In ensuring the normal functioning of any modern economic system important role belongs to the state. The state throughout the history of its existence, along with the tasks of maintaining order, legality, organizing national defense, performed certain functions in the economic sphere.
State regulation is a form of economic management, which is the influence, impact of state bodies on economic processes. It is used in conditions when the control object is not directly subordinate to the control subject, i.e. some government agency.
At the beginning of the twentieth century. the economic role of the state has become so significant that the first half of the last century went down in history as the era of "state-monopoly capitalism" (GMC). This experience prompted the idea of "state socialism" - an attempt to use the economic power of the state for the accelerated socialist transformation of society. However, this led to the emergence of an "administrative-command economy" with all its pluses and minuses.
The modern economy of Russia has every opportunity to be a "social market", satisfying the growing needs of man as much as possible. However, this requires regulation, as the market economy is very imperfect. The role of the regulatory center can only be performed by the state - an institution that represents the whole of society and has the right to non-economic intervention in economic relations. The task is to find the optimal measure and the most effective forms of state regulation of the economy, which, without destroying its market nature, at the same time would provide the market economy with maximum efficiency.
The inevitability of state regulation of the market economy constantly gives rise to the temptation of a directive solution of many economic problems. However, most often the result of such an administrative decision turns out to be only the appearance of overcoming crisis economic situations, although in some areas the priority of state influence is necessary and effective.
The general strategy of state regulation of the market economy is based on the following principles:
The state in a market economy is forced to act as an economic agent, but it has some features: the state has a regulatory role in social relations, it has a non-market origin of income and has an imperative status, that is, its requirements are mandatory for all other economic agents.
State regulation has three goals:
Skillful state regulation makes it possible to eliminate those failures that cannot be filled using exclusively the market mechanism. But it is important to emphasize that not all problems end when the state compensates for market failures. The government can make mistakes too.
The main forms and methods of state intervention in the economy:
In turn, the most important elements of monetary policy are:
Keywords
public sector of the economy / state regulation/ privatization / economic downturn / financial resources / management decisions / credit policy / tax planning / financial flows/ logistics / public sector / state regulation / privatization / economic recession / fi nancial resources / management decisions / credit policy / tax planning / fi nancial fl ows and logisticsThe article examines the experience in the field of management, shows shortcomings, identifies problems and offers recommendations for expanding the participation of the state in economic development through the expansion of the public sector and the use of innovative industrial policy. The disorder of economic institutions is fixed in all spheres of the economy. Therefore, newly formed market institutions are faced with poorly functioning economic mechanisms and are poorly rooted in society. Purpose / objectives. The purpose of the article is to find the optimal control model the public sector of the economy taking into account modern shortcomings in order to increase the efficiency of economic entities. Objectives of the article: to explore the system of state management of the economy in a deteriorating economic situation, as well as to study and consider the choice of the most optimal model for managing the state's economy. Methodology. When conducting this study, the main sources of initial data were the materials of state statistics, the works of famous economists. Methodological developments are based on comparative methods of analysis. Results. As a result of the analysis, conclusions and recommendations are made aimed at reforming the domestic economy. Conclusions / significance. In modern economic conditions state and new economic realities, it is necessary to focus on attracting domestic capital to the Russian economy in order to increase the efficiency of its work, and an analysis of modern privatization is also made.
Structure and development prospects of the public sector of the Russian economy
2016 / Makarenko Olga SergeevnaOptimization of the structure of financial resources of industrial enterprises in the mechanism of a market economy
2015 / Vlasov A.V., Ilyukhina S.S.Modernization of the management of the public sector and the Russian economy, taking into account the experience of foreign countries. Part 2
State Entrepreneurship: Role in the Russian Economy and Financial System
2015 / Dombrovskaya Elena NikolaevnaModernization of management of the public sector and the economy of Russia, taking into account the experience of foreign countries (part 1)
2008 / Artemov A. V., Brykin A. V., Shumaev V. A.Public Sector of the Russian Economy: Assessment of the Scale and Efficiency of Production
2016 / Muravyov S.R.Comparative analysis of the public sector of the economy of developed countries
2017 / Seda Asuevna AslakhanovaThe problem of economic efficiency of the public sector of the economy
2013 / Sherstobitova Oksana VladimirovnaCorporate Model of the Public Sector of the Russian Economy: Trends and Patterns of Development
2017 / Makarenko Olga SergeevnaThe role of the state in the formation of property relations
2006 / Zubanov Stepan AlekseevichThe experience in the field of public sector management of the economy, shows the shortcomings identified issues and proposed to increase the participation of the recommendations of the state in economic development through the expansion of the public sector and the use of innovative industrial policy. The system of economic institutions is recorded in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the newly formed market institutions are faced with malfunctioning of economic mechanisms and poorly rooted in society. goal/task. The purpose of this article is to search for the optimal model of management of state sector of economy taking into account modern shortcomings with the purpose of increase of effi ciency of activity of economic subjects. The task of this article is to investigate the system of state management of the economy in conditions of the worsening economic situation, as well as the search for the optimal model of management of the economy of the state. methodology. In conducting this study the main sources of baseline data were the materials of the state statistics, the works of famous economists. The basis of methodological developments based on comparative methods of analysis. results. As a result of conducted analysis draws conclusions and makes recommendations aimed at reforming the domestic economy. Conclusions/significance. In the current economic conditions of the state and the new economic realities, it is necessary to focus on attracting domestic capital in the Russian economy with the aim of increasing its eff ectiveness, as well as the analysis of the modern privatization.
UDK 338.082
JEL: L1,01,02, O31, O33
doi: 10.18184/2079-4665.2016.7.2.160.165
STATE REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIA
Vitaly Andreevich Shumaev 1, Alexander Viktorovich Vlasov 2
1-2 Moscow State University of Railway Engineering Emperor Nicholas II (MGUPS (MIIT)
Law Institute
127994, GSP-4, Moscow, st. Obraztsova, 15
2 Candidate economic sciences, Associate Professor of the Department "Customs Law and Organization of Customs Affairs" E-mail: [email protected]
Received: May 13, 2016
Approved: 06/06/2016
Annotation. The article considers the experience in the field of public sector management, shows shortcomings, identifies problems and offers recommendations for expanding the participation of the state in economic development through the expansion of the public sector and the use of innovative industrial policy. The disorder of economic institutions is fixed in all spheres of the economy. Therefore, newly formed market institutions are faced with poorly functioning economic mechanisms and are poorly rooted in society.
Purpose / objectives. The purpose of the article is to search for an optimal model for managing the public sector of the economy, taking into account modern shortcomings, in order to increase the efficiency of economic entities.
Objectives of the article: to explore the system of state management of the economy in a deteriorating economic situation, as well as to study and consider the choice of the most optimal model for managing the state's economy. Methodology. When conducting this study, the main sources of initial data were the materials of state statistics, the works of famous economists. Methodological developments are based on comparative methods of analysis.
Results. As a result of the analysis, conclusions and recommendations are made aimed at reforming the domestic economy.
Conclusions / significance. In the current economic conditions of the state and new economic realities, it is necessary to focus on attracting domestic capital to the Russian economy in order to increase the efficiency of its work, and an analysis of modern privatization is also being made.
Keywords: public sector of the economy, government regulation, privatization, economic downturn, financial resources, management decisions, credit policy, tax planning, financial flows, logistics. For reference: Shumaev V.A., Vlasov A.V. State regulation of the national economy of Russia // MIR (Modernization. Innovations. Development). 2016. V. 7. No. 2. pp. 160-165. eo1:10.18184/2079-4665.2016.7.2.160.165
The most important source of replenishment of the country's budget is commercial activity states: it means that the state, as one of the richest capitalists in a market economy, carries out business through the participation of state enterprises in it. The totality of enterprises and organizations in which the state has a controlling stake constitutes the public sector. In this sector, it can manage enterprises by administrative or planning methods along with market ones. The state has its inherent mandatory functions of regulating certain areas, for example, security needs, solving social problems (unemployment, pension and other social security, price regulation, etc.), which the market cannot and should not cope with. That's why topical issue for our country is
state regulation of the economy in areas competent for it, primarily with the help of the public sector.
In many developed countries With a market economy, the state has a significant impact on solving the problems of state and private producers with the help of subsidies, by regulating production activities, financing various federal and government programs, providing subsidies for the purchase of equipment, as well as to individuals in the social sphere. The state takes part in the redistribution of income by taking money from some people and transferring it to others. By conducting public procurement of goods and services for national defense, construction and operation of roads, housing and urban development, conservation of natural resources and environmental protection,
DEVELOPMENT
dy, ensuring education, maintaining order, etc., the development of suppliers of raw materials, materials, products, as well as the production of works is regulated.
With the help of the public sector, as a means of regulation, the state achieves socio-economic goals. In a crisis, with a reduction in private investment, the state seeks to counteract the decline in production. With significant funds, the state acts as a creditor to the private sector (commercial banks, private firms and companies). Actively participating in market relations as one of the richest capitalists, the state influences the market, its prices, the ratio of supply and demand through competitions, the conclusion of various contracts, sales contracts.
Currently, there are three models of the public sector: Western European (Portugal, France and a number of other countries), North American (USA and Canada) and Asian (Japan and South Korea). The Western European model is mainly characterized by a large, highly efficient and generously financed public sector with a diverse sectoral structure. One of the examples in the implementation of the European model can be called Sweden, which, in building the so-called Swedish socialism, relies on the public sector, covering 32% of the employed in the country and spending 52% of GDP. The North American model, on the contrary, is characterized by a small public sector, specializing mainly in purely state functions - defense and social infrastructure, based on economical financing from the country's budget.
However, in all countries, the state focuses its attention on sectoral priority areas, such as energy, defense, transport and communications.
Almost all countries of the world form the public sector in such a way that it, representing a very heterogeneous production entity, increasingly covers the sectors of the social sphere and services. For example, in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, there is an increase in the share of the public sector through the expansion of public procurement, the creation of public medical programs (at least to combat HIV infection), funding of fundamental science and development work from the country's budget.
As a result of the financial crisis in Western developed countries, there is a significant strengthening of the role of the state, which can provide
with their experience even greater influence on public administration in developing countries, strengthening control and abandoning the model of an unregulated market. Western governments own and manage a significant share of finance, which can lead to the politicization of markets. The largest share of the public sector is observed in Austria, where it exceeds 75%. Smaller share state property in the national economy (but not low) takes place in France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden.
It is recognized in the world society that China, India and Russia do not apply the liberal model of self-development, but use the so-called "state capitalism" model. This is a general term used in many countries that characterizes the system of economic management, in which a significant role is assigned to the state. It should be noted that countries such as South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore have also used state capitalism to successfully develop their economies.
For Russia, the experience of regulating the economy in France, where the share of state-owned enterprises is about 40%, is of the greatest interest. In this country with a market economy, many economic facilities have been nationalized, for example, all enterprises for the extraction of mineral fuels, the French bank, the military industry, railways, many mines, Renault factories, gas and electricity production enterprises, large insurance companies, enterprises for maritime transportation, the Air France National Company was created.
The privatization of the nineties covered most of the state-owned enterprises, which moved into the private sector. Part of the state enterprises did not disappear completely, they remained. These enterprises are quite successful, ready for expansion and development, especially in the commodity and energy sectors. Some enterprises, primarily state-owned oil companies receive capital that can be attracted as investments in government projects, and thus play a regulatory role. Another part of SOEs may play a secondary regulatory role, helping to alleviate the impact of inflation and currency appreciation, and also participate as a tool to promote geopolitical control.
However, the size of the Russian public sector and its funding are decreasing every year. Russia initially took the path of creating American model market economy, but has not yet been able to build it. It seems that the process of its creation
nia continues. The experience of the formation of a market economy in our country has shown that the principle "The market will regulate everything" is not suitable for Russia, at least at the initial stage of a market economy. It would be advisable to use in Russian practice to a greater extent European experience and methods of working with the public sector, which would partially improve the current situation in the economy.
In Russia, the public sector dominates in the defense and fuel and energy complexes, the medical and microbiological industries, and in the areas of transport and communications. Possibly struggling to reduce the financial burden on low volume budget funds and the presence of problems in the industrial public sector, the government reduced its scale, which practically means depriving the main tool (lever) of management in reforming the national industry and the economy as a whole. The Russian public sector has a much smaller share compared to the French in the fuel industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry. In the electric power industry, for example, the share of the state sector in Russia turned out to be more than 10 times less than in France, where this industry is predominantly state-owned.
Practice has shown that large integrated companies have the greatest stability in competition, especially in a crisis, compared to individual enterprises. In contrast, Russia has decided to further privatize the power industry and create several companies. These private companies will still be monopolists for the service area, which makes it problematic to regulate tariffs under these conditions. In addition, each company individually is limited in capital investments, while the efforts of an integrated company can make significant investments, build capital-intensive facilities and develop further. In our opinion, the electric power industry should be state-owned, since the production of products and the provision of the population of the whole country depend on the results of its functioning. The issue is not only economic, but also relates to the sphere of state security. In our country, there is already a negative example of the disintegration (collapse) of the state company Aeroflot into a number of companies, as a result of which each of them does not have enough funds to be used as investments, does not have the opportunity to purchase modern aircraft due to lack of funds, which leads to to the downfall of the entire industry. It should be noted that companies around the world are seeking to merge
to obtain greater stability in market conditions and obtain a synergistic effect, and in Russia - on the contrary.
In addition, the issues of regulating the social sphere have not yet been sufficiently defined; there is no mechanism for social management of state organizations, the social function of management is not sufficiently implemented in the course of the activities of state enterprises and institutions. So far, there is an underestimation of the importance of social management as one of the mechanisms for improving the management system, with a simultaneous increase in social activity. government organizations.
Thus, the sectoral structure of the industrial public sector in Russia cannot be considered optimal, since the privatization process was not regulated at all, but proceeded scholastically: who managed to privatize something and to some extent, he turned out to be among the entrepreneurs. Moreover, many of them are not puzzled by the development of the country's economy, but take care of personal needs and transfer part of the capital abroad, hoping for its better safety.
To eliminate the resulting structural inconsistencies in terms of the scale of the public sector, in our opinion, a radical revision of the existing paradigm of reforming the domestic economy is necessary. It is necessary to improve the policy of education and development of the public sector: if the development of the public sector is sufficiently financed, then it will turn into a highly effective regulatory tool and technological avant-garde of the national economy; In developed countries, this is understood and the public sector is being developed.
In terms of improving the state management of economic development, we can conclude that Russia, in its attitude to the public sector of the economy, runs counter to global trends. There is a tendency to privatize what has not yet been privatized. Foreign experience shows that the presence of a powerful public sector has an extremely beneficial effect on the implementation of economic policy: the public sector in most developed countries is the avant-garde element of the economy.
It should be noted that there is no unified management of the functioning of the Russian public sector in our country, it is distributed among different departments according to sectoral and functional
signs. State regulation of the economy is carried out properly only in the military and law enforcement agencies, at the remaining enterprises of the public sector, in particular the military-industrial complex. It is not very successful in influencing other private sector enterprises.
Through simple administrative actions, the state can regulate financial flows to its chosen directions within the public sector, i.e. enterprises and works at his disposal. Often, in terms of investing in certain areas, private business also takes part after the public sector. The joint efforts of the state and business communities can make a significant contribution to the management and growth of the Russian economy. However, the state should take the initiative: it should act as a major economic entity participating in a market economy and replenishing the state budget not only through taxes, but also through business. State enterprise should be based on efficient use state-owned property, i.e. based on the public sector.
The opinion imposed by American economists that the Russian state needs to interfere less in the market economy has not justified itself. In Russia, the market economy has not yet developed sufficiently, therefore, like nowhere else in other countries, it requires public administration, and, moreover, in almost all spheres of the economy. Its weakening leads to a slowdown in the economic development of the country. It has been scientifically proven by the classics of the world economy that it is most expedient to use the model of a mixed economy during the formation and development of a market economy.
Reforming the domestic economy, in our opinion, should be carried out in the direction of consolidation and strengthening of the public sector, which should include the main raw materials, energy, metallurgy, defense and law enforcement, a significant share of healthcare, science and education. This is necessary not only to replenish the budget and implement social programs, but also to ensure the country's security. The use of development planning and programming is the most effective way to manage the public sector, which should be the flagship of the state economic policy.
Another direction in the development of the economy of our country should be innovative. It is advisable to strengthen the country's own research potential to ensure and maintain competitive advantage, development
a network of innovative infrastructure that provides technology transfer. We need a transition from the raw material specialization of our economy to an innovative one. A special place in the development of an innovative economy should be occupied by banking structures, which themselves are not in the best position right now: there is a mass revocation of licenses from credit institutions for dubious transactions, market consolidation is underway, etc., however, one should not forget the fact that credit institutions also faced growth bank fraud, and here the state itself must intervene, with the aim of not maintaining order in the banking market.
The challenge of creating an enabling environment banking(ensuring the security of the bank) is a statutory duty of the state, representative and executive bodies of the bank.
Another direction of economic development, which is indispensable, is the development of transport, logistics, and infrastructure. The logistics of the entire economy is required. This must be carried out on the basis of a federal targeted program that provides for financing on the principles of public-private partnership.
All of the above require financial resources, which may not be available in the budget. The lack of financial support during the period of declining oil prices made it necessary to look for sources. The elimination of corruption, the export of capital from the country, theft, fraud, the shadow economy would increase the state budget at times. Corruption began to be fought more intensively, since the president set such a task, and before that, it seems, they did not know how to fight or participate. The presence of theft indicates poor control financial flows. The outflow of capital from the country is observed from various sources. One of them is the presence Russian market foreign entrepreneurs who make profit in our territory and send it abroad. For others, it is the work of immigrants who earn, albeit small, money, but some of it is sent to their homeland, which is a significant amount, given a large number of workers. The next source of capital flight is the profit of domestic entrepreneurs who withdraw capital abroad. Another source is the purchase of goods by import. The economic sanctions imposed by foreign countries forced us to look for and use domestic supplies, that is, to engage in import substitution, which should have a beneficial effect on the country's economy.
In a market economy, the question arises of the formation of a class of Russian capitalists,
WORLD (Modernization. Innovations. Development). 2016. V. 7. No. 2. S. 160-165
who, successfully doing business, would invest their capital in the development of the domestic economy. Over the past period of transition to a market economy, a significant number of oligarchs and less wealthy businessmen have formed. However, many of them do not take the desired part in the country's economy. And in Russia, the prospects for investing in the development of the economy are enormous - the development of the natural resources of Siberia and the Northern regions, transport communications and market infrastructure, the development of energy, logistics centers, ports and other facilities. To do this, the state needs to create conditions for the interest of private financing.
The innovative development of the Russian economy predetermines the need for a comprehensive study of the problems of financing business entities, in particular the processes of formation and use financial resources as the basis of financial support for the economic activity of enterprises.
In cases of continued export of capital, thereby weakening the domestic economy and strengthening the foreign one, it is advisable for the state to take drastic measures - for example, the nationalization of the business of entities refusing to use finance in Russia. The question should be posed fundamentally: either the entrepreneur fully participates in the development of the country's economy, or is excluded from participation in Russian business. The next wave of privatization is currently taking place in our country. The principle mentioned above should be put legislatively before the entrepreneurial society and applied in practice. One can condemn this measure, saying that these are not market measures, but administrative ones. Yes, this is true, but they are temporary: they can be canceled if the situation changes, when businessmen will fully participate in the development of the domestic economy, the lifting of sanctions and the stabilization of the economy.
However, the authors believe that subsequent privatization is not advisable, since it will reduce the volume of the public sector, which is not timely. After the elimination of the crisis phenomena and the stabilization of the economy, it will be possible to sell part of the production and services to entrepreneurs for
real market prices (not underestimated)
for the further implementation of business in the directions established by the state.
Bibliography
1. Artemov A.V. Modernization of state management of the economy /A.V. Artemov, A.V. Brykin, V.A. Shumaev // Economist. 2008. No. 2. S. 3-14.
2. Vlasov A.V., Mishina L.A. Improving the methods of managing financial resources in the management system of an industrial enterprise in modern conditions // Uchenye zapiski Rossiiskoi Akademii predprinimatel'stva. 2015. No. 43. S. 15-23.
3. Vlasov A.V., Ilyukhina S.S. Optimization of the structure of financial resources industrial enterprises in the mechanism of market economy // WORLD (Modernization. Innovations. Development). 2015. V. 6. No. 4-2 (24). pp. 325-329.
4. Vlasov A.V. Ensuring the security of the commission financial transactions. On Sat. conferences of the National Research Center Sociosphere. 2016. No. 1. S. 98-102.
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8. Shumaev V.A. Improving the management of the public sector of the economy based on experience foreign countries// Construction mechanization. 2013. No. 10. S. 4951.
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M.I.R. (Modernization. Innovation. Research), 2016, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 160-165
M.I.R. (Modernization. Innovation. Research)
ISSN 2411-796X (Online) ISSN 2079-4665 (Print)
STATE REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIA
Vitaly Shumaev, Alexander Vlasov
The experience in the field ofpublic sector management of the economy, shows the shortcomings identified issues and proposed recommendations to increase the participation of the state in economic development through the expansion of the public sector and the use of innovative industrial policy. The system of economic institutions is recorded in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the newly formed market institutions are faced with malfunctioning of economic mechanisms and poorly rooted in society.
goal/task. The purpose of this article is to search for the optimal model of management of state sector of economy taking into account modern shortcomings with the purpose of increase of efficiency of activity of economic subjects.
The task of this article is to investigate the system of state management of the economy in conditions of the worsening economic situation, as well as the search for the optimal model of management of the economy of the state.
methodology. In conducting this study the main sources of baseline data were the materials of the state statistics, the works of famous economists. The basis of methodological developments based on comparative methods of analysis.
results. As a result of conducted analysis draws conclusions and makes recommendations aimed at reforming the domestic economy. Conclusions/significance. In the current economic conditions of the state and the new economic realities, it is necessary to focus on attracting domestic capital in the Russian economy with the aim of increasing its effectiveness, as well as the analysis of the modern privatization. Keywords: public sector, state regulation, privatization, economic recession, financial resources, management decisions, credit policy, tax planning, financial flows and logistics.
Correspondence: Shumaev Vitaly Andreevich, Moscow State University of Railway Engineering (MIIT) (15, Obraztsova Street, GSP-4, Moscow, 127994), Russian Federation, [email protected]
Vlasov Alexander Viktorovich, Moscow State University of Railway Engineering (MIIT) (15, Obraztsova Street, GSP-4, Moscow, 127994), Russian Federation, [email protected]
Reference: Shumaev V. A, Vlasov A. V. State regulation of the national economy of Russia. M.I.R. (Modernization. Innovation. Research), 2016, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 160-165. doi: 10.18184/2079-4665.2016.7.2.160.165
1. Artemov A.V. Modernization of the state management of the economy /A.V. Artemov, A. Brikin, V.A. Shumaev. The Economist, 2008, no. 2, pp. 3-14.
2. Vlasov A.V., Mishina L.A. Improving financial management practices in the system of management of industrial enterprise in modern conditions. Scientists of the Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship note, 2015, no. 43, pp. 15-23.
3. Vlasov A.V., Ilyukhin S.S. Optimization of the structure of financial resources of industrial enterprises in the mechanism of the market economy. MIR (Modernizatsiya. Innovatsii. Razvitie) = MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research), 2015, vol. 6, no. 4-2(24), pp. 325-329.
4. Vlasov A.V. Securing financial transactions. Collectors conferences SIC sociosphere. 2016. No. 1. S. 98-102.
5. Kushnir A.M. Russia "s economic development in the modern conditions. In: The potential of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the new economic conditions, the materials of the II International scientific-practical conference: in 2 parts. Edited by J.S. Rudenko, L.G. Rudenko, 2016, pp. 221-231.
6. Solovyov E.N., Vlasov A.V. Inter-firm cooperation as the mechanism of formation and development of enterprise networks in Russia. In: Science and Education in the XXI century, collection of scientific papers on the materials of the International scientific-practical conference: 34 parts. 2013. pp. 152-160.
7. Solovyov E.N., Vlasov A.V. Output of capital in offshore accounts and problems of counteraction to money laundering "dirty" money in the modern world economy. Things to do businessman, 2014, no. 22, pp. 167-176.
8. Schumann, V.A. Improving the management of the public sector of the economy, taking into account the experience of foreign countries. Mechanization construction, 2013, no. 10, pp. 49-51.
9. Shumaev V.A., Morkovkin D.E. Import substitution as a strategic area of innovation and industrial development of the Russian economy. Resources, Information, Supply, Competition (RISK), 2014, no. 4, pp. 123-126.
10. Dudin M.N., Lyasnikov N.V. Issledovanie osobennostej innovacionnyh transformacij regional "nyh social" no-jekonomicheskih sistem. Regional "naja jekonomika: teorija i praktika = Regional economy: theory and practice. M .: Publishing House "Finance and Credit", 2014, no. 38 (365), pp. 2-9.
11. Lyasnikov N.V., M.N. Dudin Organization of strategic stability - in the context of the concept of development of innovative strategic corporate management in industrial enterprises. Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences. Moscow, 2009, no. 8, pp. 76-79.
Over the past 20 years, three models of state influence on the economy have changed in our country.
Today, the regulatory activity of the state in Russia can be reduced to several main functions. This is, firstly, the preparation of indicative forecast plans that serve as the main guidelines for the scale, proportions and final goals of the development of production, while at the same time identifying the main problems that will be encountered in the implementation of the plan.
Secondly, participation in the management of social production by making decisions that directly affect the structure of the economy. This is primarily the distribution of centralized investments and other state-controlled resources, the placement of government orders, as well as the development of programs for the curtailment of inefficient industries and industries, the settlement of emerging social problems, the creation in a particular region of a favorable climate for attracting private investment by investing public funds in infrastructure development.
Decisions of this kind, as a rule, are binding in nature and are formalized in the form of legislative acts, resolutions, etc. To some extent, they also exist in countries with developed market economies.
Thirdly, it is the development of a system of regulators for processes that are not within the scope of direct government control. Such regulators (taxes, subsidies, pricing principles and methods, as well as tax and credit incentives for priority sectors, customs regulations, etc.) are designed to maintain the stable nature of economic development. The most important regulatory role here belongs to the instruments of monetary policy, ensuring the stability of the monetary unit and the balance of external payments.
Of course, the relationship between these three forms of state participation in the management of the Russian economy may vary depending on the economic environment. Thus, the preparation of plans and forecasts has always been an integral feature of the Soviet economy.
State regulation system Russian economy based on different levels of legislation.
The highest level is occupied by the Constitution, on the basis of which all other links of the legal mechanism for regulating society and the economy are built. Second level form federal legislative acts built on the basis of the Constitution.
Third level draw up decrees of the President and resolutions of the Government of the country, adopted on the basis of the Constitution and federal laws.
Fourth level form legislative acts adopted in the regions.
Fifth level make decisions of the regional executive power.
Sixth level take decisions of local legislative bodies (city, district, settlement, etc.).
seventh level covers decisions of local administrative authorities. At the same time, legislative acts and decisions of lower management bodies should not contradict the higher ones.
The state is directly responsible for the creation of laws and rules governing economic activity, the behavior of economic agents (producers, consumers, the state, etc.), as well as control over their implementation.
The legal regulation of the economy is supplemented by the administrative one, the system of which, upon transition to market principles management has undergone significant transformation and continues to improve.
The following were identified as the main tasks of administrative reform in Russia:
In accordance with the Constitution of Russia, the state management of the country's economic development is carried out by the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government, the Bank of Russia, representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. The competence of all these bodies is defined in the Federal Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
To the reference federal bodies include: the adoption and amendment of federal laws and control over their implementation, the determination of the principles of national economic policy, in particular pricing, the legal foundations of the single market, money issue, federal budget, tax legislation, foreign economic relations.
As part of the administrative reform, a three-level management system has been created:
At the same time, it is important not to allow the functions of these bodies to be duplicated at different levels of government, since in such a situation the whole point of administrative reform is lost.
In the system of state regulation, a special place is occupied by the Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade of Russia, which not only directly participates in the implementation of the state's socio-economic strategy, but also coordinates the efforts of interested ministries and departments.
It performs the following functions:
Territorial authorities have the full power of state power in the territory under their jurisdiction, are independent participants in foreign economic relations, are in charge of issues of use and disposal natural resources, regulate relations between the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, provide guarantees for the financial independence of local governments, minimum social standards, etc.
For more efficient provision of administrative legal regulation and coordination of the activities of subjects, elimination of contradictions between the constitution of the Russian Federation, federal and regional laws and other regulations, ensuring a clearer implementation of decisions taken by federal executive bodies in seven federal districts The institution of representatives of the President was created.
In order to more effectively combine the administrative vertical of control and ensure democracy in the elections of the highest administrative persons of the regions, the system of electing governors was reorganized, in which the President of Russia submits their candidacies to the Legislative Assembly for approval.
An important role in improving the efficiency of economic regulation is played by the enlargement of regions on the principle of ensuring economic self-sufficiency, which is especially important, since out of 88 operating entities in different periods economic reforms there were only 6-10 regions of donors, while most of the remaining regional entities are unprofitable.
The process of streamlining the powers of the federal executive authorities, developing planned and estimated indicators for them is actively underway, the first practical steps have been taken to reform the civil service and reduce administrative barriers.
At the same time, a number of key tasks of the administrative reform have not been resolved. It was not possible to achieve optimization of the powers of state bodies. The effectiveness and efficiency of their work, the quality of services provided by the state remain at an insufficient level.
Optimization of the functions of executive authorities, including in economic sphere, provides for the elimination of ineffective state interference through the abolition of redundant functions and the reform of the system of supervision and control, etc.
Introduction…………………………………………..………………………………….4
1. State regulation of the economy from the point of view of theory…………..5
2.Economic schools on state regulation of the economy……..12
3. The role of state regulation in modern Russia……………....16
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………....21
Literature…………………………………………………………………………….22
Introduction
This paper considers the issue of state regulation of the Russian economy, as well as related problems and solutions.
During the XX century. the combination of state and market took many forms. The complexity of modern socio-economic life has gradually led to an organic combination and close interweaving of market and state principles. Many fundamental problems modern society cannot be solved exclusively by market mechanisms and require state participation. These problems include, first of all, the development of the social sphere, in particular, the level of education, qualifications of the labor force and the state of scientific research directly affect the pace and quality of economic growth. The issue of state regulation of the economy from the beginning of the existence of the market has been relevant and remains so to this day, since only the state has such power that can change the development of the economy on a macroscale.
The purpose of this work is to consider the methods, ways and forms of state regulation of the economy, as well as the role of the state in the modern Russian economy.
1 State regulation of the economy in terms of theory
In ensuring the normal functioning of any modern economic system, an important role belongs to the state. The state throughout the history of its existence, along with the tasks of maintaining order, legality, organizing national defense, performed certain functions in the economic sphere.
State regulation of the economy is a form of economic management, which is the influence, impact of state bodies on economic processes. It is used in conditions when the control object is not directly subordinate to the control subject, i.e. some government agency.
At the beginning of the twentieth century. the economic role of the state has become so significant that the first half of the last century went down in history as the era of “state-monopoly capitalism” (GMC). Her practice prompted the idea of "state socialism" - an attempt to use the economic power of the state for the accelerated socialist transformation of society. However, this only led to the emergence of an “administrative-command economy”.
The modern economy, having overcome the extremes of an alternative social state (either “capitalism” or “socialism”), is “social market” (mixed). Uncontrolled market processes are destructive for the economy and society, so the market economy, more than any other, needs to be regulated. The role of the regulatory center can only be performed by the state - an institution that represents the entire society and has the right to non-economic intervention in economic relations. The task is to find the optimal measure and the most effective forms of state regulation of the economy, which, without destroying its market nature, at the same time would provide the market economy with maximum efficiency.
The inevitability of state regulation of the market economy constantly gives rise to the temptation of a directive decision of many economic problems. However, most often the result of such an “administrative” decision turns into only the appearance of overcoming economic crisis situations, although in some areas the priority of state influence is necessary and effective.
The general strategy of state regulation of the market economy is based on the following principles:
The state in a market economy is also forced to act as an economic agent, but it has some features: the state has a regulatory role, it has a non-market origin of income and has an imperative status, that is, its requirements are mandatory for all other economic agents. State regulation has three goals:
Minimization of the inevitable negative consequences of market processes,
Creation of legal, financial and social prerequisites for the effective functioning of a market economy,
Ensuring social protection of those groups of the market society whose position in a particular economic situation becomes the most vulnerable. .
Skillful state regulation makes it possible to eliminate those "failures" that cannot be filled using exclusively the market mechanism. But it is important to emphasize that no one claims that all problems end when the state compensates for market failures. After all, there is also the fiasco of the state (the fiasco of state regulation), which is understood as the inefficient allocation of resources as a result of state regulation. The fiasco of state regulation can be caused by the following reasons:
In connection with time intervals, the problem of internal and external lags arises, which can also lead to a fiasco of the state. We are talking about the effect of delay, that is, the gap in time between the awareness of the problem, the adoption of government decisions and the results of the implementation of the government program.
Under the internal lag understand the period of time that elapses between the moment of occurrence of any economic phenomenon and the timing of the response. Internal lags are divided into recognition lags and decision lags.
Recognition lag (recognition, awareness) - its occurrence is due to the fact that it takes time to realize the very problem of regulating any sphere of economic life. So, in order to take measures aimed at combating inflation, it is necessary, first of all, to assess its sources, possible options anti-inflationary policy, and this takes time.
Decision lag is the time that elapses between realizing a problem and making a specific decision. For example, in order to make any decisions related to changes in tax legislation, it is necessary to think over and discuss the situation in detail, approve the draft decision in the necessary instances.
The external lag is the period of time that elapses between the moment a measure is taken and the moment its results are manifested. External lags include impact lags - this is the period during which the object of state regulation begins to really change under the influence of one or another macroeconomic measure of the government. For example, the government decided to reduce tax rates, but the real revival of the economy does not come immediately, but after some time.
Especially in connection with the fiasco of the state, the law of unforeseen consequences should be remembered. Its essence lies in the fact that as a result of the implementation of any measures, the desired result is not achieved or is achieved at great cost. The desire to improve the work of the market often leads to the opposite result. For example, the state sets fixed prices for food products in order to combat speculation. However, the result of these measures is a shortage of goods, the growth of the shadow economy, and so on.
The solution to these problems is seen in the free development of market processes, although the positive role of the state, which is able to correct imperfections, is not denied. market mechanism within certain limits. In order to choose the right economic policy, statesmen must be aware of what goals they want to achieve and what tools they have at their disposal for this. First complex analysis The economic policy of the state was carried out in 1952 by the Dutch economist, Nobel Prize winner Jan Tinbergen in his work “The Theory of Economic Policy”. According to Tinbergen, first, government agencies must choose the ultimate goals of economic policy and formulate them. Second, the government evaluates what political tools it has at its disposal.
We single out the main forms and methods of state intervention in the economy:
1. Administrative methods of state regulation are carried out through the expansion of state ownership of material resources, management of state enterprises and lawmaking. Administrative methods of state regulation are effectively applied in the following main areas:
Direct state control over monopoly markets;
Administrative regulation of the markets for those goods of inelastic demand that are classified as state monopoly, with the use of price planning, the introduction of strict excise tax rates;
Security economic security production;
Development of standards necessary for the implementation of all types of industrial and economic activities and control over their implementation;
2. Economic Methods are carried out with the help of various macroeconomic policy measures (for example, forecasting, social programs, etc.). They are divided into methods of monetary and fiscal policy.
Monetary (monetary) policy is a set of interrelated measures taken by the state in order to regulate business activity through the planned impact on the state of national credit and monetary circulation.
The most important elements of monetary policy are:
There are two main types of monetary policy:
Fiscal policy is a set of interrelated measures taken by the state in order to regulate business activity by changing public spending and taxation. The most important category of fiscal policy is the state budget - a financial account that presents the amount of revenue and expenditure of the state for a certain period (usually a year). If spending is greater than income, then it is called a budget deficit. If income is greater than expenses budget surplus. Apart from state budget it is also customary to distinguish regional budget(states, republics) and local budget(municipal institutions).
The main source of income to the budgets of all levels are taxes and fees. The tax is an obligatory individual - gratuitous payment levied on organizations and individuals in order to financially support the activities of the state. A fee is a mandatory contribution, the payment of which is a condition for the relevant authorities to take legally significant actions in the interests of the payer. According to the method of withdrawal, direct and indirect taxes are distinguished. Direct taxes are those taxes that are levied directly from the owner of the object of taxation. Indirect taxes are paid by the final consumer of the taxable product. According to the nature of accumulation, there are:
Progressive taxes are such taxation when the larger the taxable base, the greater the share that has to be paid in the form of tax;
Regressive taxes are such taxation when you have to give away most of the low income and a small part of the high. Usually, the tax in monetary terms is equal for all payers.
Proportional taxation is when the tax rate is constant for any size of the taxable base, but there are several fixed rates for different conditions.
The level of collection distinguish between federal, regional and local taxes.
The mechanism of state regulation of the economy is constantly being improved, regardless of whether governments are guided by the monetary principles of economic policy or are inclined to use more stringent budgetary regulatory instruments. In modern conditions, the practice of state regulation of the economy turned out to be quite effective in order to prevent general crises and socially dangerous scales of unemployment.
2 Economic schools on state regulation of the economy
State regulation of the economy has a long history and dates back to the end of the Middle Ages. The attitude to state intervention in the economy at different stages of its formation was different.
The merit of the first representatives of economic schools is not that they found an exhaustive answer to the question posed, but that they identified it. To pose a problem means to outline the direction in which the search should be conducted, groping, albeit in a somewhat general, vague form, for the sphere of social relations that economic theory should deal with.
The first stones in the foundation of a new branch of social knowledge were laid by the mercantilists. Mercantilists - from the Italian mercante - merchant, merchant - supporters of strong power, advocated state support for trade (especially exports). The condition for the growth of the wealth of the nation was considered not only the benefit of foreign trade relations with other countries, but also the development of their own industry, handicraft and manufacturing production, shipping, the cultivation of free land, and the involvement of the population in productive labor. Mercantilists argued that the main indicator of a country's wealth is the amount of gold. In this regard, they called for encouraging exports and restraining imports, maintaining a trade surplus (that is, spending less than earning). Mercantilists emphasized the exclusive role of the state in the economy, as the main institution capable of managing all economic processes.
The next step in the development of economic thought was the classical school. The beginning of its formation was laid by William Petit. He believed that the state plays a major role in regulating economic processes. All his actions should be aimed at increasing the welfare of the citizens of the country, since the richer they are, the more taxes they can collect.
As you know, Adam Smith is called the ancestor of the classical school. The fact is that it was he who developed and presented the economic picture of society as a system, and not as separate theses. In his famous work “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,” Smith argued that the economy is not controlled from a single center, does not obey a common plan, nevertheless, it functions according to certain rules. In accordance with the classical approach, the state should:
1. Ensure the military security of the country, people and their property;
2. Provide justice;
3. Create and maintain public institutions.
In his description of the market economy system, Adam Smith argued that it is the desire of the entrepreneur to achieve his private interests that is the main driving force of economic development, ultimately increasing the well-being of both himself and society as a whole. This is achieved, as Smith wrote, through the "invisible hand" of market laws. The desire for personal gain leads to the common benefit, the development of production and progress. Each individual takes care of himself, and society wins. Smith showed the power and importance of self-interest as the inner spring of competition and economic mechanism. Thus, representatives of the classical school did not see the great importance of the state in regulating economic processes, since they believed that the market itself was able to regulate itself through competition.
In the 30s of the last century, after the deepest recession in the US economy, John Keynes in his book “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” put forward his theory, in which he refuted the views of the classics on the role of the state. The concept put forward and defended by Keynes provides for the active intervention of the state in economic life. He did not believe in a self-regulating market mechanism and believed that in order to ensure normal growth and achieve equilibrium, outside intervention in the process of economic development was necessary. But Keynesian state regulation was aimed at preserving the market economy (competition and free pricing), that is, it did not break with the classical tradition.
In the mid 70s. and this theory turned out to be untenable, the reason was excessive government intervention in the economy. Now a new concept was needed, which, while maintaining the regulated nature of the market economy, would help the state find an "economic" mechanism for its intervention, and not an "administrative" one. This is the task that the monetarist concept, widely known today, which was developed by Milton Friedman, fulfilled. His theory, without denying the need for state intervention in the economy, reduced this intervention to "indirect" - through the regulation of the monetary sphere. Friedman, continuing the thoughts of the mercantilists, believed that the most powerful factor influencing economic activity is the change in the money supply. There is a direct relationship between the amount of money and the price level, prices are determined by the amount of money in circulation, and the purchasing power of money is determined by the price level. The money supply increases - prices rise, and vice versa, the money supply decreases - prices decrease, i.e. ceteris paribus, commodity prices change in proportion to the quantity of money.
The need for state regulation of the market economy was expressed most profoundly by Marx in his works on the capitalist mode of production. Marxism reasonably and consistently leads to the conclusion about the limitations of the capitalist mode of production in its pure form and the need to replace it with another more progressive system with the priority of the social aspect. The main drawback of the Marxist theory from the standpoint of modern domestic political economy is the conclusion about the need for a revolutionary way to change the mode of reproduction and the socio-economic system.
The attitude to state regulation of the economy at different stages of its formation was different: some scientists believed that only the state was able to ensure the stability and prosperity of the economy, some took the opposite point of view, believing that the market itself was able to regulate itself. In the general mass of modern economic doctrines, the belief about the need for state intervention in the operation of the market mechanism prevails. For the most part, economic schools disagree only on the methods and extent of such intervention.
Society is arranged in such a way that coercion to a certain extent is a condition of freedom. A market free from any state intervention can only be a theoretical abstraction. The economic reality is that the state is an active participant in market relations. Already in the period of free competition, a significant part productive forces outgrows the framework of classical private property, and the state was forced to take on the maintenance of large economic structures: railways, post office, telegraph, etc. In conditions of monopolistic competition, when production began to be characterized by great complexity, capital and energy intensity, the monopolies themselves turned out to be interested in strengthening the regulatory role of the state, in constant support from it in the domestic and foreign markets. The current effort of interstate integration leads to the fact that common economic processes step over national borders, form new socio-economic tasks related to defense, science, ecology, and reproduction of labor force.
3 The role of state regulation in modern Russia
As world experience shows, the successful socio-economic development of the country largely depends on the organization of public administration, so it makes no sense to deny the role of the state and the modern Russian economy. The only question is whether this role should be primary or secondary.
Before 1992 command economy in Russia was already significantly weakened, the previous reforms, especially the laws on the enterprise, on cooperation, on rent, introduced a number of market relations. As you know, such a specific situation, when a command economy operates in a country simultaneously with market elements, cannot last for a long time: either the command economy wins, or the market economy. The fact is that directive planning with all its institutions inherent in the administrative-command economy cannot exist together with entrepreneurship and any market institutions, since they will contradict each other, thereby hindering the normal development of the country's economy as a whole. At that time it became pointless and harmful to talk about strengthening the role of the state, which had practically lost the main levers of central planning, and liberalization then seemed the only reasonable way out.
But let us turn to an earlier period of our history - the beginning of the 20th century. The country, bled dry by the ill-conceived policy of its leaders, the war and the imminent social instability, could not get out of the crisis on its own. When, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the country urgently needed to mobilize its forces, the administrative-command economy showed itself positively. In the difficult years of the war, when it is necessary to direct all resources to strengthening the military power of the state, central planning with all its institutions is simply necessary: state pricing, outfits, orders, etc.
Most modern analysts are inclined to believe that the market is the only correct type of economy for a modern state. In many ways, we can agree with them: a market economy creates a healthy climate for competition, free pricing, high production efficiency, and so on. It has many positive aspects, but speaking about the effectiveness of various types of economy, it is impossible to develop a standard point of view that is acceptable to all countries. You should always make adjustments for the state of the country's economy and specific historical conditions.
Returning to modern Russia, let's try to determine the boundaries of the necessary intervention of the state in the economy.
1. First of all, these are industries where the mechanism of market self-regulation ceases to operate effectively. The mechanism of the free market allows you to meet the needs expressed in monetary terms through demand. But there are needs that cannot be measured in money: national defense, public order, the national communications network, etc., here one cannot do without state intervention. Also, special attention should be paid to pricing. natural monopolies and monopolies in general. I would especially like to note those areas that are closer to the main part of the population - housing and communal services, which are also monopolies, but local government does not pay due attention to it.
2. Another of the most important functions of the state in a market economy is the redistribution of income. The market recognizes fair income received as a result of free competition in the market, but in society there are people who do not own land or capital and are not able to work. They do not participate in the activities of the market and do not receive income. There are also people who do not have a job, but are able-bodied, they cannot find a market application for their labor. The market distribution of income is not applicable to such people, so their maintenance becomes the task of the state. In all of the above cases, it has the right to intervene in the redistribution of income, since what is unfair from the point of view of the market mechanism is unfair from the standpoint of universal moral standards and violates the human right to a decent existence in society.
3. The state is obliged to take on the task of providing a legal framework: granting a legal status to private enterprises, respecting the right to private property, etc.
4. One of the main responsibilities of the state is the financing of the defense industry and the scientific and technical base associated with it.
After analyzing the above functions, we can conclude that the state in market conditions should control and support only those sectors of the economy in the development of which private firms are not interested or where it is dangerous to invest money. As a rule, these are branches of national importance - the military industry, scientific developments, etc. With monopolies and oligopolies, everything is much more complicated. They create problems more population than the state. The latter is more likely to benefit from the existence of monopolies, since the more they raise prices, the more taxes they pay. At the same time, consumers are in no way able to influence the price level with their demand. Ignoring this problem on the part of the state can lead to serious consequences, in particular to social explosions. Let's try to determine the reasons why the modern economy does not cope with its tasks.
First, it is a colossal bureaucracy. Russia inherited from the Soviet Union a cumbersome, irrational structure of state administration. The virus of bureaucracy struck all echelons of power - from the lowest to the highest. And if in some countries bureaucratic structures perform constructive functions, in Russia bureaucratic traditions hold back the effective implementation of economic reforms, they are a brake on the path of market reforms. On the other hand, redistribution of property is carried out through bureaucratic structures, including in favor of the bureaucratic elite itself, which has unlimited access to the country's national wealth. In Russia, a whole segment has formed in the market of financial resources, where loans operate, which are managed by the bureaucratic elite. Obviously, there is a certain dependence between the degree of bureaucratization of state power and the degree of its corruption. Even in the most developed democracies, corruption often accompanies the processes of political and business life. Not a single state, as practice shows, has managed to completely solve this problem. Corruption flourished in Russia at all times. For centuries, the entire population of Russia - from top to bottom - was guided in its pursuit of well-being not by property, but by power. Even at the dawn of the century, N.V. Gogol wrote that "the dishonorable business of taking bribes has become a necessity and a need even for people who are not born to be dishonest." These words, written a century ago, are strikingly accurate for the current situation in Russia. The current scale of corruption has reached absolute limits. Under the current conditions, the inability to earn a living through honest labor pushes many officials onto the path of unearned income. For many of them, their position has become not only a source of financial capital, but also an opportunity to participate in the redistribution of state property. Another of the most acute problems of the modern Russian economy has become the process of merging power with mafia structures. According to official data from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, out of 1,123 criminal groups identified in the mid-1990s, 374 used connections with corrupt officials. By the beginning of the third millennium, this figure had almost doubled. In 2000, about 52,000 economic crimes were committed in Russia. Corruption in the civil service is becoming more and more epidemic. It does not allow all the reforms being introduced to work in full force, it has a devastating effect on the way of life of Russians, their sense of justice and social security.
Let's try to identify measures that would increase the effectiveness of state regulation in modern Russia. First of all, a radical restructuring of the administrative apparatus is required. As a rule, in industrialized countries, despite differences in state structure, the functions of managing economic processes are entrusted to the executive branch, which is usually represented by ministries. The experience of many countries of the world shows that the optimal number of ministries is 12-15, of which the ministries are mandatory: finance, foreign affairs, defense, internal affairs, health, and the rest are created depending on the specifics of the country. The number of employees in these ministries should also be reduced. Corruption should be fought with the help of strict control over the activities of each official. This should be done by a separate ministry, which sends to each region a group of inspectors who are accountable to the president or another responsible person. A system of high fines should also be introduced; trial. In other words, everything should be done to make it more profitable and safer for officials not to take bribes and not have connections with criminal groups. These measures should not be of a long-term nature, but should be used only for 5-10 years (depending on the complexity of the situation).
In general, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the state in the economy. It creates conditions for economic activity, protects entrepreneurs from the threat of monopolies, provides for the needs of society in public goods, provides social protection for low-income sections of the population, and resolves issues of national defense. On the other hand, government intervention can, in some cases, noticeably weaken the market mechanism and cause significant harm to the country's economy. Therefore, the main task of the state is to keep the “golden mean” at a stable time and the ability to make tough decisions in difficult situations.
Conclusion
So, state intervention in the market economy is still necessary. The only question is to what extent and by what methods this intervention should be carried out. The state in market conditions should control only those sectors of the economy in the development of which private firms are not interested or where it is dangerous to invest money (medicine, education, national defense, scientific and technical industries). In the modern Russian economy, many of the tools used in all countries of the world to regulate economic processes do not work or turn out to be ineffective. The fact is that the Russian economy has many peculiarities, and when choosing methods of regulation, one should not blindly copy the models used in other countries that are not applicable in Russian conditions.
The main problem of the modern Russian economy is the dishonesty of officials at all levels and the high rate of corruption. As a result, citizens of the country cease to trust their state, entrepreneurial activity is declining, the social situation is deteriorating, due to the difficult economic situation, the state is not able to pay high wages to people working in public enterprises, so people do not want to work in such important social areas as healthcare and education. With the help of ideology, it is necessary to raise the prestige of these professions and improve their material base. Another problem was the process of merging power with mafia structures. The root of these problems lies in the huge bureaucracy, so the only way to solve these problems is to reduce it to a minimum, maintain a system of high fines and deprive deputies and officials of political immunity. These measures in long term will be able to improve the state of the economy and ensure its competitiveness in the world market.
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The influence of the state on economic processes in order to create optimal conditions for the development and support of the existing market mechanism, and its changes, if necessary.
In the history of economic thought there have always been discussions about the degree of state intervention in the economy. "For" - the mercantilists spoke, and representatives of the classical school of political economy defended the slogan of "economic freedom". The 20th century is the century of world wars and economic crises redistributed the scales in the direction of state regulation. The victory was won by the theoretical justifications of J. M. Keynes, called the Keynesian model of economics. Its heyday falls on the 50-60s, but in the 70s the chronic deficit of state budgets led to the weakening of its positions and their replacement by neo-liberalism and the modern theory of "supply-side economics".
Regulation is designed to ensure the effective functioning of the economic system of the state, which consists in the interaction of all spheres, primarily financial, legal and social. In this regard, there are theoretical aspect and practical implementation. The first includes forecasting and drawing up models of action. Practice provides for the implementation of specific legislative, executive and supervisory measures aimed at regulation.
The main goal of state regulation is to improve the welfare of society as a whole, which implies the welfare of each of its members. The goals of state regulation are usually structured into economic, social and political. In this case, the main components are:
The implementation of the first 4 directions and their interrelation ensure the achievement of balance in the macroeconomic sphere. In the context of the globalization process, the results of their complex interaction directly affect foreign economic sphere state activities. At a certain historical stage in the development of society, the sequence of achieving goals may change.
It should be noted that the methods of state regulation are divided into direct and indirect. Direct ones provide for administrative and legal measures, and their impact lies in the fact that economic entities act on the basis of government regulations and cannot be fully guided by free economic choice. They are an element of the mixed economy and have shown high efficiency, especially in those countries where it is underdeveloped.
Indirect methods, as a rule, are of an economic nature and create prerequisites for the independent choice of subjects of economic relations in favor of achieving general economic goals. Competent interaction of methods with each other provides a solution main task- improving the welfare of society.
With regard to the functions of the state, the most important is the creation of the necessary legislative framework, providing legal basis for the functioning of a market economy. An important function of the state is the activation of innovation and entrepreneurial activity, stimulating investment policy.
In a modern market economy, the state acts as a guarantor in the field of social protection of the population. The tool for this is the function of income redistribution in favor of less protected groups of the population. Social policy is not inferior in importance to such an instrument as the management of the public sector of the economy, since it prevents the growth of social tension in society and contributes to the achievement of social security. With regard to the use of state property, it acts as a basic element for the implementation of long-term tasks, especially in those areas that require significant investment.
