When market relations appeared with the beginning of the formation of a rule of law state, industrial civilization began to develop, which brought with it progress, fundamental human rights, tolerance and other universal values.
Meetings of bearers of different cultures were previously sporadic, but now civilizations have established permanent contacts, and the stories of various regions have gradually turned into world history. Industrial civilization was preceded by modernization that began in Western European countries, she also transferred this process to other continents. Technologies were extrapolated, value orientations were acquired.
Historical science knows two stages that ensured the formation of modernity - both the world and man. It's early period industrial civilization, when old relations were supplanted and replaced by new ones - from the sixteenth century to the eighteenth, and the second - when the established new relations and orders acquired their development - from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries.
But the demographic factor undermined European traditionalism and pushed Europe towards modernization. Population growth was everywhere, if not constant, because epidemics raged from time to time, and agriculture could not provide food for everyone and everyone every year, because it was highly dependent on the vagaries of nature. And the townspeople left this world much more often than the villagers. Child mortality was especially high: it was several times higher than that of adults. Under these conditions, industrial civilization was born.
The period from 1500 to 1800 was marked by many sharply rising peaks in mortality. Most often, these were the years that came after crop failures. Diseases and epidemics did not take away as many people as they died of hunger. Food prices were rising. America supplied tons of precious metals to Europe, which provoked inflation, and food production did not keep up with the growth of demographics. It was these centuries that were marked by a huge shortage of grain. However, the first character traits industrial civilization were noticeable already in the seventeenth century.
On the periphery of medieval Europe there was a Catholic civilization, all the main territories were occupied by much more ancient Islamic and Byzantine, which more and more crowded it from all sides. These conditions have long hindered the development of industrial civilization. On Earth, there is a single law according to which social energy is born, and in this case, the Catholics had little opportunity to expand normally extensively. Surplus population periodically went on crusades, but time is inexorable, and therefore social energy is still gradually accumulated.
And gradually two ways out of the situation in which Europe found itself by the seventeenth century were drawn. Its south rushed to Africa, India, America, and the West did not dare to expand its territories - it began an internal restructuring, in which Catholicism changed many socio-normative principles. Cities gradually acquired new modes of production. A complex set of factors, together with the improvement of commodity-money relations, created the prerequisites for the formation of an industrial civilization. The characteristic of this process is above all the restructuring of social relations that provoked the industrial revolution at the end of the eighteenth century.
in North America and Western Europe humanity has finally managed to break free from dependence on natural agricultural cycles. New methods of production were created, ready to take root on completely alien cultural soil, they were mobile and focused on expanding production volumes. It is thanks to such factors that industrial civilization exists. Its appearance quite soon brought colossal consequences for all mankind, since development was rapid.
An industrially developed civilization forced us to oppose humanity and nature, including space. This was a huge stimulus for rational study, the development of sciences, an unprecedented flourishing of inventions and discoveries. The life of mankind has changed rapidly and qualitatively. In antiquity it was the same, only the production basis was different and the scale was narrower, but civil society was created on the same postulates. Now it was moving by leaps and bounds towards an industrialized civilization. There is a civil society on earth for the second time, but now at a qualitatively new level.
Community and class associations no longer controlled personal initiative, since the type of thinking had changed, rationalism prevailed in all manifestations of activity. Simultaneously, polarization took place through the division of labor. The first were the organizers of social productions, they set the tone for the whole life of society, and the second were content with what the top of the social formation could offer them. Economic conditions greatly differed from each other, and therefore the class struggle, which is also one of the signs of an industrially developed civilization, acquired new forms.
New modes of production gradually subjugated traditional societies, using them in their own interests. The "tentacles" of this young, but already gigantic octopus were merchants, seafarers, adventurers, colonialists, and missionaries. Very quickly they entangled all continents. Even such countries as Russia, Japan, China, India, the Middle and Near East, Africa, and both Americas were rapidly changing in their development. The local civilization usually merged with the bourgeois carriers of new methods of production, who acted as greedy and insatiable colonizers. Everything went from natural resources to the slave trade.
Russian civilization, as always, was not like its European idols. We had a traditionally strong centralized government, hard-to-find resources, and therefore the main part of the country's territory did not arouse interest among the carriers of new methods of production. It is possible to characterize the industrial civilization in Russia practically in two words: an autocratic monarchy, under the watchful eye of which the new adapted to the harsh Russian conditions. It must be said that in this state of affairs, traditional social relations only strengthened.
Many scientists believe that Russia has accumulated a synthesis of Asian and European cultures. However, we must not forget that the empire was still taking shape in the zone of Byzantine and European civilizations. After the Mongol conquests, statehood became strong, and therefore Western European values \u200b\u200bwere almost completely stopped on its borders. That is why the unification of Russian lands did not come from Novgorod, not from White Russia or Kyiv, where there were territories of truly Russian culture. The initiator was the Moscow principality, which was on the periphery of this local civilization. It was it that managed to borrow some of the methods of the Mongol-Tatar political organization.
The whole world submitted to the new methods of social production, and this process entered a new phase after the completion of the industrial revolution. The developed countries began to expand on the territory of traditional civilizations, as a result of which local civilizations decayed from within, letting the European mode of production and the social classes corresponding to it into their social flesh. In Russia, it was only at the beginning of the 20th century that industrial civilization was finally able to defeat the weakened state power. The level of public energy availability has qualitatively increased, so the bar for the capabilities of each individual has risen close enough to the fulfillment of needs.
Since traditional societies have already desired to use to the full the achievement of industrial civilization, the orientation towards the political and social structure of Western countries, towards someone else's value system, has grown rapidly. The structure of the traditional Russian society was very complex, and in order to adapt to industrial production with its high and rapidly changing needs, it changed, became simpler, becoming like a civil society with a focus on private individual property and individual rights. This path was supposed to lead various societies to a single world community.
In Europe, an industrially developed civilization exists a little longer than on other continents, and a little earlier it passed all the obstacles that life puts in the way of technical progress. Foreign culture and foreign experience are always difficult to take root, because they almost always cause a rejection reaction from the local civilization. The implementation process still continues, because progress is unstoppable, but at the same time, attention to traditional culture is increasing.
This interest is so strong that it becomes akin to a disease, and the more the local culture has suffered from the influence of industrial civilization, the brighter the original features of this society are regenerated. Attempts to destroy the established way of life work to rally social forces against the backdrop of traditional ideology, such as religion. There are also cases when industrial technologies get along well with originality and socio-political independence.
Traditional civilizations interact with industrial methods of production in a variety of ways, which allows this diversity of mankind to be preserved at the present time. The complexity of civilization lies in the fact that a "large" civilization constantly interacts with local civilizations. Among modern scientists, it has already acquired a theoretical platform, where two types of theories of civilization are distinguished.
The first is the theory of stadial development, and the second - of local civilizations. Stage theories study civilization as one process of progress in human development, where certain stages (or stages) exist. Theories of local civilizations are aimed at studying historically established communities that occupy a certain territory and have their own socio-economic and cultural development.
What does she represent? From a scientific point of view, industrial civilization is characterized by a powerful development of industry, the full use of achievements in all fields of science, as well as an increasing proportion of the population that is engaged in skilled labor. It is these features that distinguish it from an agrarian society. You won’t have to look for examples for a long time: it’s worth comparing the countries of Europe and the countries of Africa.
This article will not discuss alternative points of view on the development of an industrial civilization, although at your leisure, it is probably funny to read reasoning provided with beautiful illustrations that an industrially developed civilization has existed on Earth for several tens of thousands of years, so all our mountains, valleys, seas , deserts are absolutely man-made, because the planet is one, once rich, used mine.
From time to time, we were allegedly "cleansed" in the form of a nuclear war (again, a lot of illustrations confirming this hypothesis), and the last one happened around the nineteenth century, when humanity almost died out. It's funny, but not scientific, and therefore we will continue the discussion of a real industrial civilization. And now about what scientists predict after conducting research funded by NASA. This is also extremely interesting, but seriously.
The cause of the collapse of modern industrial civilization, scientists call the misuse of natural resources and the unfair distribution of wealth. A few decades have been left for mankind to think, although trouble can happen even earlier. it is almost impossible to scare people, the attitude of society towards them remains as exaggerated and controversial. However, researchers have given many historical data that indicate that all civilizations have a cyclical ups and downs.
Researchers are relying on what was created just weeks ago at the intersection of sciences new model Mathematics Motesharri ( national center socioecological synthesis). The results are published in Ecological Economics, and the world's leading scientists are seriously discussing the problems posed in the study. In short, the point is that the analysis of the dynamics of the death of civilizations revealed the main risk factors: population (number), water, climate, energy, agriculture. It is these factors that can lead to a catastrophe, since the conditions are created exactly like this: the speed with which we spend resources exceeds the speed of their reproduction, there is a clear division of society into the rich (the elite) and the poor (the general mass). It is these social causes that were the cause of the death of all past civilizations.
General history. History of the New Age. Grade 8 Burin Sergey Nikolaevich
§ 27. The world of man of industrial civilization
Changes in the material world
At the end of the 18th century, at the dawn of industrial civilization, the industrial revolution that initiated it had many opponents. Some scientists even argued that fast the economic growth will cause a conflict between man and nature: the land will be depleted, mineral reserves will run out, there will be less livestock, fish, birds. After all, at that time the land seemed the only means of obtaining food and raw materials, and coal and wood were considered the main sources of energy, the resources of which were huge, but by no means unlimited.
However, in the XIX century. humanity has found new opportunities, which, of course, no one could have foreseen at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In particular, new sources of energy and more economical ways of using it were discovered. By the end of the XIX century. the value increases sharply oil industry. Another new energy base was made possible by the development electrical energy. The internal combustion engine was also invented, which later made a real revolution in transport, agriculture and military equipment. Electrochemistry and electrometallurgy arose, urban transport also changed - horse-drawn carriages were replaced by trams, and then cars and buses.
American inventor Thomas Edison
In the XIX - early XX century. many discoveries and inventions were made that completely changed the face of civilization: the telegraph, electric lighting, radio, telephone, aeronautics, automobiles, cinema, etc. The work and life of man were completely transformed, which was associated with the active introduction of machines into production. True, it was sometimes said that the mechanization of labor leads to the transformation of the worker into an appendage of the machine, an impersonal being, a "cog". But the time of medieval craftsmen, who lovingly and leisurely created piece products bearing the stamp of the “author’s” individuality, was irrevocably a thing of the past. The advantages that technical and scientific progress gave to mankind became more and more obvious from year to year.
What led to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress? How did it affect the environment and human society?
An explosion of social mobility
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the mobility of society has increased significantly, that is, people have the opportunity to move to other cities and countries, as well as significantly change their social status. Social mobility has become one of the most important signs of industrial civilization. It, in particular, made possible the emergence in North America of a completely new state - the United States. To a certain extent, this can also be said about the countries of Latin America that won independence in the first decades of the 19th century. After all, their population also largely consisted of the descendants of European conquerors (Spaniards and Portuguese) and blacks forcibly transported from Africa.
Thus, European society already in the XVII-XVIII centuries. lost its former staticness (i.e., immobility), literally coming into motion. But in the 19th century there is a real explosion of social mobility. Its content is also changing: mobility becomes less spontaneous, that is, it ceases to depend on many random circumstances. So, in the XVII century. many Protestants would probably prefer to remain in their European homeland if they did not suffer religious persecution there. And the Negroes, masses exported from Africa in the holds of ships, were not asked at all if they wanted to go to America unknown to them.
The main flow of immigrants in the XIX - early XX century, as before, was sent to the United States. Between 1820 and the outbreak of the First World War, that is, in 94 years, about 32 million people arrived in the United States (mainly from Europe). Among them were the British and French, Germans and Italians, by the end of the 19th century. there has been a marked increase in the influx of immigrants from the South and of Eastern Europe, including from Russia. Many Europeans also moved to the colonies - to Algeria and India, Canada and Australia, etc. And in southern Africa, Boer republics arose with a significant white population. White colonists willingly moved there even after the conquest of these republics by Great Britain.
At the telephone exchange
grew significantly in the 19th century. social mobility and among those who continued to seek happiness in their homeland. The final elimination of class restrictions, the expansion and strengthening of the circle of bourgeois-democratic freedoms, the not very rapid but stable rise in the standard of living created favorable conditions under which energetic and enterprising people could fundamentally change their property and social status. Of course, it was much more difficult for a worker or peasant to get to the top of society than for those who were practically guaranteed this by kinship or solid capital.
Why did the explosion of social mobility take place in the 19th century? What changes in the economy and society did it lead to?
Changes in people's minds
Serious political and economic changes in the life of society that occurred by the beginning of the 20th century could not but affect the consciousness of a person of the industrial era. He began to understand more and more clearly his responsibility not only for his own life, but also for the fate of society. The development of transport and various communication systems contributed to the perception of the world by man as a single organism.
This was also helped by the constant expansion and deepening of the flow of information. By the beginning of the XX century. the broad masses of the population could receive information about events of interest to them (for example, the course of the Anglo-Boer War or the results of the presidential elections in the United States) almost simultaneously with eyewitnesses of these events. Newspaper owners hurried as quickly as possible, ahead of competitors, to convey all the important news to their readers.
Statue of Liberty in New York. France's gift to the American people. Sculptor F. Bartholdi
Along with the expansion of the horizons of a person of the era of industrial civilization, the quality of his consciousness also changed: it became more flexible, more sensitive to "foreign" points of view, positions, theories, about which until about the middle of the 19th century. knew only a very narrow circle of people. The former indifference of a significant part of society to the most important phenomena of life (politics, ideology, etc.) created a kind of gulf between the bulk of the population and those on whom the fate of tens, and sometimes hundreds of millions of people, depended to one degree or another. And this often allowed the authorities of states to act (and thinkers to create) contrary to the interests of society.
During the 19th century this position has changed over time. The state, step by step, seemed to transfer its powers to society, which increasingly became civil, that is, capable of independent activity. Of course, this required a sufficiently high maturity and consciousness of society, its readiness to take on some of the responsibility that previously lay with the state and professional politicians.
Of course, in every country, in every society, this process developed differently. Where democratic rights and freedoms appeared and were strengthened earlier, the population reacted more quickly to changes in a particular country and in the world as a whole. In those states where the rights and freedoms of the people were limited or they were not given due attention, a split arose between the authorities and a significant part of society. The level of public consciousness in such countries, as a rule, was not sufficiently developed, it was often exposed to primitive radical propaganda.
Which countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries What are the most favorable conditions for the emergence of a mature civil society? What was it about?
New in the world of ideas
The spiritual world of man in the conditions of industrial civilization during the 19th century. became immeasurably richer. The changes in people's minds that we just talked about made them want to get more information and participate more actively in society. These changes also led to the fact that more and more people sought to join the new philosophical and scientific ideas, to compare them with their own views, which became more mature and meaningful. This was facilitated by educational reforms carried out in many countries.
At the same time, the very ideas, theories and teachings became clearer and more accessible to people. Contemporaries were literally shocked by the works of the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882): after all, it followed from them that man was not at all created by God in his own image and likeness. Darwin, whose theory continues to be debated to this day, argued that man was created by the forces of nature and descended from a highly developed animal - a monkey. Of course, many contemporaries accepted the new theory with hostility: who would want to recognize a furry, hunched creature as their “relative”!
Charles Darwin
Even greater rejection was caused by the works of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). This Austrian psychiatrist created the theory of psychoanalysis, which allows you to look into the most hidden corners of the human soul. To the indignation of many, Freud saw there primitive passions that again reminded us of the kinship of man with the animal world. Based on numerous experiments, Freud showed that in the depths of the human mind is hidden the subconscious - a "boiling cauldron of instincts" - which obeys only the desire for simple pleasures. And so in the human mind there is a constant struggle between the rational principle and animal instincts.
The studies of Darwin, Freud and other scientists, it would seem, debunked all previous values. But they helped people rethink familiar concepts, take a critical look at their passions and instincts in order to restrain and control them. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. this became especially important, since changes in human consciousness did not always turn out to be beneficial for society. Disbelief in reason and progress, selfishness, and even nihilism (that is, the denial of everything, all cultural, moral and other values) have become quite widespread.
Some thinkers in one form or another made it clear that by the beginning of the 20th century. European civilization, having achieved the utmost success, experienced a serious illness, just as death still occurs at the end of even the brightest life. It was this picture that the prominent German philosopher O'swald Spengler (1880-1936) painted in his main work "The Decline of Europe". But time has shown that the "sunset" was only apparent. Crisis phenomena in politics and economics, in the mood of society did not become decisive for its development and, on the whole, were successfully overcome.
Summing up
Significant changes in the material and spiritual world of man in the era of industrial civilization gradually changed his consciousness. A mature civil society arose in a number of countries, which, in alliance with the state, sought to promote progress and increase the well-being of the population. Maturity and growing Civil responsibility societies helped to overcome various kinds of crises. And yet the most serious political crisis has led mankind to a world war.
one*. What scientific discoveries and inventions that appeared by the beginning of the 20th century ... posed a threat to nature, man and society? Is it possible to avoid negative consequences by banning "harmful" scientific research?
2. Which countries have benefited from mass immigration? How did she harm? Why?
3. What was the advantage of countries in which a civil society has developed? Why were they able to advance faster along the path of progress?
4. What exactly gave rise to a number of thinkers at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. fears of a severe crisis of civilization? Were there objective grounds for such fears?
one*. By the end of the XIX century. increased emigration from Russia to the United States. Based on what you know about the United States and about Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. (from a textbook, other literature, films, etc.), make up a short story “on behalf of” a Russian emigrant. You can choose his profession and social position yourself. In addition to what you want to “tell”, be sure to briefly highlight the following questions: reasons for leaving Russia; the goals that the emigrant wanted to achieve; his first impressions and reviews of the USA.
2. German philosopher of the XIX century. F. Nietzsche wrote in his book “The Anti-Christian”: “... more power, more power! Not peace, but war, not virtue, but valor... Let the weak and ugly perish - this is the first commandment of our philanthropy! We need to help them die."
Express your opinion on these words. Representatives of what areas of social thought of the XIX century. supported these ideas, and which ones would you condemn?
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slide 2
1. Changes in the material world. 2. Explosion of social mobility. 3. Changes in the minds of people. 4. New in the world of ideas.
slide 3
Highlight the characteristic features of a person of an industrial civilization. What led to their formation?
slide 4
Industrial Revolution in Japan. Engraving n.20 c. From 1789 to 1914, people's lives changed dramatically. In the 18th century, the industrial revolution had many opponents. Many scientists feared that it would lead to a break in the harmony of man and nature - natural resources would run out, bird and animal populations would sharply decrease, Many plant species will disappear. But in the 19th century. New sources of energy and economical forms of its use were discovered.
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Gas use. Poster from 1892. Coal was replaced by oil and electricity. Internal combustion engines appeared and automobiles were invented. New discoveries led to the advent of the telegraph, telephone, radio, cinema, aeronautics, and so on. The mechanization of production has dramatically increased labor productivity and the advantages that technological progress has brought have become obvious.
slide 6
Schooner. Social mobility has become an important feature of industrial civilization. The population of the United States and a number of countries in Latin America largely consisted of European emigrants and former Negro slaves. The nature of mobility has changed dramatically - from forced (puritans), it has become voluntary. The bulk of the migrants still went to the United States.
Slide 7
"Look back." Caricature of attempts to ban emigration to the United States. Many emigrants went to Canada, India, Australia and other colonies. Internal mobility also increased. The population, deprived of class restrictions, quickly changed their occupation and status. the top quickly became a prominent figure in the political and economic life.
Slide 8
Telephone ladies. Lithography of 1904. Changes in the life of society also affected the consciousness of people. They began to understand their responsibility for the fate of the whole society. The development of transport and communications “shortened” distances. , people became more tolerant of different views. They began to actively participate in political life.
Slide 9
Become an American! Immigrant children swear allegiance to the United States. The state gradually began to transfer its powers to society, which became civil. In each country, this process developed differently. In countries with long parliamentary traditions, this process went faster - they eventually became democratic, And in others, between authoritarian power and society began conflicts. Here conditions arose for the spread of radical ideas.
Slide 10
Charles Darwin. The spiritual world of man became richer. People began to be more interested in philosophical concepts, tried to comprehend them, and the ideas themselves became more understandable, because their authors had a clear address orientation. C. Darwin shocked society by suggesting that man originated from a monkey, and was not created by God. His views were met with hostility by part of society.
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Sigmund Freud in 1921. No less criticized was the psychoanalyst Z. Freud, who claimed that behind any actions of people there are “lower instincts”, and in the minds of people there is a struggle between rational and animal principles. New discoveries in a number of cases led to the appearance of egoism, nihilism and disbelief in the power of reason and progress. O. Spengler even predicted the death of European civilization. But his prophecies did not come true.
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Lesson type- a lesson in learning new material.
Problem (to solve during the lesson)
Does industrialization affect the nature and organization of the labor process, the role of man in it, and civilization as a whole.
Lesson plan.
1. Birth of industrial civilization:
1.1. the most important features of industrial civilization, its differences from the traditional (agrarian);
1.2. advantages and disadvantages of industrial civilization through the eyes of philosophers and economists of the 19th century.
2. Science and technological progress:
2.1. the role of the natural sciences in an industrial society;
2.2. machines in human life in the 19th century.
3. Industrialization and monopoly capitalism:
3.3. the main forms of organization of production in the 19th and 20th centuries;
3.4. the consequences of the emergence of monopolies for the economic life of the capitalist countries.
The main task: show fundamentally the difference between agrarian (pre-industrial, traditional) civilization and industrial civilization.
Lesson start- intellectual workout. After a few sentences, the students themselves determine what will be discussed in the lesson. (Working material of the lesson, on the tables.)
So this is what we call... industrialization.
Now let's define the meaning of this process. I suggest you answer the questions: yes or no. Let's discuss.
Exercise.
Imagine that such a survey was conducted in the middle of the 19th century; one country received 100% “Yes” responses; in the other - 80% of the answers "No". Which of these countries had the best prospects of turning their society into an industrial one (“to build capitalism”)? (the one in which there is no, why).
But before we talk about industrial civilization, we must remember what the features of pre-industrial civilization are. You are offered two definitions belonging to well-known Western scientists. (Handout).
In pre-industrial civilizations, life "is mainly an interaction with nature. The labor force is occupied mainly in the extractive industry: agriculture and forestry, mining and fishing. Man uses brute muscle strength, acts by methods inherited from previous generations ..." (D.Bell.)
Civilizations of the "first wave" (that is, agrarian) "received energy from "living batteries" - the muscular strength of man and animals - or from the sun, wind and water ... goods were usually produced in an artisanal way, products were made by the piece and to order ... " (A. Toffler.)
Based on these definitions, as well as the material presented in the textbook pp.364-365, let's sort out the characteristic features of the agrarian and industrial civilization in groups (There are leaflets with written characteristics on the board that need to be sorted into groups (text with errors).
| agricultural civilization | industrial civilization |
| In the process of labor, a person deals mainly with nature, obeys the natural cycle | In the process of labor, a person deals mainly with machines, obeys the rhythm of their work. |
| The tools of labor and the labor process itself remain practically unchanged. | The tools of labor and the labor process itself are continuously updated. |
| Uses energy from "natural" batteries | Energy is used from artificial sources (steam, electricity) |
| Production has a piece character | Production is massive |
| Science and production are practically unrelated | Technological progress is determined by scientific achievements. |
Where does industrial civilization lead? Answer to inventions.
What inventions were made in the 19th century? Students' answers about the revolution in the means of transport, means of communication, new sources of energy, means of communication.
It was not enough to invent, it was necessary to apply these inventions. For example, the windmill has been known since ancient times, but was used as a toy. Only around 800 it turned into a mechanism for grinding grain, and 300 years later, after 1100, it began to be used in shipbuilding (before that, sails operated only in cases where a fair wind was blowing, now you can use the energy of a side and head wind). In the industrial age, inventions began to be introduced into all industries and crafts, where it was possible, and in as soon as possible. So, D. Watt used his steam engine for metallurgy (air supply to the blast furnace), and Boulton's companion realized that a steam engine is suitable for any industry, especially for the textile industry. After 35 years, the American Fulton launched the first steamboat on the Hudson River, after 20 years the first steam locomotive appeared. By the middle of the 17th century, the steam engine had changed everything from glass making to book printing. The changes affected both industry and agriculture.
But is it possible to use machines and mechanisms indefinitely? Let's look at the problem proposed by T. Malthus, textbook p.365. (relative scarcity of natural resources and the need to search for new sources of energy) + (Handout.)
Exercise: Malthus believed that "the reproductive capacity of the population is infinitely whiter than the ability of the earth to provide man with the means of subsistence." Modern scientists, based on the historical experience of two centuries, refute this point of view. In their opinion, natural resources are inexhaustible - you just need to be able to use them, that is, to master the technology: "with the help of technology, tares can turn into grains, and grains into tares right before our eyes."
Question: What facts support this?
What is the main thing in development?
Student answer:The main thing in civilization is man.
The creators of industrial civilization are internally free, self-confident optimists, active people, for whom the increase in wealth is not the end in itself of a miser-hoarder, not the ability to eat fat and drink sweets, but new and new opportunities for creative work in everything in which the Creator gave them talents (from science or trade to agriculture or baking).
A society that gave such people the freedom to do what each of them considered necessary (and without which life itself was not a joy to them), in a historically short period of time, was transformed beyond recognition - it entered (often gradually) into new world industrial civilization with all its great possibilities and painful contradictions.
Thanks to the efforts of a few (each in a particular area), the order of life of everyone else has changed. The advantage in the new society was given to those who were previously condemned by general rumor - individualists, recalcitrant to tribal clans, thirsting for novelty and freedom.
Everyone had to live in this unprecedented world of individualism - both those who wanted it and those who wholeheartedly condemned new trends. In this world, there was no longer the usual division into older and younger; from now on, everyone was “adult”, “adult”.
Why did the industrial revolution move faster in some countries and slower in others? What did it depend on?
We have almost answered this question.
People capable of creating an industrial civilization by their activity exist in greater or lesser numbers in every country, live everywhere (often without even suspecting their potential). Thus, the rate of entry of a country into an industrial civilization depends on the extent to which the state and, most importantly, society provide individual freedom.
Here we are talking not only (and not so much) about state policy, but about readiness for significant changes in society, about how deeply patriarchal-clan, “swarm” traditions have ingrained themselves into the public consciousness.
The age characteristics of our students are such that changes, the individualization of life a priori, are colored very positively for them. I think it will be useful to draw their special attention to the fact that the new order of life was born painfully, painfully. This will help high school students feel the tragic "truth" of "backward" conservatives.
This is also important because in modern Russia the question of entering an industrial civilization is still more than relevant.
Analysis of texts No. 1 and 2 (topics for seminars), p. 422, question p. 427.
Consider the problem proposed at the beginning of the lesson.
But how did the process of industrialization affect the appearance of cities, the way of life of people
Fixing:
Filling out the scheme - (each student)
Conclusion: industrialization required concentration of capital and production.
What we will be looking at in the next lesson.
Homework:§ 1 Chapter IX
Lesson vocabulary
industrial civilization.
All these processes, inextricably linked with each other, changed the appearance of a person, his value system
What caused this transition?
Exacerbation of relations between classes and groups of the population
nationwide crisis
Bourgeois revolutions accelerated the formation of nations, contributed to the formation of a new morality, a new lifestyle, i.e. formed the man of the new time
special treatment
Heroes of the New Age - bourgeois - a claim to the role of a new elite in society.
B. Franklin.
Do you like the image of a bourgeois - a gentleman, created by B. Franklin? Justify your answer.
