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To date, there are three main national schools in management: Japanese European American Let's dwell on the American model in more detail. The study of the American model of management is of known interest. It was in the United States that the science and practice of management was first formed. The American model of governance was born at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the United States experienced an economic boom.
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The founder is Henri Fayol. The American model is used in corporations in the UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and some other countries. It is characterized by the presence of individual shareholders and an ever-increasing number of independent, i.e. not connected with the corporation shareholders (they are called "outside" shareholders or "outsiders"), as well as a well-defined legislative framework that defines the rights and obligations of three key participants.
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The participants in the American model are: Managing directors Shareholders (mainly institutional investors) Government structures of the exchange Self-regulatory organizations Consulting firms that provide advice to corporations and / or shareholders on corporate governance and proxy voting
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In the American school of management, it is generally accepted that the success of a company depends primarily on internal factors. Particular attention is paid to the rational organization of production, the constant growth of labor productivity, efficient use resources. While external factors fade into the background.
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Advantages Disadvantages allows to reduce the volume of training of workers to increase the level of professional skills at each specialized workplace to separate from production tasks those that do not require skilled labor and can be performed by unskilled workers who receive lower wages increases the capabilities of specialized equipment. decrease in flexibility when changing production tasks; increase in fatigue from monotony; increase in absenteeism as a result of excessive specialization of labor. loss of efficiency of the hierarchical organization in those industries where the range of goods is large and the production process includes many stages. the desire of American managers to get momentary benefits, to resolve the issue "quickly". a large number of management levels
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systemic and situational analysis of the external environment (macro-environment and competitors); constant analysis of the internal (research and development, personnel and their potential, finance, organizational culture, etc.) environment.
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the most important integral part The planned work of the corporation is strategic planning, which arose in the conditions of market saturation and a slowdown in the growth of a number of corporations. Strategic planning creates the basis for making effective management decisions. To reduce the resistance of workers to organizational changes taking place in corporations, programs are being developed to improve the “quality of working life”, with the help of which employees of a corporation are involved in developing a strategy for its development, discussing issues of rationalizing production, and solving various external and internal problems. The first concerns the strategic decisions of the firm, which determine the main directions of its functioning. After the development of the latter, the company makes operational decisions to adapt its activities to unforeseen circumstances (equipment breakdown, marriage, etc.) and to changes in the market situation.
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Currently, four main forms of involving workers in management have become widespread in the United States: participation of workers in the management of labor and product quality at the shop floor; creation of workers' councils (joint committees) of workers and managers; development of profit sharing systems; attracting workers' representatives to the boards of directors of corporations. Attracting workers to participate in the highest corporate governance bodies - boards of directors - is extremely rare in practice.
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Functionality, which means well-defined official duties behind the employee. Principle: focus on what you do most successfully; It doesn't matter who you are, what matters is what you can do as a specialist. The task of the manager is to reveal the creative potential of the employee. Encouragement of new ideas. Mandatory retraining and continuous training. Goal management. The division of any problem, where the solution is associated with a set of heterogeneous knowledge. A clear algorithm for achieving. Implementation of opposite trends: a rigid functional approach (for example, a conveyor system) and a large number of leaders and creative personalities, decentralization and centralization, rigidity in defending one's interests and flexibility in implementation. Career growth occurs strictly within the framework of professional specialization. Developed corporate culture.
Type of economy The United States is characterized by a mixed type economic system.Its distinctive features: the priority of the market organization of the economy; multi-sector economy; state entrepreneurship is combined with private business with its comprehensive support; orientation of the state financial, credit and tax policy on the the economic growth and social stability; social protection of the population.
The Role of the Government in the US Economy: The most important role of the federal government is to control the overall rate of economic activity, trying to ensure the continuous growth of the economy, a high level of employment and stable prices. By changing the volumes public spending and taxation rates (fiscal policy) or by managing money supply and controlling the use of loans (credit monetary policy), they can slow down or speed up the rate of economic growth and at the same time affect the levels of prices and employment.
As of February 2009, the average job search time in the US was unchanged from the previous month, at almost 20 weeks or 5 months. However, the distribution of the number of unemployed by duration of unemployment has changed. Consequently, in general, in February 2009, the state of the US labor market worsened, as the increase in the number of unemployed was accompanied by an increase in the duration of the job search period. In 2007, per capita GDP in the United States increased by $397, or 1.1%, compared with the previous year, and in real terms was equal to the US dollar.
Conclusion Modern market economy mixed type today, appears to be the most advanced system of all that has ever existed. Its main feature is that it successfully combines the features of completely different economic systems: pure capitalism and command-administrative economy, although the features of pure capitalism prevail. It is the most adapted to changing internal and external conditions, i.e. flexible.
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The main features of the modern American economic model are:
unconditional priority of private property; strong competition; flexible labor and product markets;
insignificant state regulation (with legislative limitation of the possibilities of state intervention);
relatively low taxes;
share capitalism, stimulating the extraction of maximum profits;
strong social differentiation.
In the social sphere, the liberal model implies the creation of equal opportunities for all, but the results of activities depend only on the economic entities themselves and on the circumstances.
The state regulates the operation of the market, but the efforts of the government are aimed at providing the country with public goods (national defense, etc.).
The economy is based mainly on private property, market principles are respected, but the state pays more attention to equalizing not only opportunities entrepreneurial activity, but also to equalize the results of this activity, i.e. income.
The degree of income redistribution is high, hence the high level of taxation. The share of government spending in the gross national product is quite high, the state budget takes on significant sizes.
On the one hand, this helps to reduce the wealth stratification of people, makes society more consolidated, less differentiated. On the other hand, a high level of taxation slows down economic growth and reduces the interest in efficient work.
The higher the level of state regulation, the more inevitably the bureaucracy is stronger, as a result economic mechanism becomes less flexible.
High unemployment is also a consequence of developed social support: high wages and taxes reduce the incentive of firms to hire more workers, high unemployment benefits reduce incentives to look for work.
System national economy based on private property and respect for basic market principles, but with very significant state intervention in the functioning of the market.
Taxes are very high, but so are various social benefits. Accordingly, the social differentiation of the population is less than in other developed countries, including European ones. There is a certain level of unemployment
A distinctive feature of the Scandinavian model is the significant role not only of the state, but also of various public organizations, for example, trade unions, in regulating economic processes. Relations between employers and employees are regulated at the national level.
This model has such disadvantages as inflexibility, low motivation for entrepreneurial activity, etc.
These shortcomings are mitigated by such a feature of the Scandinavian countries as a very low (perhaps the lowest in the world) level of corruption in the state apparatus.
Private property is fundamental, and the role of the state, if measured by its shares state property, or size state budget relative to gross domestic product, is extremely insignificant.
Formally independent, economic entities pay great attention to interaction with their partners, competitors, and other entities. State regulation in such conditions, it takes the form, mainly, not of direct instructions, but of advice, recommendations, consultations, to which the subjects listen.
The state, on the one hand, supports competition between subjects, but on the other hand, pays no less attention to cooperation between them. The economy is based on market motivations, but the strategy of the subjects has a very long-term character.
The pursuit of short-term, quick profits, characteristic of the flexible liberal model of the American economy, is being replaced by a desire for long-term sustainable development in the Japanese model. Long-term, forward-looking projects are doing well, but it is difficult to respond flexibly to a rapidly changing market situation.
It cannot be attributed to a model based entirely on market principles. This is a mixed economy, but rather with the dominance of socialist principles of state regulation.
Stormy influx foreign investment, the development of private property and market relations - all this is characteristic of China, however, a developed state apparatus is also characteristic, which regulates most of the processes of economic activity.
Significant regional differentiation is observed - new market enterprises are concentrated in certain regions, while others still live in a socialist regime.
China is developing towards a market economy in its own specific way.
this is a liberal market model,
assuming priority
the role of private property
market-competitive
mechanism, high level
social differentiation. This
model provides
liberal
social policy,
downward
state intervention in
solving individual problems
citizens, to provide them
possibly greater economic
freedom. She focuses on
a strong manufacturer
does not need protectionist
measures..
