Modern industry consists of many independent industries.
An industry is a set of enterprises characterized by the unity of the economic purpose of their products, the homogeneity of processed raw materials, commonality technological processes and technical base and professional staff.
The combination of several specialized industries is a complex industry (ferrous metallurgy, electricity and heat, engineering, etc.).
The composition and correlation of individual industries, reflecting certain production relationships, the degree of differentiation and specialization of industries characterize the sectoral structure of industry. Depending on the economic purpose of products, there are industries that produce the means of production, and industries that produce consumer goods.
Industries according to the nature of the impact on the object of labor are divided into mining and processing. The first are engaged in the extraction of natural raw materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, coal, peat, natural gas, slates), the second - in the processing of products from extractive industries or agriculture.
The classification of industries includes the following main economic principles: economic purpose of manufactured products; the nature of the functioning of products in the production process; homogeneity of the intended purpose of the manufactured products, the commonality of the processed raw materials, the affinity of the technology used; the nature of the impact on the object of labor, etc.
But the largest part of industries is covered by the sign of the intended purpose of their products.
The role of industry in the world economy is determined by a number of factors"
The level of mechanization (as a product of industry) is growing in all sectors of the economy: for example, agriculture, the construction industry, trade, banking, even the household in increasing volumes needs mechanization;
Natural raw materials (agricultural products) are increasingly being replaced by synthetic raw materials, which changes the structure of the world economy in favor of industry;
A number of industries and industries are moving into the sphere of industry from other sectors of the economy;
Food products (as traditional agricultural products) are increasingly consumed after industrial processing.
Without considering in detail all branches of industry, we will focus only on mechanical engineering, since this branch is the material basis for the technical re-equipment of the economy, and this predetermines its leading role in industry as a whole.
mechanical engineering developed countries and part of the developing-Xia is going through a difficult period of comprehensive restructuring. The traditional branches of mechanical engineering are intensively developing, where new technological methods of production and advanced technology are being actively introduced.
The sectoral structure of mechanical engineering can be represented as follows.
1. General mechanical engineering (machine tool building, equipment manufacturing, etc.).
2. Electrical industry (including electronic).
3. Transport engineering (automobile industry, aircraft-rocket industry, shipbuilding, railway equipment production, agricultural engineering, construction equipment production, etc.). The production apparatus of new high-tech industries is being improved, and expenditures on all types of R&D in mechanical engineering are increasing.
As a result of the development of scientific and technical progress, the role of mechanical engineering in the economy of developed countries is increasing.
A factor restraining a further increase in the share of mechanical engineering in the manufacturing industry of industrially developed countries is the continued separation from mechanical engineering into the service sector, the production infrastructure of such functions as programming and maintenance of electronic computers; design of complex production systems and communication networks; provision of services in engineering, leasing, training of personnel; consulting services, etc.
Among the branches of transport engineering, the aerospace industry (ARCP), microelectronics and automotive industry are at the center of modern state industrial policy. these industries play a key role in the development of not only mechanical engineering, but also the entire economy of the leading Western countries.
The regulation of the development of these industries by the state is carried out in two directions: through the stimulation of the innovation process; through the implementation of various measures, including protectionist ones, in order to facilitate national firms conditions of competition in the internal and external markets.
At present, the ARCP and the electrical (including radio electronics) industry account for 44% and 28%, respectively, in the USA, 25% in Japan (for electrical engineering), 47% and 29% in Germany, 50% and 43% in France, and 50% and 43% in the UK. 45 and 40%, in Italy - 30% (for each industry) of total government spending on R&D in the manufacturing industry. About 60% of the total public spending R&D in US engineering goes to the ARCP (75% of the industry's total costs for these purposes) and is associated mainly with military orders, most of which are carried out by a limited circle of large specialized contractors.
The role of agriculture in the world economy. Agro-industrial complex and its development trends
^ Agro-industrial complex (AIC) is of particular importance in the global economy. It is one of the main national economic complexes that determine the conditions for the maintenance of the life of society. Its significance is not so much in meeting the needs of people in food products, but also in the fact that it significantly affects the employment of the population and the efficiency of all national production.
The agro-industrial complex is the largest of the main (basic) complexes in the country's global economy.
The agro-industrial complex includes all types of production and production services, the creation and development of which are subordinated to the production of final consumer products from agricultural raw materials. The agro-industrial complex includes three major areas of industries.
The first sphere of the agro-industrial complex - tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for the food industry; agrochemistry (production of mineral fertilizers and microbiological industry); feed industry; the system of material and technical maintenance of agriculture; land reclamation and agriculture
Construction.
Second sphere - crop production, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry
The third area of the agro-industrial complex - food industry; refrigeration, storage, specialized transport facilities; trade and other enterprises and organizations involved in bringing the final product to the consumer, including wholesale markets, retail and catering. Each area should also include the relevant branches of science and training."
In economically developed countries specific gravity agriculture in the structure of the agro-industrial complex occupies a relatively smaller place both in terms of the cost of production and the number of people employed in this area.
Once upon a time, the share of agriculture in GNP or GDP of many countries of the world was not only predominant, but also reaching such values as 60 - 80%. Now in developed countries it fluctuates between 2 - 10%. Thus, the share of agriculture in the US GNP is only 2%, and at the same time, the country produces such a gigantic volume of agricultural products that it can satisfy the needs of not only 260 million Americans, but"" and another 100 million people. abroad, as the US is a major exporter of these products.
Agriculture remains one of the leading branches of material production in the world economy. At present, due to the intense impact of scientific and technical progress, agriculture is undergoing a period of deep structural restructuring. There has been a transition of agricultural production to the machine stage of development: agriculture is turning into part large agro-industrial complex.
Across the land, the quality of productive land varies significantly. Soil fertility depends on many natural factors.
The lands used in agriculture and producing a variety of food products occupy 35% of the world's land fund. They are very different in their natural properties, in their ability to produce cultivated plants or herbs on which cattle graze, that is, in their agro-natural potential.
In the most general terms, lands are divided into two large categories: 1) agricultural, where cultivated plants are grown, and 2) pasture, intended for grazing livestock.
The most valuable and fertile lands of the planet, used with varying degrees of intensity, are about 1.5 billion hectares. They are very different in quality, level of productivity and uneven distribution across the continents.
If in the whole world there is 0.3 ha of arable land per inhabitant, then in Asia, where 31% of the world arable land is concentrated, this figure (0.15 ha) is the lowest on the planet. In other words, in Asia, 1 ha should feed 7 human. In densely populated Europe, 1 hectare already feeds 4 people, in South America - 2.0, in North America - almost 1.5 people.
The various sizes of land masses being cultivated on the continents depend not so much on the needs of the population, but on the agro-natural potential of the territory. This is clearly seen in the example of Asia. In the foreign territories of Asia, where more than 3.1 billion people currently live, only 17% of the total area has been plowed up, which is why the rate of per capita provision of arable land for the local population is so low here.
Most favorable natural conditions for the development of agriculture in Europe, where about 1/3 of all land has no serious limiting factors. At the same time, this region has a very high population density. Therefore, despite the significant development of the territory for cultivation, the per capita provision of arable land is not much higher than in Asia - only 0.3 hectares.
Africa and South America are continents whose population is not able to provide themselves with food, and the amount of cultivated land in these regions is more than modest: only 6% of the total area is plowed in Africa, less than 8% in South America.
At the same time, the developed arable lands are used far ambiguously. In many parts of the world, the array of irrigated lands is expanding, organic and mineral fertilizers, soil-protective methods of cultivation, and special varieties of cultivated plants are being used. In other words, intensive farming is being introduced, which requires significant investment in each hectare, but also gives a tangible increase in productivity.
According to the FAO, over the past 25 years, the total arable area of the world has grown by 140 million hectares, i.e. by 10%. The population increased by 1.3 billion people, or 40%. It was possible to feed this population only thanks to intensive methods of farming. "And 82% of the increase in food was provided by the intensification of agriculture and only 12% - by extensive expansion of arable land.
Concerning financial results of the whole complex of state measures to regulate agriculture, the general conclusion is disappointing: the receipts of funds in agriculture are many times higher than the amounts that go from this industry to the budget. In general, in the OECD, that is, in the 29 most developed countries of the West, revenues to agriculture from the budget are 9 times higher than its payments to the budget, and if we add price subsidies to this, then 18 times. By the beginning of the 21st century, a radical change in the essence of agricultural production took place. Scientific and technological revolution led to an unprecedented intensification of agricultural production, its organic fusion with industry, which in turn led to serious changes in other areas and sectors of the world economy.
Industry structure: fuel and energy complex
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) plays an important role in the world economy, because without its products, the functioning of all industries without exception is impossible. World demand for primary energy resources (PER), primary energy resources include oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewable energy sources) in 1995-2015. will grow more slowly than in the 1980s (excluding former USSR), and this trend will continue in the next decades of the 21st century. At the same time, the efficiency of their use will increase, especially in industrialized countries.
According to experts, in the period 1995-2015. the total consumption of all types of PER in the world can increase by about 1.6-1.7 times and amount to about 17 billion tons of reference fuel (cf). At the same time, in the structure of consumption, the dominant position will remain for fuel and energy resources of organic origin (more than -4%). The share of energy from nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and others will not exceed 6%.
In the total volume of production and consumption of PER, oil will retain the leading role, Coal will remain in second place, and gas will remain in third. Nevertheless, the share of oil in the structure of consumption will fall from 39.4% to 35% with an increase in the share
gas from 23.7 to 28%. The share of coal will slightly decrease - from 31.7 to 31.2%. A slight increase in the share of inorganic energy resources will occur against the background of a reduction in the share of nuclear energy - from 2.3% in 1995 to 2% by 2015.
The structure of the fuel and energy complex in the world economy is determined by the types of primary energy and balance between them. Table 6.1. the sources of primary energy and their corresponding types are presented secondary the energy resulting from the conversion.
Table. Types of primary and secondary energy
At the end of the 1990s, as is known, there was a slowdown in the economic development virtually every country in the world. In OECD countries and in particular in Japan (which has experienced a deep recession) the economic growth averaged 2.2%.
As the rate of economic development slowed down, the growth rate of PER consumption decreased. A sharp decline in oil prices, which began at the end of 1997, had a certain impact on the consumption of PER and their structure. Analysts believe that this trend, which continued until the end of the century, will change at the beginning of the 21st century and prices will go up, amounting to $125-135 per ton. It is assumed that oil production in 2001 will increase by 1.1 billion tons. On the contrary, the share of natural gas, both in the structure of consumption and production, will continuously grow. Thus, on average, the share of natural gas in the structure of production increased by 0.1%.
The share of coal in the structure of consumption is decreasing, which indicates the replacement of a certain volume of coal with oil and gas.
According to experts, the production and consumption of energy by nuclear and hydroelectric power plants is not enough, their role in the fuel and energy complex of the world economy is still low, and their share in the world's fuel and energy balance does not exceed 5.5%.
The most rapidly developing electric power industry was in the 50s-60s. XX century. Practically during this period there was a doubling of electricity production, countries began to switch to energy-saving technologies. The leaders in energy production are traditionally:
USA - 3.0 trillion kW / h; RF - 1.1 trillion kW/h; Japan - 1.0 trillion kWh; China - 0.66 trillion kW / h.
The structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the world economy is as follows:
Oil - 41.2%;
Solid fuel - 28.3%;
Gas - 22.3%;
Nuclear energy - 9%;
HPPs and other non-traditional sources - the rest is consumption.
Geographically, energy consumption in the world economy is as follows:
Developed countries - 53%;
Developing - 29%;
CIS and countries of Eastern Europe - 18%.
The main world's largest sources of extraction of energy resources:
Oil: Samotlor ( Western Siberia, Russia); Saudi Arabia and Kuwait;
Gas: Komi Republic, Urengoy (Russia); Holland;
In 1998, the volume of proven recoverable reserves of oil and natural gas slightly increased. For oil as of 1.1999, they amounted to 141.7 billion tons against 139.7 billion tons
Energy
The annual energy demand of the world economy is estimated at 11.7 billion tons of oil equivalent.
Thus, despite the use of progressive energy-saving technologies, energy consumption in the world is increasing, the expansion of global production and consumption also increases the need for energy (especially in developing countries).
However, by the beginning of the 21st century, the overall demand for energy resources is expected to fall.
Under the conditions of scientific and technical progress, the role of atomic energy in the fuel and energy balance of the world economy has increased (the development of this source is constrained by its unsafety for the environment)
The resources of a modern fuel base for nuclear energy are determined by the cost of uranium mining at costs not exceeding $130 per 1 kg. Energy production at NPPs under construction depends little on the cost of raw materials.
In modern conditions of life it is difficult to overestimate the role of the chemical industry. Medicine and healthcare, heavy and light engineering, household chemicals, furniture production, the food industry and all the latest science-intensive industries depend to some extent on the production of chemical products.
Physical-mechanical processes, pharmacy and the predecessor of chemistry - alchemy could not equally influence the economy and society as a whole, as the chemical industry does. Without studying the chemical composition and nature of things, complex multi-stage reactions were impossible. Equally, as well as the creation of synthetic and polymeric materials that are in demand today in a number of leading sectors of the world and domestic economy.
The main areas that include chemical industry:
The chemical industry, along with microelectronics and nano-developments, does not stand still and is constantly being improved. To date, more than 90 sub-sectors and directions for the use of chemical products have been opened.
In world practice, it is customary to distinguish 3 main groups of chemical production:
At the same time, not every production, even including elements of chemistry, can be classified as chemical. Economic activity chemical enterprise, as a rule:
The synthesis of hydrocarbons and the production of polymers account for one third of the world's production of chemicals. This also includes petrochemistry, which receives the basis of raw materials from related industries - oil and gas production. Consumption of basic raw materials does not exceed 4-6%.
The resulting plastics and synthetic resins are further sent to the production of chemical fibers, various parts and structures of the furniture industry, mechanical engineering, fine instrumentation, equipment for construction needs, or they are sent to the next technological stage of chemical production. All substances are conditionally divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting, with the former actively conquering the market, while the latter are practically out of use.
It's hard to overestimate the role of the chemical industry in mechanical engineering, including transport. Every year, about a billion car tires and tires are produced in the world.
Chemical rubbers have greater frost resistance, heat capacity, low flammability compared to natural rubbers.
Phosphate, nitrogen and potash fertilizers are actively used in agriculture around the world, which increase yields and certain physical, chemical and visual characteristics of products. Chemical fertilizers are still the object of heated scientific debate, but it is obvious that it is impossible to completely do without them in the current climatic and demographic conditions.
The danger of the emergence of new diseases has strengthened the role of the chemical industry in pharmaceuticals and medicine as such. Bacteria and viruses over the long years of evolution have learned to quickly adapt in an aggressive environment, not to mention congenital pathologies. The lives of millions of people in developed and especially in developing countries depend on the success of the development of the latest chemicals and technologies.
The production of paints and varnishes is in demand in many industries, primarily construction and mechanical engineering. The latest developments in this direction are environmentally friendly paints that are safe during finishing and construction work and in the further operation of buildings and structures.
In addition to universal funds such as furniture, buildings, warehouses, long-term biological assets, the chemical industry, unlike other industries, cannot do without specific equipment.
Each stage has its own machines, aggregates and installations - for extraction, primary and secondary processing, synthesis, conveyor production, packaging and transportation.
An enterprise can be engaged exclusively in the production of high-precision chemical equipment or design units exclusively for its own needs.
The CHEMISTRY exhibition, dedicated to the chemical industry and everything related to it, will traditionally be held at the Expocentre. Participants and guests of the event will get acquainted with the chronicle of exhibitions starting in 1965, the leaders of the chemical field, and will also be able to participate or be spectators of exciting chemical experiments.
Stages of development:
Fuel industry problems:
Electric power industry of the world
Role
- providing electricity to other sectors of the economy.
Leaders in production
- Norway (29,000 kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11,000 kWh), while the global average is 2,000 kWh. kW. h.
The lowest rates are in Africa, China and India.
Thermal power plants prevail in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Romania, China, Mexico, and Italy.
Hydroelectric power stations - in Norway, Brazil, Canada, Albania, Ethiopia.
Nuclear power plants - in France, Belgium, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain.
The main problems of the electric power industry are:
The solution to the problem is to use non-traditional energy sources, such as:
Metallurgical industry
Metallurgy is one of the basic industries that provides other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Placement factors:
Placement factor- resource factor.
It is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.
Within the north, coniferous wood is harvested, which is processed into wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, this industry has become an industry of international specialization.
Deciduous tree species are harvested within the southern forest belt. Here you can highlight - Brazil, the countries of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-timber raw materials are often used - jute, sisal, reed.
The main importers of wood are Japan, Western European countries, and partly the USA.
Light industry
The light industry provides the needs of the population for fabrics, clothing, footwear, and other industries with specialized materials.
Light industry includes 30 major industries that are combined into groups:
primary processing of raw materials;
textile industry;
clothing industry;
shoe industry.
The most important industry light industry is textile.
Main placement factors are:
In the first place is the production of cotton fabrics (China, India, Russia). The second place is the production of fabrics from chemical fiber (USA, India, Japan). In the production of silk fabrics, the USA, Japan, China are leading, and woolen - Russia, Italy.
The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.
mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry, provides machines and equipment for all sectors of the economy.
Main Industries- electronics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, precision engineering.
The production of many types of machines requires large labor costs, highly skilled workers. Particularly labor-intensive are instrument-making and computer production. And other emerging industries. These industries also require the constant introduction of the latest achievements of science, i.e. are science intensive.
Such productions are located in large cities or near them. Dependence on metal sources, in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, has significantly decreased. Mechanical engineering today is an almost ubiquitous industry.
The world has developed 4 major regions of mechanical engineering:
North America. It produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but it is especially worth mentioning - the production of rocket and space technology, computers.
Foreign Europe. The volume of production is about the same as in North America. It produces mass products, machine tool and automotive products.
East and Southeast Asia. It stands out for precision engineering products and precision technology products.
CIS. 10% of the total, heavy engineering stands out.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry has a complex sectoral composition. She is includes:
mining and chemical industry (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatite, phosphorites, salts);
basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiological, etc.).
Placement factors:
stands out 4 major regions chemical industry:
Foreign Europe(leading Germany);
North America(USA);
East and Southeast Asia(Japan, China, Newly industrialized countries);
CIS(Russia · Ukraine · Belarus).
Industry geography - industry economic geography, studying the location of industrial production, its factors and patterns, conditions and features of the development and location of industry in various countries and regions.
For the geography of industry, the following important features of industrial production are most significant:
Industry (from Russian to trade, craft) is a set of enterprises engaged in the production of tools, extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production and further processing of products. In geography, it is considered as a branch of the economy.
The industry consists of two large groups of industries:
Since the 19th century, industry has been the basis for the development of society. And although today only about one in six working people work in industry, this is still a lot - about 17%. Industry is essential part world economy, and at the level of the country's economy is an industry on which the achievements of all National economy any state.
Depending on the time of occurrence, all industries are usually divided into three groups: old, new and latest industries.
Old Industries: coal, iron ore, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding.
New industries: automotive industry, aluminum industry, plastics industry.
Latest Industries(originated in the era of scientific and technological revolution): microelectronics, atomic and aerospace production, chemistry of organic synthesis, microbiological industry, robotics.
At present, the role of new and latest branches of industrial production is increasing. Leading countries in terms of total industrial production: USA, China, India, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Japan, France, Indonesia, Australia, Italy, etc.
By 1990, Eastern Europe with the leading role of the USSR. There was a significant gas production in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world's gas industry. The USA lost its monopoly position, and their share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (now Russia has retained its leadership). Russia and the US concentrate half of the natural gas produced in the world. Russia remains stable, the world's largest gas exporter.
Coal is mined in more than 60 countries of the world, but more than 10 million tons of them are mined. 11 countries produce annually - China (field - Fu-Shun), USA, Russia (Kuzbass), Germany (Ruhr), Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (Karaganda).
Exporters of coal - USA, Australia, South Africa.
Importers - Japan, Western Europe.
Oil is produced in 75 countries of the world, Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, Mexico, UAE, Iran, Iraq, China are in the lead.
The role of the power industry is to provide electricity to other sectors of the economy. And its significance in the era of scientific and technological revolution, especially with the development of electronization and integrated automation, is especially great.
Over 100 billion kilowatts per hour is generated in 13 countries - the USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Poland, Norway and India.
In terms of electricity generation per capita, the leaders are: Norway (29 thousand kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with an average global indicator of 2 thousand .kW h.
Metallurgy is one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).
For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting was almost primarily determined by economic power any country. And all over the world they are growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the XX century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the global economy.
The timber and woodworking industry is one of the oldest industries. For a long time, it provided other industries with structural materials and raw materials. The main importers of wood are Japan, Western European countries, and partly the USA.
Includes: logging, primary woodworking, pulp and paper and furniture manufacturing
The light industry provides the needs of the population for fabrics, clothing, footwear, and other industries with specialized materials.
Light industry includes 30 major industries, which are combined into groups:
The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries. But in terms of the number of employees and the value of products, it still ranks first among all sectors of the world industry. Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry, provides machines and equipment for all sectors of the economy.
North America. It produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but it is especially worth mentioning - the production of rocket and space technology, computers.
Foreign Europe. The volume of production is about the same as in North America. It produces mass products, machine tool and automotive products.
East and Southeast Asia. It stands out for precision engineering products and precision technology products.
CIS. 10% of the total, heavy engineering stands out.
The chemical industry is one of the avant-garde industries that ensure the development of the economy in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
There are 4 major regions of the chemical industry:
The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base, which makes it possible to dispose of waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to more economical consumption of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water, air, plant protection, soil restoration.
On the other hand, it itself is one of the most "dirty" industries that affect all components of the natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.
The rapid development of the world industry and its global diversification occurred during the golden age of the world economy, which ended with the collapse of Lehmann Brothers. Experts made their forecast for the development of the main sectors of the world industry for the coming decades
London. July 15. FINMARKET.RU - 150 years ago, in the 19th century, the center of industrial production moved from China to Great Britain. In the last 25 years, everything has returned to its place: industrial production returned to developing countries. At the same time, new industries emerged: a breakthrough occurred in biotechnology, information technology and other areas.
The rapid development of the world industry and its global diversification occurred during the golden age of the world economy, which ended in 2008 with the collapse of Lehmann Brothers. Chatham House - one of the most famous British think tanks - summed up the development of the global industry and prepared a forecast for several decades ahead. The experts also analyzed in detail the state of the three key sectors of the global industry - aircraft and automotive industry and pharmaceuticals - and trade.
Four trends in global industry: production is becoming more complex and moving to developing countries
The share of industry in world GDP is declining
Developing countries account for more industrial value added
Growing demand in developing countries and demographics are changing the face of global industry
Demand changes industry: the old and rich population of the earth wants completely different goods
Global consumption will grow at the expense of developing countries
The global middle class is growing
Suggestion: it all depends on the labor market
Wages are rising too fast in China
Much depends on the policies pursued by governments, for example, in the field of governance exchange rates, export promotion, investment subsidies and other fields.
A striking example of such a policy is the latest crisis. Then governments spent billions of dollars to support banks and financial system. In the US, the government bailed out car companies.
Aircraft industry: while the market is dominated by the US and Europe, but their influence is declining
Demand for aircraft will grow
Automotive industry: developing countries will provide growth
The automotive industry plays a key role in the technological, social and political development of the planet in the 20th century. In the world, 90 million people are involved in the creation of cars - 5% of the entire world workforce.
If the automotive industry were a separate country, then it would be one of the ten largest economies in the world. Each additional created workplace in the automotive industry leads to the creation of five additional jobs in related sectors.
Developed countries are losing the battle for the auto industry
Pharmaceuticals: Forward to new business models
The last decades of the last century saw a real revolution in pharmaceuticals: it became easier to discover new drugs, public demand for health products increased, and many countries began to invest in health systems. However, in last years serious problems began to appear in this model.
Getting drug approval is getting harder
The growth of the sector has seriously slowed down
Trade: the future belongs to large shopping centers
Retail will also change completely, with sales falling in developed countries as a result of economic crisis, and in developing countries, the sales structure is changing due to income growth and urbanization.
Retail trade will grow at the expense of developing countries
