It is important, both from a legal point of view and from an economic point of view. A document that is not drawn up according to the regulations will simply not be accepted for consideration. If we are talking about economic miscalculations and incorrectly selected formulas, then in this case the construction budget can increase significantly.
To date, there are 5 methods for determining estimated cost.
1. Basic-index (index) method for determining the cost.
In this case, the cost of work is determined on the basis of data taken from unit rates, and indices of recalculation indices into current prices (published every month). Thus, the basic-index method for determining the estimated cost makes it possible to obtain the most relevant cost indicators in relation to the date of the estimate. There are several methods for applying recalculation indices (CP) in the preparation of estimates:
☛ Overall on the estimate. In this case, the amount of direct costs is multiplied by the KP. This method is applicable for drawing up estimates for one type of work, materials and other resources.
☛ For each section of the estimate. In the event that the estimate includes several sections (installation of power supply systems, equipment repair, etc.), then the corresponding recalculation index to current prices is applied to a certain type of work.
☛ To each individual quotation.
☛ To the elements of prices (elements of direct costs). Recalculation indices are applied to each item from the price and then summed up to determine the final direct costs.
PZ \u003d (ZP (unit) * KPkZP + EM (unit) * KpkEM + Mat (unit) * KpkMat) * Volume
RFP(unit)- Wages of workers at a unit rate
IPcPP- Index of conversion to salary
EM (unit)- The cost of operating machines at a unit rate
CPcEM- Index of conversion to the operation of machines
Checkmate (unit)- The cost of materials at a unit rate
KPkMat- Conversion index to materials
Volume- Estimated amount of work.
2. Resource method for determining the cost.
Based on its name, this method of determining prices involves drawing up estimates based on determining the real cost of the elements that make up the estimate.
The cost of work is determined by summing up the cost of materials, the cost of wages of workers and the cost of operating the machines necessary to carry out certain work. However, unlike the previous method of determining the cost of estimates, the calculation is carried out on the basis of real prices for resources (that is, those in force at the moment).
Despite the accuracy of this method, it is not used as often as others due to the large amount of time for evaluating various works. In addition, it is quite difficult to justify the price of a particular material. Therefore, in budgetary organizations, the resource method of determining the cost is not often used.
In the classical resource method, the formula for calculating the PP is as follows:
PZ \u003d Labor intensity X Cost per person / hour + Number of cars / hour X Cost cars / hour + Number of mat. * Price mat. in prices valid at the moment of work
PZ- cost of work (direct costs),
Labor intensity- the number of man-hours required to complete the work,
Price person/hour- the cost of one man-hour,
Number of machines/hour- the number of machine hours required to complete the work,
Cost per hour- the cost of one machine-hour,
Number of mat.- the amount of material required to complete the work,
Price mat.- the price of the material.
3. Resource-index method.
It is used as a combined method for determining the estimated cost. Combines the methods of the resource and index methods. For example, in the estimate, the cost of materials can be calculated at current prices (resource method), and the wages of workers and other indicators can be calculated using coefficients.
4. Basis-compensation method.
The method on the basis of which the summation of the cost calculated in the basic level of prices and additional costs associated with the growth of tariffs and prices for consumed resources in construction is carried out. It should be borne in mind that the final cost (for example, when preparing estimates for commissioning) is determined by the base level of prices at the start of construction, as well as all actual costs (compensation fund).
5. Based on cost indicators for analogous objects.
Prices for budget calculations are taken based on the data of estimates for analogous objects.
The method of budgeting is selected depending on the needs of the customer, his goals and the numbers that he wants to receive.
The resource method involves the use of the real cost of the elements that make up the price and estimate as a whole.
The disadvantages of the resource method include the following:
The main and perhaps the only advantage of the resource method is its higher accuracy.
The base-index method is based on the application of averaged indices converted to the current price level to prices. It is simpler and more familiar, less labor-intensive.
When translated into current prices, an adequate cost is not always obtained, especially for prefabricated reinforced concrete products, metal structures and many building materials. Also, the existing database does not have such a wide range of materials for installation, as required by modern technologies, standards and customer requests. Because of this, problems arise when closing acts of completed work and losses are inevitable, both on the part of contractors who invest their funds and simply cannot return them in full, and on the part of customers who cannot plan expenses and put funds into the budget , plan their spending.
And as MDS 11-18.2005 tells us: “Changes to the working documentation that caused a change in the cost of construction by more than ten percent, as well as a significant change in fundamental, previously approved construction decisions, serve as the basis for revising the estimate (summary cost estimate) and reapproving design and estimate documentation”, which promises additional material and time costs to both sides of the design and construction process, especially if it is carried out “from the wheels”.
Consider an example: two estimates with single volumes, excluding overheads and estimated profit. One was made according to the TER of the Republic of Crimea basis-index method using the CMP index = 6.6 for the 2nd quarter of 2017. (approved by the Ministry of Construction of Russia), and the second by the resource method with the cost of resources adopted according to the Collections of average estimated prices for June 2017, which are quarterly developed by the State Autonomous Institution "Regional Center for Pricing in Construction and Building Materials Industry" of the Republic of Crimea. I draw your attention to the fact that these collections of resources are not included in the Federal Register of Estimated Standards.
Picture 1.
Figure 2.
If we assume that the costs of resources are approved in the prescribed manner, it can be seen that the cost of the estimate for HPES is more adequate to the market situation. It can also be seen that in printed volume it will take a couple of sheets of A4 landscape orientation, and I spent about 40 minutes compiling it, while looking for the cost of resources manually in printed collections.
The estimate for the TER took me 8 minutes, I specially opened the resource part so that the cost of the resources in the TER base, which the program puts down itself, can be seen.
Of course, software developers will make automatic loading of resources, but for each collection of resources, the estimator will have to pay at least once a quarter, even if it just needs to recalculate the already made estimate for the current moment.
The resource estimate is often one of the sections of the final cost estimate, sometimes it may be advisable to separate it into a separate document. In addition, the Government Decree officially approved the calculation method for compiling cost estimates as one of the main ones for the formation of such reporting statements. It is very difficult and time-consuming to do this manually, but with the help of the Grand Estimate, you can quickly cope with the task without any difficulties, while you need to know a few important nuances and features.
A resource estimate is a type of calculation that is formed directly on the basis of current prices for any types of resources that will be used in construction. The advantage of the resource sheet is the complete transparency of the above calculations. The customer and the contractor can be sure that they will not remain in the loser due to some errors or intentional shortcomings.
Initially, to create this file in the Grand Estimate, you must select a local estimate, which will be taken as a basis, and then set the parameter "Calculation method" - "Resource" on it.
If you initially need to immediately create a resource estimate, then you will need to create it in the following sequence:
In the future, you can mark all the estimates of interest, compiled earlier, and set for them the formation of the final cost estimate for resources. Often there are disputes that the resource estimate at the moment completely replaces the local one. In fact, this is not entirely true - ideally, make up both options. budget document to protect yourself from unnecessary errors and provide the customer with a full calculation. In fact, the local estimate is the basis of the resource estimate. 
The essence of the resource method of budgeting is to take into account simultaneously:
material costs,
labor costs,
energy costs,
Rent and operation of machinery and equipment.
Calculation is carried out in current prices, and not predicted or current at the time of the conclusion of the contract. The initial data here will be: market prices for materials, payment for such work, as well as the estimated parameters of the structure.
An estimate can be drawn up according to this principle for any period of time (it is often customary to make intermediate ones for a month), as well as directly for the entire construction site.
When compiling a resource estimate, sometimes you have to use additional secrets of compilation. In fact, there is nothing complicated here, but the most important thing is not to forget to take into account these features:
Some materials may initially be transferred by the customer. Then these columns must be marked accordingly, so that the cost of these materials is deducted from the total amount;
A reduction factor should be taken into account, since the cost of purchasing materials or residual value those in stock may be reduced;
In the final calculations, balances can be indicated (if the materials were originally purchased in larger quantities than they were then used up).
Thanks to the Grand Estimate, this can be done very quickly and easily - just select the table cells of interest, designating them in the parameters as those that belong to a particular category. The program will perform all other calculations automatically, saving the resulting document in the folder for the object of interest.
The choice of budgeting method is important. First of all, it is determined by the legal side of the issue, since incorrectly or illiterate documentation may simply not be accepted for consideration. Secondly, no less important in modern conditions is the determination of the real cost of building an object or carrying out various works. And this is rightly considered main task budgeting, no matter what method is used.
There are several basic methods for calculating and processing estimates. These include:
The last two methods of budgeting are used relatively rarely. This is due to several reasons. The resource-index calculation method is a combination of two much more common methods - basic-index and resource. In comparison with them, it is not only much more labor-intensive, but actually combines their shortcomings. The main ones are rightly considered to be some isolation from modern realities and the serious scale that any mistake made at the beginning of the calculation acquires. This is also why most popular software products are not focused on the resource-index method for calculating estimates, which leads to its even rarer use.
The methodology for compiling estimates based on consolidated estimated standards is a calculation that is performed taking into account data on already built facilities. Its infrequent use is due to the fact that in practice it is rather difficult to find an analogue for a newly constructed object in the recent past, similar in design parameters, construction conditions, operational requirements and other important characteristics. Especially now, when the economic and financial situation is changing very rapidly.
Since the methods of budgeting described above are relatively rare in practice, it is advisable and quite logical to consider in more detail the two most popular types of estimates.
The most commonly used base-index method for calculating estimates. Despite the fact that the legislation provides for the possibility of using other methods, it is, in fact, mandatory for budget organizations holding auctions for the construction of various facilities or the performance of any work. This situation has been around for a long time. That is why most large private companies, both customers and contractors, also use the base-index method of budgeting as the main one.
The principle of the considered method of budgeting is as follows:
It should be borne in mind that the indices can be applied both to each individual work, and to a section or the final result of the calculation as a whole.
Despite the fact that the base-index method of budgeting is without a doubt the most popular and most commonly used, it has a very significant drawback. The fact is that the applied basic prices of 2001, which is quite natural, often do not take into account the conditions of modern construction, a large number of new technologies that have appeared recently.
However, the method has no less obvious advantages, namely, simplicity, a large number of specially designed budget programs, and simply long-term traditions of use, allow it to remain the most widely used.
Forms of various types of estimates used for compiling the base-index method, as well as samples of the completed estimate calculation are given below.
Quite often, the resource method for calculating estimate documentation is used. It is used mainly when concluding contracts for the construction or carrying out any work between small and medium-sized commercial structures, as well as in private housing construction. However, the legislation fully allows the use of the method for budgetary organizations. In this case, it is as follows:
Overhead costs and planned savings are taken into account, as a rule, in the estimate for the entire facility. This method of budgeting is quite laborious, however, almost all available software products provide the ability to calculate it. A sample of a resource-based estimate and the form used for this is located below.
Very often, especially in private housing construction or when performing small repairs and finishing works, an even simpler method of budgeting is used, which can also rightfully be called a resource method. It consists in a simple listing of the resources needed for construction, repair or decoration, and the current prices for them. An example of such a calculation for a small amount of repair and finishing work is shown in the following table.
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Name of works |
Price per unit |
Cost of work |
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Disassembly of linoleum flooring |
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Disassembly of skirting boards |
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Dismantling the base from bars and boards |
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Dismantling the lag |
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Log laying |
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Plank covering device |
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The device of coatings from chipboard |
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The device of a covering from parquet boards |
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Installation of skirting boards |
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TOTAL according to the estimate |
139 080= |
This method of calculating estimates is widely used when the customer is individual, and the contractor is a team of workers or a small construction firm. In this case, there are no strict requirements for registration, so everyone makes an estimate based on their own preferences, as well as the desire to see in it certain indicators that are necessary to make a decision on the performance of work or the choice of a contractor.
Drawing up estimates in construction by the resource method.
The resource method of budgeting is understood as the calculation of all elements of resources (costs) that will be required in the implementation construction project. The assessment of all necessary costs in determining the cost of the project is carried out in current or forecasted tariffs and prices.
The use of the resource method involves taking into account such defining resource indicators as:
The labor intensity of work is the labor costs of workers involved and mainly
Production, and machine operators;
Use of construction equipment;
Consumption of material resources (structures, structures, materials);
Energy consumption for technological needs.
All resource indicators are determined according to the collections of GESN-2001 and others estimated standards taking into account all corrections and coefficients.
It is advisable to use the resource method at all stages of the development of technical documentation for a construction site, namely:
EP - draft design;
P - project;
RD - working documentation;
feasibility study - feasibility study of investments;
TD - tender documentation.
For EP, feasibility study of investments and TD, it is necessary to develop enlarged estimated norms in the future.
Resources defining total cost works to be performed are evaluated, at the request of the customer, as a whole for the construction site or for each section of the local estimate (in other words, local estimate calculation). Perhaps, if necessary, the summation of resources to determine the cost of the work of individual subcontractors.
All direct costs for construction works in local estimates are determined on the basis of a previously compiled local resource sheet, which includes all resource indicators.
it is advisable to use the corresponding forms of the statement and estimate given in the appendix, or use a combined form. However, other, more user-friendly forms may be used.
All indicators are selected from the standards and entered in the appropriate columns of the document. The summation of indicators is recommended to be performed in a certain sequence, namely:
1) Human Resources, consisting of: labor costs of construction workers, average category of work,
Labor costs for driverstime of use of construction equipment.
2) Material resources in natural terms.
3) Codes of the applied standards and resource codes given in them are entered in a separate column.
Being perhaps the most time-consuming, the resource method makes it possible to calculate estimates for construction work with the greatest accuracy. construction of large objects requires special computer programs. In addition, when compiling resource estimates, it is difficult to take into account higher rates to work in hazardous or difficult working conditions. Difficulties arise with the definition of the average category of work both in general according to the estimate and in sections. Difficulties are also caused by determining the remuneration of machinists on the basis of labor costs.
In this regard, the use of the resource method is limited to cases when it comes to construction with a rather limited range of resources, predominantly of a specialized nature. In particular, this method is widely used in the field of road construction.
A positive factor in this method can be considered that it makes it possible to calculate the estimated cost at any stage of construction. In addition, it allows you to recalculate the estimated cost in the future, taking into account new prices if they change.
