Agriculture Poland creates about 7% of the state's GNP and ranks fourth in the economic sphere after industry, trade and construction. The development of agriculture in the country has reached a satisfactory quantitative level in many respects. Recently, the importance of the private sector in agriculture has increased (Figure 3). Socialized farms, primarily state-owned, became inefficient. But they still occupy small areas (about 25% of agricultural land) belonging to the Agricultural Property Agency (which leases land and gradually sells it) of land use in western and northern Poland - the voivodships of Lubuskie, West Pomeranian, Pomeranian.
Crop production in Poland in 2013 produced 59% of the value of agricultural products. The share of cereals, in particular, is 23%, potatoes - 11%, sugar beets - 3% and vegetables and fruits - 11%. The main crops are wheat, rye, barley and oats. In 2013, almost 31 million tons of grain were harvested (20th place in the world). Of these, 11 million tons of wheat, 6 million tons of rye, 3 million tons of barley and 2 million tons of oats. Average yields of major cereal crops vary widely across the country. In western Poland they reach 33-40 c/ha, while in the center and east of the country - 30.2 c/ha. About 70% of wheat sown areas are occupied by winter varieties. The largest share of wheat in the structure of sown areas (more than 35%) was recorded in the south of the country, the smallest (about 10%) - in certain regions of central and northern Poland. Rye is grown mainly by small farms, which give more than 3/4 of the total crop. They are concentrated mainly in the central and eastern parts of the country. The concentration of barley crops almost coincides with wheat crops. Oat crops are located mainly in the east.
However a large number of small farms and numerical staff is a disadvantage of Poland's agriculture.
Figure 3. Concentration of the share of individual agricultural enterprises in Poland in 2013 (as a percentage)
The gross potato harvest is quite significant - 9 million tons. However, this is much less than, for example, in 1997, when 25 million tons were harvested. Perhaps this is due to the fact that Poland's closest neighbors - Ukraine, Russia and Germany have significantly increased their own the extent of this culture. In Poland, potatoes are grown mainly in small farms (about 98% of the total production). The highest concentration of potato crops is observed in central-eastern Poland.
Sugar beet crops are concentrated around sugar factories. The area of distribution of sugar beet coincides with the region of the greatest development of the sugar industry. The main share of sugar beet crops (20% of the total sown area) falls on the Lower Silesian, Greater Poland, Mazowieckie and Lubelskie voivodeships. The gross harvest of sugar beet is constantly growing, in 1950 it was 6 million tons, and in 1997 - 16 million tons. last years the figures fell to 14 million tons. Sugar beet is also grown mainly in small private farms (up to 90% of the crop).
Poland is a world famous producer of fruits and vegetables. The country plays an important role in the collection of red currants (first place in the world), strawberries (third place), raspberries (fourth), cabbage (sixth), apples (ninth), onions (twelfth). Land areas occupied by vegetables and fruits are of the greatest importance for farms in southern and central Poland. The total share of vegetables and fruits in the physical volume of crop production reaches 40%.
Poland belongs to countries with an average level of livestock development. In 2013, the share of livestock products in total agricultural output was 41%. Most of all is produced pork, milk, beef, eggs, less - wool and lamb, fish and the like. Meat production in 2013 amounted to 4.1 million tons. Pig breeding provides 39% total cost livestock products, cattle breeding - 40%. The largest number of pigs per 100 hectares of land (200-300 heads) is located in the Wielkopolska and Pomorsko-Kuyavia voivodeships. Pigs are reared in these regions mainly on natural feed, as well as on feed waste from the food industry. In southeastern Poland, where the development of pig breeding relies only on natural feed, the number of pigs per 100 hectares of land is much smaller (100-200 heads). The total number of pigs increased from 9 million tons in 1950 to 18 million tons in 1997 and decreased to 11 million in 2013. The meat production in Poland is badly affected by political processes in the economy, for example, a ban on meat imports other countries.
The regions with the largest number of cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural land are the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (about 60 heads) and the Greater Poland, Lodz and Podlaskie Voivodeships (50-60 heads). The total number of cattle decreased from 10 million heads in 1990 to 7 million heads in 1997, and to 5.7 million heads in 2013. Milk production decreased from 15 million tons in 1990 to 12 million tons in 1997. In 2013, the figure slightly increased - up to 12.4 million tons. western areas Poland, where animal rearing was based mainly on industrial waste and, to a lesser extent, on natural pastures.
In general, it can be seen that Polish agriculture has not suffered much from the transition to market economy, because and earlier large-scale commodity production was not strongly developed here. However, Poland's accession to the European Union had some negative consequences. The EU aims to eliminate a significant part of small farms. Hence the decline in agriculture that we noticed when analyzing the main quantitative indicators of this industry. National economy.
At the same time, Poland's industry has benefited from joining the EU, and labor productivity and GDP have increased. The EU finances many important projects for the development of Polish industry. Also, in accordance with EU requirements, Poland began to accumulate more energy reserves, which ensures its energy security. Accession to the EU stimulated the development of the fuel and energy complex of Poland and its strengthening in the territorial structure of the country.
General information about Poland
Poland is a unitary state located in Eastern Europe. The country has both sea and land borders. The presence of a maritime border in the north allows it to enter the Baltic Sea. On land, Poland's neighbors are Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania. The length of the country from north to south is $5.5 degrees, which is $650$ km, and from west to east - $10$ degrees, or almost $700$ km. It is the $9$th European country by area and $69th in the world. Its area is $312.6 thousand sq. km. The capital of the country is Warsaw. The formation of the modern territory of the state occurred after the end of the Second World War. As a result, the length of the borders, compared with the pre-war period, was reduced by almost $2,000$ km. The total length of the Polish borders is $3511$ km. The length of the maritime borders is $528$ km.
The territory of the country is located in the basins of the Vistula and Odra in the south and the Baltic Sea in the north. Most of Poland is occupied by the lowland of the same name, and along the southern border are the Carpathians, Tatras, Beskydy, Bieszczady. In the Tatras is the highest point in Poland - Mount Rysy, whose height is $ 2499 $ m. Vistula - the largest river that originates in the Tatras and flows into the Baltic Sea. The second major river is the Odra. There are $9,300 lakes on the Baltic Upland and the Coastal Plain.
The country occupies a favorable economic and geographical position.
Its features are:
Remark 1
If we consider the position of Poland from an objective point of view, then it will always be on the border of Atlantic and continental Europe. This position of the country leads to a constant contradiction - to perceive Poland as the easternmost state of Western Europe or as the westernmost state of the East. Because Poland does not want to be buffer zone, then in any case becomes a front-line country.
The republic is presidential-parliamentary. The President is the head of state, and the functions of the Parliament are performed by the Seimas. Its foreign policy is aimed at combating "anti-democratic regimes" in Russia and Belarus. The country supports the regimes in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine. Since May 2004, Poland has become a member of the European Union, it is a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a member of economic cooperation and development (OECD), a member of the IMF, a member of the UN for industrial development, etc.
$38.6 million people live in Poland. The female population predominates, accounting for $51.3%. The economically active population is $58.7%. Poland is a one-national state, Poles make up $97$% of the population. Small nations include Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Gypsies, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Jews. In the Religious Plan, $95$% of the population professes Catholicism, there are also Orthodox and Protestant communities. In general, the Poles are the most religious nation in the world and the Roman Catholic Church has great political influence and social prestige. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Poland belonged to the multinational countries of Europe.
Representatives of the German community lived in Silesia, Pomerania, Mazovia, which were part of Germany, and the Ukrainian community lived in the South-East of the country. Quite significant Jewish communities were located in all Polish cities. A significant part of the Poles lived in Lithuania, Belarus, Kyiv, Minsk, Western Ukraine. The ethnographic picture changed after the war, and Poland became a mono-ethnic state. Demographic situation quite complex, the country has already completed the demographic transition and is in the stage of intensive aging. Natural population decline and emigration make their negative contribution to demographic development countries.
The migration balance traditionally remains close to zero. Average density population is $122 per sq km. A significant part of the people - $61.5% - are urban dwellers. In addition to the capital, the largest cities in Poland include Lodz, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Szczecin, Lublin, Katowice.
EU membership allowed $2 million Poles to emigrate to more the developed countries Europe. The official language is Polish, but there are also the main foreign languages that Poles speak well - these are English, Russian, German. The status of the language of national minorities is Armenian, Belarusian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian. It must be said that Poland is the birthplace of Esperanto, an artificially created language for scientific communication. Huge contribution introduced Poland to world culture. Family and family traditions are recognized as the highest value and are higher than material wealth and professional ambitions. competitive advantage population of Poland, compared with other European countries, is a great respect for women. They are polite to others and demand the same respect for themselves.
Remark 2
In general, Poland, whose population is only $5$% of the total European population, is one of the countries with centuries-old cultural traditions, embodied in the worldview of its people.
For the development of the economy in the bowels of the country there are the necessary mineral resources. The economy is based on coal, the reserves of which are concentrated in the Silesian Basin. The largest coal mine, Piast, is located south of Katowice in Nowy Bierun. In addition to coal, there are reserves of oil and natural gas. Oil reserves are small and are estimated at only $2 million tons, so the country's needs in $1987 were met by imported raw materials. According to $1996 data, natural gas reserves amounted to $121 billion cubic meters. m.
An important natural resource of the country is sulfur, in terms of production of which Poland is among the world leaders. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by kaolin, salt, limestone, gypsum, marble. Of the metal resources, zinc, silver, and copper are of great importance. Modern Poland is an industrial-agrarian state with a developed sectoral and territorial structure. The leading place in the diversified structure of industry is occupied by the coal industry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, timber and light industry. The construction industry has a fairly high level. One of the forms of territorial organization of industry is the concentration of production in the south of the country.
Fuel industry focuses on the extraction and use of its own coal deposits. Up to $250 million tons of hard coal has been mined in Upper Silesia in recent years, a significant part of which is exported to the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Ukraine.
Poland imports hydrocarbons from Russia, using pipelines laid back in the Soviet years. The country is considering the possibility of importing oil by sea from Norway and the countries of the Persian Gulf.
Fuel resources are used to produce electrical of energy, $97$% of which is generated by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants generate only $3$% of energy. The main part of the thermal power plant is concentrated in Upper Silesia.
Black and color metallurgy use both domestic and imported raw materials. Poland produces $20 million tons of steel using its own coking coal and ore from Sweden and Ukraine. Metallurgical plants operate in Krakow, Katowice. Non-ferrous metallurgy, in addition to its own raw materials, uses Hungarian bauxites. In Katowice there are factories for the production of lead and zinc.
About $30$% of the cost of industrial production gives mechanical engineering countries. In the $90s, Polish mechanical engineering experienced a technological lag behind the level of highly developed EU countries. The problem that has arisen is solved by importing new technologies. The country produces ships, the centers of which are Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin. In Krakow, Katowice, Bytom, equipment for energy, metallurgy, chemical industry. Warsaw and Bygdosh produce machines for the food industry, agricultural machines, cars, and wagons. In Warsaw, Wroclaw, Poznan, Krakow, the branches of precision science-intensive machine building were developed.
For chemical industry is characterized by a diversified structure. Petrochemistry, gas chemistry, chemistry of organic synthesis, basic chemistry are actively developing. Enterprises in this industry produce plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber, mineral fertilizers, and acids.
Traditional for Poland are textile and food industry.
For Agriculture The country is characterized by the problem of its low efficiency and the presence of small farms. But, cheap livestock and crop products are strengthening the position of agriculture, as exports to the EU countries are growing. Poland specializes in the production of potatoes, flax, milk, tobacco, meat, sugar beets, and berries. Wheat, rye and barley are grown from grain crops. Horticulture and vegetable growing are developed in the country.
Polish industry is very diversified and geographically rather evenly distributed, although there are areas of significant concentration of enterprises in its leading industries. The leading industries are those producing food, textiles, coal, machinery and equipment.
The country ranks fifth in the world in terms of explored reserves of hard and brown coal, and also has deposits of copper, sulfur, zinc, lead, silver, magnesium and rock salt, which makes a significant contribution to Polish exports. There are also potentially promising reserves of limestone, kaolin, alumina, potash and natural gas.
A very significant change that has taken place in the last 10-15 years has also been fast growth exports of manufactured goods, while at the same time increasing participation in the export of highly processed products. Currently, the largest position in the export of industrial goods is made up of products of the electrical engineering industry. The sale of products of the chemical and metallurgical industries is also of great importance.
Polish industry is over 380 thousand people. economic entities. Large majority industrial enterprises in Poland they are private entities.
About 20% of all workers in the country's industry are concentrated in the Katowice Voivodeship (Upper Silesia); enterprises of the coal industry and ferrous metallurgy are concentrated here. It is also the main area for non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and the production of metal structures and other metal-intensive products. Łódź and its surroundings account for almost 42% of all those employed in the textile industry. About 30% of employees in the electrical industry are concentrated in Warsaw and its environs. Gdansk and Szczecin are major shipbuilding centers. Chemical industry enterprises are more dispersed throughout the country, although a significant part of them are located in the Katowice Voivodeship.
Poland occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of fishing vessels, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machines, industrial equipment, etc.
Polish factories are distinguished by the highest quality of products, the efficiency of their production and low costs. The advantageous location in the heart of Europe makes it possible to cooperate with motorization plants in neighboring countries.
The main centers of mechanical engineering: Warsaw, Lodz, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Bydgoszcz.
There are several positive factors that explain why you should invest in the aviation industry in Poland, among them:
Poland produces aircrafts: for national economic purposes, trainers, business aviation aircraft, as well as helicopters, gliders, spare parts and accessories for aviation. Most of the products are intended for export, mainly to the United States, Venezuela, Indonesia, Italy, Greece, Canada, Spain, Germany, South Korea, Vietnam.
But the chemical industry of the entire region of Eastern Europe lags far behind Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil.
The construction sector is regulated by the law "On Construction" of July 7, 1994, as amended.
The performance of the construction industry increased significantly between 1997 and 2000, initially as a result of foreign investment mainly in the areas of industrial, commercial and administrative buildings, although the number of new buildings financed by Polish capital also increased. However, in 2001, after a decade of growth, this favorable trend reversed. In 2003, the Polish construction industry experienced a decline of about 3%.
The final result was affected by a decline (3%) in the private sector and a sharp decline in the performance of state-owned enterprises (5%). In 2003, the share of the private sector in construction continued to grow to reach almost 98% (in 2002, 97.6%).
An essential feature of the development of the food industry in recent years is the acceleration of the process of industrialization of the processing of agricultural products as a reflection of the growth in the level of production of large industrial enterprises.
Despite the obvious progress, the share of the food industry in the development of agricultural products is still low and amounts to: in the production of concentrated feed and in the processing of vegetables and potatoes - about 25-30%, in the slaughter of livestock - incomplete 50%, in the processing of grain and milk - about 65%, and fruits - over 80%.
Polish industry is over 380 thousand economic entities. The vast majority of industrial enterprises in Poland are private entities. In 2003, they accounted for 99% of all companies (of which 1.3% are foreign entities operating in Poland and 0.5% mixed ownership entities with the advantage of private capital). The private sector produces about ¾ of industrial output and employs almost 80% of workers employed in Polish industry.
According to data for 2004, the vast majority of industrial entities were engaged in processing (98.5%), and within this category, the largest group were companies specializing in the production of metal products (over 52 thousand). The next largest groups are companies engaged in the production of clothing and the fur industry, the production of furniture, as well as the production of wood and wood products. More information about the importance of individual industries in Poland in the part: "Participation of individual industries in the compilation of GDP".
The structure of the Polish economy has changed a lot over the past 15 years. The importance of the service sector has increased, the importance of industry has decreased. Currently, industry accounts for about ¼ of the value added of Polish GDP (see Table 25.1). These changes were the result of both the dynamic development of the service sector - which is a worldwide phenomenon - and the fundamental restructuring of the sector of inefficient state-owned industrial enterprises in Poland in the 1990s. At the same time, this process was accompanied by the development of modern industries, which was mainly due to foreign investment. After a period of deteriorating economic conditions in 1999-2002, since 2003 Polish industry has been one of the fastest growing among countries European Union. In 2004, the growth rate of sold products amounted to 11.7%, with an average value for the countries of the European Union at the level of 2.1%.
A very significant change that has taken place in the last 10-15 years has also been the rapid growth in exports of manufactured goods, with an increasing participation in exports of highly processed products. Currently, the largest position in the export of industrial goods is made up of products of the electrical engineering industry. The sale of products of the chemical and metallurgical industries is also of great importance.
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Remember
Business card
Square: 312.7 thousand
Population:38 483 000 (2010)
Capital: Warsaw
Official name: Republic of Poland
State structure: Parliamentary-presidential republic
legislature: Bicameral National Assembly (Sejm and Senate)
head of state: President (elected for 5 years)
Administrative unit: Unitary Republic (16 voivodeships)
Common religions: Christianity (Catholics)
Member UN, NATO, EU
Public Holiday: Anniversary of the Constitution of 1791 (May 3), Independence Day (November 11)
EGP and natural resource potential. The state is located almost in the center of Europe between the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, it borders on Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Lithuania.
Most of the country's surface is occupied by a low plain with coastal lowlands and a strip of lakes.
In the southern part - Lesser Poland and Lublin uplands and mountains: Sudetenland, Northern Carpathians, Western and Eastern Beskids, High Tatras. The climate is temperate, transitional hot and humid in summer (17 - 200C) to moderately cold in winter (-1 - 50C).
The territory of the country is marked by a dense river network. Main rivers: Vistula with Bug and Oder with tributaries. In the north there are a lot of lakes. About 27% of the territory is occupied mainly by coniferous forests.
Poland has significant mineral reserves: the Silesian coal basin (considered one of the richest in Europe), oil, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, silver, sulfur, rock and potash salts, etc.
population. Poland is a typical one-national country, 98% of its population are Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews also live.
More than 95% are believing Catholics. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family.
During World War II, Poland lost about a fifth of its population. Post-war significant population growth ensured a rapid recovery of its numbers. The processes of falling living standards and unemployment caused the migration of the population from the country to the developed countries of Western Europe and Anglo-America. In recent years, the standard of living of the population has improved, which has been positively noted in the demographic situation in the country.
The process of depopulation has changed slightly, but positively natural increase population. 17.4% of the able-bodied population is employed in agriculture, 29.2% in industry, and 53.4% in the service sector.
Population density - 123.5 people. per km2. Internal migration contributes to the processes of urbanization in the country, the development of cities is intensifying, in which about 65% of the population lives.
The largest of them are Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Szczecin.
Warsaw, the capital of Poland, a port on the Vistula River, a major transport hub, is an international airport (Okence). The city arose in the 13th century. near the crossing over the Vistula and grew rapidly, using its advantageous trading position.
Industry represented by enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy, chemical, perfumery, clothing, printing, food industries.
Warsaw is the cultural and scientific center of the country; the Polish Academy of Sciences, a university, a medical academy, universities, the National Museum, the Polish Army Museum, theaters work here.
Lodz is the second most populated city in central Poland, on the watershed of the Vistula and Odra.
A significant center of the textile, chemical, food, clothing, furniture, paper, printing and engineering industries. Transport node. Lodz is one of the largest academic centers in the country; a university, a polytechnic institute, a higher school of cinematography, television and theater work here.
The first written mention of the city dates back to 1332.
It was founded on the Lodka River (hence the name of the city), on the trade road Torun-Krakow in 1423 Lodz received city rights. The main street Piotrkowska is one of the longest shopping streets in Europe. Many temples of various confessions have been preserved and the largest Jewish cemetery in Europe since 1892.
Krakow, A city in Poland, on the Vistula River, founded on the site of the settlement of the Wislan in the VIII-X centuries. A significant center of ferrous metallurgy (here, with the help of the USSR, the largest metallurgical plant in the country was built) and mechanical engineering.
The chemical, cement, furniture, food and flavoring, tobacco, and printing industries are well developed. John Paul II International Airport. The largest educational center: 18 universities operate, incl. one of the oldest in Europe, the Jagiellonian (on behalf of the Polish King Vladislav Jagiello) University, an observatory, the National and Art Museums, and the like.
On one of the squares of Krakow - the ancient capital of Poland
Economy. Poland is an industrial-agrarian country. GDP per capita is about $13,275.
The reforms of the 1990s led to the development of private business and the restructuring of the country's leading industries - mechanical engineering and the textile industry.
The mining industry is developed (mining of hard and brown coal, copper, zinc and lead ores, rock salt and sulfur). An important place is occupied by shipbuilding, transport engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical (production of sulfuric acid, drugs, perfumes and cosmetics) , textile (Linen, wool and cotton) industry, as well as the manufacture of faience and porcelain.
Poland is one of the largest sulfur producers: about 2 million tons annually.
The rapid expansion of economic potential and market transformations in the economy have significantly strengthened national currency Poland. Structural adjustment contributes to the development of the social sphere and an increase in the share of new industries.
Industry. Agriculture contributes 4% to the country's GDP, industry - 31.3%, services - 64.7%.
The Polish industry has undergone significant changes over the past 20 years, however, the specialization industries that have developed during the country's socialist past continue to develop.
The main source of electricity are thermal power plants, which rely on their own brown (Konin, Radomsko) and hard coal (Upper Silesia).
mechanical engineering specializes in the production of metal-intensive mining, power equipment, freight cars, sea vessels. Products of agricultural engineering, radio-electronic and electrotechnical industrial equipment are produced.
Its production is concentrated in large cities: Warsaw, Zabrze, bitom, Wroclaw, Lodz, Gdansk. Poland also specializes in the production of locomotives and aircraft.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy received significant development on the basis of Upper Silesia, which has its own reserves of coal and iron ore.
Chemical industry enterprises are guided by pipeline lines (Bdygoszcz, Pulawy, Plock, Gdansk), seaports (Szczecin) and their own chemical raw materials (Tarnobrzeg, Torun). Despite significant external debt and high unemployment, Poland occupies a leading position in Europe in terms of growth in foreign investment.
Agriculture. The agrarian sector is dominated by individual farms - this was an individual feature of socialist Poland, where, unlike other socialist countries, there were no collective farms.
The main grain crops are rye, barley, oats, wheat. Fruit growing, sugar beet, potatoes, vegetables, berries and fruits are of great importance.
These sectors are of export importance. The leading branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding, as well as dairy and meat cattle breeding and poultry farming. Poland's livestock sector provides domestic food needs and exports meat and meat products, livestock and livestock feed. A considerable income is brought to the state by sea fishing, fish farming in inland waters and forestry.
Agriculture ensures the work of the branched food industry of the country: bakery, dairy, confectionery, meat and vegetable canning, etc., but requires significant investment in order to reach a competitive level in terms of relevant products and productivity of the industry in Western Europe.
Transport. All types of transport have received significant development in the country.
In general, the position of the country contributed to the creation of transit routes of European importance on its territory. In passenger transportation, the leader is road transport due to the significant reconstruction of existing and construction of new roads. The main automobile hubs are Warsaw, Lodz, Wroclaw, the region of Upper Silesia. Total length highways is more than 430 thousand km.
Railway transport is a leader in domestic and export-import cargo transportation.
Poland more than 25 thousand km of railways. Airports operate in the largest cities: Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow, etc.
Pipeline transport It has both internal and transit meaning.
Sea transport performs the main export-import load. Major seaports: Gdansk, Szczecin, Gdynia, Swinoujscie.
16 million people in the country use the Internet.
Foreign economic relations. The structure of exports is dominated by machinery and transport equipment, intermediate and finished industrial goods, food and live animals. The largest volumes of export products are directed
Poland imports machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and semi-finished products, chemical products, minerals, fuels, oils, etc. The main suppliers of these products are: Germany, Russia, Italy, the Netherlands, France, China.
A significant source of income is the tourism business. The most important resorts of the country are Sopot, Zakopane (the center of winter tourism and sports), Velichka (balneological resort), sandy beaches of the Baltic, etc.
. The economy is modern. Poland marked by a developed sectoral and territorial structure. This is an industrial-agrarian state (industry provides about 36% of the value of GDP, 4% - agriculture and 60% - the service sector)
The industry has a diversified structure, in which the leading place is occupied by the coal industry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, timber and light industries. The construction industry is well developed.
A feature of the territorial organization of industry.
Poland is its significant concentration in the south of the country. Inherited from socialist economy. Poland received a number of unprofitable, energy-intensive and environmentally dirty industries.
After joining. EU in 2004, the country received a multi-billion financial assistance to overcome the crisis phenomena in the fuel and energy, machine-building complexes, light industry and other industries and successfully carry out their modernization.
The fuel industry is largely focused on the extraction and use of its own fuel. Thus, the volume of coal production (primarily the Upper Silesian basin) has been 215-250 million tons in recent years.
A significant part of it is exported (to the countries of Western Europe, Scandinavian countries, and also to Ukraine). Oil and gas. Poland imports mainly by pipelines from.
Russia. The possibility of importing oil by sea from Norway and countries. Persian Gulf.
In perspective. Poland can import oil. Caspian basin during the completion of the oil pipeline. Odessa-Brody (Ukraine) to m. Plock. Electricity generation is focused on.
TPP (97%), 3% give. HPS. A third of thermal power plants are concentrated in. Upper. Silesia. They work mainly on coal, partly on fuel oil.
The metallurgical industry is represented by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy produces about 20 million tons of steel and operates on its own coking coal and imported ore (iron ore from
Sweden t and Ukraine, manganese - from Ukraine). Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in the south of c. Upper. Silesia. The largest centers e. Krakow,. Katowice,. Chance-tokhov.
The non-ferrous metallurgy works partly on its own raw materials (copper and lead-zinc) and on imported ones (bauxites from Hungary). Non-ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in the southwestern part. Poland, focused on copper ores. Lower. Silesia (Glogow, Legnica). Lead and zinc are smelted in. Katowice and other industrial centers.
Upper. Silesia. On electricity. TPPs operate enterprises for the production of aluminum mini -. Scavini and. Koninin.
Metallurgy as a whole satisfies the needs. Poland in metal. Some of its products are exported
Engineering, which is the most important industry industrial complex. Poland, gives approx. 30% of the cost of industrial products and accounts for a significant share of its export potential.
In the 1980s-1990s, the problem of my Polish mechanical engineering was the technological lag behind the level of highly developed countries. EU. Now this problem is solved mainly by importing technologies. Polish mechanical engineering specializes in the production of ships (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), equipment for energy, metallurgy and the chemical industry (Krakow, Katowice, Chestochowa, Bytom), for the food industry (Warsaw,.
Bydgoszcz), as well as agricultural machines, cars, wagons, etc. In recent years, machine tool and instrument making, the production of household machines have developed, and the branches of precision science-intensive engineering are developing (Warsaw, Wroclaw, Poznan, Krakowakiv) .
Chemical industry. Poland has a diversified structure. Petrochemistry (Plock), gas chemistry (Pulavy and Tarnow), chemistry of organic synthesis, and basic chemistry are actively developing here. Enterprises produce aluminum and plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber, mineral fertilizers, sulfuric and nitric acids.
The textile industry is a traditional industry.
Poland. She's different high level territorial concentration. Most businesses are located in Lodz (2/3 employees) and c. Lower. Silesia
The food industry has undergone significant modernization in recent years. It produces flour, sugar, fruit and vegetable and canned meat and other products. In its location, it gravitates towards the areas of production of agricultural raw materials.
The problem of agriculture.
Poland's low efficiency, small farms. However, the growth of agricultural exports to member countries. In 2004-2006, the EU strengthens its position at the expense of the quality and cheapness of livestock and crop production. Polish agriculture is specialized among countries. Central. Europe in the production of potatoes (fifth place in the world), flax, milk, tobacco, meat, sugar beet, berries. In the structure of agricultural production, the main place belongs to crop production.
Under grain crops, 56% of the sown area is occupied, forage - 13%, for arthopley - 16%, technical - 5%. The largest crops of wheat are in the southern and southeastern. Poland. In the north, in the center and in the east, the share of rye and barley increases in the structure of cereals. Southern and central al. Poland - areas of developed horticulture and vegetable growing.
Here, the cultivation of berries (currants, strawberries, raspberries, etc.) has gained significant development.
Industry problems are not specified. Poland, in particular light industry and mechanical engineering
Rail and road transport system radial (from.
Warsaw) strikes. However, the transport arteries of the direction are becoming increasingly important. East -. West (two railway lines: the southern one, which leaves Ukraine through. Krakow - Katowice to Warsaw, and the northern one - from.
Russia through. Belarus c. Warsaw and. Poznań), as well as meridional paths from. Baltic to the south. In Poland, there is a reconstruction of individual transport lines, the creation of a pipeline network.
Today, road transport exceeds rail transport. The highest density of roads has formed in the west.
Sea transport. Poland carries out a significant share of international transport of goods. River transport uses navigable rivers. Audra,. Vistula and canals.
Pipeline transport is represented by oil and gas pipelines that go with. East through. Poland in. Western. Europe, as well as from ports on.
Baltic Sea
By the mid-1980s, they were focused on socialist countries. During market transformations, the intensity of ties with countries increased. West, although Eastern European ones also make up a significant share in export-import operations.
Poland. Now it exports ships, equipment for the food and chemical industries, automobiles, coke, foodstuffs, woodworking products, copper and other products. Poland imports oil, gas, ferrous metal ores and bauxite, chemical products, machinery.
After the end of World War II and in the early 1990s, the Polish economy was organized as a Soviet economy.
The only exception was that the state did not collectivize collectively.
In the early 1990s began economic reforms and political reforms.
After the adoption of the law on privatization, most of the companies passed into private hands.
Almost half of the country's territory is occupied by arable land. The main cultural products are potatoes, feed and industrial products. Animal husbandry (especially animal husbandry) is well developed in the country.
An important branch of the economy is sea fishing.
The main source of energy is coal.
Its rather large settlements are located in the basins of Lublin and Walbrzych, as well as in Silesia. Coal is used for thermal power plants, which provide the state with the lion's share of electricity. Oil reserves in the country are insignificant, they are mainly imported.
Polish industry is diversified and predominantly distributed throughout Poland.
The main industries are the coal industry, the textile industry, mechanical engineering, instrumentation and food.
Despite the overall uniform distribution, there are areas of concentration industrial production. In fact, they are resource driven. So, in Upper Silesia there are many companies in the iron and steel industry.
There are concentrated non-ferrous metallurgy companies, metal-intensive industries (such as hardware devices). About 40% of the textile industry in the country is concentrated in the Łódź region, while the electrical industry is geographically linked to the country's capital in Warsaw. Szczecin and Gdansk are the main shipbuilding centers.
Approximately half of freight traffic is carried by trucks, another 40% by railways. The remaining traffic is provided by river and sea transport.
Pretty strong in Poland merchant navy. The main inland waterways are the Odra and Vistula rivers. Most of the maritime cargo (about 60%) is provided by the ports of Gdansk and Gdynia.
The main imports of the Polish state are wheat, cotton, oil, oil products, iron ore, steel and metalworking machines. Poland exports machinery and equipment, food, textiles, building materials.
By the end of the 1980s, Poland's main trading partners were the USSR and the Soviet bloc.
Thus, the share of the USSR was up to a quarter of imports and exports. In this century, the main trading partners are Germany, Italy, Russia, France, Great Britain and the Czech Republic. Up to 70% of Polish exports go to EU countries.
The main source of income for the Polish budget is corporate taxes, as well as turnover and sales.
Export Composition: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and animals.
Export geography (2010).): Germany 26.9%, France 7.1%, United Kingdom 6.4%, Italy 6.3%, Czech Republic 6.2%
Export volume (2010)$162.3 billion USA
Import structure: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemical products.
Import geography (2010).): Germany 29.1%, Russia 8.8%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5.8%
Import volume (2010)$173.7 billion
External debt (2010):$365.4 billion
