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Economic growth is a long-term increase in the real volume of gross domestic product (GDP) both in absolute terms and per each inhabitant of the country. Economic growth does not mean that GDP growth should increase every year, but in general the direction of the economy should go up
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GDP (real) 2012 – BBB (real) 2011 = GDP growth for 2012 GDP growth________x 100% of GDP (real) 2011
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When calculating GDP growth, it is necessary to take into account: we mean real GDP; not only absolute values are calculated, but also per capita; only a long-term increase in GDP can be considered economic growth (look on page 17 for Russia's GDP growth figures from 1999 to 2008 and draw a conclusion)
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Russia ranked first among the G8 countries in terms of economic growth in 2011. Such preliminary data are reported by Rosstat. The growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Russian Federation in 2011. compared to 2010 amounted to 4.3%. In second place was Germany with GDP growth of 3%, followed by Canada (+2.3%), the US (+1.7%) and France (+1.6%). In the UK, the economy grew last year by 0.9%, in Italy - by 0.5%, while the Japanese economy showed a fall of 0.9%. The richer the country, the lower its annual growth rate (generally)
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"We had decent economic growth, the highest in the world among major economies after China and India - 4.2%. The average economic growth in Europe, in the eurozone was 3.9%, we had 4.2%. By the way, in the Eurozone is projected both by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank negative growth, minus 0.3% next year. This year we are still planning a plus, and plus from 4 to 5%," Putin said in an interview with RussiaToday on the eve of the APEC summit. http://ria.ru/trend/_VVP_RF_2012_31012012/
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Increasing the number of machine tools Hiring additional workers Keeping the production technology unchanged Increasing the area of cultivated land Development of new deposits
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Scientific and technological progress Economies of scale (enlargement of production) Professional development of workers Rational distribution of resources
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Steady growth of leading countries (USA, Europe) Growth miracles (Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong) Growth tragedies (some Central African countries) Lack of economic growth (Zimbabwe)
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Economic development - the restructuring of the economy in accordance with the needs of technological and social progress.
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GDP and national income per capita Production of main types of products Sectoral structure of the economy (correlation between sectors of material and non-material production) Level and quality of life of the population Indicators economic efficiency production (ratio of effect, result to costs)
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§ 2, pp. 16-22. Tasks 1,2,3 pp. 27-28 Write an essay “The poorest is the one who does not know how to use what he has” P. Buast (1765-1824, French lexicographer)
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Social science. Grade 11. Ed. L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, A.I. Matveeva. - M., Education, 2011 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%EA%EE%ED%EE%EC%E8%F7%E5%F1%EA%E8%E9_%F0%EE% F1%F2 E8%F2%E8%E5 http://politics-31.livejournal.com/262639.html http://bda-expert.com/files/prognoz-rost.jpg
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Economic growth We can speak about economic growth only when the increase in the production of various goods and services is achieved not at the cost of an emergency overstrain of all forces (for example, during a war), but steadily - in the course of normal, normal economic activity.
Economic growth is a long-term increase in real GDP both in absolute terms and per each inhabitant of the country. Real GDP is closely related to nominal GDP. .
Real GDP is the gross domestic product calculated in base year prices and can be defined as labor input (in man-hours) multiplied by labor productivity (real hourly output per worker), i.e. GDP = number of hours worked × labor productivity.
Real GDP Number critical factors, which determine real GDP, are: the number of employees, the average number of hours worked, technical progress, the volume capital investments, level of education and professional training workers, the efficiency of resource allocation.
Nominal GDP Calculated using the price index H. GDP ═ R. GDP, the price index is 100%. i.e. ═
Consider 1. If nominal GDP is rising, but inflation, and thus prices, can rise even faster, and as a result, real GDP can... decrease. 2. If the population grows, then even with absolute GDP growth per inhabitant, GDP per capita… will decrease.
Factors of economic growth Quantity and quality natural resources Human Resources Capital Technological progress Investment
an increase in GDP due to a qualitative improvement in production factors and an increase in their efficiency; an increase in GDP due to a quantitative increase in the use of resources; available in the country, but not yet used resources are involved in production. Economic development occurs both with the involvement of new factors of production, and with the use of new technologies or various savings.
Factors of intensive economic growth limited resources Scale-up effect
Economic development the economic growth» is used to describe the state of affairs in the economies of the richest countries in the world (i.e. countries with highest levels gross product per capita). To describe the situation in other countries, the term " economic development» . Reason for which economics introduced the term “development” to refer to processes in the less wealthy countries of the world, is that these countries are forced to solve somewhat different tasks during the period of growth than the richest countries in the world:
1) creation of industry (industrialization); 2) the development of cities and the resettlement in them of a significant part rural population(urbanization); 3) raising the cultural and educational level of the population; 4) creation of economic infrastructure; 5) development economic mechanisms countries; 6) formation of the middle class represented by entrepreneurs; 7) creation of a system of legal protection of business.
"Vicious circle of poverty" If the last four tasks in the country are solved very slowly, then it begins to rotate in a "vicious circle of poverty". Problem specific to developing countries, consisting in the fact that low income does not allow savings, and therefore investments on the scale necessary for the development of production, increasing incomes. In the end, poverty breeds poverty. To break out of this cycle of poverty, external or internal sources of investment in the economy are needed.
!!! Economic growth ≠ economic development. Economic growth is only one of the components of the process of economic development. In the process of economic development, the economy goes through not only phases of growth, but also phases of decline, which can be accompanied by both relative and absolute decline in production volumes.
!!! Economic development = economic growth + recession. Economic cycles Cycles (from the Greek kyklos - circle) are regularly repeating periods in the development of nature and society. The economic cycle is the alternation of ups and downs in the movement of real GDP, the period of development from one crisis to another.
Phases of the business cycle Almost full employment active population, the constant expansion of the production of goods and services Aggregate supply begins to exceed aggregate demand Recession, reduction in production and consumption, income and investment, falling GDP Depression, the economy, having reached the bottom, is marking time, because it takes time to gain momentum again.
Phases of the economic cycle Trend (eng) - a trend that is stable over time. A trend line is a straight line that connects two important low or high points. Economic recovery. C I K L
Types of economic cycles 1) N. D. Kondratiev's cycles (50 - 60 years), called "long waves": 2) S. Kuznets's cycles (18 - 25 years), or "medium waves"; 3) cycles of K. Zhuglar (7 - 12 years); 4) short cycles of J. Kitchin (2 - 4 years). These cycles interact. Each Kondratiev cycle contains several Jouglar cycles, and each Jouglar cycle contains several Kitchin cycles.
Discovered by the Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev (1892-1938). Cycles consist of alternating phases of relatively high and relatively low economic growth rates. Many economists do not recognize the existence of such waves.
Rhythms of the Blacksmith - economic cycles with a characteristic period of 15-20 years. They were discovered in 1930 by Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets. The blacksmith connected these waves with demographic processes, in particular, the influx of immigrants and building changes, which is why he called them "demographic" or "building" cycles.
Zhuglar industrial cycles associated with changes in the credit sector that affect investment processes. The cycles of J. Kitchin are associated with fluctuations in world gold reserves.
The reasons economic crises External (exogenous) reasons: : 1) 1) wars, due to which the economy is rebuilt for the production of military products, additional resources and labor are attracted, and after the end of the war, a recession occurs; 2) 2) the impact of other external factors, for example, the so-called. oil shocks, when oil-producing countries united in one cartel - OPEC - and sharply raised oil prices, which caused the largest post-war world crisis in 1973-1975. ; 3)3) major innovations ( railways, automobiles, electronics), which have a great impact on investment, production, consumption, price levels; 4-4) spots in the sun that affect crop yields, and crop failures can lead to a crisis of the entire economy.
Causes of economic crises Internal (endogenous) causes: : 1)1) monetary (monetary) policy of the government ( a large number of money creates an inflationary boom, and an insufficient amount reduces investment and leads to a decline in production); 2) 2) a change in the ratio of aggregate supply and aggregate demand (dramatically new goods appear, and producers of old goods have to close production and transfer resources to other industries); 3-3) reduction in production caused by the accumulation of large stocks due to low demand or high prices = aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demand. .
Types of crises (depending on the cause) 1) crisis of overproduction (generated by overproduction of goods and growth production capacity); 2) structural crisis (associated with the birth of new industries and technologies and the withering away of old ones); 3) market crisis (associated with the cyclical fluctuations in supply and demand in the market); 4) seasonal crisis (generated by the technological specifics of some industries).
Modern crises A feature of modern crises is the growth of openness national economies and the processes of globalization of the world economy, national crises grow into world ones (the crises of 1948-1949, 1957-1958, 1969-1971, 1974-1975, 1980-1982, the beginning of the 90s of the XX century . , 2008 -???).
Internet resources http: //sosnovo-school. ucoz. ru/index/ehkonomicheskij_rost/0-56 http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/%D 0%A 0%D 0%B 8%D 1%82%D 0%BC%D 1%8 B_ %D 0%9 A%D 1%83%D 0%B 7% D 0%BD%D 0%B 5%D 1%86%D 0%B 0 http: //slovari. yandex. ru/~%D 0%BA%D 0%BD %D 0%B 8%D 0%B 3%D 0%B 8/%D 0%91%D 0%AD/%D 0%9 A % D 1%83%D 0%B 7%D 0%BD %D 0%B 5%D 1%86%20%D 0%A 1%D 0%B 0%D 0%B 9%D 0% BC%D 0%BE %D 0%BD%20%D 0%A 1%D 0%BC%D 0%B 8%D 1%82/ http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/%D 0%9 A-%D 1%86%D 0%B 8%D 0%BA%D 0%BB http: //slovari. yandex. ru/~%D 0%BA%D 0%BD %D 0%B 8%D 0%B 3%D 0%B 8/%D 0%9 B%D 0%BE%D 0%BF %D 0%B 0%D 1%82%D 0%BD%D 0%B 8%D 0%BA%D 0%BE %D 0%B 2/%D 0%A 2%D 1%80%D 0%B 5%D 0%BD%D 0%B 4/ http: //earninguide. biz/forex-tech 7.php
FILL IN THE TABLE "SECTIONS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE." Microeconomic economy Economics Conditions for the conclusion of an entrepreneurial transaction, turnover of the international currency market, competition of manufacturers, reducing the rate of economic growth, employment of the population, costs and profitability of enterprises, foreign trade policy of countries, level and rate of inflation, the causes of the economic crisis, the reason for the growth of wages in the oil industry, the reasons for the growth of wages,
SECTIONS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE. MICROECONOMICS MACROECONOMICS WORLD ECONOMY. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR CONCLUDING A BUSINESS TRANSACTION. COMPETITION OF MANUFACTURERS. INTERACTION OF CONSUMERS AND MANUFACTURERS IN THE MARKET OF GOODS. COSTS AND PROFITABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE. REDUCING THE RATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. EMPLOYMENT. LEVEL AND RATES OF INFLATION. REASONS FOR THE ECONOMIC CRISIS. TURNOVER OF THE INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY MARKET. DEEPENING THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR
MEASUREMENTS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT. GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT. GDP The SUM OF MARKET PRICES OF ALL FINAL PRODUCTS CREATED DOMESTIC AND ABROAD. THE SUM OF THE MARKET PRICES OF ALL FINAL PRODUCTS PRODUCED DURING THE YEAR DOMESTIC.
THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. Not only the wealth and prosperity of the country depends on the economic, but also the incomes of each person, the economic growth is a long -term real GDP both in the absivenut values and per capita, it is necessary only to keep real GDP to calculate the GDP not only in the absivenut meanings, but also to the soul only long time INCREASING GDP CAN BE CONSIDERED ECONOMIC GROWTH
THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. ECONOMIC GROWTH IS MEASURED BY AVERAGE ANNUAL RETURN AND PERCENTAGE OF GDP GROWTH FOR BRIEFLY THIS RATE IS COMMONLY RELATED TO THE GDP GROWTH RATE. TO CALCULATE THE GROWTH RATE FOR A GIVEN YEAR, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE REAL GDP FOR THE PREVIOUS YEAR - GET THE GROWTH OF REAL GDP FOR THIS YEAR. NOW DIVIDE IT BY THE PREVIOUS YEAR'S REAL GDP AND MULTIPLY IT BY 100%. BUT THE GROWTH RATE ITSELF DOES NOT SAY ANYTHING. THE RICHER THE COUNTRY, THE LOWER ITS ANNUAL GROWTH RATES. P. 18 (TEXTBOOK)
EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE GROWTH EXTENSIVE GROWTH- INCREASING GDP DUE TO INCREASED RESOURCE USE ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES ARE INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION. LAND, NEW DEPOSITS ARE INVOLVED, ALTHOUGH THE OLD DEPOSITS ARE NOT USED TO THE END, BUT THE AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT ALLOW TO USE THEM FULLY.
EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE GROWTH INTENSE GROWTH - INCREASING GDP DUE TO THE QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND INCREASING THEIR EFFICIENCY THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR - STP WHICH AFFECTED ALL SIDES OF THE ECONOMY AND LIFE OF SOCIETY. STP AND ALL OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AFFECT: 1.ZEMLYU. 2. MEANS OF PRODUCTION (PHYSICAL CAPITAL) THE SECOND FACTOR OF INTENSIVE GROWTH. INCREASING THE QUALIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES. THE THIRD FACTOR- RATIONAL ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES. THE FOURTH FACTOR IS ECONOMY OF SCALE.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES ARE DEVELOPING IN DIFFERENT DIFFERENCES: 1. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, 2. COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION, 3. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. GAP HONEY POOR AND RICH COUNTRIES 100 TIMES. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS A CARDINAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE COUNTRY, A TRANSFORMATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY.
DURATION OF ECONOMIC CYCLES. 19 c- THE CYCLE IS 1825, 1836, 1847, 1857, 1866, 1877, 1882, 1890. K. MARX CONSIDERED THAT THE MATERIAL BASIS OF THE PERIODICITY OF CYCLES IS THE REPLACEMENT OF FIXED CAPITAL. = 10 YEARS 20 c- CYCLES ARE SHORTER AND CRISES AFTER WORLD WAR II ARE LESS ACUTE THE LONGEST CRISIS IS 1929-1933 21 c- FINANCIAL CRISIS DIFFERENT VIEWS ON DURATION
REASONS FOR THE CYCLIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY. INTERNAL OR ENDOGENOUS FACTORS. MONETARY (MONEY) POLICY. CHANGING THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND. EXAMPLE: NEW PRODUCTS PRODUCTION REDUCTION DUE TO LOW DEMAND OR HIGH PRICES THERE ARE BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIDES OF THESE PROCESSES.
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WHAT IS ECONOMIC GROWTH?
WHICH FACTORS AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH
ACHIEVING ECONOMIC GROWTH IS POSSIBLE IN TWO WAYS: EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE GROWTH. EXTENSIVE GROWTH - INCREASING GDP THROUGH INCREASED RESOURCE USE. RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE COUNTRY BUT YET UNUSED RESOURCES ARE INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION. INTENSIVE GROWTH - INCREASING GDP DUE TO QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND IMPROVING THEIR EFFICIENCY. THESE ARE: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS, INCREASING THE SKILLS OF EMPLOYEES, GROWTH OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND RATIONAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION.
LET'S TAKE SUCH A FACTOR OF PRODUCTION AS LAND. FERTILITY LAND IS KNOWN TO BE LIMITED. BUT THEY WERE NOT ALL IMMEDIATELY INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURAL TURNOVER. FROM HISTORY IT IS KNOWN THAT IN THE USA, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR A QUITE LONG TIME LAND GRABING WAS OCCURRED PROMOTING THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC GROWTH. In the 60s. XX CENTURY THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN AND FALLOW LANDS WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE USSR. Among the youth of that time, a song with the following words was very popular: we are going to the distant lands, we will become new -settlers both you and Y. are involved in the circulation of new deposits of minerals, although the old ones are not used to the end, but the technique does not allow us to use THEM COMPLETELY. THIS MEANS THAT THE ECONOMY IS DEVELOPING IN AN EXTENSIVE WAY.
THE FIRST, MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR OF INTENSIVE GROWTH IS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS (STP), WHICH AFFECTED ALL SIDES OF THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY'S LIFE. IT DEVELOPED PARTICULARLY FROM THE 80'S. OF THE LAST CENTURY, WHEN THE SO-CALLED ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION HAPPENED (compare with the industrial revolution of the 18th - 19th centuries and the electrical revolution). ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATICS DRAFTLY INCREASE HUMAN POSSIBILITIES, INCREASE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, CHANGE TECHNOLOGIES, CREATE NEW PRODUCTS AND EVEN NEW RESOURCES NOT EXISTING IN NATURE.
§2 Page 17-22
§2 Economic growth and development
THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE GROWTH §2 Page. 17-22 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC CYCLE §2 pp. 22-29
The presentation "Economic growth and development" is intended for teachers and students of the 11th grade (L.N. Bogolyubov's teaching materials) a basic level of. It is a synthesis of several sources, which allows you to reveal the topic under consideration as diversely as possible and closer to the Program and the course of the subject "Social Science". The presentation option allows both the teacher and the students to work in different modes.
D.Z.: §2 , With . 22-29
§2 Page 22-29
To WHAT FACTORS AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC GROWTH IS POSSIBLE IN TWO WAYS :
EXTENSIVE And INTENSE ROSTA.
INTENSIVE GROWTH - INCREASE GDP DUE TO THE QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND INCREASING THEIR EFFICIENCY.
THIS IS: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS,
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES,
GROWTH IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
AND RATIONAL ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES .
EXTENSIVE GROWTH - INCREASE GDP THROUGH INCREASED RESOURCE USE.
RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE COUNTRY BUT YET UNUSED RESOURCES ARE INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION.
§2 Page 22-29
