1. People traditionally produce only those goods and services necessary for survival that were produced for many centuries by their ancestors. Such an economy is close to a subsistence economy.
1. People traditionally produce only those goods and services necessary for survival that were produced for many centuries by their ancestors. Such an economy is close to a subsistence economy.
1. People traditionally produce only those goods and services necessary for survival that were produced for many centuries by their ancestors. Such an economy is close to a subsistence economy.
1. People traditionally produce only those goods and services necessary for survival that were produced for many centuries by their ancestors. Such an economy is close to a subsistence economy.
1. People traditionally produce only those goods and services necessary for survival that were produced for many centuries by their ancestors. Such an economy is close to a subsistence economy.
1. The decision on the issue is made at its own discretion by the state. This decision does not always coincide with the needs of the people. Commands from above (from the government) come down (to enterprises). They must comply with the state plan, which indicates what to produce. The state guarantees the manufacturer the sale of products. Due to the approximate nature of planning (plans), there is always a shortage (shortage) of some goods and an excess of others.
1. The decision on the issue is made by individuals and firms at their own discretion. The state (government) does not give them commands. The market forces the production of only those goods that people need, otherwise they cannot be sold. The manufacturer is very risky, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to sell his product.
1. The decision on the issue is made by individuals and firms at their own discretion. The state (government) does not give them commands. The market forces the production of only those goods that people need, otherwise they cannot be sold. The manufacturer is very risky, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to sell his product.
1. The decision on the issue is made by individuals and firms at their own discretion. The state (government) does not give them commands. The market forces the production of only those goods that people need, otherwise they cannot be sold. The manufacturer is very risky, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to sell his product.
1. The decision on the issue is made by individuals and firms at their own discretion. The state (government) does not give them commands. The market forces the production of only those goods that people need, otherwise they cannot be sold. The manufacturer is very risky, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to sell his product.
1. The decision on the issue is made by individuals and firms at their own discretion. The state (government) does not give them commands. The market forces the production of only those goods that people need, otherwise they cannot be sold. The manufacturer is very risky, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to sell his product.
1. The decision on the issue is made at its own discretion by the state. This decision does not always coincide with the needs of the people. Commands from above (from the government) come down (to enterprises). They must comply with the state plan, which indicates what to produce. The state guarantees the manufacturer the sale of products. Due to the approximate nature of planning (plans), there is always a shortage (shortage) of some goods and an excess of others.
1. The decision on the issue is made at its own discretion by the state. This decision does not always coincide with the needs of the people. Commands from above (from the government) come down (to enterprises). They must comply with the state plan, which indicates what to produce. The state guarantees the manufacturer the sale of products. Due to the approximate nature of planning (plans), there is always a shortage (shortage) of some goods and an excess of others.
1. The decision on the issue is made at its own discretion by the state. This decision does not always coincide with the needs of the people. Commands from above (from the government) come down (to enterprises). They must comply with the state plan, which indicates what to produce. The state guarantees the manufacturer the sale of products. Due to the approximate nature of planning (plans), there is always a shortage (shortage) of some goods and an excess of others.
1. The decision on the issue is made at its own discretion by the state. This decision does not always coincide with the needs of the people. Commands from above (from the government) come down (to enterprises). They must comply with the state plan, which indicates what to produce. The state guarantees the manufacturer the sale of products. Due to the approximate nature of planning (plans), there is always a shortage (shortage) of some goods and an excess of others.
2. The question is solved from generation to generation in the same way, automatically, according to tradition. In countries with such economies, technological progress is not developed. The standard of living is consistently low.
2. The question is solved from generation to generation in the same way, automatically, according to tradition. In countries with such economies, technological progress is not developed. The standard of living is consistently low.
2. The question is solved from generation to generation in the same way, automatically, according to tradition. In countries with such economies, technological progress is not developed. The standard of living is consistently low.
2. The question is solved from generation to generation in the same way, automatically, according to tradition. In countries with such economies, technological progress is not developed. The standard of living is consistently low.
2. The question is solved from generation to generation in the same way, automatically, according to tradition. In countries with such economies, technological progress is not developed. The standard of living is consistently low.
2. The issue is decided by the state. The main thing for enterprises is to fulfill the state plan. Due to the focus of production on the plan, and not on profit, enterprises have little interest in updating production equipment, in improving the technology for manufacturing goods. All products of enterprises belong to the state.
2. The issue is decided by the state. The main thing for enterprises is to fulfill the state plan. Due to the focus of production on the plan, and not on profit, enterprises have little interest in updating production equipment, in improving the technology for manufacturing goods. All products of enterprises belong to the state.
2. The issue is decided by the state. The main thing for enterprises is to fulfill the state plan. Due to the focus of production on the plan, and not on profit, enterprises have little interest in updating production equipment, in improving the technology for manufacturing goods. All products of enterprises belong to the state.
3. The issue is decided according to custom. The rules of trade have long been established. Prices change infrequently
2. The issue is resolved by individuals and firms who choose the most advanced production technology, because all the goods produced do not belong to the state, but to the manufacturer, and the more of them, the richer he is. Competition (rivalry) between firms that produce homogeneous products makes it necessary to look for best ways production.
2. The issue is resolved by individuals and firms who choose the most advanced production technology, because all the goods produced do not belong to the state, but to the manufacturer, and the more of them, the richer he is. Competition (rivalry) between firms producing homogeneous products makes it necessary to look for the best methods of production.
2. The issue is resolved by individuals and firms who choose the most advanced production technology, because all the goods produced do not belong to the state, but to the manufacturer, and the more of them, the richer he is. Competition (rivalry) between firms producing homogeneous products makes it necessary to look for the best methods of production.
2. The issue is resolved by individuals and firms who choose the most advanced production technology, because all the goods produced do not belong to the state, but to the manufacturer, and the more of them, the richer he is. Competition (rivalry) between firms producing homogeneous products makes it necessary to look for the best methods of production.
2. The issue is resolved by individuals and firms who choose the most advanced production technology, because all the goods produced do not belong to the state, but to the manufacturer, and the more of them, the richer he is. Competition (rivalry) between firms producing homogeneous products makes it necessary to look for the best methods of production.
3. The issue is decided according to custom. The rules of trade have long been established. Prices change infrequently
3. The issue is decided according to custom. The rules of trade have long been established. Prices change infrequently
3. The issue is decided according to custom. The rules of trade have long been established. Prices change infrequently
3. The issue is decided according to custom. The rules of trade have long been established. Prices change infrequently
3. The issue is decided by the state. All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state and are not reviewed for a long time.
3. The issue is decided by the state. All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state and are not reviewed for a long time.
3. The issue is decided by the state. All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state and are not reviewed for a long time.
3. The issue is decided by the state. All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state and are not reviewed for a long time.
3. The issue is decided by the state. All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state and are not reviewed for a long time.
3. The issue is resolved by private manufacturers. The goods are produced for those who have the money to buy them, and if there are not enough goods, then those who can pay more will get them. There is inequality because people have different incomes. There are free prices: they are not set by the state, but depend on the demand for goods offered for sale and their quantity. The shortage of goods causes an increase in its price, which means that the one who has money will buy it.
3. The issue is resolved by private manufacturers. The goods are produced for those who have the money to buy them, and if there are not enough goods, then those who can pay more will get them. There is inequality because people have different incomes. There are free prices: they are not set by the state, but depend on the demand for goods offered for sale and their quantity. The shortage of goods causes an increase in its price, which means that the one who has money will buy it.
3. The issue is resolved by private manufacturers. The goods are produced for those who have the money to buy them, and if there are not enough goods, then those who can pay more will get them. There is inequality because people have different incomes. There are free prices: they are not set by the state, but depend on the demand for goods offered for sale and their quantity. The shortage of goods causes an increase in its price, which means that the one who has money will buy it.
3. The issue is resolved by private manufacturers. The goods are produced for those who have the money to buy them, and if there are not enough goods, then those who can pay more will get them. There is inequality because people have different incomes. There are free prices: they are not set by the state, but depend on the demand for goods offered for sale and their quantity. The shortage of goods causes an increase in its price, which means that the one who has money will buy it.
3. The issue is resolved by private manufacturers. The goods are produced for those who have the money to buy them, and if there are not enough goods, then those who can pay more will get them. There is inequality because people have different incomes. There are free prices: they are not set by the state, but depend on the demand for goods offered for sale and their quantity. The shortage of goods causes an increase in its price, which means that the one who has money will buy it.
2. The issue is decided by the state. The main thing for enterprises is to fulfill the state plan. Due to the focus of production on the plan, and not on profit, enterprises have little interest in updating production equipment, in improving the technology for manufacturing goods. All products of enterprises belong to the state.
2. The issue is decided by the state. The main thing for enterprises is to fulfill the state plan. Due to the focus of production on the plan, and not on profit, enterprises have little interest in updating production equipment, in improving the technology for manufacturing goods. All products of enterprises belong to the state.
in country A, the state determines by planned methods what goods and services should be produced, by what means who will receive them and how much.What type of economic system exists in country A.? 1. mixed 2. market 3. centralized 4. traditional
Thank you!
1. In which phrase is the word "society" used in a broad sense?1) The joint-stock company held an annual meeting of shareholders.
2) The Society of Book Lovers organized a charity auction.
3) Society unites the past, present and future of mankind.
4) The city society is protesting against the construction of a high-speed
highways.
2. Vera found out that Nadezhda told her classmates her secret. She did not begin to find out the reasons for this act, but simply stopped talking.
with hope. What kind of behavior in interpersonal conflict
does this example illustrate?
1)mediation
2) care
3) arbitration
4) cooperation
3.During special promotion Funds were raised for the orphanage.
The relationship of what spheres of public life, first of all, illustrates
This fact?
1) social and economic
2) political and spiritual
3) economic and political
4) spiritual and economic
4. Are the following judgments about global problems Oh?
A. Global problems are a consequence of the economic
activities of mankind.
B. To solve global problems, the joint efforts of all
humanity.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
5. Purposeful human activity to obtain new knowledge and
skills are called
1) art
2) education
3) creativity
4) morality
6. Are the following judgments about patriotism correct?
A. Patriotism involves love and respect for historical traditions
of their country.
B. Patriotism presupposes a good knowledge of national history and
culture.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
7. Factors (resources) of production include(s)
1) profit
2)needs
3) labor
4) taxes
8. A certain amount of money that citizens and businesses owe
pay the state is called
1)tax
2) percentage
3) costs
4) dividends
9.During the pre-New Year sales in different cities of the world, consumers
actively purchase clothes and shoes at discounted prices. Buyers
often come to the doors of stores long before opening, line up
in long lines. Which economic phenomenon manifested in this
fact?
1) cooperation
2) inflation
3)offer
4) demand
10. Are the following statements about money correct?
A. Money is a measure of the value of goods and services produced.
B. C modern world the only form of payment is
use of cash.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
11. The expected behavior of the individual, associated with its position in society and
typical for a given social group is called
1) social status
2) social mobility
3) social prestige
4) social role
12. There is a good tradition in S.'s family: every Sunday the parents with their
children visit a museum or theater. What is the role of the family in this
example?
1) joint housekeeping
2) distribution of household duties
3) ensuring material prosperity
4) spiritual development of children
13. Are the following judgments about social groups correct?
A. Each individual can belong to several social groups.
B. In large social groups, personal contacts are possible between all
members.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
“The modern scientific and technological revolution (STR) is characterized by a deep integration of science and production, which is expressed in the replacement of traditional technologies and techniques with fundamentally new ones, accompanied by a radical restructuring of the organization of labor and production.<...>
The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution dates back to the 50s. XX century. Since that time, scientific activity has become an integral and essential part social production. Science separates into an independent sphere with a specific material and technical base, highly skilled workers and a special type of end product, and occupies a leading place in production as a direct productive force.<...>
The beginning of a new stage of scientific and technological revolution in development productive forces characterized by: features of the dynamics of labor productivity; volumes of production using fundamentally new scientific achievements; the scale of resource saving of the most important types of raw materials, materials, energy; the transition of most sectors of the economy to a labor-saving type economic development; an increase in the growth rate of funding and economic performance of scientific research and development.<...>
Scientific and technological revolution decisively changes the position of a person ... in the production system: he is taken out of the process of creating a finished product, stands next to him and acts in relation to him as a controller. Previously, a person transferred to the machine first an executive function (impact with a tool on an object of labor), and then a motor, energy one; now, along with the reduction of direct human participation in production, there is an expansion of the types of labor associated with the performance of control and management ... functions of an ever higher level, with the adoption of responsible decisions. (The text is taken from the book: Social Science: Tutoring Manual / Edited by O.S. Belokrylova, V.I. Filonenko.- Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2008.- S. 426, 427, 431 - and adapted.)
C1
Plan your text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
By what time, according to the text, does the beginning of modern scientific and technological revolution belong? Why? Find two explanations in the text.
C4
Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, list any three areas of modern scientific and technological revolution.
C5
Speaking at the lesson about the features of modern scientific and technological revolution, the student noted that its development in the XXI century. makes it possible to provide the technical and technological side of solving the global problems of mankind. Not all students in the class agreed with this opinion. Which of these two points of view is reflected in the text? Provide a piece of text to help answer the question.
C6
Do you agree that the scientific and technological revolution is characterized by positive social consequences, due to which the omnipotence of man, his superiority over nature, has been formed? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.
family members, as well as the following methods:
Instilling in young children various rules and requirements with the help of lullabies, fun, fairy tales, songs filled with parental love;
Inclusion of children from the earliest years in economic and labor activities, communication with elders and peers;
Organization of the council of parents and senior family members when children choose responsible decisions in life;
Encouragement of children in order to cultivate self-esteem and such moral qualities as kindness, diligence, diligence, obedience, respect for older family members and other people;
A hint (direct or indirect) is a way of showing children their shortcomings and miscalculations in behavior and activities in an ethical and correct tone;
Reproach - an expression by parents both in word and look, gestures, facial expressions of dissatisfaction with the actions and behavior of children;
The test as a way to test the preparedness of children for independent work and family life, for the implementation of the moral rules and norms of life of their people;
Blessing - a set of parental instructions, teachings, warnings, orders and requests to children in the most crucial periods of their life (transition to independent work, military service, marriage or marriage).
Describe these methods in terms of their effectiveness, importance for the future life of children, humanity. Which of these methods are used in your family?
1) What role does political knowledge play in political activity? 2) What does the use of incorrect information lead to? 3) As a person who knowsturns into a powerful man? 4) What is the importance of correct ideas about reality for making power decisions? PLEASE
Acceptance methods economic decisions(s.t.4). traditional economy. command economy. Market economy. In accordance with customs and traditions. Through orders and directives from top to bottom. With the help of the market.
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Download presentation"The subject of economics" - Many recipes for economic prudence. The economy is life. NGOs. inflation rate. The country can develop steadily. He had to get to the bottom of it economic processes. Economics is a wonderful science. Competition must be protected. Functions of money. What is profit. Photo of a student looking up thoughtfully.
"The economic sphere of society" - Production. Man in the world economic relations. The structure of the economic system. State. Economy. What is the economic sphere. The economic sphere of society. Objective analysis economic sphere. Characteristic economic systems. Who is the smartest. factors of production. Group work.
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"Economics" Grade 5" - Motto. Aristotle. Employee. Economic relations. Workbook. Master. Law. What does a person need to live? Economic interests. Farm types. Examples of subsistence farming. Economy. Economy.
"Man and Economy" - Golden hands of the worker. The economy as a sphere of human activity. Types and forms of business. Economy and its main participants. Profit. The skill of an employee consists of special knowledge and skills. What do you know about. Production: costs, revenue, profit. Business forms. Business (entrepreneurship) - economic activity.
There are 25 presentations in total in the topic
· Economy as a system. Centralized and decentralized economy. Some features of decision making in microeconomic systems.
· System description of the decision-making problem (DPR).
· Mathematical model of decision-making problem. Implementation and evaluation structure of the decision-making problem. Features of mathematical models of decision making in the economy.
· Technique of research of decision-making on the basis of mathematical modeling.
1. The economy of any state (or region) can be considered as a large system, the elements of which are producers and consumers of various goods and services. According to the method of coordinating economic activity, economic systems are divided into centralized (administrative-command) and decentralized (market).
A characteristic feature of the administrative-command system is that in it economic decisions are made by the governing body (the state) and transferred to economic entities in the form of orders that are binding. In the administrative management of the economy, the governing body must have an extremely large amount of information regarding the needs of the population, available production capacity, stocks of goods and raw materials, distribution of labor, etc. Therefore, a large (expensive) army of officials is needed - the state bureaucracy, which collects information, processes it, draws up economic plans on this basis, coordinates them, adjusts them, and also controls their implementation.
A decentralized economy is based on the sovereignty of economic entities. So in relation to producers (firms), this means, first of all, the availability of freedom in making economic decisions: what, in what quantities and what quality to produce from available resources, as well as to whom and at what prices to sell the manufactured products.
The sovereignty of the consumer is the right to make decisions related to the disposal of resources belonging to him. At the same time, the mutual coordination of the plans of producers and consumers is carried out through the exchange of manufactured goods on the market, which takes place at prices that are freely set depending on the balance of supply and demand.
The economic activity of individual economic entities (individuals, households, firms, owners of primary resources, etc.) is studied in the section of economic theory that is commonly called microeconomics. At the same time, the activity of economic entities, considered within the framework of the microeconomic system, is characterized by a great dependence on the actions of other entities. For example, if a company makes a certain decision related to the production of a particular product or the sale of a certain product, then the final result (for example, the company's profit) depends not only on the decision made by it, but on many other factors: decisions made by other firms, the behavior of indicators , the action of legislative bodies, exchange rates, etc. Therefore, the decision that the firm makes will be a decision under uncertainty. This uncertainty is created both due to the actions of other economic entities pursuing their own interests, and due to the incompleteness of the information available to the firm about the current economic situation.
The main follow method that uses economic theory, - modeling of economic processes and phenomena. The subject of this course is mathematical models of the behavior of economic entities within the framework of a microeconomic system. At the same time, the direction of the analysis of the mathematical models under consideration is of a normative nature and consists in answering the question - what actions should be taken. to achieve the best (in a certain sense) results? Thus, the content of the course can be characterized as the construction of mathematical models of microeconomics and their study in the normative aspect.
2. Most general approach to the description of decision-making tasks (DPR) is formulated in the "language of systems". Let us give a systematic description of decision-making problems.
Let there be some system in which the control subsystem (control object) and the environment are allocated. The control subsystem can influence the control object with the help of alternative control actions. The state of the control object is determined by two factors: the selected control action from the control subsystem and the state of the environment. The following circumstance is fundamental: the control subsystem cannot influence the environment and, moreover, it, as a rule, does not have complete information about the current state of the environment.
The control subsystem is purposeful, and the goal of the control subsystem is to transfer the control object to the state most preferable for itself (or to some subset of preferred states). To achieve this goal, the control subsystem can use any control action at its disposal.
The choice by the control subsystem of a specific control action (selection of a valid alternative) is called decision making. Decision making is central to any management.
When making a decision, the main task is to find the optimal solution. At the substantive level, the optimal solution can be defined as the best in the following sense: it best corresponds to the goal of the control subsystem within the framework of the information it has about the state of the environment.
3. The mathematical model of decision-making is a formalization of the scheme that is given in the system description of the DPR. To build a mathematical model of decision making, it is necessary to set the following three sets:
X is the set of feasible alternatives (alternatives, strategies, options, actions, decisions, plans, etc.);
Y is the set of possible states of the environment;
A is the set of possible outcomes.
It is always assumed that the set X contains at least two alternatives - otherwise there is no need to make a decision.
In the systemic description of the DPR, alternatives are interpreted as control actions, and outcomes are interpreted as states of the controlled subsystem.
Since the state of the controlled subsystem is completely determined by the choice of the control action and the state of the environment, each pair (x, y), where and , corresponds to a certain outcome . In other words, there is a function F: which is called an implementation function.
The implementation function assigns to each pair of the form (alternative, state of the environment) the outcome defined by it.
The set of objects (X, Y, A, F) constitutes the implementation structure of the decision problem. The implementation structure reflects the relationship between the chosen alternatives and outcomes; in general, this relationship is not deterministic (unique): the appearance of a particular outcome depends not only on the chosen alternative, but also on the current state of the environment. Thus, there is, as they say, uncertainty of a strategic type; this uncertainty is created due to the impact of the environment on the control object.
Depending on the information that the control subsystem has when making a decision regarding the state of the environment, there are several main types of decision-making problem.
1. Decision-making under conditions of certainty is characterized by the fact that the state of the environment is fixed (unchanging), and the control system “knows” what state the environment is in.
2. Making a decision under risk means that the control subsystem has information of a stochastic nature about the behavior of the environment, for example, it knows the distribution of probabilities on the set of states of the environment).
3. Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty occurs if the control subsystem has no additional information (except for knowledge of the set of possible states of the environment).
4. Decision-making under game-theoretic conditions takes place when the environment can be interpreted as one or more purposeful control subsystems. In this case, the mathematical model of decision making is called a game-theoretic model (game).
The implementation structure of the decision-making task is its first component. The second component of the ZPR is called its evaluation structure. If the implementation structure determines the resulting outcome, then the evaluation structure indicates the assessment of this outcome in terms of the decision being made.
In the mathematical model of the ZPR, the evaluation structure can be specified in various ways. For example, if the decision maker can evaluate the effectiveness (equivalent in meaning of the terms "usefulness", "value") of each outcome by a certain number , then the evaluation structure is given as a pair , where ; is called the evaluation function.
Another way to specify a scoring structure is to specify an outcome preference relation, which boils down to listing pairs of outcomes for which is better than (which is written as and read "preferably than".
Comment. Sometimes a non-strict preference relation for outcomes is used; the entry reads: "the outcome is no less preferable than the outcome".
Another way to specify the evaluation structure is to divide the set of outcomes A into two classes: A0 is the class of “bad” outcomes and A1 is the class of “good” outcomes. There are other ways to set the evaluation structure. Let us note once again that the evaluation structure of the ZPR is subjective: the evaluation of outcomes is carried out from the point of view of the decision maker.
The most common is to specify an evaluation structure in the form of an evaluation function.
The objective function f is the composition of the implementation function F and the evaluation function , i.e. . In this way . The objective function has the following meaningful meaning: the number is an assessment of the utility (from the point of view of the decision maker) of the outcome that occurs in a situation where he chooses the alternative x, and the environment takes the state y.
Comment. In some decision-making problems, the assessment of outcomes characterizes it in a negative sense, being an expression of costs, losses, etc. In this case, the objective function f is called the loss function.
So, the construction of a mathematical model of the decision-making problem comes down to setting two structures: an implementation structure and an evaluation structure. The implementation structure reflects the relationship between the alternatives chosen and the resulting outcomes. With the help of the evaluation structure, subjective assessment emerging outcomes from the point of view of the decision maker.
In conclusion, we point out some features of mathematical models of decision-making problems in economics. As already noted, in microeconomic decision-making situations, a firm most often acts as a decision-maker (ie, as a control subsystem). The environment here can be the natural environment (or its equivalent), and a competing firm, customers, and the legislature, etc. Although it is generally impossible to unambiguously specify what the environment is when building a decision model, it is useful to be guided by the following principle: the environment is what determines, for each fixed alternative, the appearance of one or another outcome. In other words, the environment is the system (structure, organization, individual), the fixation of the state of which leads, when the control subsystem chooses any particular alternative, to a result unambiguously estimated by it.
Finally, as an evaluation function in economic tasks decision-making most often favors the amount of profit (or the amount of costs). However, in a number of tasks, other quantities can be considered as a natural assessment of outcomes, for example, the amount of products produced, the time of project implementation, the market share controlled by a given firm, etc.
4. The methodology for studying decision-making problems based on mathematical modeling consists in the implementation of the following three stages.
Stage 1. Construction of a mathematical model of the ZPR.
Stage 2. Formulation of the principle of optimality and finding the optimal solution.
Stage 3. Analysis of the obtained results.
The concept of an economic system.
Types of economic systems.
Traditional economy (subsistence economy, traditional production, community property).
Market economy (private property, motivation, competition, freedom of enterprise, market pricing).
command economy ( state property, Gosplan, state regulation and pricing).
Mixed economy (state and private ownership, market pricing and government regulation).
Taking into account the fact that, in a resource-limited environment, the problem economic choice unavoidable, humanity throughout its history has developed several ways to distribute a limited amount of resources between alternative goals.
An economic system is a way of organizing relationships between economic agents that determines the answers to the questions: “What to produce?”, “How to produce?” and “For whom to produce?”
Economic agents - subjects of economic relations, involved in the production, distribution and consumption of economic goods. The main economic agents are individuals (households), firms, and the state.
System attributes:
· Property Institutions: Resources can be owned by society (or the state as its representative), or privately owned.
· Decision mechanisms.Decision making can be centralized when commands about the use of resources are issued by the government and decentralized when resources are allocated in accordance with the decision of individual participants in economic activity.
· Forms of motivation: people are included in economic activity for some motive. These can be economic incentives (high incomes) and non-economic ones, the latter are very diverse and range from moral satisfaction to fear of punishment.
A certain "set" of property rights, decision-making mechanisms and forms of ownership characterizes type of economic system.
Traditional economic system
A traditional economic system is an economic system in which the main economic problems Societies - what, how and for whom to produce - are decided mainly on the basis of traditional patriarchal, tribal, semi-feudal hierarchical ties between people.
At its core, the traditional economy is a collection of subsistence farms in which the bulk of the products are produced for own consumption, and not for sale. The most important economic units of the traditional economy are small family farms within the rural community and larger farms of the tribal aristocracy. Within the traditional economy, there is a natural and rudimentary social division of labor, a primitive traditional technology for cultivating the land, raising livestock, and handicrafts. AT traditional economy customs fix not only the set of goods produced, but also the distribution of occupations. In India, for example, people were divided into castes of priests, warriors, artisans, and servants. No one could choose a profession at will. A man necessarily inherited his father's craft. So the distribution labor resources dictated by unbreakable centuries-old traditions. The same can be said about the choice of produced goods and technologies. The same products were produced from generation to generation, while the production methods remained the same as they were hundreds of years ago. On the one hand, this allowed hereditary artisans to achieve the highest level craftsmanship, on the other hand, nothing new was invented or produced. Technological progress and the growth of production efficiency were impossible, because each artisan copied the methods of work of his teachers. Any improvements are strictly prohibited. Every detail in the production process was enshrined in special rules. Consequently, labor productivity has remained at the same level for centuries.
The volume and structure of needs and production in the traditional economy are determined by traditions, habits, beliefs, family relations, hierarchical relations within the clan and community, and change little over time. These traditions, passed down from generation to generation, determine both the motivation of producers and the mechanism for distributing the products of labor. Along with egalitarian distribution taking into account gender and age, there are elements of unequal distribution depending on the place occupied in the social hierarchy and depending on the results of work.
In the socio-economic structure of the traditional economy, one can single out collective (communal) ownership of the means of production, private family property, semi-feudal property of the tribal aristocracy. Communal property, as a rule, includes arable land, pastures, reservoirs, forests. In the modern world, the traditional economy plays a significant role only in developing countries Tropical Africa, South and Southeast Asia. The existence of a traditional economy next to a rapidly developing one market economy leads to its rebirth and transformation into a market economy.
One of the few advantages that exists in the traditional economy is that the role individuals clearly defined. Every member of society knows exactly what he must do.
On the other hand, the traditional economy is defenseless against any external changes, such as climate change, attack from outside. The old traditions do not correspond to the new conditions, and the formation of new ones takes centuries. A striking example: the traditional pastoralism of the inhabitants of North Africa led to the disappearance of vegetation and the formation of the Sahara desert. Apparently, with a more flexible economic system, this process could be, if not completely prevented, then at least significantly slowed down.
Command-administrative economy
