Source: www.rosteplo.ru

Approaches to the Heat Supply Development Strategy approved by the working group

• June 7, 2016
• 733

“Currently, in the field of heat supply, there is a large number of issues that need to be addressed in legislative level…”, - said Yury Lipatov, First Deputy Head of the United Russia faction.

The meeting of the working group on the development and adoption of the "Strategy for the development of heat supply and cogeneration in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" was held in the State Duma.

Opening the meeting, Yury Lipatov, First Deputy Head of the United Russia faction, emphasized: “Currently, there are a large number of issues in the field of heat supply, the solution of which must be ensured at the legislative level. One of the main problems requiring urgent solution is the issue of CHP operation in modern market conditions. Currently, the activities of thermal power plants, which produce two products per unit of fuel: heat and electricity, are not regulated between the laws “On Electricity” and “On Heat Supply”. As a result, the efficiency of CHP operation is lost. In this regard, the Government needs to coordinate actions and establish interaction between the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation to address this long overdue issue.”

Expressing his opinion in support of the approaches of the Strategy, the Deputy Director of the Department state regulation Tariffs for Infrastructure Reforms and Energy Efficiency of the Ministry economic development Dmitry Vakhrukov drew attention to the need for a wider disclosure in the Strategy for solving the problems of municipal heat supply.

Deputy Chairman of the Board of NP Market Council Vladimir Shkatov noted that Deputy Prime Minister A.V. Dvorkovich returned to the Ministry of Energy of Russia for revision the draft "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2035" due to the lack, according to the Deputy Prime Minister, of clear prospects for the development of the energy sector over a 5-year horizon.

According to V. Shkatov, linking all programs for the development of energy systems is a task for the future, and at present it is necessary to develop and adopt Strategies for individual industries and it is very correct that in the draft Strategy for the Development of Heat Supply and Cogeneration in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 it is proposed to link the work of the markets of electric and thermal energy through the solution of the problem of CHP.

Summing up the meeting, Yu.A. Lipatov noted that the problems of heat supply, which always appear at the junction of interaction between departments, the Government of the Russian Federation in the issue of coordinating their activities is not working actively enough. Under these conditions, the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the largest party faction in the State Duma are forced to draw the attention of leaders and federal bodies executive power and the Government of the Russian Federation.

This year, on February 4, the State Duma of the Russian Federation hosted the second meeting of the section on legislative support for heat supply of the Expert Council under the Energy Committee, where the “Strategy for the development of heat supply in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020” was discussed.

The version of the Strategy proposed for discussion was generally approved by all participants of the meeting, therefore it was proposed to create as soon as possible a working group of representatives of federal executive authorities and experts from the professional community to finalize the provisions of the Strategy and adopt it as an official government document.

Commenting on the results of the meeting, the head of the section, the first deputy head of the UNITED RUSSIA faction, Yu. Lipatov, noted: “Today, issues that are extremely important for the industry were discussed. The first version of the draft strategy for the development of heat supply, posted on the website www.rosteplo.ru for a wide discussion, aroused great interest, both among professionals and the public. Taking into account the results of the discussion in early February of this year, the second version of the strategy was prepared. The participants in the discussion were unanimous in their opinion that, firstly, it is necessary to form a base on the degree of reliability of heat supply systems in the regions, settlements and various districts of the Russian Federation.

Secondly, it is necessary to develop an adequate model of long-term tariff regulation. Indeed, at present, the existing model is being formed on the basis of the already established tariff base, which does not always reflect the required level and sufficiency of tariff solutions. If a heat supply organization is currently underfunded, then no long-term model will be able to bring it to break even. Therefore, the principles of formation of the tariff base should be clearly defined.

Another issue requiring an immediate solution, according to the general opinion of experts, is the need to prescribe a system for the transition from a state of underfunding to a state of sufficient funding. A solution to this issue may be the introduction of a system of indices in absolute terms. And here the main goal is that the heat supply organization should become a single center for ensuring the reliability and quality of heat supply in a particular settlement.

Also an important topic, which was comprehensively discussed today at the session of the section, was the strategic issues of cogeneration development. At one time, the combined production of thermal and electrical energy was focused on the maximum overall effect for consumers located in the heat supply zone of the CHPP. However, electricity market rules do not take into account the technological features of CHP plants and the overall effect of combined generation on consumers.

The efficiency of electricity generation today is achieved when the CHP works according to the heat schedule. The main difficulty of CHP operation in the energy system is a significant difference in the schedules of consumption of electrical and thermal energy, both during the year and during the day (seasonal and daily).

The rules of the wholesale electricity and capacity market currently in force regarding the decommissioning of equipment do not take into account the peculiarities of the operation of CHPPs in the heat market. If this problem is not solved now, then in the near future we may face the fact that the operation of thermal power plants will simply become unprofitable. This will gradually lead to the gradual decommissioning of the thermal power plant and the general “boiler house” of the country. An attempt to compensate CHP losses from operating in the electricity market by increasing the cost of heat will lead to CHPs being uncompetitive in the heat market. Of course, this issue cannot be resolved all at once. This requires gradual and step-by-step work, which will be continued. And, I hope, by the end of the spring session, legislative initiatives will be proposed to resolve these issues.”

The degree of implementation of the main directions for the development of heat supply, provided for by the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020

Decree No. 1234-r of the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020. Prospects for the development of heat supply systems are reflected in paragraph Seven “Heat supply” of Section VI “Prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex”.

The text of the "Strategy" rightly notes the absence of a consolidated thermal balance of the country. Partly because its creators did not give any analysis or forecast of the dynamics of demand for thermal energy (TE) by sectors of the economy. The forecast itself is compiled in a very aggregated form in terms of heat production from centralized and decentralized sources. The latter include sources with a capacity of up to 20 Gcal/h.

The volume of production and consumption of heat energy in 2000 years, including losses in the networks, is estimated at 2000 20 million Gcal. It was assumed that the production and consumption of fuel cells would grow by 4% by 2005, by 9-13% by 2010, by 15-23% by 215 and by 22-34% by 20020. .

According to Russian statistics, heat energy consumption in Russia in 2005 decreased by 4% from the level of 2005.

The unhurried growth in demand for fuel cells in the "Strategy" in principle should have occurred due to a significant reduction in losses in thermal networks (TS): by 5-8% by 2005 - by 17-21% by 20010. - by 34-38% by 2150 and by 55-60% by 20020. The increase in the use of usefully supplied heat fuel (minus losses) should have been 7-9% by 2005, 17- 22% by 2010, 30-41% by 215 and 45-62% by 2020.

According to Russian statistics, the useful consumption of heat energy in Russia in 2005 was 9% lower than the level of 2005.

The "Strategy" overestimates the losses in the vehicle in the amount of 460 million Gcal, or 23% of the level of consumption.

According to Russian statistics, losses in the TS are estimated at 8.7% of the level of fuel consumption (100-120 million Gcal in the last seven years). Losses of 23% may be typical for the amount of losses in the main and distribution networks serving small consumers. Taking into account the fact that a lot of small

of consumers receiving heat energy through distribution networks (population, services and small businesses) is approximately 50%, heat loss in thermal networks general use can be estimated at 215-245 million Gcal, or about 15% of the heat produced at power plants and boiler houses.

The "Strategy" assumed the conservation of a fraction of centralized sources in the structure of heat generation up to 2020 at the level of 70% or its slow decrease from 72% in 2000 to 66% in 2020.

According to Russian statistics, the share of centralized heat generation (at sources with a capacity of less than 20 Gcal/h) decreased in 2000-2005. on 2%.

Summarizing, it can be noted that the "Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" inaccurately outlined the initial state of the heat supply system and gave only a very generalized description of the main directions in the development of heat supply, many of which turned out to be incorrect in the interval up to 2006.

The current state of heat supply in Russia

Over 100 years of development, the Russian heat supply system has become the largest in the world. The country's heat supply system consists of approximately 50,000 local systems heat supply serviced by Seventeen thousand heat supply companies (Table 1).

As part of the heat sources: Four hundred and ninety-seven CHPPs (of which two hundred and four are four CHPPs of general use and Two hundred and fifty three CHPPs of industrial companies) - Seven hundred and five boiler houses with a capacity of more than 100 Gcal / h - Two thousand eight hundred and forty-seven boiler houses with a capacity of 20 to 100 Gcal / h - Fourteen thousand three hundred 50 eight boiler houses with a capacity of three to 20 Gcal/h - 40 eight thousand 70 5 boiler houses with a capacity of up to Three Gcal / h, also more than Twelve million personal thermal installations. Heat from these sources is transferred through a TS with a length of 176.5 thousand km in two-pipe terms (this is 5.5 times more than in the USA - ed.), with a total surface area of ​​​​about 100 eighty km2 for approximately 40 four million subscribers . 80% of the housing stock of the Russian Federation is provided with district heating (DH) for heating needs (91% in towns and 52% in countryside), and hot water from DH systems - 63% of the Russian population (79% in towns and 22% in rural areas).

Table 1. The main characteristics of heat supply systems in Russia in Two thousand and Two thousand Six years.

* According to Form 1-winter, there are more than 80,000 boiler houses in Russia.

Sources: Forms statistical reporting 11-TER, 1-TEP, 6-TP for 2000-2006 and CENEf estimates.

In 2006 DH systems produced 1,600 40 5 million Gcal TE. 600 40 two million Gcal were generated at power stations, 900 10 million Gcal at boiler houses, 93 million Gcal at heat recovery and other installations. Approximately four hundred and eleven million Gcal were generated by personal heat generators.

The share of Russia in 2005 accounts for 44% of the world's centralized production of heat and power. No other country in the world can compare with Russia in terms of the scale of DH. Heat consumption exclusively in Moscow exceeds its total consumption in Holland and Sweden taken together, and heat consumption in St. Petersburg is higher than in such trendsetting countries in heat supply systems as Finland or Denmark.

Two hundred and nine million tons of fuel equivalent, or 29% of the total primary energy consumption in Russia in thousand 6 years, about 300 million tons of fuel equivalent, or 33% of the total energy consumption, was used. In 2006, 100 ninety-one million tons of equivalent fuel was spent on the creation of fuel cells at centralized sources. natural gas, and together with personal installations - 218 million tons of fuel equivalent, which is 60% higher than the gas consumption for generating electricity.

All regional heat and power markets can be divided into four main categories: super-large - Fifteen cities with heat consumption of more than 10 million Gcal per year - large markets - 40 four towns with consumption from 2 to 10 million Gcal per year - medium markets - hundreds of cities with consumption from 0.5 to 2 million Gcal per year - small markets - more than 40 thousand settlements with heat consumption from centralized sources at least 0 .5 million Gcal per year.

The last group, characterized by multiple small and usually inefficient heat supply systems, is more problematic. She makes a disproportionately huge economic burden to ensure the reliability of the heat supply system. It accounts for about 15% of the heat produced, but more than 30-35% of the savings funds aimed at financing heat supply systems and their preparation for winter. These systems have the highest tariffs, the lowest purchasing power of consumers, and the highest levels of debt.

The Russian market for fuel cells is one of the largest mono-product markets in Russia. The annual volume of heat energy sales to all consumers in 2007 amounted to approximately 800 50 billion rubles. Of this amount, the cost of heat energy for the population amounted to 300 40 billion rubles, of which 200 40 two billion rubles were charged to the population itself. In 2006, the payment discipline of the population was 94%. Accounts payable heat supply systems at the end of two thousand 6 amounted to 100 sixteen billion rubles, and accounts receivable - 100 twelve billion rubles.

In 2006, 98 billion rubles were spent from the budgets of all levels for heating services for the population. Including compensation for differences in tariffs - 40 four billion rubles, for benefits - 30 four billion rubles. and for subsidies to the poor - Eight billion rubles. The average tariff for heat supplied to the population in 2007 was 740 5 rubles/Gcal. Tariffs vary greatly across the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Fig. 1). The small tariff amounted to 300 50 rubles / Gcal, and the larger one - 5 thousand 100 rubles / Gcal. Despite the continued subsidization of heat supply for the population of many regions, it still spends three times more money on the purchase of heat than on the purchase of electronic energy.

In 2000-2006 processes of decentralization of heat supply took place. This was reflected in a decrease in the length of the TS by 4%, in a decrease in the proportion of networks of small diameters (less than 200 mm) from 70 seven to 74% and in the growth specific gravity the number of boiler houses with a capacity of less than Three Gcal / h from 70 to 73% due to a decrease in the share of medium-capacity boiler houses, in the growth of the share of heat produced at personal installations from Eighteen to 20%.

The average frequency of failures in the operation of heat supply systems in Russia decreased in 2001-2006. 5 times. Policy in the field of reconstruction and modernization of heat supply systems in 2000-2006. was aimed mainly at increasing the reliability of their work. These efforts have borne fruit. The frequency of failures in the operation of heat pipelines decreased from 0.5 to 0.1 failures/km/year, i.e. to the edge of the applicable level of reliability (in Finland it is at the level of 0.05-0.1 failures/km/year). But in almost all, especially small, heat supply systems, this indicator approaches a critical level (0.6 failures/km/year).

The efficiency of fuel cell production in the country as a whole has slightly decreased. The average efficiency of boiler houses has dropped to 78%, and the average EFFICIENCY of power plants to 57%, which is below the efficiency of electricity generation alone in the best new combined cycle plants.

The share of losses in the TS (with the inclusion of unaccounted for losses) increased and reached 14-17% of the total consumption of fuel and 18-20% of its useful use. The division in the pricing process of the costs of creating and transporting heat and power has led to an increase in the share of losses reflected in the heat supply statistics. But, these data are still far from adequate estimates of losses. In 2006, the share of repaired and replaced vehicles reached the level of 10%. But, the fundamental under-repairs of the past years led to the fact that in 2006, 25% of all networks needed to be replaced (against 16% in 2000).

The technical potential for increasing the efficiency of using and transporting fuel cells in Russia is estimated at 800 40 million Gcal, or 58% of the consumption of energy produced in district heating systems. The main part of this potential is an increase in the efficiency of the use of fuel cells in buildings (460 million Gcal) and in industry (160 million Gcal). Only the elimination of the imbalance between demand and supply of heat for buildings through automation of heat supply processes will reduce the need for heat energy for heating buildings by more than 100 30 million Gcal.

Investments in heat supply systems in 2006 amounted to 40-3 billion rubles. A little less than 10 billion rubles were spent on the implementation of measures to increase the efficiency of fuel cell production in 2006, and another 3 billion rubles were spent on relocating the heating system. with the need for spending more than 200-250 billion rubles. Maintaining such rates of modernization is fraught with stretching the realization of energy saving potential for 20-25 years. The depreciation of heat supply facilities makes it necessary to spend more than 20-3 billion rubles a year. for their complete renovation.

The number of heat supply companies in Russia has decreased from 20,100 in 2000 to 17,000 in 2006. But, in Russia at the federal level there are neither management structures nor a single policy for the development of heat supply systems. AT last years the development of heat supply systems is significantly affected by the reform of the electric power industry, the reform of housing and communal services and the reform of local government. But, the concept of the reform of the electric power industry does not express a position on the fate of the CHPP. The reform of the housing and communal services was aimed at the corporatization of heat supply companies, at the recruitment of personal capital in this area and at an increase in the provision of metering devices. The concept of the housing and communal services reform did not actually reflect the motivated characteristics of the reliability, efficiency, quality and availability of heat supply services. The arrival of personal operators was complicated by the need to determine both the initial state of heat supply facilities and determine their motivated state.

The results of diagnostics of more than three hundred Russian heat supply systems made it possible to construct the main systemic difficulties in the functioning of Russian heat supply as follows:

Lack of reliable data on the actual state of heat supply systems -

The lack of growth in demand for heat in recent years against the backdrop of a significant acceleration of economic growth-

Lack of promising master plans, urban energy plans and refreshed heat supply schemes in the vast majority of settlements -

Significant excess capacity of heat supply sources -

Overestimated thermal loads of consumers -

Excessive centralization of many heat supply systems -

Decrease or stabilization at a small level of the share of heat generation at CHPPs in the absence of a state policy of support and stimulation of the joint generation of thermal and electronic energy -

The highest level of losses in the TS, both due to excessive centralization, and due to the dilapidation of the TS and the growth in the proportion of networks in need of urgent replacement

Misregulation of heat supply systems (the highest losses from "overheating" reaching 30-50%) -

Lack of trained personnel, especially at heat supply facilities in small settlements.

Heat sources:

The highest specific fuel consumption for the creation of fuel cells

Low saturation with instrumental accounting for the use of fuel and / or the release of fuel cells at boiler houses -

A small residual resource and deterioration of the equipment -

Violation of the terms and regulations for the work on setting up boiler modes -

Violation of the property of the fuel, causing burner failures -

Low level of automation, lack of automation or the use of non-core automation -

Lack or low quality of water treatment

Non-observance of the temperature schedule -

Highest fuel price

Shortage and lack of qualifications of boiler room personnel.

Heating network:

Underestimated (in comparison with the real) level of losses in the TS, included in the heat tariffs, which significantly underestimates the economic efficiency of the costs for the reconstruction of the TS-

The highest level of actual losses in the vehicle

The highest level of costs for the operation of the TS (about 50% of all costs in heat supply systems) -

Excessive centralization of the fundamental part of heat supply systems, which leads to overestimated losses in the TS-

The highest degree of wear and tear of the vehicle and the excess in a number of settlements of the critical level of the failure rate -

unsatisfactory technical condition TS, violation of thermal insulation and the highest losses of TE-

Violation of the hydraulic modes of the vehicle and the accompanying "underflooring" and "overflooding" of individual buildings.

Consumers of heat supply services:

The ambiguity of the purchased product: resources (Gcal, l) or services to ensure comfort (temperature and humidity in the room) -

A significant overestimation of the calculated consumption of communal resources in houses and economy buildings compared to the actual one, with a low degree of coverage of buildings with instrumental accounting for the use of heat energy

Low degree of organization of the population as a consumer of communal resources -

Low coverage of households with residential accounting for hot water and means of regulating heat consumption -

Low thermal protection properties of residential buildings and their deterioration due to missing repairs of enclosing structures of residential and public buildings -

The lack of incentives for organizations operating the housing stock to increase the efficiency of the use of communal resources -

The limited ability and willingness of the population to pay for heat supply services and the associated energetic opposition to the increase in heat tariffs and the low level of collection of payments.

Main Technological Systems