FSBU, or federal standards accounting- these are newly introduced provisions for accounting in institutions public sector. The change in accounting in the public sector began in 2018 - the first five FSBs were introduced. In 2020, the second five standards were introduced. We analyze federal accounting standards from 2020, or how state employees work according to the new rules.

New accounting standards 2020

From 01.01.2019 the new accounting standards 2020 are mandatory for all institutions public sector. Now public sector organizations do not have the right to keep records bypassing the new rules and regulations. It is worth noting that most of the provisions do not contain fundamental changes, but only fix the standards that were in force before, but only at the level of recommendations.

So, federal accounting standards from 2020 for the public sector:

1. Accounting policy, estimated values and errors (No. 274n dated December 30, 2017).
2. Events after reporting date(No. 275n dated December 30, 2017).
3. Income (No. 32n dated February 27, 2018).
4. Traffic report Money(No. 278n dated December 30, 2017).
5. The impact of changes in foreign exchange rates (No. 122n dated February 30, 2018).

Let's designate the main innovations in more detail: accounting standards 2020.

Accounting policy 2020

Now state employees are required to draw up an accounting policy based on the provisions of the Federal Security Service No. 274n. However, the designated Order of the Ministry of Finance does not provide for fundamental changes. In essence, the new provisions on accounting policies are current regulations Law No. 402-FZ. Note that there are also innovations.

Thus, the FSB defined the following aspects:

1. The person responsible for drawing up the accounting policy is specified. This is the chief accountant or another person who is entrusted with the responsibility for accounting.
2. Ready document should be public. In other words, the UE is subject to publication on the official website of the institution.
3. Subordinate institutions should develop their PM on the basis of the provisions of a higher organization, ministry, department.
4. The cases of making changes and additions to the document are limited.

The new procedure for compiling the UE, taking into account the changes in the Federal Security Service of Ukraine, is in a separate material.

Events after the reporting date

This FSB fixed not only the concept of events after the reporting date, but also the rules for their reflection in accounting, depending on the period of their occurrence. The standard outlined the classification of events of this nature. So, depending on what type a particular event belongs to, the way it is reflected in the accounting of an institution also depends. The standard also reveals the features of including this information in the reporting of the organization.

Recall that previously such provisions were disclosed only in the accounting policy of the institution. Moreover, each economic entity could establish its own exclusive rules. The new accounting standards 2020 eliminated these disagreements. Now events after the reporting date can be reflected in the accounting only in accordance with the designated norms, and nothing else.

FSBU: Income

The initial concept of income was introduced in the FSB 2018 "Conceptual Framework". This is an inflow of economic benefit or an increase in the useful potential of assets, determined for reporting period. Moreover, investments and contributions from the founder cannot be counted as income. It is also impossible to recognize as income a non-monetary exchange of goods, works, services between counterparties without making appropriate calculations.

The new 2020 accounting standards for income should not be applied to all cases. So, for example, the FSBU "Income" is not applicable when selling fixed assets or intangible assets, upon receipt rental payments, upon receipt of gratuitous receipts and in other situations.

Now income should be divided into two groups. Those that are received from exchange transactions are called exchange income. These include receipts from operations with assets and property of the institution. Non-exchange income - those that are received from non-exchange transactions. These include revenues from taxes, contributions, fines, gratuitous receipts from the budget, compensation for penalties, damage, harm, and so on.

The impact of changes in foreign exchange rates

The current accounting standards establish that any operation of the entity's economic activity must be reflected in the accounting in the ruble equivalent. That is, if the operation was performed in a foreign currency, then the amount must be recalculated. The procedure and rules for recalculation fix the accounting standards for state employees from 2020.

The new FSB establishes the methods and procedure for recalculating the value of assets and liabilities provided for foreign Russian institutions. The provisions also fix the rules for reflecting this information in the reporting of public sector organizations.

Current accounting standards 2018

Since January 2018, five federal accounting standards have been in force, approved by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on December 31, 2016:

1. Conceptual Framework for Accounting and Reporting for Public Sector Organizations (No. 256n).
2. Fixed assets (No. 257n).
3. Rent (No. 258n).
4. Impairment of assets (No. 259н).
5. Provision of accounting (financial) statements (No. 260n).

The program for the introduction of new accounting is regulated by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2017 No. 170n. Future innovations will affect the formation of accounting policies, the rules for reflecting events after the reporting date, the algorithm for reflecting contingent liabilities and assets, and other things.

Federal Standard 2018: fixed assets

In the accounting of fixed assets in public sector institutions, the grouping of fixed assets will change: now non-residential premises, buildings and structures will be combined into one group, and for perennial plantations created separate category. The library fund of the institution will no longer be allocated to a separate group.

The Federal Standard "Fixed Assets 2018" introduces a completely new concept of "investment property" for real estate objects of an institution that are rented out or increase the value of the rest of the property. However, such real estate cannot be used by the institution to carry out its main activities.

Since 2018, fixed assets can be accounted for comprehensively. For example, combine office equipment into one object. Similarly, you can combine office furniture (table, cabinet, chair) or other objects.

The boundaries of the cost of fixed assets have been changed. Now, all objects worth less than 10,000 rubles will be classified as low-value. They should be accounted for in the off-balance sheet.

100% depreciation is now charged on fixed assets worth up to 100,000 rubles, as in tax accounting. Library stock up to RUB 100,000 is accounted for in the same way.

For objects worth more than 100,000 rubles, depreciation will be calculated in a new way. There will be three methods:

• linear;
• diminishing balance;
• in proportion to the volume of production.

You will have to recalculate and add depreciation. To help accountants in the public sector, the Ministry of Finance issued guidelines for the transition and implementation of new rules. The instructions are contained in Letter No. 02-07-07/79257 dated November 30, 2017.

Major changes to the 2018 OS standard

Federal Reporting Standard

The 2018 Accounting Standard on Reporting contains a new methodology for compiling and presenting financial statements. Certain reporting data will have to be disclosed without fail.

The assets and liabilities of the institution will be divided into short-term and long-term, or current and non-current, respectively.

The officials also identified a number of principles that must be met budget reporting institutions:

• relevance (relevance);
• reliable presentation (completeness, neutrality, absence of significant errors);
• verification;
• timeliness;
• materiality;
• comparability;
• clarity.

Lease - federal accounting standard 2018

If an institution leases property or leases fixed assets, such transactions should be carried out in accordance with the new federal standard 2018. In order to correctly reflect transactions in accounting, it is necessary to determine which category the lease belongs to: operating (non-financial) or non-operating (financial) .

Property received under a non-operating transaction should be accounted for as property, plant and equipment budget institution. However, a monetary obligation in the amount of accounts payable on rent.

The institution has the right not to apply these rules if state organization provide assets for temporary possession or use. For example, biological or intangible assets in temporary use.

Ask questions, and we will supplement the article with answers and explanations!

In this article, Professor M.L. Pyatov (St. Petersburg State University) analyzes the provisions of the current Federal Law No. 402-FZ dated 06.12.2011 “On Accounting”, reflecting a new approach for domestic legislation to the formation of a system of documents regulating the practice of maintaining official accounting (financial) accounting by economic entities in Russia. The article shows the actual content of the innovations introduced by the Law, reveals the continuity of the norms of the new Law in relation to the existing system of regulation of accounting practices.

The system of documents regulating the practice of accounting as a subject of legislative definition

An innovation that largely affects the possible development of accounting in Russia is the definition by the new Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” (hereinafter referred to as the Law of 2011) of the structure of documents regulating the practice financial accounting. This function is performed by .

It should be noted that the norms that determine the structure of the system of regulatory legal acts regulating the practice of accounting in Russia were also contained in the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the Law of 1996).

First of all, here we should recall the content of Article 3 of the 1996 Law, which determined the structure of the legislation Russian Federation about accounting. Recall that the Law of 1996 established that “The legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting consists of this Federal Law, which establishes unified legal and methodological foundations organization and accounting in the Russian Federation, other federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation”.

In the above norms of both the old and the new laws, in fact, in a certain sense, they are talking about standards economic entity in the field of accounting.

These documents cannot be classified as normative legal. They are local in nature and are mandatory for the use by employees of a particular economic entity due to the operation of civil and labor laws.

Subordination of documents in the field of accounting regulation

3. Federal laws of the Russian Federation.

4. Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

5. Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation.

6. Federal Standards on accounting.

7. Industry accounting standards.

In the next article, we will consider the procedure for the development and adoption of documents regulating the practice of accounting by bodies with the appropriate authority.

Any enterprise operates within the limits determined by the relevant legislative norms. Accounting activities of organizations are also subject to special rules, united by the sonorous name "Accounting Standards". Modern accounting is subject to requirements that are developed at various levels and regulate different aspects. Let's look at the hierarchy of these regulatory documents.

Russian accounting standards: federal, sectoral, intracompany

So, accounting standards are documents that establish fundamental requirements for maintaining and accounting methods. They are:

• federal, i.e. operating and obligatorily applicable throughout the Russian Federation in companies of any industry and form of ownership;
• industry, i.e. companies established for use in various industries;
• intra-company, i.e., developed and used in the system of the subject (company or enterprise).

Federal Accounting Standards

The main domestic law regulating accounting activities in each company is the law “On Accounting” No. 402-FZ dated 06.12.2011. He establishes the unifying framework of RAS, providing for the procedure and approval of federal standards. Mandatory for use in any company, regardless of the type of its activity, they determine:

• signs and classification of accounting objects, conditions for their registration and disposal;
• evaluation methods;
• terms of recalculation of the cost from foreign exchange to the national
• the need to adopt the company's accounting policy;
• chart of accounts;
• compilation rules financial reporting and etc.

Federal accounting standards, and these are all the Regulations governing the implementation of accounting, are approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Today, national accounting standards include 24 RAS and several special Provisions.

Intra-company accounting standards, usually in the form of local acts of the enterprise, are developed by the company and are intended for accounting in it. The need for their development, as well as the procedure for review and approval, amendment or cancellation, the company also determines independently. It is only important that the standards set by the company do not contradict federal legal acts and accepted industry standards, but supplement them in connection with the necessary specifics or functionality of production.

Industry Accounting Standards (OSBU)

Features of the use of federal standards in various types of functioning are regulated by industry standards. The mechanism of their application is more elementary, and they are created taking into account the characteristics of the industry or direction in it.

Industry standards are included in the general category of regulatory legal acts that define accounting issues together with federal, intra-company standards and recommendations. They dictate the requirements:

The minimum required - in terms of the rules for the use of accounting;

Permissible - in terms of accounting methods.

The specificity of industry accounting standards is manifested in the fact that they, like federal ones, are mandatory for use. They are approved only after a special examination in the Standards Council. Combining the basic principles of accounting in the Russian Federation, industry accounting standards can:

Detail, selectively specifying, special accounting requirements or accounting for certain types of activities, for example, accounting in budgetary organizations;

Apply as a universal option.

Rapid Approach Russian principles accounting to IFRS is justified and inevitable. It is IFRS that become the basis for the development and application of OSBU. Currently, the main market regulator, the Bank of Russia, is actively developing OSBU projects for various industries and activities.

OSBU: examples and projects

The Bank of Russia publishes on its own website already approved OSBUs and drafts regulating the accounting processes of various subjects. Many of them have been developed recently and are beginning (and more often are only planned) to be introduced into the life of companies gradually and in stages. The emergence of OSBU is due to:

State prospects for convergence of RAS and IFRS;

The future (from 2018-2019) transition to a single chart of accounts (CAP), which combines the activities of credit (CFO) and non-credit (NFO) financial institutions;

The desire to establish uniformity and increase the information content of reporting.

General documents that combine the main requirements for accounting transactions that are equally applied by both the CFO and the NFO;

Specific, i.e. defining the rules for accounting for transactions that characterize any particular type of activity.

The documents recently approved by the Bank of Russia can serve as examples of OSBU:

For NFO - OSBU:

Operations related to the implementation of the NFO property trust management agreement dated November 18, 2015 No. 505-p;

Reserves - estimated and contingent liabilities of the NFO dated 03.12.2015 No. 508-p;

The procedure for compiling accounting. reporting dated December 28, 2015 No. 526-p, etc.

For insurers - OSBU:

- “The procedure for compiling accounting. reporting” dated December 28, 2015 No. 526-p;

Operations of NPFs related to the conduct of insurance activities” dated 05.11.2015 3502-p.

For KFO - OSBU:

Remuneration to employees of the KFO dated April 15, 2015 No. 465-P;

Operations related to the fulfillment of reserve requirements dated October 20, 2016 No. 554-p;

- Fixed assets, intangible assets, real estate, temporarily unused assets, stocks intended for sale and received under contracts of compensation or pledge dated December 22, 2014 No. 448-p, etc.

So, industry, as well as federal accounting standards, dictate certain rules for conducting accounting operations in Russian companies, setting as General requirements, and specific, acceptable only for certain organizations or ongoing operations.

1. Documents in the field of accounting regulation include:

ConsultantPlus: note.

Federal accounting standards for public sector organizations approved before 07/26/2019 are recognized as federal accounting standards public finance(FZ of July 26, 2019 N 247-FZ).

4. Federal standards may establish accounting requirements for certain types of economic activity.

(see text in previous edition)

5. Industry standards establish the features of the application of federal standards in certain types of economic activity.

6. Charts of Accounts for Credit Institutions and Non-Credit Financial Institutions and the Procedure for Their Application, the Procedure for Recording Accounting Accounts of Individual Accounting Objects and Grouping Accounting Accounts in Accordance with the Indicators of the Accounting (Financial) Statements of Credit Institutions and Non-Credit Financial Institutions, Forms disclosure of information in the accounting (financial) statements of credit institutions and non-credit financial institutions are established regulations Central Bank Russian Federation.

(see text in previous edition)

7. Recommendations in the field of accounting are adopted in order to correctly apply federal and industry standards, reduce the cost of organizing accounting, as well as disseminate best practices in organizing and maintaining accounting, the results of research and development in the field of accounting.

9. Recommendations in the field of accounting may be adopted regarding the procedure for applying federal and industry standards, forms of accounting documents, with the exception of those established by federal and industry standards, organizational forms of accounting, organization of accounting services of economic entities, accounting technology, organization procedure and implementation internal control their activities and accounting, as well as the procedure for the development of standards by these persons.

11. The standards of an economic entity are intended to streamline the organization and maintain its accounting records.

12. The necessity and procedure for developing, approving, changing and canceling the standards of an economic entity are established by this entity independently.

National Accounting Standards

In most countries, including Russia, national accounting standards are developed on the basis of IFRS. In addition, the orientation to the historically established accounting standards is doubtful, since the domestic accounting practice in the market conditions was interrupted for several decades. During this time, the principles of organization market economy have undergone significant changes. Current experience foreign countries in the organization of accounting will be very useful.

Necessity and logic integrated approach to reform the accounting and reporting system is dictated not only by methodological reasons, but also by purely applied aspects of accounting. With the acquisition of economic independence, an increasing number of enterprises are included in international business. Therefore, the methodological foundations international standards accounting and reporting formed the basis for the preparation of domestic accounting standards. However, this approach does not imply a complete dismantling of the existing accounting system. We are talking about serious changes associated with the natural expansion of the range of accounting objects, giving flexibility in the application of existing and the introduction of fundamentally new accounting methods, changing the place of an accountant in managing business processes.

Russian Accounting Standards (PBU) determine the basic rules that establish the procedure for accounting and evaluating certain accounting objects. PBU specify the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ "On Accounting". At present, 24 accounting and reporting standards have been developed and approved in Russia. In 2014, two new PBUs are expected to be adopted - "Rent", "Employee Benefits" and three more PBUs, which provide for significant changes to existing PBUs, mainly aimed at bringing these PBUs closer to IFRS - "Fixed assets", "Inventory" and "Income and expenses".

Accounting regulations usually include the following elements:

• – name and number of the PBU;
• – general provisions(indicate the scope of the relevant PBU and the conditions for recognizing the corresponding accounting object);
• - definitions (basic definitions and concepts for the relevant accounting object);
• - assessment (specify the various types of assessments applied for the object);
• - the accounting procedure (the procedure for accounting for the presence and change of the corresponding accounting object is described);
• – disclosure of information (indicates the composition of information to be disclosed as part of information on accounting policies and in financial statements).

Domestic PBUs, unlike international standards, are not recommended but mandatory. Most PBUs provide for various options for accounting for the relevant objects.

In 2013–2014 a number of PBUs are adopted, which will make it possible to bring domestic standards as close as possible in accordance with IFRS.

Consider a comparative description of the current IFRS and RAS1 (Table 1.1).

Main tasks, objects and principles of accounting (rules, assumptions and requirements)

Accounting - the formation of documented systematized information about the objects of accounting.

The main purpose of accounting is.

• – formation of complete and reliable information to provide internal and external users;
• - analysis of information to identify trends in the development of the enterprise, making management decisions.

Table 1.1

Comparative characteristics of international and domestic accounting and reporting standards

In order to achieve the above goals, it is necessary to fulfill the following tasks:

• – formation of complete, reliable information about business processes and results of the enterprise;
• – control over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• – control over the availability and movement of property, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with the norms, standards and estimates;
• – identification of intra-production reserves and their effective use;
• – control of wages for employees of the enterprise;
• - timely and accurate determination of the actual costs for the production of products (works, services);
• – accurate and timely accounting of financial results (profits, losses);
• – correct calculation and timely transfer of tax payments to the budget;
• – timely fulfillment of the obligations of the enterprise to the authorities social insurance, to the bank, suppliers and contractors, customers and buyers, founders and other counterparties;
• - timely request accounts receivable;
• – obtaining the necessary data for the preparation of balance sheets and reports and their timely submission to the relevant authorities.

The object of accounting is the financial and economic activity of the organization, consisting of:

• 1) objects that make up economic activity organizations;
• 2) facilities that support the economic activity of the organization.

The objects that make up the economic activity of the organization include: the facts of economic life; assets; obligations; sources of funding for its activities; income; expenses; other objects, such as the capital of the organization.

Consider the objects that make up economic activity. They can be grouped into two main groups.

Sources of economic funds are also divided into two groups.

Business processes share:

• 1) for the process of procurement (acquisition), during which inventories necessary to ensure the production process are acquired;
• 2) the production process during which products are produced, work is performed, services are provided;
• 3) the implementation process, during which the final financial results organization (profit or loss).

The result of procurement and production is saving or overspending.

The result of the implementation is profit or lesion.

Under accounting method understand the totality of methods and techniques of accounting using fundamental elements. The main elements of the accounting method are:

• 1) accounts and double entry. Accounting accounts - special registers designed to account for economic assets and sources of their formation. Double entry method - a way of interconnected reflection business transaction on two different accounts in the same amount;
• 2) documentation - a written certificate of a business transaction, giving legal force to the accounting data. Properly executed and accepted for accounting documents shall be archived. The path of a document from the date of issue to the date of archiving is called document flow. The organization's workflow is determined in accordance with the workflow schedule approved by the head of the enterprise;
• 3) valuation of property and liabilities - the monetary expression of all the funds of the enterprise with the help of prices. The assets of the organization, as a rule, are reflected at the cost of their acquisition and procurement, and liabilities - in the amount of actually formed receivables and payables, the amount of which is documented and follows from agreements between the parties to the transaction;
• 4) inventory – verification of the actual availability of inventories, non-current assets, financial obligations and cash and comparing the results with the credentials. With the help of inventory, the reliability of accounting data is ensured. Also, with the help of inventory, the identity of the data of the analytical and synthetic accounting, since in the absence of an inventory there would be significant differences between the accounting and reporting data with the actual state of affairs at the enterprise. The obligation to conduct an inventory disciplines the materially responsible persons responsible for the storage and issuance of material and commodity values ​​​​and funds. Therefore, it is of great control value for the enterprise and contributes to the conservation of its resources;
• 5) calculation - a method of calculating in monetary terms the actual cost of products (works, services). One of key indicators activities of the organization is the cost. The calculation of the cost of a unit of production and all marketable products is called costing. Distinguish between planned, standard and actual costing. Accounting, as a rule, calculates the actual cost of production. But at the same time, both standard and planned costs are also used in accounting registers. The use of the standard and planned cost, as a rule, is used by the accounting department for the purposes of analysis and management;
• 6) balance and reporting. Balance sheet - a way of generalizing and grouping the economic means of an enterprise and the sources of their formation. Accounting (financial) reporting - a method for obtaining summary indicators of the enterprise's activities for the reporting (expired) period. With the help of financial reporting, the enterprise reports to interested users on the results of work over the past period.

The organization's use of each of these elements is subject to statutory regulations and guidelines.