1. Communal model of the municipal economy.
It is characterized by the fact that the residents themselves bear the brunt of the costs for the implementation of public interests and needs. municipality(communes, communities) and the main resource are taxes on the population. The main element in this system is the local self-government body, which carries out both the accumulation of resources and their expenditure. This model is the most acceptable and exists in the most “prosperous” countries of Europe, where the rights of local governments to conduct economic activity limited. The insufficiency of resources to fulfill the tasks assigned to local self-government is compensated by the state.
2. Communal rental model of the municipal economy.
This model provides for the participation of local governments in the use of the resources of the territory and in its development through the provision of limited rights in financial and credit activities and the right of resource rent. That is, taxes from the population are supplemented by the possibility of taxing the producer of products and services on the territory of the municipality.
3. Municipal rent model of the municipal economy.
This model implies that the main burden of serving the interests of the population and resolving issues local importance are borne by local governments, for which they are given the opportunity to become a full-fledged economic entity on their territory.
type of municipal economy depends on
1. The scope of competence of local governments, defined by law.
2. The presence and nature of the main resources of the territory.
3. Availability of qualified personnel in local governments and municipal enterprises.
4. Taxability of the population.
35. Resources of the municipality.
Under the resources understand the totality of the capabilities of a territory. In relation to economic relations, resources, as a rule, are understood as material and intangible indicators of the territory that can be used in economic activities. First of all, this concept includes Natural resources(land, subsoil, etc.). Usually, production potential is also referred to as material resources, production capacity located in this area.
The development of the territory is largely determined by the presence material resources, since the effectiveness of investments in the region depends on them, they determine the structure production activities and welfare of the population
The activity itself is impossible without the main resource - the personnel potential of the territory.
An equally important resource is the amount of authority that an economic entity is vested with by law - a certain legal resource.
Other types of resources also play a significant role: financial, organizational
The main boundary separating the resources of the municipality from other types of resources located on the territory of the municipality is the law.
In this regard, under resources of the municipality understand a certain set of material and non-material possibilities of the territory of the municipality, the disposal of which is attributed to municipal competence by law.
It is generally accepted to single out the following foundations of local self-government.
1. Legal (legislative) basis. It includes the powers, subjects of jurisdiction and guarantees of the rights of local self-government.
2. Financial basis local government. Includes the whole complex financial resources and manifests itself most clearly in the budget process.
3. Economic basis. Includes resources related to the participation of municipalities in economic activities; the key issue here is the management of municipal property.
4. Management bases. Including structural, organizational, informational and human resources.
Territorial foundations of LSG
LSG is carried out throughout the territory of the Russian Federation in urban, rural settlements, municipal districts, urban districts and in the intra-urban territories of cities of federal significance. The boundaries of the territories of the Moscow Region are established and changed by the laws of the subjects of the Federation
A municipal formation is a territorial unit on which local self-government is carried out, there is municipal property, a local budget and local self-government bodies formed by the population of the municipal formation.
There are three types of MO.
1) urban and rural settlements. Settlements are empowered to resolve issues of local importance related to the livelihoods of the population of these settlements.
Rural settlement- this is one or several rural settlements united by a common territory (settlements, villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls and other rural settlements), in which LSG is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies.
urban settlement- is a city or settlement in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government.
2) municipal districts, uniting the territories of several settlements. Municipal districts exercise powers throughout their territory on issues of local importance, which are more effectively implemented in larger areas than the territory of the settlement, and are mainly inter-municipal in nature. At the same time, the settlements are endowed with their own terms of reference, which are indicated in the charters independently adopted by them.
Local self-government is carried out in order to resolve issues of local importance of an inter-settlement nature by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government, which may exercise certain state powers transferred to local self-government bodies by federal and regional laws.
3) urban districts- are created, as a rule, on the basis of cities of republican, regional, regional significance. Urban districts exercise the powers of both settlements and municipal districts.
An urban district is an urban settlement that is not part of a municipal district and whose local self-government bodies exercise powers in accordance with the decision established by the Federal Law "On general principles LSG in the Russian Federation" issues of local significance of a settlement and issues of local significance of a municipal district, and can also exercise certain state powers transferred to local governments by federal and regional laws.
A municipal formation is also an intra-city territory of a city of federal significance - a part of the territory of a city of federal significance, within the boundaries of which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government.
Settlements and districts have a different list of issues of local importance, since the purpose of each type of municipality is different: a municipal district, unlike a settlement, solves problems of an inter-settlement nature
Requirements for establishing and changing the boundaries of the MO:
1) the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation is delimited between settlements. Low density areas rural population(with the exception of the historically developed lands of settlements, adjacent lands of common use, territories of traditional nature management of the population of the corresponding settlement, recreational lands, lands for the development of the settlement) may not be included in the territories of settlements;
2) the territories of all settlements, with the exception of the territories of urban districts, as well as inter-settlement territories that arise in territories with a low population density, are part of municipal districts;
3) the territory of the settlement is made up of historically developed lands of settlements, adjacent lands of common use, territories of traditional nature management of the population of the corresponding settlement, recreational lands, lands for the development of the settlement;
4) the territory of the settlement includes lands, regardless of the form of ownership and purpose;
5) the territory of an urban settlement may include one city or one settlement, and also in accordance with master plan urban settlement territories intended for the development of its social, transport and other infrastructure (including the territories of settlements and rural settlements that are not municipalities);
6) in the composition of the territory rural settlement may include, as a rule, one rural settlement or settlement with a population of more than 1,000 people (for a territory with a high population density - more than 3,000 people) and (or) several rural settlements united by a common territory with a population of less than 1,000 people each (for areas with high population density - less than 3,000 people each);
7) a rural settlement with a population of less than 1000 people, as a rule, is part of a rural settlement;
8) in accordance with the laws of the subject of the Federation, the status of a rural settlement, taking into account the population density of the region and the accessibility of the territory of the settlement, may be assigned to a rural settlement with a population of less than 1000 people;
9) in territories with low population density and in hard-to-reach areas, a rural settlement with a population of less than 100 people may not be granted the status of a settlement, and this settlement may not be part of the settlement, if such a decision was made at a meeting of citizens living in the corresponding settlement paragraph;
10) the administrative center of a municipal district may be a city (settlement) that has the status of an urban district and is located within the boundaries of the municipal district;
11) the boundaries of a rural settlement, which includes two or more settlements, as a rule, are established taking into account the pedestrian accessibility to its administrative center and back during the working day for residents of all settlements included in it, and the boundaries of the municipal district - taking into account transport accessibility to its administrative center and back during the working day for residents of all settlements included in its composition. These requirements, in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Federation, may not apply in areas with a low density of the rural population, as well as in remote and hard-to-reach areas;
12) the territory of the settlement must be fully included in the territory of the settlement;
13) the territory of a settlement cannot be part of the territory of another settlement;
14) the territory of the urban district is not included in the territory of the municipal district;
15) the boundaries of the municipal district are established taking into account the need to create conditions for resolving issues of local importance of an inter-settlement nature by local self-government bodies of the municipal district, as well as for the exercise throughout the territory of the municipal district of certain state powers transferred to these bodies by federal and regional laws;
16) the territory of the settlement must be fully included in the territory of the municipal district.
The granting of the status of an urban district to an urban settlement is carried out by the law of the subject of the Federation in the presence of the existing social, transport and other infrastructure necessary for the local self-government bodies of the urban settlement to independently resolve issues of local importance of the urban district and exercise certain state powers.
Territories with low rural population density include the territories of the constituent entities of the Federation, individual municipal districts in the constituent entities of the Federation, in which the density of the rural population is more than three times lower medium density rural population in Russia. Territories with a high density of rural population include territories of subjects Russian Federation, individual municipal districts in the subjects of the Federation, the density of the rural population in which is more than three times higher than the average density of the rural population in Russia. The list of subjects of the Federation, individual municipal districts in the subjects of the Federation, the territories of which belong to territories with a low or high density of the rural population, is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, including on the proposal of the state authorities of the subjects of the Federation. These lists may be changed no more than once every five years.
Changing the boundaries of MO.
The municipal formation of the city of Krasnodar is endowed with the status of an urban district by Law KK of March 10, 2004 N 670-KZ "On the establishment of the boundaries of the municipal formation of the city of Krasnodar and granting it the status of an urban district."
The change in the status of the municipality of the city of Krasnodar is carried out by the law of the KK with the consent of the population, identified by voting on the transformation of the municipality of the city of Krasnodar.
Consideration of the issue of changing the status of the municipality of the city of Krasnodar is allowed at the initiative of the population, LSG bodies, state authorities of the Krasnodar Territory and federal bodies state power.
The boundaries of the municipal formation of the city of Krasnodar are established by the Law of the Krasnodar Territory dated March 10, 2004 N 670-KZ "On the establishment of the boundaries of the municipal formation of the city of Krasnodar and giving it the status of an urban district."
Changing the boundaries of the municipality of the city of Krasnodar, entailing the assignment of the territories of individual settlements included in its composition to the territories of other settlements, is carried out by the law of the KK with consent the population of these settlements, expressed by voting on changing the boundaries of the municipal formation of the city of Krasnodar.
Changing the boundaries of the Moscow Region, the city of Krasnodar, which does not entail the assignment of the territories of individual settlements included in it to the territories of other settlements, is carried out by the law of the KK taking into account the views population expressed by the City Duma of Krasnodar. The decision to change the boundaries is considered adopted if, taking into account the results of a survey of the population of the municipality city of Krasnodar, at least 2/3 of the established number of deputies of the city Duma of Krasnodar voted for it.
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2. Communal rental model of the municipal economy. It differs from the previous one in that it provides for the participation of local governments in the use of the resources of the territory and in its development through granting them limited rights in financial and credit activities and the right to resource rent, i.e. taxes from the population are supplemented by the taxation of the producer of products and services in the territory municipality.
3. The municipal rental model of the municipal economy implies that the main burden of serving the interests of the population and resolving issues of local importance is borne by local governments, for which they are given the opportunity to become a full-fledged economic entity on their territory.
This or that model does not exist in its pure form, but the role and place of this or that element in different countries differ significantly from each other. The availability of a particular model depends on a huge number of factors, the main of which are:
- the scope of the competence of local governments, determined by the legislation;
- the presence and nature of the main resources of the territory;
– Availability of qualified personnel in local self-government bodies and municipal enterprises;
- taxability of the population.
In the conditions of the formation of market relations, there is a search for new organizational forms of municipal government that can implement new tasks. Local governments must be based on an economic basis. Such a basis can be long-term regulatory deductions to the local budget from the profits of enterprises, regardless of their departmental affiliation, for labor and natural resources, fines for environmental pollution, etc.
An indispensable condition for an effective system of management of the municipal economy is the restructuring of property relations. Objects of municipal property may be: state enterprises and organizations of industry, construction, Agriculture local importance; socialized housing stock; city and district enterprises of housing and communal services, consumer services, trade and Catering; educational establishments training of specialists of mass professions; institutions of public health, education; transport; objects of industrial and social infrastructure serving the needs of the population of the region, city, district. These objects of municipal property cannot be seized by the highest authorities without the consent of the local administration.
Municipal property is formed at the expense of own funds of self-supporting enterprises and organizations of local subordination, local budget, off-budget funds, transfer to the jurisdiction of local administrations of the relevant enterprises of republican and regional subordination.
However, the problem lies not in the formal scale of municipal property in a particular region, but in its current economic status.
Today, the increase in the scale of municipal property does not lead to an expansion of the economic opportunities of local governments, but to the emergence of new difficulties, primarily associated with an additional burden on local budgets.
The fact is that municipal facilities do not generate income for local budgets; on the contrary, they themselves constantly need financial support. This is especially true for housing and communal facilities. It is necessary to clarify the economic and legal status of municipal property, to more clearly define its place and responsibility for its condition in the vertical of management of the region's property complex, and, most importantly, to delegate to local governments reliable sources of budget revenues that can be directed to the reproduction of municipal property within each territory.
MODELS OF MUNICIPAL ECONOMY.
Keywords: model of the municipal economy, municipality, municipal government, communal rental model, municipal rental model.
Annotation:
The article is devoted to models of the municipal economy, their importance in the system of municipal government. The article presents a different interpretation of the concept of "municipal economy", the characteristics of various models, their belonging to the municipal government in the Russian Federation. The article lists the conditions for the regionalization of reforms in municipal government and the foundations of the municipal property management system.
The municipal economy is, in essence, a life-supporting system. It refers to the classification of firms, universities and institutions located in the urban area, designed to fulfill the various needs of the population, and in addition the needs of industrial companies. This connection includes housing and communal services (HCS), home service companies, construction industry, trade and catering companies, healthcare, culture, etc.
The main branch of the municipal economy is housing and communal services (HCS). It has the typical distinguishing features of industrial and economic coordination work, which follow from the nature of the scientific and technical processes of manufacturing, selling and consuming its products (services).
Housing and communal services are formed from the following sections of the economy:
a) housing;
b) electric power companies;
c) urban transport;
d) outdoor improvement;
e) hotel industry.
The existing organization of management of the municipal economy is not effective enough in the coordination, economic and industrial aspects. The more diverse and complex the economy in this or another municipality, the more important is the overall coordination of absolutely all spheres of an industrial and non-industrial nature. Particular problems are associated with the formation of industrial infrastructure, where sectoral and regional interests are mixed.
The very slow resolution of acute difficulties is largely due to the ineffective concept of territorial development management. With a great delay, the Law "On the Uniform Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" was adopted on August 28, 1995, which in essence only reveals the uniform principles of regional self-government and, for the purpose of a certain impact, requires the study of established regulatory papers containing the mechanism for establishing self-government, financial and economical arrangement of municipalities.
The regions with a high concentration of disabled people are in the most serious condition. investment projects, as well as those who are especially dependent on the supply of food, materials, industrial and technological products, i.e., those with narrow opportunities for self-sufficiency and self-regulation.
The unfavorable situation is also in regions with a large proportion of sectors of the economy of production, which until now were strictly controlled by the country in terms of prices and other circumstances for the sale of products, regions with a negative environmental situation requiring the closure of a large number of industries and special measures social protection of the population.
The objective specifics of the Russian Federation, weighed down by the phenomena of reformation and the division of the former financial and socio-political systems, require the expedient combination of 2 directions in carrying out Russian reforms regionalization and consolidation.
The requirement of regionalization of reforms means:
Accounting for the peculiarities of the regions in the all-Russian structural, investment, financial, social, foreign economic policy;
Transfer of a number of areas of reform mainly to the local level - especially in small business, public area, nature protection and the use of natural sources;
Features and models of the municipal economy
Job title:Chairman of the Chamber of Control and Accounts of Volgograd
Position: Sales manager
This article reveals the main features of the functioning of the municipal economy, in addition, the fundamental features of the municipality that determine its functional purpose are given. The analysis of the main types and models of the municipal economy is carried out. The municipal economy is considered in the form of economic relationships. It is noted that the leading role in the management of the municipal economy is occupied by local governments. The dual nature of local self-government bodies is considered: state origins and commercial opportunities of private entities in economic activity.
Keywords: municipal economy; municipality; models of the municipal economy; municipal property; local government.
In the conditions of modern market relations, it is impossible to change the situation that has developed in modern Russia, without the development of the institution of local self-government, which hides the potential, using which it is possible to eliminate many crisis phenomena in modern society and give impetus to its development.
Local self-government must rest on a solid economic foundation. To achieve the economic stability of local self-government, channels of effective interaction between local self-government bodies and the state, other municipal bodies, the business environment, etc. are needed.
According to the Federal Law "On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" dated October 6, 2003, in the laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the words "local" and "municipal" and the words and phrases formed on their basis are used in the same meaning in relation to bodies local self-government, as well as municipally owned organizations, facilities, in other cases related to the implementation of local self-government by the population. As A. Ya Porovskaya notes: a necessary prerequisite for the formation of a municipality is the presence of its subjects, primarily the population, society, as well as the forms of its organization - the municipal economy (institutions, organizations of other forms of ownership, their associations) and authorities (, territorial representations of federal and regional government bodies). It follows that municipal government is a function of the municipality, the purpose of which is to achieve certain goals and objectives, the main elements of which are the subject and object, continuously interacting with each other through self-organization and self-government, where the subject is the population of the municipality and local self-government bodies operating in this entity, and the object is the municipality itself with its structure, connections and resource base.
Municipal management is an activity, the main purpose of which is to ensure the interests of all elements of the system (subjects and objects), which form a single whole - a municipal formation that corresponds to the goals and objectives common to these elements.
Despite all of the above, municipal management is an act of managerial influence (of a subject on an object) that streamlines the system.
Municipal entity as an object and subject of strategic management on present stage development of the Russian economy // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. 2010. No. 000.
Municipal economy as a system of economic relations //
Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2009. No. 9
Regional development: analytical review // financial analytics: problems and solutions. 2011. No. 7
A Municipal economy: features, structure and models// TERRA ECONOMICUS. 2011. No. 3-2
The features and the model of the municipal economy
Gordin V.I.
Position: Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the city of Volgograd
Address of the author "s works: 400131 Volgograd,. Soviet, 5;
Penkov P.E.
Workplace website: UAB AD Fund
Position: Sales manager
Address of the author's works: 400131 Mira 19a
This article describes the main features of the functioning of the municipal services, in addition provides the basic features of the municipality, determining its functional pur chenie. The analysis of the main types and models of municipal services. Municipal economy is seen as an economic relationship. It is noted that the leading role in the management of municipal economies occupy local governments. We consider the dual governmental nature of local government: government sources and the commercial impact possibilities of private actors in the business.
keywords: municipal services, municipal, municipal model of the economy, public property, local government.
The needs of the municipality for property and financial resources are interdependent. This is explained by the fact that objects of municipal property can be budget-filling (bringing revenues to the budget) and budget-absorbing (not generating revenues to the budget or requiring budgetary funds for their maintenance in an amount exceeding the income received). Yes, municipal non-residential premises, leased, is a budget-filling object. Most of the objects of the social sphere are budget-absorbing. For example, pay in kindergarten compensates only a part of the expenses for the maintenance of the child, while the main part of the expenses is covered from the local budget. A municipal enterprise in different situations can be both budget-filling and budget-absorbing. Since the municipality, on the one hand, is non-profit organization It is not intended to make a profit. On the other hand, he must have a balanced budget. Therefore, the key task of the municipal economic policy consists in optimizing the relationship between the volume budgetary services and the need for property and financial resources. From these positions in foreign practice, three models of the municipal economy and sources of its financing are distinguished.
1. Communal. Residents themselves pay suppliers for the municipal services they consume individually, including socially significant ones, and the costs of financing public services are borne in the form of taxes. The local self-government body carries out only the accumulation of financial resources for public needs and their spending through the system of municipal orders. The municipality is not involved in economic activity and has no property that generates income, and the need for property that requires costs for their maintenance, and for financial resources is minimal. competitive market municipal services is so developed that the task of the municipal government is only to identify the best providers in terms of price and quality indicators. The model is typical for economically developed countries with a high standard of living.
2. The communal rent differs from the previous one in that it provides for the participation of local governments not only in the distribution of municipal orders for public services, but also in the use of economic resources territory (land and real estate) and the provision of certain budgetary services (mainly social) on the basis of municipal property. The higher need of the municipality for financial resources in this model is ensured by the fact that taxes from the population and producers, as well as payments for services, are supplemented by rent payments for the use of municipal property, including land ownership.
3. Municipal-rental is characterized by the fact that the main burden in resolving issues of life support for the population is borne not by the residents themselves, but by local governments. To do this, their sources of income should be not only taxes and rent payments, but also large incomes from the economic activities of municipal enterprises, and, therefore, they should become a full-fledged economic entity on their territory. The founder of Russian municipal science, L. Velikhov, called this model municipal socialism. The idea is that local governments should basically provide their own financial resources their social needs through effective economic activity.
The approach that exists in modern Russia is something between the second and third models. On the one hand, the low solvency and mentality of the population force the municipal authorities to provide residents with many partially paid or not paid services, which is typical for the municipal rental model. On the other hand, municipal enterprises (more on this in Section 6.4) are for the most part not sources of income, but consumers of budgetary funds. This imbalance is due to an excess of municipally owned property, especially social facilities that require large maintenance costs, as well as a chronic shortage of financial resources to cover the costs of local budgets.
