. The natural rate of unemployment.
16. Concepts and types monetary systems. money supply.
17. The structure of modern credit system. Essence and forms of credit.
18. Banks, their types and functions. Multiplier expansion of bank deposits.
19. Demand for money and their offer. Equilibrium in the money market.
20. Structure, organization and functions of the securities market.
21. general characteristics underlying securities.
22. Finance, principles of construction financial system. The state budget.
23. Essence and principles of taxation. The main types of taxes in the Russian Federation.
24. State budget deficit. State debt.
25. Inflation and anti-inflationary policy.
26. Social policy of the state.
27. Factors and types of economic growth.
Problem 76.
Investment demand in the country is described by the function: I = 1000 - 5000r. The consumption function is: C = 100 = 0.8 (Y - T). The real interest rate r is 10%.
a) the amount of investment;
b) the equilibrium volume of GDP;
Problem 77.
In the economy of country A, the investment function is defined by the equation I = 40 + 0.4Y, and the savings function as S = -20 + 0.6Y, where Y is the national income. Determine the equilibrium level Y.
Problem 78.
Problem 79.
Problem 80.
Problem 81.
Country A has a GDP of $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. If the country's government has set a goal of $400 billion in GDP, what should be the investment?
Problem 82.
Based on the following given data, determine M 1, M 2, M 3.
Funds on current settlement accounts 800
Demand warehouses 110
Certificates, government bonds,
Commercial bills 6
Cash 250
Problem 83.
Gross investment in the economy was $220 billion, with a budget surplus of $15 billion. Exports were $75 billion and imports were $90 billion.
Find the amount of private savings.
Problem 68.
Investment demand in the country is described by the function I = 1000 - 5000r. The consumption function has the form: C = 100 + 0.8(Y - T). The real interest rate r is 10%.
a) the amount of investment;
b) the equilibrium volume of GDP;
c) the growth rate of the equilibrium volume of GDP with a decrease interest rate up to 5%.
Problem 84.
In the economy of country A, the investment function is defined by the equation I = 40 + 0.4Y, and the savings function is defined as S = -20 + 0.6Y, where Y is the national income. Determine the equilibrium level Y.
Problem 85.
If the savings function is given by the formula S = -30 + 0.1Y, and autonomous investment is 125, then what will be the equilibrium level Y?
Problem 86.
The consumption function is given by the formula C = 100 + 0.2Y. Necessary:
a) build a consumption schedule;
b) build a savings schedule;
c) determine the equilibrium volume Y;
d) determine the value of the cost multiplier.
Problem 87.
What should be the increase in investment at MPS = 0.5 to ensure an increase in income of 2000 den. units?
Problem 88.
Country A has a GDP of $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.75. If the government of the country has set the goal of achieving a GDP of 400 billion dollars, what should be the investment?
Problem 89.
The consumption function has the form C = 200+ 0.8 (Y - T). Taxes were reduced by 5 million rubles, the equilibrium level of income:
a) decreased by 20 million rubles;
b) increased by 20 million rubles;
c) decreased by 25 million rubles;
d) increased by 25 million rubles.
Problem 90.
The economy is in a recession. The marginal propensity to consume is 0.8. To achieve the desired level of national income, it is necessary to increase it by $200 billion. To achieve this goal, by how much should government purchases be increased?
Problem 91.
The marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, equilibrium is reached at a national income of $100 billion. If investment increases by $1 billion, how will the equilibrium level of national income change?
Topic. Financial and budget system.
Problem 92.
Government purchases amounted to 250, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.75. The tax rate is at the level of 0.2. At the same time, government spending increases by 100 units. Determine the size of the state budget deficit.
Problem 93.
Government spending on procurement has decreased by 50 units. The marginal propensity to consume was 0.8 and the tax rate (t) was 0.15. Determine the impact of changes public spending(purchases) on the budget.
Problem 94.
Investment demand (I) is 400. The consumption function is C = 0.8Y.
Determine the equilibrium level of income and output in the economy.
Topic. Unemployment and its forms. Inflation.
Problem 95.
The actual unemployment rate in this year is 9% and the natural rate of unemployment is 6%.
Determine by what amount the actual GDP lags behind the potential, provided that the coefficient of sensitivity of GDP to the dynamics cyclical unemployment equals 2. This year, the actual output of GDP amounted to 11.6 trillion. rub.
Problem 96.
The economy is described by the following data:
| Year | Unemployment rate, % |
The natural rate of unemployment is 6%, and the coefficient of sensitivity of GDP fluctuations to the dynamics of cyclical unemployment is 3.
a) calculate the value of the relative deviation, the actual VP from the potential one in each year.
B) if in 2003 the actual level of GDP was 2000, then what is the indicator of potential GDP?
Problem 97.
The consumer price index was 301% in 1993 and 311% in 1994. In the base year of 1977, the inflation rate was 4% and was estimated as acceptable for this economy. Prove with the necessary calculations that in 1994 the actual inflation rate was 4% and prices were 211% higher than they were in 1977.
Problem 98.
Last year, potential GDP was 2000, the AD curve was described by the equation Y = 2200 - 2P. This year, potential GDP grew by 1%, and the aggregate demand equation took the form Y = 2250 - 2P. By what percentage has the equilibrium price level changed in the current year?
Problem 99.
The equation of the aggregate demand curve last year was Y = 3300 - 3P, this year it is presented as Y = 3270 - 3P. The potential volume of GDP has not changed and remained at the level of 3000.
Determine the equilibrium volume of GDP in the short run and the inflation rate in long term.
Task 100.
The year before last, potential GDP was 2000, and the aggregate demand curve AD was given by the equation Y = 2050 - 31.25P. Last year, potential GDP grew by 50.625%, and the AD aggregate demand curve equation became Y = 3050 - 31.25P. How has the inflation rate changed over the past two years?
Bibliography
Main literature
1. Ivashkovsky S.N. Macroeconomics. - M., 2011
2. Zhuravleva G.P. Macroeconomics. - M., 2012
3. The course of economic theory / Ed. A.V. Sidorovich - M .: MGU, 2010
4. Macroeconomics / Ed. A.G. Gryaznova, A.Yu. Yudanova - M.: UNITI, 2012
5. Economic theory (political economy): textbook / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, G.P. Zhuravleva; REA them. G.V. Plekhanov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Publishing house Ros. economy univ., 2011.
6. Economic theory of the national economy and the world economy (political economy): Textbook / Under. ed. A.G. Gryaznova, T.V. Chechelova. - M .: Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 2009.
7. Economic theory / Ed. I.P. Nikolaeva - M .: Prospect, 2011.
additional literature
1. 50 lectures on macroeconomics: In 2 volumes - St. Petersburg: Ekon. school. - (B-ka "Econ. schools"; Issue 28). T.1.- 2010
2. Abramova M.A., Aleksandrova L.S. Economic theory: textbook. allowance.- M.: Jurisprudence, 2010.
3. Amosova A.I., Arkhipova A.I., Bolshakov A.K. Economic theory - M., 2010
4. Borisov E.F. Economic theory: textbook. - M.: Yurait-M, 2009.
5. Vechkanov G.S. Macroeconomics. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2012
6. Vechkanov G.S. Economic theory. - Sleep: Peter, 2011
7. Vorobyov E.M. Economic theory. - M., 2010
8. Gradov A.P. National economy. - M., 2012
9. Grebennikov P.I. etc. Macroeconomics: Textbook / P.I. Grebennikov, A.I. Leussky, L.S. Tarasevich; Tot. ed. L.S. Tarasevich. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - SPbGUEF, 2011
10. Gukasyan G.M. Economic theory: key issues: Proc. allowance / Under. ed. A.I. Dobrynina.- 3rd ed., add.-M.: INFRA-M, 2012.
11. Dobrynin A.I., Zhuravleva G.P. General economic theory: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.
12. Dolan E.J., Lindsay D.E. Macroeconomics: Per. from English / Under the general ed. B.S. Lisovik, V.V. Lukashevich. - St. Petersburg: Litera plus, 2010
13. Eletsky N.D., Kornienko O.V. Economic theory: Proc. allowance for universities. - Rostov n / D .: March, 2010.
14. Zhuravleva G.P. Economics: Textbook. - M: Jurist, 2010.
15. Zubko N.M. Economic theory. - Minsk: NTC API, 2009.
16. Kamaev V.D., Borisovskaya T.A., Iloginova M.Z. Economic theory. – M.: Vlados, 2011
17. Kornienko M.N. Economic theory. - M., 2009
18. Kulikov L.M. Economic theory. - M., 2009
19. Course of economic theory: Textbook / Under. total ed. M.N. Chepurina, E.A. Kiseleva; MGIMO (U) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. 4th ed., revised. and additional - Kirov: ASA, 2013
20. Lizogub A.N., Simonenko V.M. - M., 2009Guseinov R.M., Semenikhin V.Kh. Economic theory. - M., 2009
21. Macroeconomics / ed. K.A. Khubiev. - M., 2010
22. Menkiw, N.G. Principles of economics: Per. from English - St. Petersburg: Peter 2010
23. Novikova I.V., Kovrei V.A., Maksimenko – Novokhrost T.V. Economic theory. - M., 2008
24. Nosova S.S. Economic theory. - M., 2010
25. Nosova S.S., Talakhadze A.A. Economics: Basic course of lectures for universities.-M.: Helios ARV, 2009.
26. Nureev R.M. Development economics: models of formation market economy: Proc. allowance. – M.: Infra-M, 2010.
27. Sarafanova E.A., Tatarnikova E.A., Romanova E.V. Economic theory: basic course. - M., 2009
28. Satina M.A., Chibrikov G.G. Economic theory. – M.: MSU, 2009.
29. Sedov V.S. Economic theory. - M., 2010
30. Selishchev A.S. Macroeconomics: Textbook for universities / Ed. A.I. Leussky. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.
31. Sorokin F.V. The theory of social wealth. Foundations of Micro- and Macroeconomics. - M., 2009.
32. Stanovskaya I.K., Strelets I.A. Economic theory. – M.: Eksmo, 2010
33. Tyrol J. Markets and market power: the theory of industrial organization / Ed. V.M. Galperin, N.A. Zenkevich 2nd ed., corrected - St. Petersburg: Ekon. school.- (B-ka "Econ. Schools"; Issue 31) V.1.-2010.
34. Tyurina A.D., Shilin S.A. Macroeconomics. - M., 2008
35. Economics: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Bulatov. 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Jurist, 2008.
36. Economic theory (political economy) / Ed. G.P. Zhuravleva. - M.,: ed. Dashkov & K, 2010
37. Economic theory: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.D. Kamaev. - 7th ed., revised. and add.-M.: VLADOS, 2008.
38. Economic theory: Textbook / under. total ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, A.I. Dobrynina, G.P. Zhuravleva, L.S. Tarasevich; REA them. G.V. Plekhanov; SPbGUEF.-M.: INFRA-M, 2010
39. Yurieva T.V. Marigina E.A. Macroeconomics. - M., 2008
40. Yanbarinov R.G. Economic theory. - M., 2009
41. Yasnov E.A. Yasnova V.V. Economic theory. - M., 2009
42. Official website of Rosstat. – www.gks.ru
43. Website Central Bank RF. – www.cbr.ru
44. Website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation/.- www.finiz.ru
Dear classmates!
I don't have a minute...
Unfortunately, Tamara Sergeevna made the first 13 tickets without me.
I hasten to send them to you. There are new tasks and tests here! The remaining 22 tickets are only for already solved problems. I can only do them in the evening, since I have them in summary form (only by question numbers). But I think that if you wish, you can make it out anyway: the first digit is the control number, the second is the task number.
With friendly greetings,
Julia Tsvetkova
Ticket number 1
1. Possibilities of the impact of economic policy on economic growth.
2. If the volume of nominal GDP and the price level increased, then:
a) real GDP has not changed
b) real GDP increased, but to a lesser extent than prices
c) real GDP fell
d) this information does not allow determining the dynamics of real GDP.
c) an increase in net exports due to a decrease in the domestic price level
regarding the world
d) an increase in consumption due to an expected increase in income
e) reduction of unemployed production capacity driven by economic growth
4 Determine the correctness of the given provisions. Justify answers:
b) during a crisis, prices rise
c) revival - the phase of the cycle following the phase of depression
d) the duration of short-term cycles is 8-10 years
5Reduction of inflation by 1% leads to a fall in real GDP by 3% per year. Determine the level of cyclical unemployment if the Okun coefficient is 2.5, and the inflation rate has been reduced by 2%
1. Anti-inflationary policy and its types
2. In the country's economy, the investment function is determined by the equation I=40+0.4y,
and the savings function - by the equation S=-20+0.6Y, where Y is the net national product (NNP).
Then the equilibrium NNP in the country is equal to:
a) -100, b) -200, c) -300, d) -400
3. An example of built-in stability is:
4) If the monetary base is equal to 40 billion dollars, then the amount of money in circulation will be in billion dollars:
a) 200; b) 160; c) 100; d) 90; e) 80.
5. The real volume of GDP in the current year is 920 billion c.u. e., and potential GDP is 1000 billion. Find the actual unemployment rate if the natural rate of unemployment is 6%
Ticket number 8
5. In the country's economy, NVP is equal to 6,000 billion conventional units. den. units, the value of indirect taxes is 500 conventional units. den. units, and the amount of depreciation of fixed capital is 600 arb. den. units Determine the value of GDP
1. Phillips curve in the short and long run
2. The "zero savings" point of the consumption function is the point at which:
a) saving equals income
b) income equals consumption
c) saving equals consumption
d) the marginal propensity to save is zero
3. If prices and wages are fixed in the short run and flexible in the long run, then:
a) the long run aggregate supply curve is vertical
b) the long run aggregate supply curve will be horizontal
c) the long run aggregate supply curve will correspond to potential output
d) changes in the amount of money by the state and the promotion of employment will affect the volume of output only in the short run
e) All of the above are correct.
4. The state in the phase of recession must carry out:
a) higher tax rates
b) tight monetary policy
c) an increase in government spending
d) an increase in depreciation periods
5. Let's assume that national production includes two goods; X is a consumer good and Y is an investment good. In the current year, 350 units of good X were produced at a price of $1 per unit and 10 units of good Y at a price of $5 per unit.
By the end of the current year, 5 used units of investment goods must be replaced with new ones
Calculate: a) GDP and b) NVP
Ticket number 10
1. The IS-LM model, its prerequisites, main provisions and analytical capabilities
2.Chinese workers work in Japan. Their income:
a) is included in China's GDP
b) is included in Japan's GDP
c) is included in China's GNI
d) not included in Japan's GNI
d) there is no correct answer
3.According to Okun's law, a 3% excess of the actual unemployment rate over its natural level means that the gap between the actual volume of GDP and the potential one is:
a) 7.5%; b) 3%; at 4%; d) 5%; e) 6%
4. Stagflation can be shown as:
b) a shift in the supply curve to the right
c) shift of the Phillips curve to the left
Ticket number 11
1. Equilibrium of the money market and the mechanism of its establishment
2. The Laffer curve reflects the relationship between;
a) tax rate and funding public spending
b) the tax rate and tax revenues to the budget
c) the tax rate and government spending
d) tax rate and non-tax revenues
2. The country's GDP is $200 billion. The marginal propensity to consume is -0.75.
If the government of the country has set the goal of achieving a GDP of 400 billion. dollars, investments should be;
a) 100 billion. Doll.; b) $200 billion; c) 150 billion dollars; d) 150 billion dollars.
3. The short-term Phillips curve reflects:
a) an alternative between inflation and unemployment
b) a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment
c) features of the money market
d) an alternative between inflation and budget problems
4.GDP is:
a) the value of the final product produced in the country during the year
b) the sum of the products of all domestic firms
c) the total amount of income received by the population
d) the value of goods and services produced in the private sector
e) the total volume of production of all goods and services produced in a year
5.The following data is available
|
Nominal GDP, billion dollars |
Price level index |
Real GDP billion dollars |
|
Calculate real GDP for each year
Ticket number 12
1. Monetary policy, its goals and tools
2. In the conditions of the "liquidity trap":
a) monetary policy is especially effective
b) monetary policy is absolutely ineffective
4. Are the following statements true:
b) Household spending on buying a new home is included in consumer spending
d) disposable income is the earned income of the owner economic resources remaining at his disposal after the deduction of individual taxes
e) public investments are not included in investment expenditures
f) the volume of real GNI can be measured in physical terms
g) GNI differs from GDP by the value of net exports
h) the consumer price index is calculated based on the prices of goods included in the market consumer basket
i) resales do not increase GNI
5. In the previous year, potential GDP was $4,000. e., and the aggregate demand curve was described by the equation Y=4200-2P. This year, potential GDP grew by 1%, and the aggregate demand equation took the form U=4280-2P. By what percent did the equilibrium price level change during this period?
Ticket number 13
1. Money supply and monetary base. Money multiplier.
2. The easiest way to pass taxes on consumers is for goods that:
a) have many substitutes (substitute products);
b) do not constitute the main share in consumption;
c) do not have complements (additional goods);
d) have a low price elasticity of demand.
Ticket number 14
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The IS-LM model, its premises, main provisions and analytical |
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Ticket number 15
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Equilibrium of the money market and the mechanism of its establishment. |
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Ticket number 16
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The Central Bank and its functions. |
|
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Money supply and types of monetary aggregates. |
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Ticket number 17
Ticket number18
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Money market and its features. Functions and types of money. Types of demand for money. Demand for money in classical and Keynesian models. |
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Ticket number 19
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Fiscal policy and its types. Discretionary and automatic fiscal policy. Advantages and disadvantages of fiscal policy. Consequences of fiscal policy in the short and long term. |
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Ticket number20
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Government spending, their types and impact on the economy. State revenues. Taxes, their types and role in the economy. State budget and its balance. |
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Ticket number 21
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The multiplier effect in a simple Keynesian model. Types of multipliers (autonomous spending, taxes, balanced budget, simple and complete). |
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Ticket number 22
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Keynesian model of the market for goods and services. Planned and actual expenses. Equilibrium Conditions in the Keynesian Cross Model. |
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Ticket number23
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Model AD-AS. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks, their types and consequences. |
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Ticket number24
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Relationship between unemployment and inflation: the Phillips curve |
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Ticket number25
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Inflation, its indicators, types, causes and consequences. |
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Ticket number26
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Economic consequences of unemployment. Okun's law. |
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Ticket number27
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The economic cycle, its phases, causes and dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators in different phases of the cycle. |
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Ticket number2 8
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The natural rate of unemployment. |
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Ticket number2 9
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Unemployment, its indicators and types. |
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Ticket number 30
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Nominal and real GDP. Price indices. |
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Ticket number 31
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Gross domestic product and methods of its measurement. |
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Ticket number 32
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Two approaches to the analysis of macroeconomic processes: classical and Keynesian. |
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Ticket number 33
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Basic macroeconomic identity. injections and withdrawals. |
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Ticket number 34
Ticket number 35
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The subject of macroeconomics. Methods of macroeconomic analysis. macroeconomic models. |
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