Gurye L.I. Designing pedagogical systems: Proc. allowance; Kazan. state. technol. university

. - Kazan, 2004. - 212 p.

Introduction

The dynamics of changes in the requirements of social production to a specialist dictates the need to form a creative approach in him when using professional skills and abilities. The solution to this problem requires shifting the emphasis in learning from the assimilation of ready-made knowledge to the development of non-standard thinking, creative abilities and personality traits. The latter is possible during the transition from reproductive-informational education, which is characterized by a disciplinary model of education, to productive and creative education with a project-creative model.

Variable design technology, which is now becoming a universal component of modern engineering activities in various fields, requires effective creative self-expression, which consists in generating rational options for a design solution. The design process is only effective when the designer is oriented towards novelty, the desire to go beyond known concepts. But for this, a specialist must have a creative intellect, the signs of which are: flexibility of mind, breadth of thinking, purposefulness, independence and criticality. These features are formed in the process of educating a creative personality.

The education of a creative personality requires the teacher to understand the methodological and psychological-pedagogical aspects of educational, research and work activities, the logic of educational actions to develop the productive abilities of the individual. The teacher needs to understand the essence and patterns of activity of the specialist he is training, as well as the essence and logic of his own professional and pedagogical activity in the preparation and education of such a specialist.

Thus, the teacher must have a methodological culture that allows him to navigate, understand and manage activities, transform them in order to more effectively implement the tasks facing him.

The teacher must be ready for any changes. It is predicted that young teachers entering life will have to accept and then abandon 2-3 educational paradigms during their professional career. Therefore, such a quality of the teacher's personality as openness to innovations is becoming increasingly important. He must be able to design the educational process in conditions of rapid change. This work, which is high degree uncertainty and novelty, requires an analysis of previous activities, identifying problems, setting and concretizing new goals, choosing effective ways to achieve them, as well as a correct assessment of the results.

Form start

The ability to predict, plan, design their activities are one of the most important professionally significant skills of a teacher. They need to be purposefully formed and developed. Design, according to O.S. Gazman, is a complex activity with signs of autodidacticism. The design participants seem to automatically (without a specially proclaimed didactic task on the part of the organizers) master new concepts, new ideas about various spheres of life, about industrial, personal, socio-political relations between people, a new understanding of the meaning of the changes that life requires. Participation in the design puts people's lives in the position of the creator of new living conditions. Given tutorial is aimed at the formation of a project culture of a teacher of a technical university.

Chapter I. Design in technical and social systems

1.1. Design as a kind of purposeful human activity

1.1.1. Future Information Forms

There are various forms of information about the future. Do you distinguish between them? Which ones do you use?

Obtaining information about the future - foresight - is divided into scientific and non-scientific (intuitive, ordinary, religious) (see Fig. 1.1).

Scientific foresight is based on knowledge of the patterns of development of nature, society, thinking, intuitive - on human forebodings, religious - on faith. Foresight is expressed in two forms - predictions and pre-indications.

Prediction implies a description of possible or desirable prospects, the state of solutions to the problems of the future.

Foretelling is actually connected with the solution of these problems using information about the future for purposeful activity and society.

Prediction results in the forms of premonition, anticipation, foresight, forecasting.

Premonition(simple anticipation) contains information about the future at the level of intuition - the subconscious. Foresight (complex anticipation) carries information about the future based on life experience, guesses about the future that are not based on scientific research.

Forecasting should mean a special scientific study, the subject of which is the prospects for the development of the phenomenon. Forecasting appears in the forms of goal-setting, planning, programming, design.

goal setting- this is the establishment of an ideally expected result of the activity.

Planning- a projection into the future of human activity to achieve a predetermined goal under certain conditions, means, the transformation of information about the future into directives for purposeful activity.

Programming- the establishment of the main provisions, which are then deployed in planning, or the sequence of specific activities for the implementation of plans.

Design– creation of specific images of the future, specific details of the developed programs.

Rice. 1.1.

1.1.2. Planning and design as a universal activity

The most universal goals of human activity are the creation of something and the restructuring of what has been done. They permeate all kinds of human activity. Universal activity is planning and design - any purposeful activity but solving a specific (situational) task.

To plan is to organize some action to be carried out in the future. The development of a plan is prompted by needs and aspirations, or imperfections in existing systems that require change. In this sense, to design means to form a plan or scheme of work, to represent and organize, to think. Keeping a plan in mind means having a goal, intention, system, or solution in mind that meets important needs.

Design is the creation of an ideal description of the future object, prior to its implementation. Design methodology in recent decades has been greatly developed, absorbing a set of procedures for setting a problem, generating options, choosing, optimizing, making decisions, and others. It is now generally accepted that almost any transformative and (or) creative human activity can and should be based on the design methodology or its separate procedures.

Currently, any research activity is associated with the implementation of various projects. Projects are being developed in almost all areas of activity. Any person is faced with the need to transform situations, create artificial objects and structures, develop action algorithms, plan the stages of achieving certain goals! In essence, we design whenever we develop ways to turn a given situation into another, more acceptable one.

The emergence and development of organizational design

Organizational design arose as a separate direction of the scientific organization of labor of managers and specialists, which is a system design of the division and cooperation of mental labor, organization of jobs, working conditions, labor rationing and other areas of its organization in the middle of the 20th century.

The change in the nature of mental labor associated with the development of information technology, the emergence of new labor functions, specialties, professions, the emergence international standards quality, ecology, management caused the need to search for new methods of system design of mental work.

The understanding of organizational design has expanded. Currently, methods are being formed according to unified methodological schemes. integrated assessment quality of managerial work, design of automated workstations, automated systems management, rational division and cooperation of labor.

A systematic study of the organization of management processes in Russia, Belarus, contributed to the formation of such new areas of organizational design as the regulation of managerial work and the design of management system standards for organizations.

Development of organizational design in the USA and European Union led to the emergence of organizational reengineering, the formation of a methodology structural analysis and Design (SADT) and the IDEF Methodology Framework.

The development of organizational design is currently going in the direction of creating a methodology and methodological tools for the integrated design of systems for improving the work of managerial personnel. Organizational design in the modern sense is a set of methodological tools that allow you to streamline, bring management processes into a system.

Design as a process, depending on the design object, can be represented as:

· strategic;

· organizational;

· investment;

design;

technological.

All of the listed types of design take place in the organization of management of the production and economic activities of enterprises and their associations. The design of any object is associated with the creation, transformation and presentation in the accepted form of the image of this object, more often its constituent parts, i.e. functionally interacting structural elements of the whole. This image can be created in the imagination of a creative person or generated by some algorithms in the process of interaction between a person and a PC. For strategic design, the created image can be presented in the form of a set of strategies, for marketing design - in the form of a marketing program for promoting goods, market research, etc., for organizational design - in the form of a special organization of the object under consideration, organizational decisions that increase management efficiency and , respectively, economic activity.

As a rule, design begins when there is a design task that reflects the needs of society, government agencies of the country or the administration of enterprises. The result of the design is a set of management decisions, expressed in the form of a complete set of documentation containing sufficient information to organize a particular type of activity or create an object. Converting the original information to design solutions generates intermediate descriptions - design decisions that are the subject of further consideration in order to complete the design.

From the point of view of decision-making, design is a process of developing managerial, design, social, economic decisions aimed at obtaining the desired effect.

From an informational point of view, design is the process of converting input information about the design object, about the state of knowledge in the area under consideration, about the experience of designing objects of a similar purpose into output information in the form of design, technological, economic, organizational documentation that allows the material implementation of the project.

From an organizational point of view, different approaches can be applied to the design process. First of all - block - hierarchical. According to this approach, the designed system is divided into hierarchical levels. On the top level the least detailed representation is used, reflecting only the general features and features of the system being designed. At the next levels, the degree of detail of consideration increases. In this case, the system is considered as separate blocks. Any system is a collection of objects, the interaction of which causes the emergence of new, integrative properties.

Each system has its own internal structure (structure, functions, factors that ensure the integrity of the organization). For example, the system of organizing managerial labor includes: living labor itself (expenditure of labor power), objects of labor, means of labor, which serve as a measure of the development of the labor force, as well as an indicator of social relations. The functions of such a system constitute a manifestation of the internal content of the system in its relations with the external environment. To reveal the structure of an object is to mention its parts and the ways in which it enters into relationships. The final assessment of the quality of the solutions obtained, as a rule, is carried out according to functional models.

Organizational design differs from other types of design not only in the form of the result and the area of ​​research, but also in the need to take into account the nature and interconnections of a large number of factors that affect the construction of the object under study and determine its economic efficiency.

The difference between organizational design is also the need for mandatory structural and parametric optimization of the objects under consideration (using structural and functional models).

With the improvement of computer technology and information software, an increasing number of design procedures are transferred to automatic (batch) mode. When automating the design, significant difficulties arise at the stage of formalizing the tasks of organizing the management of investments, technological and labor processes. In many cases, it is possible to obtain mathematical models that allow the use of approximate algorithms for solving problems. Mathematical modeling is the process of creating a model and operating it in order to obtain information about a real object. Mathematical model is a set of mathematical objects (numbers, symbols, sets) and links between them, reflecting the most important properties of the object for the designer. The model is created for the sake of cognitive, practical purposes, abstracting from the many characteristics of the system under study, it creates some kind of ideal system design that is accessible to study. Modeling transients, statistical regimes, particular characteristics can be reduced to solving systems of differential equations.

Section 2 Organizational Design Methodology

Lesson summary

Pedagogy and didactics

Purpose: to generalize and systematize students' knowledge about the basics of design in the field of production; to form practical skills and abilities to substantiate the main features of project activities and analyze projects on various grounds. Motivation for learning activities...

TECHNOLOGY

Grade 10

Section 1 Design as an integral part modern production and human life

Topic #1 General design principles in production activities person. Types of projects.

Target: generalize and systematize students' knowledge about the basics of design in the field of production; to form practical skills and abilities to substantiate the main features of project activities and analyze projects on various grounds. To develop logical thinking, attention, understanding, respect for people who perform the most common labor processes, interest in the professions of the region.

Lesson type combined

Lesson structure

1. Organizing moment -2 min.
2. Actualization of basic knowledge and skills of students - 10 min.
3. Motivation for learning activities 2 min.
4. Learning new material 23 min
5. Consolidation of new knowledge 6 min
6. Lesson summary 2 min
7. Homework 2 min.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizing moment - greeting, list of students, allocation of places

Objectives of the course "Technology"

Learn the methods of information retrieval used in different types human technological activity;

To master the ability to practically use new information and communication technologies, including Internet technologies;

Familiarize yourself with the components of the design algorithm;

Learn to conduct economic and marketing research;

To get acquainted with the role of management in production activities and with the stages of the decision-making process;

Implement the knowledge gained in practice when creating your own design project, also using the knowledge gained in the lessons of labor training in grades 5-9.

2. UPDATING STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

ANALYZE PROJECTS IN GRADES 5-9 (works on labor training), evaluate these results of these projects, mistakes made. Is it possible now to find other options for their implementation, taking into account the experience gained. What technological stages did the project consist of?

3. MOTIVATION

Today we will get acquainted with the design technology as integral part human production activities, types of projects. With the help of the acquired knowledge and skills (the essence of the production project and the analysis of projects by type), you can feel like an adult and experienced worker in the field of production

(Write a concept in a notebook)

PROJECTS Method (from Latin thrown forward) - understand the work of solving a particular practically or theoretically significant problem, framed in the form of a final product. The external (material) result of the work on the project can be seen, felt, put into practice, used in Everyday life. But much more important is the internal (non-material result) professional experience, acquired skills, knowledge, abilities.

• Brainstorm
• What kind of activity can be called a project and what are its features?

To summarize

PROJECT activity is a special kind of intellectual activity, distinctive features which is an independent search by students for the necessary information, its creative transformation into a materialized product (product, script, poster, multimedia presentation, etc.)

PROJECT is both a special type of cognitive activity and its result, which are characterized by the following signs:

• The presence of a socially significant problem
• Planning actions to resolve it
• Search for information, its processing and comprehension
• Product design is the result of this activity
• Product presentation

The structure of project activities can be represented as a pyramid

Structure of project activity

Design stages

Design stages

CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTS

Considering the peculiarities of thinking, the preference for one or another type of activity

here is a classification of projects that you can do on your own or under the guidance of a teacher

Before starting a project, you need to

• choose form project activity product:

• determine the type of presentation of the project, taking into account the form of the product, the creative capabilities of the project participants, the availability of technical means: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• in the course of designing, it is necessary to form a project portfolio a folder in which all working materials are collected (drafts, plans, product, review report, presentation materials, etc.)

Design is a very diverse and ambiguous field of activity, which raises many questions for specialists in various fields. In this article, we will consider design as an activity, subject to copyright.

In order not to return to what was written earlier, we note that design, as an activity, affects many participants in the process. You can read, analyze and even study some of our recommendations that affect design from all sides, including from the point of view of the right aspect, in the Encyclopedia of Construction. In addition, the site has a special section "Design", which contains all the information materials, ranging from business practices in the field of design, ending with the relationship between the parties to the contract, taking into account the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Design as an activity has a very importance for builders, since the efficiency of the future construction object depends on the quality of the project. Construction can be capital when there is a creation, reconstruction or expansion of existing industrial, industrial, office, sports, trade, commercial and other buildings and structures. Or maybe - non-capital, with smaller cash investments, not providing for various types of general construction works. As a rule, design, as a type of activity, includes a whole range of activities, as well as a package of technical and economic documentation. Therefore, the design of a particular object of capital or non-capital construction is preceded by a feasibility study (feasibility study) and calculations.

Calculations are not only estimates, but also diagrams, drawings, graphic images, which display the future construction object, in accordance with the feasibility study. In addition, design, as a type of activity, needs documentary justification, that is, until all the documents confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the planned construction are collected, the project will not be approved.

In this connection, we will immediately consider design as a type of activity from a legal point of view. There are three important components in the design process:

• contractual relations arising between the customer and the designer, the result of which will be a material object (or material carrier) - that is, a fully developed project documentation;
• copyright relationship between the customer and the author of the drawings, resulting in an intellectual object protected by copyright (drawing, drawing, model, etc.);
• ownership rights to the customer project documentation pass at a certain time and in a certain amount of rights. For example, if you do not transfer exclusive rights to the documentation, then the customer will not be the legal owner of the project, and will not be able to perform any actions with it.

Design as a type of activity needs competent services for the conduct of architectural supervision. By contacting our company, you will receive accurate calculated, economic, technical, operational indicators for the construction of capital and non-capital facilities. Immediately, we note that the most difficult part of the design is the design of an industrial enterprise. In such a project, in addition to all of the above, it is necessary to establish the range of products, calculate production capacity industrial enterprise, examine the construction site, determine the production technology, calculate the raw material, fuel and energy base, analyze the technical equipment of the projected enterprise, taking into account economic indicators, conditions and terms of operation of the industrial facility under construction.

How the design works industrial enterprises you can find out on this site or from our specialists by phone 209-09-40! Call! We will find the best design solutions for each of your ideas!

The change in the nature of mental work associated with the development of information technology, the emergence of new labor functions, specialties, professions, the emergence of international standards for quality, ecology, and management necessitated the search for new methods of system design of mental work.

The understanding of organizational design has expanded. At present, methods for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of managerial work, design of automated workplaces, automated control systems, rational division and cooperation of labor are being formed according to unified methodological schemes.

A systematic study of the organization of management processes in Russia, Belarus, contributed to the formation of such new areas of organizational design as the regulation of managerial work and the design of management system standards for organizations.

The development of organizational design in the United States and the European Union led to the emergence of organizational reengineering, the formation of the methodology of structural analysis and design (SADT) and the IDEF methodological system.

The development of organizational design is currently going in the direction of creating a methodology and methodological tools for the integrated design of systems for improving the work of managerial personnel. Organizational design in the modern sense is a set of methodological tools that allow you to streamline, bring management processes into a system.

2. Design as an activity

Design as a process, depending on the design object, can be represented as: strategic; organizational; investment; design; technological.

The design of any object is associated with the creation, transformation and presentation in the accepted form of the image of this object, more often its constituent parts. For strategic design the created image can be presented in the form of a set of strategies, for organizational design- in the form of a special organization of the object under consideration, organizational decisions that increase the efficiency of management and, accordingly, economic activity.

Design begins when there is a design assignment, and the result of the design is a set of management decisions, expressed in the form of a complete set of documentation.

From a decision-making point of view, design is the process of developing managerial, design, social, economic decisions aimed at obtaining the desired effect. From an information point of view, design there is a process of converting input information about the design object into output information in the form of design - technological, economic, organizational documentation. From an organizational point of view different approaches can be applied to the design process. Primarily - block - hierarchical. According to which the designed system is divided into hierarchical levels. At the highest level, only the general features and features of the system being designed are used. At the next levels, the degree of detail of consideration increases.

Each system has its own internal structure (structure, functions, factors that ensure the integrity of the organization). For example, the system of organizing managerial labor includes: living labor itself (expenditure of labor power), objects of labor, means of labor, which serve as a measure of the development of the labor force, as well as an indicator of social relations. The functions of such a system constitute a manifestation of the internal content of the system in its relations with the external environment. To reveal the structure of an object means to mention its parts and the ways in which it enters into relationships.

Organizational design differs from other types of design not only in the form of the result and the area of ​​research, but also in the need to take into account the nature and interconnections of a large number of factors that affect the construction of the object under study and determine its economic efficiency.

The difference between organizational design is also the need for mandatory structural and parametric optimization of the objects under consideration (using structural and functional models).

At present, the systematic approach is used without exception in all fields of science. The application of a systematic approach to the study of an object means endowing it with the properties and patterns of the system's existence.

Under system should be understood as a complex whole, which consists of many elements, united by various relationships and separated from what surrounds them by some kind of boundaries. System element- this is an object that, being an integral part of the system, performs a certain function, and is not subject to further dismemberment during this study.

The most important property of the system - integrity "cannot be considered without using the concept" relationships" and "connections".

Connection characterizes the totality of new properties that arise and exist in the process of mutual influence of objects. Communication is impersonal, and relationships imply the interaction of subject and object.

Relations presuppose the presence of a subject and an object of relations, the presence of an active driving force that initiates relations. The subjective component of the concept " relations", not only reflects