Accounting and audit
Definition 1
Term audit implies different meanings depending on common sense and industries of application. Generally speaking, auditing is an industry economic activity and the discipline being studied. In a narrow view, the audit refers exclusively to the activity of conducting verification activities of the financial ( financial statements) and accounting data, as well as the expression of the auditor's opinion on the compliance of the reporting submitted for verification in the form of a written auditor's report.
Definition 2
Auditing- a synonym for the concept of audit - is a procedure for independent verification and evaluation of reporting, reporting data, economic and commercial activities organization, as well as a system, process, project or product. Term auditing most often used in the aspect of checking the financial statements of organizations in order to express the auditor's opinion about their authenticity and reliability.
Also in business practice, the concepts of "operational audit", "industrial audit", quality audit, etc. are used.
Definition 3
Accounting is a systematized process of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms.
Accounting reflects the state of the company's property, capital, liabilities and their changes by a line of continuous, continuous and documentary reflection of all business transactions, therefore objects accounting are:
In accordance with the law on accounting, it is conducted:
The main task of accounting becomes the organization of complete, reliable information (accounting reports) on the activities carried out by the enterprise and its property status. Research and analysis of this information helps prevent negative results economic activity enterprises and identify internal resources to ensure financial stability enterprises. These and other actions carried out in the course of the preparation of financial statements must be carried out in compliance with the law. Accounting is closely related to tax and management accounting.
Definition 4
Audit- this is entrepreneurial activity on self verification accounting and financial activities. The ever-increasing need for a reliable and independent expert assessment of the reliability of financial and accounting statements determines the demand for audit and audit with the involvement of specialists in audit activity. Main Users financial reporting are investors, creditors, suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, authorities, the general public. Auditing in modern times is becoming increasingly important, and the opinion of a specialist auditor contributes to a much greater level of confidence in reporting by stakeholders.
The types of audit are (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Types of audit
In Russian practice, it is customary to classify the types of audit into the following (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Types of audit in Russian practice
The audit is also classified into independent audit, state audit and internal audit.
The main audit methods, that is, methods of theoretical research or practical implementation, determined by internal rules or standards, as well as corresponding to the goals and objectives that are defined by the agreement, are:
Methods of actual or organoleptic control are concluded in the presence of the auditor during the verification activities of audits, inventories) before drawing up the report (usually annual report). According to federal rule No. 6 "Auditor's report on financial statements" it is desirable for the auditor to be present during the inventory before drawing up the annual report in order to obtain audit evidence by observing in relation to the presupposition of "existence".
Group documentary methods covers document research, information modeling and desk audits. Information modeling includes cross checks, mutual control of operations, analytical checks of documents, comparison of benchmarks (balance sheet interconnections), etc. Desk checks are carried out as a study of the correspondence of information in accounting registers with data from the General Ledger, financial and other reporting.
Group calculation and analytical methods contains economic analysis, statistical methods and economic-mathematical methods. These methods are most often used in economic analysis, and are due to the use of analytical procedures. The main stages of the audit are:
Remark 1
Before starting the audit, it is necessary to determine which method will be used to perform the audit. This can be a continuous check, during which a thorough and detailed study of the primary accounting documentation and its totality takes place, the content of the financial statements is examined, etc.
Sample testing provides an opportunity to find definitely accurate data about the population being tested from a relatively small part of it. A random check can be carried out by one of the following methods:
Combined verification is characterized by a combination of continuous and selective verification methods. Desk, it is also a documentary audit, limited to the study of accounting documents and accounting and / or tax reporting business entity.
The actual check carried out with access to the object of the audit.
An audit of financial statements is verification by an independent audit organization procedures of economic and accounting operations of the enterprise in order to form an opinion on the accuracy of financial statements.
Initiative (voluntary) audit is a self-initiated check economic entity, its founders or management. This usually happens when:
Mandatory audit- This is an annual audit of the organization in terms of accounting and financial reporting.
There is a large list of business entities for which such verification is mandatory.
Solid check: all primary accounting materials. This business is very costly in terms of time, efforts of auditors and the cost of their services.
Custom scan: the probability of detecting an error is calculated if not everything is checked, but only a part, the number determined by the calculation. The selection is done randomly. Of course, there is a possibility that documents with errors will remain out of sight of the verifier, then, most likely, the sample for verification was formed incorrectly.
Comprehensive audit: all activities of the enterprise are checked.
Thematic check: Only documents related to a specific area of accounting work are checked, for example, cash transactions.
External audit: This is a check by independent audit firms.
Internal audit: carried out by employees of the company itself. Specific areas of the company's activity are checked, for example, the operation of a restaurant in a hotel.
The audit service of the hotel every morning checks the checks issued by the waiters to the clients with the revenue actually handed over by the cashiers. This one is purely internal. It is only needed by the company itself.
The head appointed responsible for the audit in the company makes short interviews with the management and / or chief accountant (possibly asked to see some documents) to determine the scale of the business and the scope of work. This is necessary for subsequent planning, as well as for determining the amount of the contract.
Before the audit or at the very beginning of the audit, the auditor may request a letter from the company's management with assurance that inventory and cash has been carried out, indirect costs have been allocated, accounts to be closed have been closed, etc.
Based on the previously identified scope of work, the composition is made up working group auditors. The time for certain work is determined, an inspection plan is drawn up.
When going “into the field”, the auditors get to work, request the accounting registers necessary for verification, make calculations and reconciliations, and collect material for drawing up an audit report.
Auditors check very large amount of information. This includes statutory and primary accounting documents, disclosure statements, business contracts, tax, freight and customs declarations, various permits, licenses, inventory lists, offsetting acts and much more.
Individual accounting forms, arithmetic correctness of calculation of indicators inside the form, as well as consistency of indicators different forms(mutual logical linking). Detailed data from registers summarized and reconciled with aggregate financial statements.
In general, during the audit, following checks:
In addition to the data for the current year, it also checks aggregate figures of the previous year, because many financial reports provide information in comparison with the previous reporting period. It is important to determine whether the reports and disclosures of current and previous years whether any adjustment entries have been made.
This is especially important if the accounting policy has changed in the current year. And it affected the reporting. Such changes must be disclosed in the explanatory note.
Many large clients keep their records in computer programs. The most powerful of them (such as SAP) cover almost all areas of accounting and issue the necessary reporting. In this case, an audit is also needed. information systems. The auditor asks to print transcripts of synthetic accounts from the system for reconciliation with financial statements. Particular attention is drawn to information security: access rights to the system, regulations for working with it.
Based on the materials of the audit, all significant aspects of economic activity are analyzed, an opinion is drawn up on the accuracy of the company's financial statements and an audit report is provided. If errors are found, the auditor issues list of adjustment entries. The client himself must enter them into the registers. A third party verifier is not authorized to do this.
The auditor is obliged to check whether the client has informed the persons/companies that have already received the accounting reports if significant events have occurred after reporting date(PBU 7/98).
Purpose of auditing accounting policies- to assess the reliability of reporting, to establish the relevance of the accounting methodology to the regulatory framework.
Policy Audit Tasks:
Accounting policy signed by order of the head.
During the audit, first of all, those areas of accounting are checked, violations in which can most adversely affect the reliability of reporting. After all, for the distortion of reports that can detect tax audits, you can pay heavy fines, as well as lose the company's reputation.
Policy Order Analysis:
Checking the relevance of methods for assessing liabilities and assets by areas:
All these areas are associated with the occurrence of costs, and therefore affect the tax base.
Errors in the principles applied in these areas may lead to an incorrect calculation of the taxable base and taxes paid to the budget.
Therefore, checking the principles and methods of forming the above areas of accounting very important.
Labor costs for audit depends on the scope of work and the complexity of the client's business. All work is divided into subtasks that require different qualifications of the performer. The time required to complete the check on subtasks is estimated. This time is multiplied by the rate of the respective specialist. The sum of all subtasks will give the audit cost for the project.
Auditing firms, before concluding a contract, conduct a pre-examination to determine the time and number of specialists of various qualifications who will need to be involved. Based on this information, the amount of the contract is calculated.
It turns out, Audit price may vary.. Not all audit firms post their price lists on their websites. On average, the estimated hourly rate is in the area several thousand rubles. To determine the total cost, you need to know the volumes and time.
There are also audit companies that have become permanent audit performers for some organizations. Annual maintenance will cost several hundred thousand rubles.
You can learn more about the mandatory audit from this video.
The purpose of the audit of accounting and reporting of companies and individual entrepreneurs is to verify the correctness of accounting and reporting. Reliable accounting data is very important, as it is used by managers, government agencies, etc. That is why these data require verification and a special audit report. Based on the results of the audit, a report is drawn up, which describes the comments in terms of accounting, its reliability and compliance with the law. Comments are confirmed regulations. It also describes the risks and problems that the company may face if there are errors.
The purpose of the audit of the accounting and reporting of the company is to verify the compliance of the accounting and accounting policies of the enterprise with the law Russian Federation and the nature of the enterprise itself.
The report will also contain special recommendations from our company's specialists to eliminate the found violations and accounting errors and prevent them in the future. The result of the audit of accounting and reporting is the transfer of the audit report of your company. The head of any company is responsible for his activities, including the company's accounting and tax obligations. The results of management activities largely depend on the level of control over the activities of individual services of the enterprise, which is provided by the head.
The audit takes place in several stages:
The audit provides an opportunity to check the correctness of the company's accounting and correct errors before the arrival of the inspection. An audit of accounting and reporting helps save you time and money and gives you confidence in the correctness of your accounting.
Name of service
Service cost
Audit of accounting and reporting
from 29 000 rub.
The cost of an audit of accounting and reporting includes:
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The accounting policy of an organization is a set of fundamental accounting methods chosen by the organization as appropriate for business conditions. Accounting methods are understood as methods for grouping and evaluating factors of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, methods for organizing workflow, inventory, methods for using accounting accounts, systems of accounting registers, information processing and other relevant methods and techniques. main purpose and the main task accounting policy adopted by the organization - to reflect the activities of the organization as adequately as possible, to form complete, objective and reliable information about it for the purposes of effective regulation of this activity in the interests of the business and interested parties. Accounting policy covers the theoretical, methodological, technical, organizational side of accounting. The theoretical part includes the fundamental rules, regulations, scientific provisions of the accounting system. The methodological aspects of accounting provide for methods for assessing property and liabilities, methods for calculating depreciation for various types of property, methods for calculating profits, income, etc. The technical side covers the form of accounting (the system of applied accounting registers), organizational measures of the accounting service, its place in the management system, relationships and interaction with other elements and links of this system, relationships with units characteristic of the formation and formation market economy. The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the head of the organization. This imposes even greater responsibility on the head of the organization (firm), necessitates a good knowledge of the methodology and organization of domestic accounting, taxation, finance and ...
Many novice accountants are interested in the question, why do we need an accounting policy for an organization? Is it possible to do without it at all? Let's answer these questions. Each organization that maintains accounting must form and approve an accounting policy for accounting purposes, regardless of the legal form and form of ownership (clauses 1–3 of PBU 1/2008). All divisions of the organization must apply the accounting policy (clause 9 PBU 1/2008). Accounting An accounting policy is an important document in which an organization prescribes the methods of accounting that it has chosen. That is, the organization can prescribe the chosen method of accounting, depending on the specifics of its activities and work. That is, for example, a retail trade company can choose one way of accounting, and a travel company - a completely different one. Accounting policy requirements are specified in paragraph 6 of PBU 1/2008. Among them, in particular: a full reflection of all factors of economic activity, that is, in accounting it is necessary to reflect all operations without exception; timely accounting of transactions, that is, they must be shown in the periods in which they were made; the priority of the economic content of the facts of economic activity over their legal form. An accounting policy is needed, in particular, in order to make a free choice from a number of options established by law. A good choice accounting methods will allow you to regulate many business processes, increase the efficiency of using enterprise resources, secure...
An accounting policy is a fundamental document that is the foundation for maintaining financial accounting enterprises. It contains information that is a tool for accounting in the organization, internal law and accounting rules of the enterprise. Be based on Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation when forming an accounting policy for taxation. The changes introduced relate to the establishment of the sequence of formation of the base for settlements different types taxes and how they are calculated. The accounting policy includes conducting primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping, as well as the final generalization of the economic activity of the enterprise. Display in the accounting policy of the organization methods of accruing depreciation of intangible assets, fixed assets, valuation production stocks, finished products as well as income and expenses. Approve the following documents for making changes to the accounting policy of the enterprise: working plans of accounts; forms of primary accounting documentation and internal reporting; inventory rules; methodology for assessing the types of liabilities and property; rules for document management; accounting information processing technology; the procedure for monitoring business transactions. Reflect in the accounting policy of the enterprise the following points: a methodology for determining the values that form tax base, general rules reference tax accounting, forms of the analytical register of tax accounting. It is also necessary to introduce methodological techniques and methods of tax accounting into the accounting policy. Make the decision to change accounting policies from the beginning of the next tax period. If you make changes to the accounting policy to calculate income tax, for example, ...
Accounting and taxation of the enterprise is carried out within the framework of the accounting policy adopted by it. Its competent development ensures an effective financial document flow of the company, facilitates accounting, helps to reduce tax burden legal methods. An accounting policy is a document that regulates the procedure for maintaining accounting and tax records in an organization, a set of rules for reflecting property, income, expenses, other operations, drawing up and submitting reports on the accounts. Its formation is regulated by PBU 1/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization". Enterprises have the right to develop an accounting policy independently, taking into account the characteristics of the types of activities carried out, the sector of the economy, the applied tax regimes and other factors. However, they must adhere to uniform accounting methods: primary observation; cost measurement; current grouping; final generalization of the facts of economic activity. The accounting policy regulates several groups of issues: organizational: the distribution of accountants' duties, the appointment of those responsible for keeping records in certain areas, the definition analytical registers that will be used in accounting; technical: rules for document circulation, information processing, etc.; methodical: rules and methods of keeping records, calculating taxes, writing off expenses, etc. As a rule, when forming an accounting policy, a working chart of accounts, forms primary documents by types of operations, forms of reporting between company divisions, the procedure for conducting an inventory, methods for assessing assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. The accounting policy of the enterprise is compiled by the chief accountant and approved by the order of the head. It can be formatted as single document, info...
Accounting services just so happen to be becoming more and more popular. And more and more different companies have been resorting to them lately. Why is it so? The answer to this question is easy to find. The fact is that modern domestic legislation in general, and financial and tax law in particular, are extraordinarily complex and intricate. It is especially difficult for unprepared people to understand issues that relate specifically to accounting. One has only to get used to one financial reporting template, as the requirements for it immediately change to completely opposite ones. And as a result - a huge number of errors and such undesirable inaccuracies. Even an experienced professional can find it difficult to keep up with all these changes, and what can we say about all those companies that do without an accountant at all. They really need accounting services, because otherwise the owners of such firms will simply drown in tons of documentation that is incomprehensible to them. At the same time, it should be noted that many representatives of both medium and small businesses find it extremely inconvenient to hire an accountant in their staff. It is much easier for them to resort to the services of hired accountants. As you probably know, the duties of an accountant include many different tasks - from preparing documents for tax to calculating the salaries of employees of the relevant company. Try to weigh your real strength. If you can do it yourself...
As you know, outsourcing financial sector- this is one of the options for accounting support for significant reporting and accounting functions in an enterprise, for which the head of the company, in accordance with existing legislation, is responsible. In this case, to ensure accounting at the enterprise and provide the necessary reports, they turn to the services of a specialized company. From a theoretical and practical point of view this company can perform the full range of accounting functions of the enterprise, not excluding the issue of the execution of relevant payments to banks. On the other hand, this does not exclude the possibility of building flexible and complex business processes, using internal employees and external companies in order to achieve high level efficiency. By the way, you should not compare the concept of accounting outsourcing with the work of a freelance accountant who, among other things, audits personnel records. So, outsourcing is characterized, first of all, by the transfer of regular functions, but the issue of attracting a freelance specialist, in turn, should be regarded as the transfer of episodic work and their volumes to a specific contractor. It should be noted that the list of accounting outsourcing functions includes: analytical operational information managerial recording control ensuring information security and safety of property on an ongoing basis. If we're talking about outsourcing financial...
The Chart of Accounts is a systematic list of synthetic accounting accounts. In 2007, Bank of Russia Regulation No. 302-P dated March 26, 2007 “On the Rules for Maintaining Accounting in Credit Institutions Located in the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Rules for Maintaining Accounting in Credit Institutions) came into force. This document includes the Chart of Accounts for accounting of credit institutions (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts), which has the following structure: chapters, sections, subsections, first-order accounts, second-order accounts. The Chart of Accounts is based on a hierarchical structure, where each subsequent level details the previous one. The nomenclature of accounting accounts is classified according to economic content in order to group and summarize information in sections, on accounts of the first and second order, based on uniform rules and principles of accounting. Schematically, the structure of the Chart of Accounts can be represented as follows: Chapter A. Balance accounts. Section 1. Capital. Section 2. Cash and Precious Metals. Cash. Precious metals and natural gems. Section 3. Interbank transactions. Interbank settlements. Interbank attracted and placed funds. Section 4. Operations with clients. Account funds. Deposits. Other borrowed funds. Loans provided. Other placed funds. Other assets and liabilities. Section 5. Operations with securities. Investments in debentures. Equity investments securities. Accounted bills. issued securities. Section 6....
Any entrepreneurial activity involves a complex system financial transactions and accounting. The task of accounting includes a whole range of tasks related to the preparation primary documentation, filing tax returns, registering currency transactions and other events. In order to optimize such activities, automated accounting systems are currently being created. At the same time, one information base allows you to simultaneously supervise the work of several companies. The program 1c accounting 8 was created to automate accounting and tax accounting. It involves keeping records of all types of activities in any commercial structures. The program supports the following taxation systems: simplified, general and in the form of a single tax on imputed income. The basic version 1c includes all positions of the PROF version, with the exception of multi-company accounting. At the same time, it allows you to keep records of several enterprises in different information bases. The condition of the basic version is that it can be used only on one computer, without selling additional licenses. Registered users can update the program and reporting forms free of charge on a special web resource. The educational version of "1C: Accounting 8" is designed to teach accounting at all stages of operations. IT is also a great help to an accountant - comprehensive information technology support. So, in one edition a complete set of materials from the 1s company is collected. For the attention of users, legal, methodological and reference Information which helps to correctly carry out accounting and management activities.
There are a number of requirements for accounting in credit institutions. These requirements determine the methodological approaches to the reflection of business transactions, property and liabilities in the accounts. credit institution. Firstly, the accounting of operations performed on customer accounts, property, claims, liabilities and business operations of credit institutions is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles. Secondly, accounting for the property of other legal entities held by a credit institution is carried out separately from the property owned by it. Thirdly, accounting is kept by a credit institution continuously from the moment of its registration as legal entity before reorganization or liquidation in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Fourthly, the credit organization keeps accounting records of property, banking and business operations by double entry on interrelated accounts included in the working chart of accounts of accounting. Data analytical accounting must correspond to the turnover and balances of synthetic accounting accounts. Fifthly, all transactions performed and the results of the inventory are subject to timely reflection in the accounts of accounting without any omissions or exceptions. Sixth, in accounting, current intra-bank operations and capital cost accounting operations ( capital investments) are taken into account separately. From a methodological point of view, accounting is based on certain principles. The principles (from the Latin principium - beginning, basis) of accounting are the initial theoretical basis used to develop and apply organizational and methodological provisions ....
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The development of the world economy and the economy of each state separately, generates demand for certain specialties. which are rapidly gaining momentum in our country, have made accounting, analysis and audit training very popular. But today there are higher requirements for this profession. Let's consider this specialty in more detail.
Accounting, analysis and audit are the most important areas of work for any enterprise or any company. The demand for high-level specialists is huge. Therefore, professionals in this field can find employment in almost any field. But they must know accounting, analysis and auditing in accordance with the latest trends in this activity.
Higher educational institutions train specialists with a basic set of knowledge in many areas of market and economic relations. This applies primarily to the field of accounting. Proper conduct of the enterprise, in accordance with established standards, accounting for the assets of the enterprise, obligations to other participants in market relations, investments and much more, is an important aspect of training.
In addition, a specialist in this field should be able to analyze the state of the financial part of the company and the results of work and predict its further development. Education of students in the direction of accounting, analysis and audit implies knowledge in the field of audit, both within the enterprise and outside it.
The most important part of the work of any enterprise is They imply not only cash, but also credit relations with other organizations. This issue is considered in the process of training a specialist broadly enough to reveal all the nuances of this area.
Market relations concern everyone Their rapid development requires knowledge in the field of management, marketing and other areas. Therefore, when preparing specialists in the field of accounting, analysis and audit, these new directions in the economy are widely studied.
Graduates educational institutions of various levels in this direction are engaged in accounting and analytical work. Also, the knowledge gained during the entire training allows you to work in the field of control and audit services and audit.
This profession is in demand in the field of consulting, in organizational and managerial positions, and in regulatory and methodological work.
In any case, the work is related to in cash, various assets, income and expenses, as well as the results of the facility.
Due to the high requirements in the field of accounting, analysis and audit, a specialist must thoroughly understand market relations, both within a single state and in the world. He must know the structure of the world and Russian economy to understand the processes that take place there. The most important requirement is the availability of knowledge in the system of accounting and business activities.
We can say that today there are high requirements for graduates of the accounting, analysis and audit course. The specialty requires skills in all areas of the economy and market relations. Only in this case it is possible to find and achieve great success in this area.
Can apply his knowledge while working in any credit institution, bank, treasury and off-budget funds, in audit company, control and audit service, accounting departments of any enterprise.
The profession is in great demand at the moment, but you need to become a good specialist in your field, who has all the necessary knowledge and skills.
