Write-offs of MBPs that are in operation are made due to their unsuitability for further use or transfer to fixed assets. At the same time, the depreciation of the IBE is written off, and the material assets received from the disposal of such items are also credited (at net realizable value).
Before writing off the IBP, the organization issues a write-off order. The order indicates the date of write-off, the classification of the IBE (soft and hard inventory), the composition of the commission. The order must be certified by the head and registered in the journal of orders.
To equipment, equipment and computer technology subject to write-off, in without fail must be attached "statement of the defect of the apparatus to be written off." In which the name of the institution, location, name of the device, type and model, date of issue, serial number, inventory number, date of commissioning, initial cost, reasons for failure and unsuitability of the device, conclusion of the chief specialist in the operation of medical technological equipment, date and signature of the engineer.
The commission appointed by the order inspects low-value and wearing items that are in operation and recognizes them as worn out and subject to disposal. The above is documented by the “Act for the write-off of low-value and wearing items”, which indicates the name, item number, inventory number, unit of measure, quantity, date of receipt, price, amount, service life, reason for write-off.
The items listed in this act, in the presence of the commission, were turned into scrap, which is subject to posting on the invoice: soft inventory - rags, hard inventory and others - scrap metal and boards.
Waste not subject to accounting is destroyed. This act is certified by the chairman of the commission and all members of the commission.
Also, the enterprise can draw up an “Act of Disposal of Low-Value and Wearing Items”, which is used to register the breakdown and loss of tools (devices) and other low-value and wearing items.
It is drawn up in one copy by the foreman and the initial workshop (site) for one or more employees.
In case of breakage, damage and loss of the IBP due to the fault of the employee, the act is drawn up in two copies. One copy remains in the workshop (on site 0, and the second is sent to the settlement part of the accounting department to deduct the cost of a broken, damaged or lost item from the employee in the prescribed manner.
Upon presentation by the employee of the act of retirement to him, instead of the unusable, a suitable one is issued and recorded in the accounting card for low-value and wearing items. Disposal certificates are subsequently attached to the write-off certificates.
The following accounting entries are made for transactions related to the write-off of the IBE;
1. depreciation of the MBP was written off when they were retired from their operation. On account 213, the entry is made according to sub-account 213/2 "Low-value and wearing items in operation":
b) in excess of or in the absence of the estimated residual value of the IBE:
3. reflects the difference between the estimated residual value of the written-off IBEs and the net realizable value of the materials received. An entry is made if the net realizable value of the materials received is lower than the estimated residual value of the decommissioned IBEs:
Also, low-value and fast-wearing items may be disposed of due to different reasons, the main ones being:
Accounting entries for transactions related to other disposals of IBP:
The cost of IBEs transferred free of charge as material assistance is reflected:
The amount of the reduction (adjustment) in the cost of the IBE, received in previous years, but not yet put into operation, is reflected:
Written off IBP lost as a result of natural disasters, accidents and other emergency events:
Decommissioned book value IBE, gratuitously transferred to other enterprises and persons:
low-value consumable inventory accounting
ecolib.com.ua / / Account 22 “Low-value and wearing items”; Encyclopedia accounting— Gracheva R.E. Section I /
Account 22 "Low-value and wearing items"; Encyclopedia of accounting - Gracheva R.E. Section I
Low-value and consumable items- part of inventories, which for a long time (but not more than one year or one operating cycle, if this cycle exceeds annual term) are used in economic circulation as a means of labor, and the value of which on the scale of an individual enterprise is not so significant as to recognize these items as non-current assets.
Inexpensive (on the scale of the turnover of a particular enterprise) tools and accessories;
Household inventory;
Special clothing, special shoes, the period of use of which is less than a year;
Tableware, serving accessories;
Inventory for sports and cultural events.
MBP put into operation at the balance sheet date are not recognized as assets, and their value is written off as expenses incurred in connection with the release of the final product, regardless of the stage at which it is currently being manufactured, but depending on the type of product or line of business (or subdivisions) where these IBEs are operated.
Consequently, accounting for the IBE is only inventory accounting for these items.
In warehouses, accounting for MBP is similar to accounting for materials. In the accounting department, analytical information is kept, in warehouses - books or cards. The transfer of the MBP into operation occurs on the basis of written requirements from the production (and non-production) divisions. The inventory procedure of the IBE in the warehouse is similar to the inventory of materials in the warehouse.
The debit of account 22 reflects the receipt of these reserves, the credit reflects the use (transfer to operation) with simultaneous disposal (and with further quantitative accounting at storage sites).
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According to the credit of account 22 "Low-value and wearing items" |
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"Capital Construction" |
Write-off of IBE for their use in capital construction |
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"Production" |
Write-off of the MBP into production (transfer to operation for production purposes) |
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"General production expenses" |
Write-off of IBE for purposes related to maintenance of production and management of the production process |
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"Administrative expenses" |
Write-off of IBE for purposes related to enterprise management |
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"Selling costs" |
Write-off of IBE for purposes related to the sale of products |
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"Losses from inventory depreciation" |
IBE write-down to net realizable value |
Low-value and fast-wearing items include:
a) items with a deadline beneficial use less than 12 months, regardless of their cost;
b) items worth at the date of purchase not more than 100 times (for budget organizations- 50 times) established by law Russian Federation minimum size monthly wage per unit (based on their value stipulated in the contract) regardless of their useful life, with the exception of agricultural machinery and implements, construction mechanized tools, weapons, as well as working and productive livestock, which are classified as fixed assets regardless of their cost. The head of the organization has the right to set a lower limit on the value of items for acceptance for accounting as part of the funds in circulation;
fishing gear (trawls, nets, nets, nets, etc.);
uniforms intended for issuance to employees of the organization;
Low-value items with a value within 1/20 of the established limit per unit are written off to the costs of production and circulation as they are put into operation.
Low-value and wearing items are accounted for at actual cost. The actual cost of IBEs purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding value added tax.
The cost of items transferred to production or operation is repaid by the organization by accruing depreciation.
Depreciation of low-value and wear-and-tear items is calculated by their types using one of the following cost transfer methods:
straight-line method - based on the actual cost of the item and the depreciation rate calculated depending on the useful life;
method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works) - based on the number of products (works) produced (performed) using the item in reporting period, and the ratio of the actual cost of the item and the estimated volume of products (works) for the entire useful life;
percentage method - from the actual cost of the item and a rate of 50 or 100% when transferring the item to production or operation. In the first case, the remaining 50% is accrued upon disposal of the item due to the impossibility of use (unsuitability) from production or operation.
The selected method for a specific IBE is applied during the entire period of its use.
IBE accounting is carried out on standard forms primary documentation: accounting card for low-value and wearing items (form MB-2); act of disposal of low-value and wearing items (form MB-4); accounting sheet for the issuance of overalls, footwear and safety devices (form MB-7); an act for the write-off of low-value and wearing items (form MB-8); credit note(form M-4); act of acceptance of materials (form M-7); requirement - invoice (form M-11).
Accounting for low-value and wearing items in warehouses is carried out by financially responsible persons only in quantitative terms with the preparation of monthly material reports in the form of a turnover sheet.
IBE accounting is maintained in the accounting department on the active account 12 "Low-value and wearing items", which has several sub-accounts, including account 12-1 "Low-value and wearing items in stock" and account 12-2 "Low-value and wearing items in operation". Analytical accounting of IBE is carried out for homogeneous groups.
Let's use an example to show the main accounting entries for accounting for low-value and wearing items (table, conditional numbers).
——-T————————-T———-T————T———¬
¦ N ¦ Operation content ¦ Amount, ¦ Debit ¦ Credit ¦
¦ p / n ¦ ¦ rub. ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 1 ¦ Credited by IBP ¦ 8,000 ¦ 12-1 ¦ 60 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ VAT accrued at ¦ 1,600 ¦ 19 ¦ 60 ¦
¦ ¦rate of 20% ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ transportation costs ¦ 450 ¦ 12-1 ¦ 60 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ VAT at the rate of 20% ¦ 90 ¦ 19 ¦ 60 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦Total ¦ 10 140 ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 2 ¦ From current account ¦ 10 140 ¦ 60 ¦ 51 ¦
¦ ¦listed to supplier ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 3 ¦ Tax written off on ¦ 1,690 ¦ 68 ¦ 19 ¦
¦ ¦ received and paid ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦MBP ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 4 ¦ Transferred from stock at ¦ 1,200 ¦ 12-2 ¦ 12-1 ¦
¦ ¦ MBP operation ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ worth over 1/20 ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦limit per unit ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 5 ¦ Depreciation accrued for the MBP at ¦ 600 ¦ 20, 23, ¦ 13 ¦
¦ ¦ transmission in ¦ ¦ 25, 26, ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ operation (50%) ¦ ¦ 44 ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 6 ¦ Depreciation accrued for the MBP, ¦ 600 ¦ 88 ¦ 13 ¦
¦ ¦acquired for ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ appointments ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 7 ¦ Tax restored on ¦ 120 ¦ 88 ¦ 68 ¦
¦ ¦ value added by ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦MBP used for ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ non-production ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ consumption ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 8 ¦ Decommissioned MBP: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ at book value ¦ 420 ¦ 13 ¦ 12-2 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ Valuable ¦ 50 ¦ 10 ¦ 80 ¦
¦ ¦ waste from the liquidation of the IBP ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 9 ¦ Additional depreciation at ¦ 210 ¦ 20, 29, ¦ 13 ¦
¦ ¦ writing off the IBP (the remaining ¦ ¦ 25, 26, ¦ ¦
¦ ¦50%) ¦ ¦ 44 ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 10 ¦When inventorying ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ shortage of MBP detected: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ at book value ¦ 80 ¦ 84 ¦ 12-1, 2 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ tax restored on ¦ 16 ¦ 84 ¦ 68 ¦
¦ ¦ added value ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 11 ¦ Shortage attributed to ¦ 96 ¦ 73-3 ¦ 84 ¦
¦ financially responsible¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ face ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 12 ¦ IBP sold, presented ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ invoice - invoice ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦buyer: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ at sale price ¦ 240 ¦ 62 ¦ 48 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ VAT charged ¦ 40 ¦ 48 ¦ 68 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ depreciation written off ¦ 90 ¦ 13 ¦ 80 ¦
¦ ¦(50%) ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ accounting debited ¦ 180 ¦ 48 ¦ 12-1 ¦
¦ ¦ MBP cost ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ reflected financial ¦ 20 ¦ 48 ¦ 80 ¦
¦ ¦ result from implementation ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 13 ¦ Transferred from stock at ¦ 240 ¦ 20, 23, ¦ 12-1 ¦
¦ ¦ MBP operation ¦ ¦ 25, 26, ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ up to 1/20 ¦ ¦ 44 ¦ ¦
¦ ¦limit per unit ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 14 ¦ Issued from stock ¦ 700 ¦ 12-2 ¦ 12-1 ¦
¦ ¦ overalls in operation ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 15 ¦ Depreciation accrued (100%) ¦ 700 ¦ 20, 23, ¦ 13 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ 25, 26, 44¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 16 ¦ Workwear written off by ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ expiration of wear: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ the accrued depreciation is written off ¦ 700 ¦ 13 ¦ 48 ¦
¦ ¦on overalls ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
+——+————————-+———-+————+———+
¦ 17 ¦ Workwear written off until ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ wear expiration date: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ at book value ¦ 700 ¦ 48 ¦ 12-2 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦reversed excessively ¦ 150 ¦ 20, 23, ¦ 13 ¦
¦ ¦ the accrued amount of depreciation ¦ ¦ 25, 26, 44¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ depreciation amount written off at ¦ 550 ¦ 13 ¦ 48 ¦
¦ ¦ overalls, accrued ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ in proportion to the term ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ socks ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ financial result from ¦ 150 ¦ 80 ¦ 48 ¦
¦ ¦ disposal of overalls ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ (taxable ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ profit does not decrease) ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
L——+————————-+———-+————+———
Institute of Processing Industry
Rice. 3.1. Cases when IBEs are subject to deregistration.
Departure as a result of damage, loss.
The expiration of the standard service life in itself is not the reason for the MBP to be taken out of service.
The MBP is retired from service and deregistered if its further use for its intended purpose is impossible, for example, due to complete deterioration or malfunctioning. However, deterioration or breakage may occur before the end of the standard service life of the item. This means that by the time the IBE is written off from the register, its value may not be fully repaid when using some methods of depreciation.
Let us consider the operations to write off the MBP from the register for various options for decommissioning at the Velmash plant. Such transactions are accounted for as follows:
Debit account 10, Credit account 12-2 - cost material values received as a result of the disposal of IBP.
Debit of account 20, Credit of account 13 - added depreciation in the amount of the remaining 50% of the cost of the MBP minus the value of the received material assets.
Debit account 13, Credit account 12-2 - write-off of the IBE from the register.
Registration of the breakdown and loss of the IBP is carried out using the form MB-4 "Act of disposal of the IBP". On the basis of this act, an “Act for the write-off of the IBP” is drawn up in the form of MB-8 (drawn up in 1 copy). If the disposal of the IBE occurred through the fault of the employee, then the determination of the amount of damage and the procedure for its compensation is carried out in accordance with applicable law.
Implementation.
Operations for the sale of IBE are subject to reflection on account 48 “Sale of other assets”. The debit of account 48 reflects the book value of the retiring items, as well as the expenses incurred in connection with this, the credit of account 48 includes the proceeds from the sale of valuables, as well as the amount of depreciation accrued on these objects by the time of disposal. During the implementation of the IBP, the following postings will be made:
Debit account 48, Credit account 12 - write-off of the accounting value of the IBE.
Debit account 13, Credit account 48 - write-off of accrued depreciation.
Debit of account 62, Credit of account 48 - reflection of proceeds from the sale of IBP (under the contract).
Debit account 48, Credit account 68 - charge VAT on the cost of sales.
Debit account 48, Credit account 80 - revealed the financial result from the implementation of the IBE (profit)
Debit account 80, Credit account 48 - financial result - loss.
If an organization exchanges IBE, then for tax purposes, the actual market price for similar property, prevailing at the time of fulfillment of obligations under the transaction, is taken.
When transferring the IBE as a contribution to the authorized capital, the correspondence of the accounts will look like this:
Debit of account 48, Credit of account 12 - the accounting value of the IBE was written off.
Debit of account 13, Credit of account 48 - accrued depreciation is written off.
Account 06 debit, Account 48 credit - transferred to the IBP as a contribution to the authorized capital at an agreed value.
Debit of account 80 (48), Credit of account 48 (80) - revealed the financial result from the disposal of the IBE - loss (profit).
Free transfer is also carried out using account 48, and the correspondence of accounts is similar to that in the implementation, but there is a posting: debit account 62, credit account 48; and the resulting loss (debit of account 80, credit of account 48) does not reduce taxable profit.
3.5. MBP inventory. Reflection of results in accounting.
Organizations are required to conduct an inventory of the IBE in the manner and terms established by the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation (but at least once a year).
In accordance with the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1995 No. 49, MBPs that are in operation are inventoried at their locations and the MOTs in whose storage they are located.
The inventory is carried out by inspecting each item. In the inventory lists of the IBE, they are entered by name in accordance with the nomenclature adopted in the accounting of the enterprise.
During the inventory of IBEs issued for individual use to employees, it is allowed to draw up group inventory lists indicating in them the persons responsible for these items, for which personal cards are opened, with a receipt for them in the inventory.
Items of overalls and table linen sent for washing and repair are recorded in the inventory list on the basis of invoices or receipts of organizations providing these services.
IBEs that have become unusable, but not decommissioned, are not included in the inventory list, and an act for decommissioning the IBE is drawn up for them (Appendix 8).
If, as a result of the inventory carried out at the enterprise, a shortage of IBE due to the fault of the MOL is revealed, then the very fact of the shortage of property is reflected in accounting using account 84 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” using the following entries:
Debit account 84, Credit account 12 - shortage in the amount of the actual cost of the IBE minus depreciation. The difference between actual and market value of lost valuables is reflected in accounting using account 73 (sub-account "Calculations for compensation for material damage") and account 83 "Deferred income":
Debit account 73, Credit account 84 - assignment of the amount of shortage to the guilty person.
Debit account 73, Credit account 83 - a reflection of the difference between the actual and market value of the IBE.
After repayment of the debt of the MOL (Debit of account 50, Credit of account 73 - in the amount of the debit turnover on account 73), the difference in the excess of the market price over the actual cost of the MBP is attributed to the results:
Debit account 83, Credit account 80.
4. Analysis of accounting for the presence and use of the IBE.
4.1. Methodological basis MBP analysis.
The analysis of the IBE is carried out in the following areas:
– study and analysis of the structure of the IBE, their state and dynamics;
- analysis of the provision of the organization with low-value and wearing items;
— analysis of general indicators of the use of the IBE and the factors influencing them.
The sources of information in the analysis of the IBE are, first of all, all primary documents for accounting for the receipt, movement and disposal of the IBE (including unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of MBP: MB-2 “MBP accounting card”, MB-4 “Act of disposal of MBP”, MB-7 “Statement of accounting for the issuance of overalls, safety shoes and safety devices”, MB-8 “Act for write-off of MBP”). Forms are primary documents that record business transactions for the receipt, movement, disposal of the IBE, and at the same time perform the functions of a register analytical accounting. They are used by various services and divisions of the organization for operational, managerial, statistical and accounting.
An important and necessary source of information in the analysis of the IBE is the balance sheet (Form No. 1): Section II " current assets”, line 213 “Low-value and wearing out items”, where the cost of the IBE is given taking into account the accrued depreciation (that is, at the residual value). When analyzing the IBE, the Appendix to the balance sheet (Form No. 5) is also used: Section III “Depreciable property”, lines 380 .382: “IBE - total”, including “In stock”, “In operation”; Reference to section III, which shows the wear of the IBP (line 396); and Section VI, Costs Incurred by the Organization, which presents costs by element.
Low-value and consumable items (MBP)- a category of property that is not currently used in accounting.
The IBE included household equipment, tools and devices for general and special purposes, and other means of labor, which were included in the composition of funds in circulation.
Currently, a similar concept is used: Low-value fixed assets (OS) - fixed assets with a value less than the limit established by law, which can be accounted for as expenses at a time, and not through depreciation.
Low-value and consumable items (IBE) are currently not applicable category of property in accounting. The IBE included household equipment, tools and devices for general and special purposes, and other means of labor, which were included in the composition of funds in circulation.
Those assets that were previously classified as IBEs are now recognized as either fixed assets or inventories.
Regulation on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, approved. By order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n, as amended in 1998, it determined (paragraph 50):
50. Do not relate to fixed assets and are accounted for in organizations as part of funds in circulation, and in budgetary organizations - as part of low-value items and other valuables:
a) items with a useful life of less than 12 months, regardless of their value;
b) items with a value at the date of acquisition of not more than 100 times the amount (for budgetary organizations - 50 times) of the minimum monthly wage per unit established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (based on their value provided for in the contract), regardless of their useful life, with the exception of agricultural machinery and implements, construction mechanized tools, weapons, as well as working and productive livestock, which are fixed assets regardless of their value.
The head of the organization has the right to set a lower limit on the value of items for acceptance for accounting as part of the funds in circulation;
c) the following items, regardless of their value and useful life:
fishing gear (trawls, nets, nets, nets and others);
special tools and special fixtures (purpose tools and fixtures intended for serial and mass production of certain products or for the manufacture of an individual order); replaceable equipment (reusable in production fixtures for fixed assets and other devices caused by specific conditions for manufacturing products - molds and accessories for them, rolling rolls, air lances, shuttles, catalysts and sorbents of a solid state of aggregation, etc.);
special clothing, special shoes, as well as bedding;
uniforms intended for issuance to employees of the organization; clothing and footwear in healthcare, education and other organizations that are on the budget;
temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices, the construction costs of which are included in the costs construction work included in overhead costs;
items intended for leasing under a rental agreement;
young and fattening animals, poultry, rabbits, fur-bearing animals, families of bees, as well as service dogs, experimental animals;
perennial plantings grown in nurseries as planting material;
d) gasoline-powered saws, loppers, rafting rope, seasonal roads, mustaches and temporary branches of logging roads, temporary buildings in the forest with a useful life of up to 24 months (mobile heating houses, boiler stations, pilot workshops, gas stations, etc.).
To account for the IBE, a separate accounting account was used ACCOUNTS 12 “LOW-VALUE AND WEARING-OUT ITEMS” (“Chart of Accounts of Financial Accounting - economic activity enterprises and Instructions for its use "(approved by Order of the USSR Ministry of Finance dated 01.11.1991 N 56)):
“Account 12 “Low-value and wearing items” is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of low-value and wearing items belonging to the enterprise, household equipment, tools and devices for general and special purposes and other means of labor, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are included in the funds in turnover. It also takes into account the temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices operated by the enterprise. Ready-made uniforms intended for issuance to employees of the enterprise are subject to accounting on account 12 “Low-value and wearing items”; materials for tailoring the specified clothes are taken into account on account 10 "Materials."
Low-value fixed assets (OS) are fixed assets with a value less than the limit established by law, which can be accounted for as expenses at a time, and not through depreciation.
Inventories - assets in the form of raw materials and materials, goods for sale, etc.
Materials on the topic "Accounting"
Accounting for low-value and consumable items (hereinafter referred to as IBP) is regulated by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for material - production stocks"(PBU 5/98), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 15.06.1998 N 25n (hereinafter - PBU 5/98), which entered into force on January 1, 1999. PBU 5/98 applies to SMEs located in organizations on the right At the same time, with the introduction of PBU 5/98, the Regulation on Accounting for Low-Value and Wearing Items, approved by Letter of the USSR Ministry of Finance dated October 18, 1979 N 166, does not lose its effect, which after January 1, 1999 is applied in part , which does not contradict PBU 5/98.
Let's make a reservation right away that in this topic we will not dwell in detail on operations related to the receipt of IBE and determining their actual cost, since they are similar to material accounting operations. Operations for the sale of IBEs are also similar to operations for the sale of materials, with the only difference being that when selling IBEs on the credit of account 48 "Sale of other assets", in addition to the proceeds from the sale, the amount of depreciation accrued on these items by the time of sale in correspondence with account 13 is also written off "Depreciation of the IBP" (Debit 13 Credit 48). Accounting for materials was discussed earlier in the article "Accounting for inventories" (see ACDI "Economics and Life", 1999, N 9).
In this article, we will take a closer look at the new methods of calculating depreciation for the IBE introduced by RAS 5/98.
According to paragraph 3 of PBU 5/98, IBE is a part of the organization's inventories used as a means of labor for no more than 12 months. or normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months, or the part that has a value at the acquisition date below the limit approved by the entity within no more than 100 times (for budget institutions- 50 times) the minimum wage established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Thus, unlike fixed assets, which are also means of labor, IBE is:
In addition, the funds in circulation include the items specified in paragraphs "c" and "d" of clause 50 of the Regulation on accounting - fishing gear; special tools and devices; replacement equipment; special and uniform clothing and footwear, bedding; temporary (non-title) structures; items intended for leasing under a rental agreement; petrol saws, etc.
Also, clause 50 of the Regulations on Accounting, the head of the organization is given the right to set a lower limit on the value of items for their acceptance for accounting as part of the funds in circulation. This point should be reflected in accounting policy organizations (see clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting Policy of the Organization" (PBU 1/98), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.12.1998 N 60n).
IBE can be received by an enterprise in the event of their purchase, contribution by the founders as contributions to the authorized capital, receipt free of charge from other enterprises, acquisition in exchange for other property, as well as in the form of other receipts. At the same time, primary documents similar to those that are drawn up upon receipt of materials can serve as the basis for accepting the IBE on the balance sheet.
To summarize information about the presence and movement of IBE and labor instruments, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are included in the composition of funds in circulation, account 12 "Low-value and wearing items" is intended in accounting, to which sub-accounts are opened: "IBE in stock", " MBP in operation", "Temporary (non-title) structures", etc.
Since account 12 is active, the debit of this account reflects the receipt of IBEs by the enterprise, and the credit shows their disposal.
The transfer of the MBP into operation is recorded in the accounting by posting: Debit 12/2 Credit 12/1.
Accounting for the IBE, as well as accounting for materials, can be maintained in two ways:
The method of accounting for the IBE used by the enterprise must be fixed in the order on accounting policy (clause 25 PBU 5/98).
Temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices are recorded on this account at the actual cost of their construction. At the same time, the cost of completed construction of temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices is reflected in the accounting accounts by posting: Debit 12 Credit 30 "Non-capital work" (in construction enterprises) or 20 "Main production" (at enterprises conducting geological exploration work) .
Analytical accounting on account 12 is carried out for homogeneous groups of IBE in accordance with the established grouping.
In accordance with clause 5 of PBU 5/98, IBEs are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, the procedure for determining which depends on the method of receipt of IBEs by the organization (see examples 1 - 4 - ACDI "Economics and Life", 1999, N 9, pp. 50 - 51, while in accounting entries instead of count 10, count 12 should be used).
It should also be noted that the actual cost of purchased MBP can only be changed as a result of their refinement (see clause 6 of PBU 5/98, as well as example 5 - ACDI "Economics and Life", 1999, N 9, p. 51).
In addition, it should be noted that IBE, unlike other inventories, are not subject to depreciation, which can be carried out at the end of the year in the manner prescribed by paragraph 11 of PBU 5/98.
The cost of IBEs accepted for accounting, as well as fixed assets, is repaid through depreciation (clause 23 PBU 5/98, clause 52 of the Accounting Regulations). At the same time, clause 52 of the Accounting Regulations provides that depreciation is not charged for items received under a donation agreement and free of charge in the process of privatization, acquired using budget appropriations and other similar funds (in terms of the cost attributable to the amount of these funds). Depreciation is also not charged for low-value items of budgetary organizations.
In accordance with paragraph 23 of PBU 5/98, paragraph 51 of the Regulations on Accounting, depreciation on commissioned IBEs can be charged in one of three ways:
If, before January 1, 1999, practically for all MBPs, the percentage method of depreciation was used (the straight-line method was provided only for rolled products, and the depreciation method based on the volume of output was used for special tools, special fixtures and replaceable equipment - see p. 46 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 26, 1994 N 170), then with the entry into force of PBU 5/98, organizations will be able for all types of IBE, for which, in accordance with the current procedure, depreciation is provided, use any of the three methods above.
However, clause 51 of the Accounting Regulations provides for an exception from the general procedure:
In addition, we note that low-value items worth no more than one-twentieth of the established limit per unit can be written off as production (circulation) costs as they are transferred to production or operation (clause 21 PBU 5/98, clause 51 of the Accounting Regulations) . It is necessary to pay attention to the following: when writing off these items for production or during their operation, the organization must ensure proper control over their movement (clause 51 of the Accounting Regulations). In accounting this operation will be wired:
Debit 20 (44) Credit 12/1 - the cost of the IBE was written off for costs.
Depreciation on IBP begins to accrue from the moment they are put into operation. The amount of accrued depreciation deductions is subject to attribution to production (circulation) costs and is reflected in accounting by posting:
Debit 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) Credit 13 "Depreciation of the IBP" (clause 23 PBU 5/98).
It is also necessary to note that, unlike fixed assets, there is no established procedure for determining their useful life for IBEs. It seems that this period can be set by the head of the enterprise independently based on the conditions of production.
Consider on specific example depreciation methods.
Example. The limit on the cost of classifying items as IBE, fixed in the accounting policy, is 80 minimum wages (6679 rubles). The enterprise purchased an IBE facility worth 6,450 rubles.
With this method, depreciation is charged monthly in equal installments.
Assume that the useful life based on the conditions of production is 4 years.
The annual depreciation rate will be:
1 year: 4 years x 100 = 25%.
The depreciation charge will be:
6450 rub. : 48 months (4 x 12 months) = 134.38 rubles. per month.
Let us assume that the estimated volume of products that can be obtained as a result of using this MBP for the entire period will be 820 kg.
The actual output in quantitative terms was: for the 1st month - 15 kg, for the 2nd - 25 kg, for the 3rd - 40 kg.
Therefore, the following entries will be made in accounting (Debit 20 (44) Credit 13):
in the 1st month - 15 kg x (6450 rubles: 820 kg) = 118 rubles;
in the 2nd month - 25 kg x (6450 rubles: 820 kg) = 197 rubles;
in the 3rd month - 40 kg x (6450 rubles: 820 kg) = 315 rubles. etc.
a) At a rate of 100%, depreciation is charged immediately upon the transfer of the IBE to operation. Therefore, the residual value of such an IBE is zero from its useful life.
In this case, the following postings will be made in the accounting:
b) If the rate of 50% is applied, then when the IBE is put into operation, depreciation is charged in the amount of 50% of the actual cost immediately, and when the item is retired due to its unusability (unsuitability) from production or operation, depreciation is charged in the amount of the remaining 50% of their cost. Here it is necessary to note that this is a significant innovation, since earlier, upon disposal of IBEs, depreciation was charged at a rate of 50% minus the cost of these IBEs at the price of possible use (clause 46 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation).
In accounting, in this case, postings will be made:
After some time, the MBP fell into disrepair and is subject to write-off from the balance sheet:
The method of calculating depreciation for the IBE used at the enterprise must be recorded in the order on the accounting policy of the organization (clause 25 PBU 5/98). At the same time, it should be noted that for one specific item (or group of items) during the entire period of its use, depreciation should be charged in only one way (clause 23 PBU 5/98). Therefore, in the order on the accounting policy of the organization, changes in the methods of calculating depreciation can only apply to newly acquired IBEs.
To formalize the disposal of IBEs (write-offs from the balance sheet as a result of their release for the needs of production or service farms, general business or general production purposes, correction of marriage, capital construction, as well as during their implementation, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations, etc.) the following primary documents are used: IBE accounting card (form N MB-2), act of disposal of the IBE (form N MB-4), a record of issuing overalls, safety shoes and safety devices (form N MB-7), an act for writing off the MBP (form N MB-8). The procedure for filling out these documents is detailed in the Decree of the Goskomstat of Russia of October 30, 1997 N 71a "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation" (see examples 7, 8 - ACDI "Economics and Life", 1999, N 9, pp. 53 - 54 ).
In conclusion, it should be noted that in balance sheet IBEs are reflected at residual value, which is the difference between the actual cost of IBEs and the depreciation accrued on them (with the exception of IBEs owned by budgetary institutions).
Direct and indirect tax Can a company not keep off-balance sheet accounting
For those who are familiar with accounting, it is known that accounting for low-value consumable items (IBE) is one of the most significant sections. Any enterprise faces this concept during its existence. Unfortunately, not everyone knows what an MBP is.
Under the IBE understand those means of labor, the cost of which relates to the organization's stocks. To identify whether a particular product is an IBE, determine:
We must not forget that part of the IBE is included in the group of inventories, which have the following features:
Often a situation arises when a responsible person finds it difficult to attribute this or that item to the IBE. There is a maximum value for this category of goods. This allows us to classify overalls, appliances, dishes, various household items, etc. as MBP.
Sometimes life is not taken into account. This applies to chainsaws, highly specialized fixtures and tools, interchangeable parts.
In fact, goods that meet one of the set of criteria can be attributed to the IBE:
There are two ways to work with the MBP that have been developed in practice and used for a long time:
There was another category of goods, the price of which was very low. The accountant took them into account as an expense immediately, believing that it makes no sense to charge depreciation and depreciation in this situation. This is also a very dubious fact. Together, this led to the idea of the need to develop clearer guidelines for working with the IBE. At some point, this category was even crossed out, although, in fact, the problem has not gone anywhere.
Today, the work of an accountant with the IBE is carried out in accordance with PBU 5/98 “Accounting for inventories”. It defines that all MBPs have the following stages:
Depending on the life cycle goods they are accounted for in one of the following ways:
At the same time, when receiving and issuing IBEs, they are taken into account in the same way as materials. The operation of this category of goods in accounting is displayed in its own way. Here the types of accounting and write-offs used play an important role. Accounting features are as follows:
In the second case, depreciation can be charged in the following ways:
In 2014, an innovation appeared - during the commissioning of the MBP, depreciation is immediately charged not all at once, but only half. The remaining part is charged only at the time of writing off the goods.
Low-value and wearing items occupy a special place in the composition of property and dominate in the cost structure of enterprises various areas activities and is an important and significant part of the company's assets. They are the most common types of stocks.
The definition of low-value and wearing items, the procedure for their evaluation, recognition and reflection in the reporting is described in Regulation (standard) of accounting 9 "Inventories". This standard provides guidance on accounting for low-value and wearing items without defining tax accounting rules.
By economic classification of industrial stocks, low-value and fast-wearing items belong to the auxiliary group of industrial stocks, which ensure the normal course of production and contribute to the manufacture of products, but are not included in their mass or chemical composition without changing their shape.
There are three main criteria for distinguishing between IBE and fixed assets: cost - no more than 1000 UAH. per unit, regardless of the service life; service life - used in the production of products (works, services) for a period not exceeding one year, regardless of cost; the presence in the list of items related to the IBE. At the same time, clause 47 of Regulation No. 2S0 contains a list of items related to the IBE, namely: fishing gear (trawls, nets, nets, etc.), regardless of cost and service life; =- gasoline-powered saws, loppers, rafting rope, seasonal roads, temporary branches of logging roads, temporary buildings in the forest with a service life of up to two years (mobile houses, boiler stations, sawmills, gas stations, etc.); special tools and special fixtures (for serial and mass production of certain products or for the manufacture of an individual order) regardless of cost.
In terms of their functional role in the enterprise, low-value and wearing items are such means of labor as fixed assets (they are used in the production process without changing their natural form and gradually wear out), but have the features of working capital. According to the Regulations on the Organization of Accounting and Reporting in Ukraine, from the warehouse of fixed assets, the following were observed and classified as MBP and accounted for at enterprises, in institutions as funds in circulation:
1) items with a service life of less than one year, regardless of their value;
2) items cost per unit;
3) fishing gear (trawls, nets, nets and others), regardless of cost and service life;
4) special tools and special devices (for serial and mass production of certain products or for establishing an individual order, regardless of cost);
5) special clothing, special footwear, as well as bedding, regardless of their cost and service life;
6) temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices, the construction costs of which are included in the cost of construction and installation works (with a service life of up to 1 year).
7) containers for storing inventory items in warehouses or for technological processes cost within the limit established in paragraph 2 - at the cost of acquisition or installation;
8) items intended for rental, regardless of cost.
The allocation of these items from the composition of fixed assets into a special group, despite the same nature, their use in the enterprise as fixed assets, is due to two reasons. Firstly, such an allocation clears the category of fixed assets from all kinds of small items, when it is possible to easily replace them with others with a short service life, as a rule. In the composition of fixed assets, with such a separation from their composition of low-value and wearing items, there remain items that form the production and technical base of the enterprise. Secondly, such allocation enables the enterprise to buy low-value and wearing out items at the expense of its working capital in the same way as materials, while fixed assets are updated only by capital investments through special funding.
Low-value and fast-wearing items are part of working capital. Thus, by their nature, low-value and wear-and-tear Items are similar to fixed assets, and in terms of the order of acquisition they are similar to materials. Low-value and wearing items may be in the warehouses of the enterprise and in operation (in the workshops or office of the enterprise) on the liability of individual employees.
Table 6.9. in Source documents for IBE accounting
|
Form No. |
Form name |
Purpose of the document |
||
|
Statement for the return (withdrawal) of a permanent stock of tools (devices) |
Used to account for changes in the stock of tools (devices) at those enterprises where accounting is maintained on the principle of establishing a permanent exchange fund |
|||
|
Accounting card for low-value and wearing items |
It is used to account for IBEs issued against receipt to an employee for long-term use. To be completed for each employee who received the IBE |
|||
|
Order for repair or sharpening of tools (devices) |
It is used to account for tools (devices) transferred for sharpening or repair |
|||
|
Act on the disposal of low-value and wearing items |
Used to account for damaged and lost MBP |
|||
|
Act on the write-off of tools (devices) and their exchange for suitable ones |
It is used to register the write-off of tools (devices) that have become unusable, and exchange them for suitable ones at those enterprises where accounting is kept on the principle of establishing a permanent exchange fund Compiled on the basis of disposal certificates |
|||
|
Personal record card for overalls, safety shoes, protective equipment |
Used to account for overalls, safety shoes and safety devices issued to employees of the enterprise for individual use |
|||
|
Accounting sheet for the issuance (return) of overalls, footwear, protective equipment |
It is used to record the issuance of overalls, safety shoes to employees of the enterprise for individual use in accordance with established standards, as well as to record the acceptance from employees of overalls, safety shoes for washing, disinfection, repair and storage |
|||
|
Act on the write-off of low-value and wearing items |
It is used to write off obsolete, worn-out and unsuitable for further use tools (devices), overalls, safety shoes, safety devices after the expiration of their service life, other low-value and wearing items and putting them in pantries for scrap |
|||
Receipt of IBE at the enterprise is carried out on the basis of the suppliers' double-entry documents. IBEs are accepted by the materially responsible person, both in terms of quantity and quality. The order of reflection in accounting is associated with the moment of material liability. The basis for accounting and warehouse accounting are documents intended for registration of operations of receipt, internal movement and issue of the IBE.
Documents are sent to the accounting department, where they are subject to content verification. business transactions and the correctness of their execution (the presence of details, signatures, the correctness of arithmetic calculations are checked), regarding the legality of operations. A register of receipt documents is compiled for documents on capitalization of the IBE, and a register of expenditure documents is compiled for documents that are confirmed by wasting. The registers are compiled in 2 copies: one remains in the warehouse, and the second with the documents attached to it is transferred to the accounting department.
In accounting, IBEs are reflected at their actual cost (acquisition price, including costs associated with their delivery to the enterprise).
For low-value and wearing items received by the enterprise, the accounting department opens a warehouse accounting card (form No. M-17).
The transfer of low-value and wearing items from the warehouse to operation is documented by the act of transferring the IBE to operation (Tables 6.10, 6.11).
Table 6.10. in
Table 6.11. in G Rafik of the document flow of the act for the write-off of low-value and wearing items
|
and p/p |
Place of execution |
Executor |
Deadline |
|
|
Drawing up an act for the write-off of the MBP |
Warehouse (pantry) |
Commission members |
At the end of the reporting period |
|
|
Receipt of the storekeeper on the delivery of decommissioned items to the pantry for disposal |
Warehouse (pantry) |
Storekeeper |
At the end of the reporting period |
|
|
Approval of the act for the write-off of the IBP |
Warehouse (pantry) |
Commission Chairman |
On the day of withdrawal |
|
|
Transfer of the act to the accounting department |
Accounting |
Commission Chairman |
Not later than the next day after the cancellation 12:00 |
|
|
Document Processing |
Accounting |
Accountant |
On the day of delivery |
In order to preserve the IBE in operation, the manager must properly organize control over their movement, in particular, operational accounting in quantitative terms. The issue of tools for operation at the enterprise is carried out on the basis of the requirements of forestries or individuals. The accounting department introduces these requirements into group information for the purpose of synthetic accounting.
If the enterprise receives IBE in the order of contribution to the authorized capital, then fair value(initial cost) IBE is their fair value agreed with all customers of the enterprise.
During the acquisition of the IBE, the enterprise bears another part of the costs, which include such as interest on loans, distribution costs, general business and others. The enterprise does not include them in the initial cost of the IBE, but relate to the expenses of the period in which they were incurred.
According to the Chart of Accounts for accounting of assets, capital, liabilities and business transactions of enterprises and organizations and the Instruction on the application of the Chart of Accounts No. 291 and the order on accounting policy, the enterprise keeps records of low-value and wearing items on sub-account 22 "Low-value and wearing items". It is designed to record and summarize information about the presence and movement of low-value and wearing items that belong to the enterprise.
On the debit of this account, the enterprise reflects the IBE acquired or manufactured on its own at the original cost, on the credit - at the accounting cost, the release of the IBE into operation from the write-off to cost accounting accounts, as well as the write-off of shortages and losses from damage to such items.
Typical correspondence for accounting for the movement of the IBE is given in Table. 6.12.
Table 6.12. in
Uses various resources: the labor of workers, material objects, money, and so on. The reflection algorithms for each of them are usually different. In this regard, it is very important to make their exact classification before putting them on the balance sheet. If it is not difficult to distinguish money from a car, then for some there are certain difficulties. For example, low-value and consumable items (MBP). The complexity of their accounting lies in the fact that they meet some criteria for classifying an object as fixed assets (OS), and according to others - as inventories.
Strictly speaking, such a concept as IBE is not used in legislative acts on accounting. However, there are such objects, the essence of which is well revealed by this term. So PBU 6/01 provides for the following criteria for an asset acquired or created by an economic entity as a fixed asset:
From the above, it can be seen that the IBE meets all the criteria of the OS, except for one - its cost is less than the limit named by the Regulations.
Due to the fact that the IBE must be taken into account as an inventory, the accountant must be guided by the rules of PBU 5/01 in the process of their reflection in the accounting system. However, if the IBE is supposed to be operated for more than 12 months (up to two years), then it is necessary to put them on the balance sheet on a separate subaccount 01 of the account at the time of commissioning.
When placing the objects in question on the balance sheet, it is necessary to collect their initial cost, which consists of the following elements:
The cost of their acquisition, indicated in the shipping documents:
Price, additional services other organizations:
The amount of non-reimbursable payments to the budget system:
Remark 1
It should be noted that economic entities of small and medium-scale activities can apply a simplified method of accounting for IBE, which is as follows. Such valuables are put on the balance sheet at the cost specified in the contract or “closing” documents. The remaining costs associated with their acquisition are accepted as expenses in lump sums.
The items in question may also be made available to economic entity in other ways:
The evaluation procedure in all of the above cases is determined by PBU 5/01.
When decommissioning an MBP for production, the following must be taken into account:
In the first case, when writing off the objects in question, it is necessary to open a special accounting card, as well as make an entry on the corresponding off-balance account. Such an order helps to control the presence and condition of such items, as well as to impute responsibility for their safety to specific individuals.
Remark 2
It is worth noting that the specific procedure for accounting for IBE should be prescribed in the accounting policy of this economic entity.
