Economic security in the modern world is a complex multi-level system (see Fig. 1), built on the principle of the global nature of the problems covered:
Level 1 World Economy
Level 2 State
Level 3 Region (city, district)
Level 4 Enterprise (organization)
Level 5 Personality
The effective functioning of this system involves:
Identification of basic threats to economic security for the system;
Development of criteria for the economic security of the system as a whole;
Establishment of specific threats to economic security at each level;
Development of a special subsystem of economic security criteria at each level;
Formation of the basic components of the system as a whole and at individual levels. one
Setting and defining the strategic goal of economic security
Values will not become an effective tool for policy and purposeful action if the relevant tasks and measures to ensure it are not specified. In this regard, the state must implement a set of measures, primarily to bring the economy out of the crisis, which will guarantee the country's economic security. Moreover, these measures should be implemented in all spheres of the economy. This means that the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring economic security should be carried out in line with the implementation of an active structural and social policy, strengthening the activity of the state in the investment, financial, monetary and foreign economic spheres and continuing institutional reforms.
Economic security strategy and state economic policy are categories and instruments of state regulation of the economy, which should be interdependent and interact with each other. On the one hand, the economic security strategy is part of the economic policy, reflecting its strategic targets of the desired quality of the regulated macroeconomic system. On the other hand, estimates of quantitative parameters that characterize the desired state of the economy determine the limitations on the use of those methods of conducting economic policy, the possible results of the application of which can worsen (reduce) the level of economic security.
Many countries are developing economic security strategies. For example, in the United States, the main task and constitutional duty of the president in the field of national security is to protect the population of the country, its territory and the way of life of Americans. These basic elements of national security are not of a purely economic nature, but nevertheless, the economy occupies a key place here: it is necessary to revive it, increase the competitiveness of products, open up new markets, and create new jobs. In the early 1990s, the US administration first developed an export strategy that included 65 specific recommendations to stimulate the expansion of exports of American goods. In 1999 The US National Security Strategy for the New Century was prepared. In it, as before, in addition to strengthening security, understood as the combat readiness of the army, supporting democracy in other countries, the main task is to promote the economic prosperity of America. And in China, for example, along with strategic planning, the institutions of a market economy are widely used. China, while maintaining its philosophical and cultural identity, does not at all deny the European values of market relations, but applies them in an adapted version, taking into account the specifics of its side. Despite the favorable economic indicators, the country's leadership attaches great importance to the problem of economic security 1 .
Economic policy measures and mechanisms developed at the federal level should be aimed at preventing internal and external threats to economic activity Russian Federation. The mechanism for ensuring the country's economic security is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to influence the prevention of economic threats.
The most important elements of the mechanism for ensuring economic security are monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine threats to economic security; development of threshold, maximum permissible values of socio-economic indicators, having crossed which society can enter into a zone of instability and social conflicts; activity of the state to identify and prevent internal and external threats to the security of the economy 1 .
Monitoring is an information and analytical system for monitoring the dynamics of indicators of the country's economic security. Such work is carried out in many countries of the world, and for Russia it plays a special role.
military importance due to the growing role and requirements for state statistics, its objectivity, competence and depth of coverage of objects of observation, the quality of information, etc.
As for the assessment of threshold and actual values of economic security indicators, this is a relatively new area of research in domestic economic science. To achieve strategic goals and solve problems, quantitative criteria are used to judge the level of danger or security of the economy. Such criteria are quantitative parameters, or threshold values, of the state of the economy. approaching their maximum permissible value indicates the mood of threats to the socio-economic stability of society, and exceeding the limit, or threshold, values indicates that society has entered a zone of instability and social conflicts, in fact, a real undermining of economic security.
An important element of the mechanism for ensuring economic security is the activity of the state to identify and prevent internal and external threats to the security of the economy. The current socio-political situation in Russia determines the exceptional relevance of ongoing state activities in this area.
In addition to the implementation of the mechanism, activities in the following areas could also contribute to strengthening economic security:
1. In the economic sphere as a whole:
Guaranteed supply of the country with basic food products through domestic production;
Streamlining economic cooperation between economic entities in various regions of the country in order to increase the sustainability of the functioning of the national economy;
2. In foreign trade and foreign economic activity:
Combination in the trade policy of the course of liberalization with the improvement of the mechanism of state regulation of imports and exports in accordance with generally accepted international practice;
Expansion of economic cooperation on a multilateral basis;
Implementation of the export development program in order to improve the commodity structure with a focus on expanding the range and increasing the degree of processing of exported products;
Development of export of services using the great intellectual potential of Russia;
Facilitating the dispersal of external markets and sources of supply for the main export and imported goods with simultaneous preference in trade to reliable countries;
3. In the field of international investment cooperation:
Improving the state regulation of the inflow of foreign capital;
Systematic monitoring of the activities of foreign and modern enterprises in terms of their compliance with the requirements of national legislation and the obligations assumed during their creation;
Application of sufficiently effective sanctions against such enterprises in case of violation of the law and obligations by them;
Correction of relevant regulatory documents;
4. In the monetary and financial sphere:
Overcoming the crisis of external solvency and balancing the country's foreign economic settlements while limiting the growth of debt and taking measures to stop the outflow of capital from Russia;
Maintaining a certain level of reserves of gold, freely convertible currency and other liquid assets;
Streamlining credit and financial relations with foreign countries.
It can be assumed that most of the measures to ensure the economic security of Russia, provided for in the program up to 2010, will be implemented. Only in this case, each of these measures will find its place in solving the main socio-economic problems, it will become clear why it is being carried out, what it gives the country. Some measures, no matter how attractive they may be from the standpoint of the general market model if they contradict the achievement of the planned parameters of socio-economic development, then they can wait. Not the economy and people for reforms, but reforms for people and the economy. Only in such a policy is the guarantee of the economic security of the country.
Conclusion
The national interests of Russia, like any country, include fundamental goals: state independence and the prosperity of the people, the protection and well-being of the territory of their life, the preservation and development of cultural and spiritual values. Today, economic security should be considered as the most important system of the economy, which determines the ability to realize national-state interests regardless of "force majeure" situations, stable, steadily developing capacity of economic entities, decent living conditions for the population, and elimination of emerging threats. This applies to both domestic and foreign economic activity.
The most important condition for the implementation of national interests in this area is the transition of the economy to a sustainable development model with a certain level of state regulation of economic processes.
Russia has an extensive system of institutions for ensuring economic security. For the effectiveness and efficiency of its functioning, a well-functioning organizational concept, effective tools for regulation and coordination, the ability for self-development and self-correction are needed.
In general, the country's government maintains economic security at a decent level. But the economy, along with the measures implemented by the state, must protect itself by high labor productivity, product quality, competitiveness, etc.
Drawing a conclusion from the work done, it can be argued that economic power, the desire to develop new markets, an active offensive position in all directions and areas of Russian national interests should be long-term priorities for the economic security of the Russian state. Russia's assertion as a full-fledged member of the world community, the formation of confrontation-free relations with the leading Western countries, its entry into international economic organizations should take place without any infringement of its national-state interests; against the backdrop of reintegration processes throughout the post-Soviet space of Eurasia and in parallel with the restoration of its status as a world economic power.
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Afontsev S. National economic security: on the way to theoretical consensus. // World economy and international relations. - 2002. - No. 10.
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Gumerov R. How to ensure food security of the country? // Russian Economic Journal. - 1997. - No. 9.
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Ivanov E. economic security Russia. // World economy and international relations. - 2001. - No. 11. - FROM.
Konstantinov G.A. Ensuring the economic security of the rule of law: theoretical and methodological problems. // Power and control. - 2002. - No. 2. – P. 11.
Korkov G.V. Economic security of Russia. M.: VNIIVS, 1996. Ch. 1. - S. 213.
Maglakelidze T. Some problems of economic security. // Finance. - 2003. No. 8.
Maglakelidze T. On the tasks and criteria for ensuring economic security. // Society and economy. - 2001. - No. 1. - S. 110.
Nazdratenko E. State of the fishery complex: threats to the economic security of the country and ways to neutralize them. // Russian Economic Journal. - 2002. - No. 2.
Nazarenko V. Tasks of the restoration of the agro-industrial complex and food security in Russia. // Russian Economic Journal. - 1999. - No. 5 - 6.
Petrenko I.N. On the reasons for updating the studies of Russia's economic security. // Russian Economic Journal. - 2003. - No. 3. – S. 87.
Petrenko I.N. Economic security of Russia: the monetary factor. - M .: "Marketing DS", 2002; - S. 61.
Potrubach N.N., Tsybin I.S. The tax component of Russia's economic security. // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. - No. 3. - S. 146.
Senchagov V. Economic security as a basis for ensuring the national security of Russia. // Issues of Economics. - 2001. - No. 8. S. 72.
Table 2.
Interaction of the main indicators of economic security
Table 3
Comparison of actual and forecast indicators of Russia's economic security with their threshold values
|
Volume of GDP, billion rubles a Grain collection (million tons) Investments in fixed assets, in % of GDP. Defense spending, % of GDP The share of spending on civilian science, in % of GDP. Share of innovative products in % of all industrial products Proportion of the population with a level cash income below the subsistence level, % of the total population. Monetization level (M2 at the end of the year in % of GDP). External debt, % of GDP. Inflation rate, in % |
Table 3 continued
|
Threshold values of indicators of economic security |
Threshold level of economic security indicators |
The level of indicators before the crisis |
The level of indicators in the year of the crisis (late 1998) |
Level of indicators in 2000 |
Level of indicators for the forecast and budget for 2001 |
|
The volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves, billion dollars Domestic debt, in % of GDP. deficit federal budget in % of GDP. The ratio of incomes of the 10% most and 10% of the poorest population (times) |
a Thresholds calculated in 1998 prices.
b In the numerator threshold value in 1998 prices, in the denominator - in 2001 prices, taking into account annual deflator indices. 1998-2001 - at current prices of the corresponding year.
a In weight before processing.
d Compared with the subsistence minimum used before 2000 1999-2001 - compared with the subsistence minimum established in 2000
e June 2000
1 Petrenko I.N. Economic security of Russia: the monetary factor. - M .: "Market DS"; 2002; Maglakelidze T. Some problems of economic security. // Finance. - 2003. - No. 8; Afontsev S. National economic security: on the way to theoretical consensus. // MEMO. - 2002. - No. 10 and others.
2Gumerov R. How to ensure the food security of the country?//REJ. - 1997. - No. 9; Nazarenko V. Tasks of the restoration of the agro-industrial complex and food security Ross. // REJ. - 1999 - No. 5-6; Nazarenko E. State of the fishery complex: threats to the economic security of the country and ways to neutralize them. - 2002. - No. 2.
1 Petrenko I.N. On the reasons for updating the studies of Russia's economic security. // Russian Economic Journal. - 2003. - No. 3. - P.87.
1T. Maglakelidze On the tasks and criteria for ensuring economic security. // Society and economy. - 2001. - No. 1. - S. 110.
1Burtsev V.V. Problems of state economic security. // Finance. - 2003. - No. 8. – S. 54.
1Abalkin L.I. Russia: the search for self-determination: Essays. – M.: Nauka, 2002. – P. 6.
1Konstantinov G.A. Ensuring the economic security of the rule of law: theoretical and methodological problems. // Power and control. - 2002. - No. 2. – P. 11.
2 Ivanov E. Economic security of Russia. // MEMO. - 2001. - No. 11. - S. 44.
1 State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions). // Achievements of science and technology in the agro-industrial complex. - 1997. - No. 2. – S. 43.
1 Senchagov V. Economic security as a basis for ensuring the national security of Russia. // Issues of Economics. - 2001. - No. 8. - S. 72.
1 Potrubach N.N., Tsybin I.S. The tax component of Russia's economic security. // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. - No. 3. - S. 146.
1 Dugin A. Eurasianism: from philosophy to politics. - Independent newspaper. - 2001. - May 30. - p.8.
1 Petrenko I.N. Economic security of Russia: the monetary factor. - M .: "Market DS", 2002. - p.61.
In modern conditions of an open competitive environment, political and economic instability, economic entities have complete independence in decision-making in the field of determining foreign trade policy, development strategy, organization of production and marketing of products, choice of counterparties, sources of financial resources and other management decisions. Almost all risks economic activity fall on the shoulders of entrepreneurs. In this connection, the problems of survival of enterprises and ensuring their economic security are of paramount importance.
The need for security is basic both for an individual, an enterprise, society, and the state as a whole. Thus, the problems of economic security have recently become of particular relevance, but a significant part of the research relates to security at the state level. Despite the fact that the enterprise is the main link in the economy, the issues of ensuring economic security at the level of an economic entity have not been fully studied.
Today, economic security is defined as one of the main elements of modern management, consisting of a set of measures (organizational, legal, regime, technical, informational) aimed at achieving a sufficient level of security from the influence of various threats to the internal and external environment.
Thus, in the current economic conditions, it is interesting to analyze and review the experience of developed foreign countries within the framework of ensuring the economic security of economic entities, the use of a system of tools and methods for neutralizing illegal actions, as well as issues of combating economic crimes.
For example, in the United States, law enforcement agencies cooperate with public and private institutions of security and detective agencies as part of a widespread program to prevent and combat financial crimes. Such interaction implies the development of programs to combat crime, including measures to prevent a wide range of threats to financial security.
The US economic security system is characterized by confidentiality. When it comes to economic crimes, business entities prefer to turn not to government representatives, but to private detective agencies.
At the moment, there is an increase in enterprises that are interested in organizing internal security. Many large companies create their own security service, where employees of special public services. Firms and companies that perform government contracts, manned by security officers. This trend is typical for most of Russia's trading partners, where they prefer to hire former police officers, FBI, CIA, and military personnel who have passed a rigorous selection.
Just like the United States, Great Britain is characterized by the desire of entrepreneurs to reduce the undesirable publicity of the illegal activities of subordinate organizations in order to undermine the company's reputation, as part of ensuring economic security.
Much attention is paid in the UK and transport security. Attacks on collectors, espionage about the routes of movement of valuables are no longer a rarity and cause great damage to the economic security of the enterprise. For Vehicle transporting valuables, serious requirements have been put forward: the transport is made of heavy-duty materials, equipped with radio communication, must be securely closed with internal locks and other requirements for protecting the transported valuables of an economic entity.
For this reason, most vehicles in the UK that carry out transportation are equipped with microprocessors, cameras installed inside and outside the car.
In Germany, institutions, banks, corporations, industry associations and private enterprise companies, together with the use of independent and private detective and security agencies, are actively using the national service to solve economic security problems by creating modern counterintelligence structures that perform security and safety functions.
The problems of ensuring the economic security of economic activity in Germany occupy an important place. In this regard, special mechanisms have been created for the interaction of the internal security services with the criminal police, the customs service and the border troops. Also, one of the characteristic features of ensuring economic security in Germany is the increased attention to the protection of commercial and industrial secrets. The German Ministry of the Interior is involved in the process of improving legislation, which controls the procedure for taking measures to prevent the leakage of information that is a commercial or industrial secret of an economic entity.
The proliferation of economic security services for industrial and commercial firms and financial institutions is a recent trend in France. The creation of private security services reflects the need of the national business community to reduce commercial risks, especially when operating in poorly understood markets. Demand for the services of private detectives and security firms is constantly increasing.
The owners of firms providing economic security can only be persons with French or European Union citizenship. Former members of the French police can take on such functions only with the written permission of the Minister of the Interior of the country. In recent times, France has seen a rise in former police officers working for private security and detective agencies, which has caused great concern in the country. For this reason, it became mandatory for private investigators to register with the Ministry of the Interior. The scope of activities of private companies to ensure economic security includes:
In general, in the Nordic countries, there is a tendency for industrial and commercial firms to develop strong economic security systems and to work closely with law enforcement agencies in order to increase efficiency. entrepreneurial activity and prevention of computer crimes, as well as cases of industrial espionage.
Thus, in modern economic conditions, foreign business structures are characterized, along with the creation of their own structures for ensuring economic security, close interaction with private detective and security agencies, industrial, informational and commercial security services. The scope of application of economic security skills is expanding: from trade and economic to financial and electronic.
Summarizing the above, we can conclude that ensuring the economic security of an enterprise is carried out on the basis of a certain strategy and tactics. The economic security strategy of an enterprise includes, first of all, verification of counterparties, analysis of proposed transactions, examination of documents, compliance with the rules for working with confidential information, and others. The security service in this case plays the role of a controller. The tactics of ensuring the security of an enterprise involves the application of specific procedures and the implementation of specific actions in order to ensure its economic security.
Bibliography:
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"TOMSK STATE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY"
Institute of IKEIISS
COURSE WORK
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
The problem of ensuring the economic security of Russia is an indispensable condition for its revival. The quality of ensuring economic security in modern conditions is complicated by the impact of globalization and the conditions of close interdependence of the national economies of various countries.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of independence national economy, a condition for the stability and efficiency of the life of society, the achievement of success. Ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
The object of the study is the mechanism for ensuring economic security.
The subject of the research is the practice of ensuring the economic security of foreign countries.
The purpose of the work is to explore strategies for ensuring the economic security of foreign countries.
Work tasks:
Expand the concept of economic security;
To study the types of threats to economic security;
Explore the experience of ensuring the economic security of European countries;
Explore the experience of ensuring economic security in the United States and Canada
Explore the experience of ensuring the economic security of Japan The structure of the work is presented: an introduction, two chapters divided into paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature used.
Chapter 1. Theoretical basis ensuring economic security
1.1 The concept of economic security
The need for protection from various kinds of undesirable external influences and radical internal changes In other words, the need for security acts as a basic, fundamental need, both in the life of an individual or family, and within various associations of people, including society as a whole and the state.
Security is defined by a number of authors as “a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and its implementation is ensured by the formation of a system of relations between the subjects of public life (as well as “society-nature” relations), which are supported by a combination of legal, power , administrative, technical and informational measures”.
Three basic levels of security can be distinguished: individuals, societies and states, which, in turn, intersect with various functional areas of security, such as external, internal, state, military, economic, food, transport, environmental, information, etc. .P.
Economic security can be attributed to the number of the most priority functional areas of security. Meanwhile, in the scientific literature there is still no single concept of national economic security. Some authors understand national economic security, first of all, the security of the international economic system and include in its composition such issues as the uneven economic development, the growth of debt, the spread of hunger, cyclical fluctuations and other aspects of the general destabilization of the world economy. Other authors primarily study the problem of providing favorable conditions for the most effective development of the competitiveness of the national economy, including free access to foreign sources of raw materials and energy, the stability of foreign investment and guarantees for the freedom of exchange of goods and services.
1.2 Types of threats to economic security
To ensure economic security, it is necessary to identify those real and potential destructive security factors that have a variety of manifestations that act as potential threats.
A threat to the economic security of the country is the possibility of causing damage to the national economy as a whole and its sectors in particular, the financial and credit system of the state, the possibility of violating the socio-economic stability of society and the economic situation of a person.
Threats include various types of crises and crisis situations, catastrophes, situations with destructive content. Threat as an immediate danger that requires a quick response should be distinguished from risk as a possible danger requiring preventive action, and vulnerability as an indicator of the state of security, indicating its potential insecurity. The threat to economic security is a subsystem of the system of threats to national security.
Among the threats to economic security, one should consider, firstly, the threats are objective and subjective. Objective threats are associated with the impact of factors that do not depend on human intervention (changes in the natural environment, environmental disasters not related to human activity), subjective ones are due to human activity (errors and shortcomings of human activity).
The second type of threats are external and internal threats. External threats in modern conditions are of particular importance. This is due to the fact that modern development differs in fundamentally new characteristics in relation to the previous stage. Comparison should be carried out according to such parameters as the main production resource (raw materials, energy, information), type production activities(mining, manufacturing, sequential processing), the nature of the underlying technologies (labor-intensive, capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive). The modern post-industrial society is characterized by complex social interaction - that is, interaction between people, where the nature of interpersonal relations is determined not by the reproduction of the experience of previous generations, but by a joint search for optimal solutions that are fundamentally new. Such a system of connections replaced the interaction of man with nature in a traditional society and transformed nature in an industrial society.
The development of the world as a global socio-economic process is evidenced by the presence of global threats to humanity, first identified in the first reports to the Club of Rome. Global problems are dynamic in nature - in the period from 1945, the moment the Second World War ended, until 1991, such a problem was the arms race between the USSR and the USA and the threat of nuclear danger. In 1998, India and Pakistan became nuclear powers, South Africa, Israel, Iran, North Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Brazil, Argentina are called “near-nuclear”. Today, the threat of war and the militarization of national economies is becoming the second most important, giving way to the threats of poverty and backwardness associated with a growing gap in the quality of life of the "rich North", where 20% of the world's population lives, and the "poor South" - the underdeveloped countries of Asia and Africa. and Latin America.
The threat of food shortage concerns not only underdeveloped countries, but world leaders, which is associated with a reduction in agricultural areas due to the development of urbanization, a decrease in seafood production associated with pollution of rivers and seas, with an expected increase in the world's population to 10 billion people, with irrational use of territories leading to an increase in food imports. The UN has classified 37 countries of the world as in dire need of food assistance.
Global status is posed by threats to environmental safety and exhaustibility natural resources, expressed in energy and raw materials crises, the most severe of which were the problems of the 1970-1980s. These factors lead to the phenomenon of ecologization of consciousness, which acts as "the process of steady and consistent implementation of systems of technological, managerial and other solutions that allow to increase the efficiency of the use of natural resources and conditions ... at the local, regional and global levels." Dependence on external energy supplies characterizes the development of many countries in Europe, Asia and America. Forecast studies suggest that Western Europe will be 80% dependent on natural gas imports by 2030 compared to the current 50%.
As internal (endogenous) threats today are:
Deindustrialization of the country, preservation of the deformed structure of the economy;
Institutional incompleteness of economic transformations;
Imperfect legislation and regulatory framework;
Weak coordination of the relationship between the real and financial sectors;
Limited opportunities for risk insurance;
Deterioration of the scientific and technical potential;
Withdrawal from internal circulation of finance and intellect;
Rising unemployment;
Differentiation in the incomes of the population.
This category also includes socio-demographic security associated with the processes of reproduction of the population and providing the population with decent living conditions.
Thirdly, it is possible to single out current threats - designed to be implemented in the short term, and long-term - designed to be implemented in a significant time perspective.
Speaking about threats to the economic security of the country, it is necessary to be aware of their dynamic nature, the ability to localize and arise, which allows us to talk about real and potential threats.
Thus, the threats are - just like economic security in general - complex.
economic security policy
Chapter 2. Characteristics of the strategies for ensuring the economic security of individual countries
2.1 Strategy for ensuring the economic security of European countries
In France, the main state document, which affects certain provisions for ensuring economic security, is the National Security Law of 1964.
In accordance with it, three categories of national interests are distinguished: vital, strategic interests, interests associated with the status of France as a world power.
Vital interests include: territorial integrity, sovereignty, protection of the population. The strategic interests are: maintaining peace on the European continent, in the zones adjacent to it from the east and south, in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East; in maintaining the full-fledged economic activity of the country, freedom of foreign trade and communications, and security of sea routes. The interests associated with the status of France as a world power are to ensure the independence of the country, the fulfillment of international obligations, the strengthening of democracy and the rule of law.
Germany does not have a national security law. The main interests of the country in the field of national security, including its economic component, are presented in the form of an official directive of the Ministry of Defense. Germany sees its economic security in maintaining economic and social progress, democratization in Europe and throughout the world, protection from economic blackmail, ensuring freedom of trade and access to raw materials and markets within a just world economic system.
Despite the fact that Germany is one of the largest consumers of imported raw materials, this fact is not seen as a threat to economic security. While maintaining the achieved level of energy consumption, the task is to achieve growth industrial production and higher prices for German exports.
And yet, the main emphasis of the EU countries is on ensuring national security through the measurement of European security, without paying such important attention (as, for example, the former post-Soviet or totalitarian countries) to their own capabilities to ensure economic security. For example, the already mentioned directive of the German Ministry of Defense notes that “the problems of our complex world can be best solved through international discussion and compromise, therefore German politics safety focuses on international relations and supranational institutions.
In other words, in the countries of Western Europe, the economic security of the country is understood not as a desire for self-sufficiency and independence of the national economy or politics from the rest of the world, but as a state of stable and sustainable socio-economic development of the country, which can be ensured on the basis of close political and economic cooperation. In general, it is worth noting that in developed countries with an established market economy, the concept of the country's economic security is often the equivalent of the concept of economic policy, a function of the chosen political and economic course.
So, in Germany, economic security is understood rather as sustainability. economic growth. The Law “On Supporting the Sustainability and Growth of the Economy”, according to which “the state must pursue such an economic policy that, within the framework of the chosen model of a market economy, it simultaneously contributes to price stability, a high level of employment and external economic balance with commensurate constant rates of economic growth”, can be considered peculiar German economic security law.
This document spells out the measures that need to be taken in the field of economic policy in the event of internal and external threats to sustainable socio-economic development, which include: the negative impact of external economic factors, economic policy errors, manifested in "overheating" or slowdown in economic development, expansion of demand exceeding the productivity of the national economy.
The experience of small countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Switzerland) in ensuring economic security shows that their main strategic goal in protecting their national economic interests is to ensure sustainable economic growth and modernization of the economy in accordance with the conditions of competition in the world market .
These countries do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the formation of the structure of the world economy. They are forced to adapt to the conditions of the development of the world economy, to change the existing structures of national economies and the proportions of their development.
From this follow the strategic goals of forming a flexible, efficient structure and specialization of the economy. Timely structural reforms are designed to help increase competitiveness in foreign markets and mitigate the social consequences of structural changes for the population of these countries.
The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and the Baltic countries in the early 1990s adopted an almost identical model for ensuring economic security, which included the following actions:
Assessment of the geopolitical situation in the region;
Determining the vector and development strategy; building and implementing a behavior model, including in the economic sphere, in accordance with the dominant trends of the regional and global evolutionary process;
Correlation of basic quantitative and qualitative indicators of development with global and regional standards;
course correction economic reforms.
The security policy of these countries was based on the course of bringing national interests closer to common European interests; political, economic, institutional, cultural transformation in accordance with Western European standards.
The fundamental principle of the concept of Hungarian security policy is that security cannot be reduced to political and military only; at the same time, the importance of economic factors increases. The main element of the Hungarian concept is the concept of the integral nature of security, including its economic component: no state can enhance its security at the expense of another state; security can only be understood and ensured in terms of cooperation. Based on this, the Hungarian security policy rests on three fundamental pillars: political, military and economic integration with Western Europe.
The second fundamental pillar of the Hungarian security policy is the opportunities offered by regional cooperation within the framework of the Visegrad Group, the Central European Initiative, and bilateral relations.
The main threats to the economic security of Hungary, as noted in the concept, are:
Economic backwardness of the regions of Central and Eastern Europe from Western European countries;
Difficulties in the transition to a market economy;
Problems of formation of democratic institutions.
In addition to the threats to Hungarian economic security listed above, Poland's concept adds one more threat - the cessation or significant restriction of imports of strategically important raw materials.
2.2 US and Canadian Economic Security Strategy
According to the Canada Clearinghouse, the government's strategic goal for the economic security of the country is to maintain conditions for long-term growth in labor productivity and capital, and thereby the standard of living of the population, including a reliable and dynamic business environment conducive to innovation, attracting domestic and foreign investment and sustainable economic growth.
First national program to ensure economic security in the United States can be called a memorandum approved in 1990 with the aim of taking appropriate measures to ensure economic security.
In this document, annexes on ensuring the national economic interests of the United States in the competitive struggle with rivals on the world stage and on protecting "the leading positions of the United States in technological fields" were additionally introduced as priority goals, and "preserving economic power United States” is directly associated with the implementation of measures to ensure economic security.
Subsequently, US presidents more than once initiated the adoption by Congress of various documents that contained the phrase "economic security" in their titles.
For example, the US Economic Security Act of 1996 was dedicated to US information security, in particular, the fight against economic espionage.
AT this document"economic security" is understood as part of national security; it is aimed at strengthening the legislative protection of information about innovations and innovations from foreign espionage, which are the basis for increasing the competitiveness of the US economy.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2000 in the United States, there is a shift in emphasis in the content of the documents proposed for adoption to ensure economic security.
Thus, the 2001 Economic Security Package is devoted mainly to the problems of workers losing their jobs as a result of the destruction of buildings in New York, as well as the organization of social assistance to these citizens (in the field of medicine, education).
This document, however, proposes measures to revitalize American economy, which should create opportunities for the construction of more buildings, reduce unemployment and increase jobs; proposals to increase energy independence (a separate energy plan), to reform the education system, to expand markets for their products abroad.
The analysis data show that in the United States, as well as in other countries, there is no generally accepted methodological approach to ensuring economic security. In this country, "... the problem of economic security is not formulated due to confidence in one's own power and consideration of economic security issues as part of the general national interests."
The U.S. National Security Strategy states that "U.S. economic and security interests are becoming increasingly inseparable"; and in the same place: “this Strategy also applies to the economic sphere”.
However, this is understood as ensuring the prosperity of the country through an economic policy that should help restore order in own house, to promote the development of free and open markets, and sustainable development, improvement market mechanisms and structures.
At the same time, the Strategy clearly identifies three components of strengthening American national security:
Maintaining a strong defense capability and using active diplomacy to develop security cooperation with other countries;
Activities aimed at opening foreign markets and accelerating global economic growth by accommodating and building institutions that help secure and accelerate economic growth worldwide;
Contribute to the acceleration of democracy abroad.”
2.3 Japan's economic security strategy
In Japan, the transition from the traditional interpretation of security in the military-political sense to a broader interpretation of the concept of security took place in the early 1970s, when the signs of the end of the era of undivided economic superiority of the United States at the global level and in certain regions, primarily in the Asia-Pacific region.
The actualization of economic security for Japan was associated with another important aspect - with the desire to increase the country's role in international affairs through the use of its power as the second economic power in the world.
The main obstacle to this goal was the economic vulnerability of Japan, due to the high level of external resource dependence, which at that time reached 80%.
Proceeding from this, the outstripping economic development of the country, trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation with other states was adopted as a priority direction in ensuring national security. Since then, national economic security has been singled out, by which they began to understand the ability of the country's economy to withstand any external threat.
In the process of forming the concept of the country's economic security, the starting point is the concept of threats, which is central to most foreign studies in this area. “Very often, when studying the problem of ensuring the economic security of a country, authors do not separate the threats and factors that make the economic system vulnerable to these threats.
As a result, many weaknesses of the national economy, which are of an objective nature, especially in developing countries, are mistakenly identified with threats. The identification of economic weaknesses with threats is quite common in the scientific literature, and this "carries the danger of taking inadequate measures to ensure economic security."
In accordance with this approach, dependence on food imports indicates the weakness of the country's agro-industrial complex, but if food products can be freely purchased on the world market (and even at prices lower than domestic prices), then this weakness is not a threat.
The threat in this case will be factors that can lead to limited opportunities for importing cheap food, for example, due to an embargo, a shortage in the world market or lack of necessary funds from domestic importers, or an erroneous policy of the authorities of a country aimed at import substitution. The same applies to the insufficient production of grain per capita and the strong dependence of one country on the markets for raw materials and sales of another.
In both cases, the real threat comes not from the indicated weaknesses of the national economy, but from the possibility of stable access to the markets of interest to the country. In other words, "the threat is not the lack of relevant industries in the national economy and dependence on foreign markets (it does not matter due to the lack of what factors of production - raw materials or sufficiently productive technologies), but factors that can prevent the acquisition of relevant products and technologies."
For example, Japan, which is unable to provide itself with food and energy resources, sees the main threats to its food and energy security not this inability, but “violation of stability in the world’s main oil-producing regions for this country, crop failure in grain exporting countries, circumstances in which the country’s maritime transport may be paralyzed, a sharp reduction in supplies due to tensions in bilateral political relations with countries that are important in terms of the dynamics of the development of the Japanese economy, undermining the world free trade system, and reducing the economic power of the state.
Conclusion
Economic security is the material basis of national security. It acts as a guarantee of sustainable, stable development of the country, its independence. Currently, many different definitions of the concept of "economic security" are used.
Most authors understand economic security as the state of protection of the economy from internal and external threats. The goal of economic security is to ensure the sustainable economic development of the country in the interests of meeting the social and economic needs of citizens with optimal labor costs and reasonable use of natural resources.
Threats in the economic sphere are complex. This means that economic security is affected by various factors; and not only in pure economic form. It is significantly influenced by geopolitical, social, environmental and other factors.
The state must implement a set of measures, primarily to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the country's economic security. These measures should cover all sectors of the economy. These measures include the implementation of an active structural and social policy, strengthening the activity of the state in investment, financial, monetary and foreign economic sphere, continuation of institutional reforms.
An analysis of the experience of foreign countries has shown that the basis of their security strategy is to ensure sustainable economic growth and modernization of the economy in accordance with the conditions of competition in the world market.
List of sources and literature
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2. Gusakov N.P. Conceptual approaches to the development of a new Economic Security Strategy / N.P. Gusakov, I.V. Andronova // Nat. interests: priorities and security. - 2014. - N 45. - P.2-14.
3. Kornilov M. On the essence of economic security / M. Kornilov // Probl. theory and practice management. - 2015. - N 8. - P.123-129.
4. Krivorotov, V.V. Economic security of the state and regions: tutorial for university students studying in the direction of "Economics" / V.V. Krivorotov, A.V. Kalina, N.D. Eriashvili. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2012. - 351 p.
5. Kruglov V.N. Improving the methodology for assessing the economic security of the region / V.N. Kruglov, D.V. Dotsenko // National interests: priorities and security. - 2013. - N 15. - S.85-92.
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The concept and essence of national security. Classification and characteristics of threats to foreign economic security, its main components. State strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation, its sustainable development and the growth of the welfare of citizens.
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The paper analyzes foreign experience in ensuring the economic security of coastal zones, which showed that for the effective management of these areas, specialists have developed a special approach called "Integrated Coastal Zone Management" (ICPM). Particular attention is paid to the ongoing programs of integrated coastal zone management, which are divided into: centralized nationwide ICRI programs (USA, EU countries) and regional ICRI programs (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Philippines). The paper concludes that economic security is integral part national security. The special position of economic security is explained by the fact that all other types of security cannot be fully realized without economic security. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that: firstly, the economic security of the regions of coastal states is carried out with the help of regional policy; secondly, there are no specific features in ensuring the economic security of coastal regions.
National security.
integrated management
World Ocean
coastal zones
economic security
economy
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2. Vetlugin S.Yu. Regional policy of foreign states: alternative approaches // Economic problems of regions and industry complexes [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.m-economy.ru/art.php?nArtId=590 (date of access: 05/12/2015).
3. State economic policy of the USA: current trends // Institute of the USA and Canada. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - S. 127.
4. Denisov V.V. Ecological and geographical bases of sustainable nature management in the shelf seas (ecological geography of the sea). - Apatity: Publishing House of the KSC RAS, 2002. - 502 p.
5. Dvortsova E.N. Coastal territories: foreign experience of management and management // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. - 2010. - No. 7. - S. 13-18.
6. Eremina T.R., Stetsko E.V. Legal support for the integrated management of the coastal zone. - St. Petersburg. : Publishing house of RGTMU, 2003. - S. 174.
7. Karlin L.N., Plink N.L. Development of an integrated approach to the management of the marine activities of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.morskayakollegiya.ru/konf2007/konf2007_dok/7/ (date of access: 07.10.2014).
9. Buzan B. People, States and Fear. - Brighton, 1983. - P. 13-14.
Unlike Russia, where about 12% of the population lives in coastal zones, despite the fact that our country has the longest coastline among all states, in the countries of the European Union, the USA, Japan, Canada, more than 60% of the population lives in coastal regions. Moreover, two thirds of cities with a population of over 1.5 million are located in the coastal zone. The "coastal zone" is understood as a territorial-aquatorial strip of space along the dividing line of two different global objects of nature management - the mainland of the planet and the World Ocean. Of particular interest to coastal zones is due to the fact that it is here that production facilities are based and used, which make it possible to use the resources and space of the World Ocean. Since coastal territories and the shelf are a zone of joint management of a number of users, for clarity, Figure 1 shows a framework socio-economic model of the maritime economic complex.
Rice. 1. Framework socio-economic model of the maritime economic complex.
According to the Guidelines for the Development of the Coastal-Marine Component of the Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of the Primorsky Subject of the Russian Federation dated October 11, 2013 No. D17i-904 of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, civil maritime activities include:
Maritime transport, which includes maritime navigation and port facilities;
Fisheries, including industrial fishing, artificial reproduction and processing of marine hydrobionts, as well as auxiliary and service industries;
Extraction of mineral resources and exploration of the bowels of the seabed;
shipbuilding industry;
Marine engineering (hydrotechnical construction, laying of pipelines, cables, coastal protection measures);
Marine research activities;
Marine tourist and recreational sphere, including marine tourism, health and medical activities on the sea coasts;
Measures to ensure the safety of maritime activities;
Measures to ensure the safety of the population of coastal regions and mitigate the consequences of marine natural disasters;
Measures for the conservation of marine natural systems and the rational use of their resources, the protection of the marine environment from pollution;
Training of personnel for the field of maritime activities.
The issues of resolving various problems that arise during the development of coastal zones are devoted to the work of domestic and foreign scientists, among which are: Aibulatov N.A., Borisenko E.N., Denisov V.V., Esin N.V., Zalogin B.S. ., Kaplin P.A., Clark D.R., Leontiev O.K., Matishov G.G., Plink N.L., Hildebrand L.P. and many others.
The experience of coastal states testifies to the growing role of coastal zones that they play in the overall process of socio-economic development. This is due to the activation and accelerated development of investment-attractive sectors of the economy associated with the use of marine and coastal resources. For the effective management of these areas, specialists have developed a special approach, which is called Integrated Coastal Zone Management, which means "Integrated Coastal Zone Management" in English. In scientific literature, the word "integrated" is often replaced by the word "complex". To date, more than 180 ICPP programs of various levels are being implemented in the world.
An analysis of the experience of foreign countries applying the IBRI approach for the development of their coastal regions showed that this approach is implemented in two forms: centralized nationwide IBRI programs and regional IBRI programs. Table 1 presents the main provisions of foreign experience in integrated coastal zone management.
Of undoubted interest is the foreign experience in ensuring the economic security of coastal zones. Under economic security, in the most general sense, is understood as the ability of the economy to provide decent conditions for life and personal development, social, economic, environmental and military-political stability, as well as the ability to constantly upgrade, self-develop and confront external and internal threats.
Table 1
Foreign experience of integrated coastal zone management
|
Centralized nationwide ICHI program |
Regional Programs |
||
|
EU countries (Denmark, Sweden, Spain) |
Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia |
||
|
The state directly initiated the development of a nationwide IPPZ program. As a result, all 35 coastal states participate in the program, and the state provides them with financial support. ICRI focuses on planning, planning for the use of coastal resources takes place. The United States effectively combines a centralized approach and coordination on issues of national importance, along with the voluntary involvement in this process of all interested groups of the population and governments at the regional level. |
In Europe, the ICRI is methodically based on economic policy analysis. This methodology assists business planners in finding solutions to complex problems involving social issues and natural values. The policy analysis methodology is a search for solutions in several stages, starting with the analysis of the problem and ending with the ranking of alternatives for each specific project, with the selection of priority areas and ideas. Almost all countries have developed an ocean policy that is incorporated into a national sustainable development strategy. Interstate cooperation continues in the field of prevention of marine pollution and protection of the vulnerable biosphere of coastal areas. Particular attention is paid to public awareness of coastal development issues, as well as clarification of interests and areas of conflict between participants in the integrated management process. |
There are four regional programs, including one for the Arctic zone. An attempt in the early 1980s to develop a nationwide coastal zone management program was unsuccessful. |
Management is largely decentralized, with emphasis on the development of regional and local policies for integrated coastal zone management. Taking into account the initiatives of coastal communities, codes of conduct for industry are being created in areas such as recreation, tourism, and aquaculture development. |
It must be understood that economic security is an integral part of national security, which also includes: military, informational, cultural, environmental, social, energy and other types of security. Nevertheless, the special place of economic security is explained by the fact that all other types of security cannot be fully realized without economic support.
The economic security of the region is understood as a set of conditions and factors that characterize the current state of the economy, stability, sustainability and the progressiveness of its development.
According to the American economist and political scientist B.G. Buzan, “economic security” is a state of the economy in which the economic well-being of participants in public relations, the stability of the domestic market depend on external factors, but their negative impact is neutralized by the reserves of an economic entity, which allow maintaining its stability. Buzan B.G. believes that the basis of economic security is maintaining the stability of the economy through the use of internal resources of the economic system.
An analysis of foreign experience has shown that ensuring the economic security of the regions is carried out through the implementation of a special regional policy by the authorities, based on the development of regional programs.
As in all developed countries, in Canada, ensuring the economic security of the regions is one of the main functions of the state. In order to equalize the levels of economic development of the regions, the government is pursuing a special regional policy.
First, with the help of direct financial transfers, assistance is provided to depressed regions, in Canada these include the Atlantic States.
Secondly, targeted state programs are being implemented aimed at improving various types of infrastructure, encouraging private investment in underdeveloped regions by providing tax and other benefits, and supporting local businesses.
The very policy of assistance to the regions is being implemented with the help of 4 established state corporations. A peculiar feature of the ongoing regional policy in Canada is that both market and non-market methods of regulation are used.
So, non-market measures include state protectionist measures aimed at protecting the interests of vital sectors of the economy, as well as measures to regulate direct foreign investment. The main example is the measures that are applied to support agriculture. The country has specially created optimization councils, which represent a kind of partnership between the state and business. The main task of the councils is to buy the products of farmers and sell them in the markets.
The results of the ongoing regional policy indicate a decrease in the inequality of the regions of the country, however, the consequences of the policy were also negative phenomena:
It raises questions about the effectiveness of the use of public funds that are directed to depressed regions;
Lack of incentives for development at the expense of own funds, reliance on state assistance;
Strengthening the bureaucracy at the state and regional levels.
In the United States, ensuring the economic security of the regions is also an important function of the state.
Thus, in order to stimulate economic growth and solve urgent regional problems, the government uses a special regional policy. The implementation of regional policy is carried out through the development of regional programs, of which there are currently 4:
Reduction of inter-regional differences;
Formation of promising sectoral programs for the economic and social development of the regions;
State financial support through block grants (subsidies);
Stimulating the development of integration trends.
1. In order to reduce differences in the development of regions, the government develops special programs that are being implemented, as examples include the following: Tennessee, Appalachia, etc.
A distinctive feature of these programs is that they use A complex approach to solving regional problems with the involvement of multi-state regional commissions.
A multi-state regional commission is a kind of program-targeted body of a coordinating type. It influences regional development through analytical studies, forecasts, indicative plans and partially administrative levers, without requiring large financial resources.
2. In order to influence the development of regions, special federal sectoral programs have been developed, which are currently divided into 2 groups:
Sectoral programs funded entirely from the federal budget, which are implemented throughout the country. The main task of regional and local authorities is to monitor the correct use of allocated funds. The federal program for assistance to families with dependent children (PSDI) is implemented in a similar way.
Category programs aimed at improving living conditions and entrepreneurship in various cities and towns. In this case, co-financing by the state or local government is a prerequisite. Funds can only be made available to states if they develop programs that are in line with federal government guidelines, otherwise states may lose funding.
3. So-called block grants are a kind of financial support to state and local governments from the federal government. Block grants were introduced in the early 1970s, with the development of the general revenue sharing program. The financial assistance received from the federal government by local and state governments is formed from 5.2% of the amount of the federal income tax With individuals. The regional authorities can use these funds for any purpose at their discretion.
4. Integration direction of regional policy. The fact is that states and local authorities compete with each other in creating the most favorable conditions for living and doing business in order to attract the population. In the US, 17-20% of the population annually change their place of residence. On average, one family changes apartments 11 times in a lifetime.
It should be noted that in the recent past, the regional policy of the EU member states was oriented towards the implementation of regional programs established by national governments. However, with the accession to the community of less developed countries - Greece, Spain, Portugal, and later Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, etc. - the need for more active and coordinated actions aimed at eliminating regional differences has increased.
Providing assistance to problem regions is the main task of the EU at the present time, for which an active regional policy is being pursued. In order to identify problem regions, an analysis of socio-economic and statistical information is carried out, on the basis of these data, regions are selected that apply for financial support from the EU. Especially for this, a general classification of regions was even developed - the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). Based on the results of the analysis, problem regions that fall into the financing program are identified. This project is financed from the resources of the Structural Fund, which was established in 1988 and has existed unchanged since that time.
With the general consent of the EU member states, the European Commission identified 3 main goals of assistance to problem regions.
1. Promoting structural adjustment and development of backward regions. The underdeveloped regions include regions where the production of GDP per capita is less than 75% of the EU average GDP.
2. Promoting the development of depressed regions, regions with high unemployment and declining industrial development, weak rural areas, and areas whose prosperity depends on fishing.
3. Adaptation and modernization of education systems, vocational training and retraining, as well as employment policy (human resource development).
Once the areas that are highly likely to receive financial assistance have been identified, the EU states must submit to the Commission plans and proposals for regional development describing the current situation, problems, tasks and development strategy. In addition to the documents listed above, a consolidated financial table should be attached, reflecting the volume of planned funding from the national budget and the EU budget. The Commission evaluates how the plan-proposal is consistent with the objectives and principles of the common structural policy of the EU.
The total amount of funding for EU regional programs largely depends on the purpose of assistance to the region. If the region falls under goal 1, then the share of financial participation of the EU can reach up to 75%. Most often, EU assistance is no more than 50% of the total project costs.
Conclusion
Thus, based on the analysis of foreign experience in ensuring the economic security of the regions of coastal states, it can be concluded that:
First, ensuring the economic security of the regions is carried out with the help of a special regional policy;
Secondly, it was not possible to identify any specific features in ensuring the economic security of coastal regions.
The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 14-06-98800) and the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (project 15-02-00009a).
Reviewers:Selin V.S., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Economic Problems. G.P. Luzin, Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity;
Skufyina T.P., Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Head department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Economic Problems. G.P. Luzin, Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity.
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economic security
1. Foreign experience in ensuring and improving economic security
The goal of national economic security is to ensure a long, high-quality life for the population based on minimizing the socio-economic costs arising from objective threats. Economic security regulation technologies are based on targeted predictive planning and management of optimization and control processes of criteria indicators and benchmarks contained in state target programs and priority national projects.
The methodological basis for the formation of a system for ensuring the economic security of the state is:
1. chamberlist concept of protecting foreign economic security;
2. Keynesian concept of protection against internal macroeconomic threats;
3. institutional concept of protection from administrative barriers.
The cameralist concept of national economic security by Friedrich List assumes that the main responsibility for ensuring it lies with government bodies, drafting laws on import quotas, and on customs and border services.
An alternative approach to the interpretation of national economic security was formulated in the 1930s. English economist John Maynard Keynes. In accordance with the Keynesian paradigm, the main threats to the national economy are unemployment and economic decline in production. Methods for preventing threats in accordance with the recommendations of Keynes - active state regulation economic activity on the basis of financial support and administrative control over competition.
In accordance with the institutional point of view on economic security, the main threats are administrative barriers, and the priority measures to prevent them should be the adoption of laws adequate to the development of market relations.
The prioritization in the protection of national economic security is determined, first of all, by the degree of development of a particular country. For the so-called core countries, or capitalist, the Keynesian approach is most relevant, for the countries of the periphery and semi-periphery - the theory of E. de Soto. As for the concept of F. List, in the context of the globalization of the economy, this paradigm is of secondary importance for all countries. In this regard, we can conclude that in the modern conditions of the formation of economic security models, the considered approaches complement each other.
The world has accumulated some experience in this area, but a coherent institutional security system has developed to date only in the United States. Such a system is sufficiently developed in Germany and France. The UK security model is characterized by a specific construction, where there is no legally defined institutional system, but in fact it exists.
The experience of the countries of the European Union shows that ensuring national economic security has a decisive influence on securing a clear place for the state in global world, which would correspond to its geostrategic significance and potential.
In the European Union (EU), the term "economic security" refers to the position of unification in the world economic system. The EU dictates the importance of European integration in order to achieve a high level of competitiveness in the context of globalization. Separately, each member state of the European Union has a much smaller number of economic resources than other developed and even developing countries. The synergy effect achieved through the exchange of resources determines the ability of the European Union to provide high level economic security and competitiveness. The ultimate goal of ensuring economic security in the EU is the formation of a fully integrated Europe with the same standard of living in all member countries.
Most of the EU countries define the strengthening of the European space of stability in their national doctrines as the main task of security policy through the development of European integration and an active neighborhood policy of the European Union with the countries of Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the concept of the economic security of the European Community must be considered to a large extent in the context of the economic security of each individual state, national doctrines, programs and concepts of national security.
In Germany separate law dedicated to the concept of economic security does not exist. The state philosophy of economic security in practice is implemented mainly through laws that regulate the most important areas of market activity and endow the state with significant control functions. Thus, the main interests of the country in the field of national security, including its economic component, are presented in the form of an official directive of the Ministry of Defense.
Germany sees its economic security in maintaining economic and social progress, democratization in Europe and throughout the world, protection from economic blackmail, freedom of trade and access to raw materials and markets within a just world economic system. In the domestic economic plan, the goal is to guarantee a healthy economic development country, material and social well-being of the population. In the foreign economic plan, the main emphasis, due to the export orientation of the economy, is placed on stability and improvement of sales markets.
The main methods for ensuring the safe development of the economy in Germany are actions to maintain the civilized nature of market relations, create equal conditions for competition, prevent monopolization in certain industries and maintain the stability of the national currency.
In a broad sense, economic security in France is understood as the prevention and prevention of economic threats by introducing new schemes, adapting the norms and structures of international security and creating a network of cooperation, in particular between the public and private sectors and between states.
In France, the main state document that addresses certain provisions for ensuring economic security is the Law "On National Security" of 1964. The concept of national economic security in France is interpreted as the creation of favorable internal and external conditions for increasing national welfare and strengthening the economic potential of the country. Economic security in a broad sense is ensured by the whole set of economic regulation tools. To this end, in France, in the process of developing and adopting economic decisions the criteria associated with reducing the vulnerability of the economic system and maintaining the economic foundation of an independent foreign policy are used. These criteria include: elimination of serious disproportions in the level of economic development of business entities; preventing excessive external dependence in the most important sectors of the economy: minimizing the risks associated with dependence on the outside world.
Security policy in the UK is closely linked to defense policy: both are based on assessments of national interests and are implemented through their protection. Under the "national interests" in the field of economics, we mean the economic interests of the entire society as a whole, which have priority over other forms of public interests.
Threats to national economic security are divided into external and internal and are ranked according to the degree of importance and probability of occurrence, which makes it possible to concentrate efforts to predict and prevent the most dangerous risks from the point of view of national economic security. At the same time, it should be noted that in the field of preventing economic threats, the government traditionally relies on private business, providing it with maximum support. In addition, the country has an extensive network of institutions that ensure effective interaction between parliament, government and big business in the development and implementation of decisions related to ensuring national economic security. It, in particular, includes such organizations as the Confederation of British Industry, the Council for Trade with Eastern Europe and a number of more specialized organizations representing the interests of industrialists and entrepreneurs.
The concept of economic security is considered in Spain to a large extent in the context of the economic security of the entire European Community. At the same time, an effective system has been created to ensure national interests in the economic field. It is based on: flexible legal and regulatory framework; a clear delineation of the competence of ministries, departments and organizations in the implementation of regulations relating to economic development; the presence at each stage of development of a legislatively approved program of economic priorities, which, in principle, should have excluded the possibility of distributing targeted privileges; availability of special public services control.
In the system of ensuring the economic well-being and sustainable development of the country, an important place is occupied by the identification of priority sectors of the national industry that fall under the protection of protectionist measures; regulation of the investment promotion procedure; currency control; carefully developed legislation on joint-stock companies.
In Italy, the state pays great attention to foreign economic expansion, which is carried out through the economic and technological binding of Italy to its foreign partners. At the same time, the most promising among them are the OECD countries, as well as the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Emphasis is also placed on the Italian presence abroad through the development of international industrial cooperation and, as in Germany, the diversification of energy suppliers. In the absence of an officially formulated doctrine of economic security, the fulfillment of Italy's international obligations related to participation in political or economic groupings is an objective guideline for the Italian government. At the same time, the state, within the legal framework, uses all available mechanisms to protect the interests of its own producers in the domestic and foreign markets.
An analysis of the experience of such Western European countries as the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Switzerland in ensuring economic security shows that their main strategic goal in protecting national economic interests is to ensure sustainable economic growth and modernization of the economy in accordance with the conditions of competition in the world market. These countries do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the formation of the structure of the world economy, as a result of which they are forced to adapt to the conditions of the development of the world economy, change the existing structures of national economies and the proportions of their development. At the same time, the so-called "small countries" of the European Union determine the formation of an effective structure and specialization of the economy as strategic goals.
The economic security policy of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and the Baltic countries is based on convergence of national interests with common European interests, as well as political, economic and institutional transformation in accordance with Western European standards. In the early 1990s, these countries chose practically the same model for ensuring economic security, which included the following actions: an assessment of the geopolitical situation in the region; determination of the vector and development strategy; building and implementing a behavior model, including in the economic sphere, in accordance with the dominant trends of the regional and global evolutionary process; correlation of basic quantitative and qualitative indicators of development with global and regional standards; adjusting the course of economic reforms. The main threats to the economic security of this group of countries can be called: economic backwardness of the regions Central Europe from Western European countries, the difficulties of transition to a market economy, the problems of the formation of democratic and market institutions, and in some countries, such as Poland, the restriction of imports of strategically important raw materials.
Giving general characteristics the current state of development of the economic security sector in all the countries considered, one can separately single out relatively stable economic systems(Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, France). These countries are predominantly focused on improving the efficiency of the economy and at the same time maintain the existing level of personal economic security of their citizens. The new EU member states (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic) can be said to have completed their “first generation” reforms (with a focus on restructuring and re-subordination) and have reached the final stage of security structure reforms.
An analysis of approaches to the economic security of the state in the countries of the European Union convincingly indicates that the level of security depends on many factors.
Ultimately, the success of the countries of the European Union in providing national economic security depends on the stability and strength of their national economies. Only a strong economy makes it possible to successfully protect national interests in the face of increasing global competition and growing world economic disproportions. Therefore, the state should not only develop national concept security, based on world experience, but, above all, to reform the economic domestic and foreign policy in order to protect all business entities.
economic security leasing investment
2. Leasing as a way to activate investment activity
The type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a certain fee, on certain conditions with the right to purchase property by the lessee is called leasing.
Financial leasing is a system of economic and financial relations associated with the acquisition of ownership of equipment and its leasing for a certain fee for temporary use. In financial leasing between the equipment manufacturer and its user, as a rule, there is an intermediary who finances this transaction. The essence of this transaction lies in the fact that the lessee, who does not have free financial resources, enters the leasing company with a proposal to conclude a leasing transaction. Upon appropriate agreement, the lessee selects the seller or manufacturer of the necessary equipment, and the lessor acquires it for temporary use for the lessee for a fee specified in the leasing agreement. After the end of such an agreement, this equipment either becomes the property of the lessee (depending on the terms of the agreement), or is returned to the lessor.
Thus, the nature of leasing is dual. This duality, on the one hand, is expressed in the fact that leasing is an investment of funds on a repayable basis in fixed assets, on the other hand, by providing certain elements of fixed assets for a certain period, the owner receives them back at a specified time, i.e. there is the existence of the principles of urgency and recurrence. For their services, the owner of the property receives remuneration in the form of commissions, which ensures the implementation of the principle of payment.
When implementing an expensive project by attracting new financial sources to the transaction (banks, investment companies etc.) the number of participants in a leasing transaction may increase.
By its economic nature, leasing is very similar to credit relations and investments. So, in leasing (as in credit relations), the owner of the property, transferring it for temporary use, receives it back in accordance with the established period, and receives an appropriate commission for the service provided. And this means that practically all elements of credit relations are involved in the leasing transaction. The only difference is that in leasing, the participants in the transaction operate not with cash, but with specific property.
The financial function of leasing is that it is a form of investment in fixed assets, an additional source to traditional financing channels, such as budget resources, own funds of enterprises, long-term credit and other sources.
In world practice, there are two types of leasing:
1. financial;
2. operational.
Financial leasing should be understood as a transaction in which all risks and rewards associated with the use of equipment are transferred to the lessee. At the same time, lease payments should provide the lessor not only with a return on the cost of equipment, but also with a corresponding return on invested capital. As for the ownership of property after the expiration of the contract, it can be transferred to the lessee or not transferred, depending on the terms of the contract. With operational leasing, the term for the transfer of equipment, as a rule, is very short, and all the risks and losses inherent in the owner of the property remain with the lessor.
The main subjects of leasing are:
1. the lessor - an individual or entity which, at the expense of borrowed or own funds, acquires property in the course of the implementation of a leasing transaction and provides it as a subject of leasing to the lessee for a certain fee, for a certain period and under certain conditions for temporary possession and use with or without transfer of the right to the lessee ownership of the subject of leasing;
2. lessee - an individual or legal entity who, in accordance with the leasing agreement, is obliged to accept the object of leasing for a certain fee, for a certain period and under certain conditions for temporary possession and use in accordance with the leasing agreement;
3. seller (supplier) - a natural or legal person who, in accordance with a sales contract with a lessor, sells to the lessee, within a specified period, the property produced (purchased) by him, which is the subject of leasing. The seller (supplier) is obliged to transfer the object of leasing to the lessor or lessee in accordance with the terms of the contract of sale.
The main document of a leasing transaction is a leasing agreement, which should consist of two parts: an agreement between the lessor and the supplier on the purchase and sale of equipment and a leasing agreement between the lessor and the lessee.
Very important point leasing - ensuring the full reproduction of fixed assets due to the correct and timely calculation of depreciation.
A positive characteristic of financial leasing is a more simplified procedure for obtaining a loan in comparison with banking. As evidenced by modern domestic and foreign experience, under a leasing agreement, the amount of time spent and the list of financial documentation required for submission is significantly lower than when drawing up a long-term loan agreement with a bank. To a large extent, this corresponds to the strictly targeted use of the loan received and its reliable security.
In addition, financial leasing does not require the formation of a principal debt repayment fund in the organization due to the gradual depreciation of the leasing object. Since, under financial leasing, servicing of the principal debt and depreciation of the leased asset are carried out simultaneously (i.e., they are included in the lease payments), at the end of the lease period, the cost of the principal debt on the leased asset is reduced to zero. This saves the organization from the need to divert its own financial resources to form a sinking fund.
The listed credit aspects of financial leasing allow us to consider it as a fairly attractive investment tool in the process of attracting borrowed capital to the organization to ensure the economic development of the company.
In modern economic conditions, the financial function of leasing plays a leading role. The lessee enterprise, turning to leasing for financial reasons, gets the opportunity to use the property it needs without a one-time mobilization of its own or borrowed funds for these purposes. The lessee is released from the one-time full payment of the value of the property, which distinguishes leasing from the usual sale and purchase. Leasing can open access to the necessary property both in the event of any credit restrictions, and in the event that it is impossible to attract borrowed funds for these purposes. With the help of leasing, as a rule, those enterprises are involved in the number of consumers that either do not have the financial ability to purchase equipment as property, or, due to the nature of the production cycle, do not need to constantly own it.
The main disadvantages of leasing are:
1. The lessor bears the risk of obsolescence of equipment and receipt of lease payments, and for the lessee, the cost of leasing is greater than the purchase price or bank loan. Therefore, a leasing transaction is preceded by a large preliminary work on its examination.
2. The lessee, who is not the owner of his fixed assets, cannot provide them as collateral if necessary bank loan, which reduces his chances of obtaining such a loan on more favorable terms.
3. The lessor, who does not have "cheap" and stable sources of funds, is exposed to the risk of a sudden change in interest rates on loans that he is forced to take to finance the investments of the lessee, which also increases the cost of the leasing contract. This risk is neutralized if leasing company is a branch of a large bank.
A very important aspect of leasing is to ensure the full reproduction of fixed assets through the correct and timely calculation of depreciation charges. Traditionally, depreciation charges were until recently written off to production costs evenly throughout the entire standard period of their operation, which, on the one hand, led to underdepreciation of certain types of fixed assets, and on the other hand, did not contribute to the creation of financial opportunities for their accelerated renewal.
Nevertheless, the positive aspects inherent in leasing are much greater than the negative ones, and the historical experience of the development of leasing in many countries confirms its important role in renewing production, expanding sales of products and enhancing investment activity.
Currently, many Russian enterprises face a serious problem of finding and attracting long-term investments to expand production, purchase modern equipment and introduce new technologies.
In a situation where banking system underdeveloped, and the possibilities of obtaining investment loans are limited, leasing is one of the most accessible and effective ways to finance the development of production.
Leasing is a unique investment tool that helps to increase the competitiveness of Russian industry, directly stimulates the process of replacing imported products with high-quality domestic counterparts, increasing employment, increasing the income of private business and the state.
Advantages of leasing:
1. Legal optimization of taxation of your business;
2. Leasing payments are fully charged to cost and reduce the tax base for income tax. VAT paid to the leasing company reduces VAT payments to the budget. Due accelerated depreciation the total period for paying property tax is reduced by three times.
Leasing allows the most profitable way to coordinate the interests of producers and consumers. With a leasing scheme, the recipient receives a number of significant advantages, which will minimize costs both during the operation of the leasing agreement and after its expiration.
Very often, when choosing between leasing and credit, enterprises take the amount of leasing payments as a basis and compare it with the amount of the loan and interest. This does not take into account the reduction in tax deductions that occurs when using both a leasing scheme and a credit financing scheme. Preferential taxation of leasing is one of its significant advantages and results in a reduction in real costs for servicing a leasing transaction.
List of sources used
1. Vechkanov G.S. Economic security: Textbook for universities / G.S. Vechkanov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - 384 p.
2. Vorobyov A.E. National economic security of Russia: methodology of public debt management: study guide / A.E. Vorobyov, T.V. Chekushin. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples, 2006. - 414 p.
3. Kirillovs A.A. Legal foundations of leasing: study guide / A.A. Kirillov. - M.: Informator, 2009. - 120 p.
4. Kovalev V.V. Leasing: financial, accounting, analytical and legal aspects / V.V. Kovalev. - M.: Prospekt, 2013. - 448 p.
5. Semenikhin V.V. Leasing / V.V. Semenikhin.-M.: Eksmo, 2012. - 480 p.
6. Chuvilova O.N. Regional aspects of the country's economic security in the context of globalization / O.N. Chuvilov, I.V. Romanyuta, D.D. Bersey, Ch.Kh.-B. Ionov, Yu.V. Rybin. -M.: Prospekt, 2015. - 94 p.
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