The first Soviet population census was conducted in 1920 in the conditions of civil war and devastation. The census covered only 72% of the country's population, since hostilities were still going on in a number of regions of the country. In 1923, a population census was conducted in cities and urban-type settlements simultaneously with a census of industrial and commercial enterprises.
The 1920 census program, adopted after discussion by the general scientific community at the 2nd All-Russian Statistical Conference, was much broader than the 1897 census program. some had independent significance - about 30. The questions characterized the composition of the population by sex, age, marital status and marital status, native language, and for the first time - by nationality, place of birth. Literacy, the level of general and special education, the distribution by occupations that provide a livelihood, by professions and branches of labor application, and by a number of other characteristics were also clarified.
The total population of the country, according to the 1920 census, with additional estimates for territories not covered by the census, amounted to 136.8 million people, including urban - 20.9 million, or 15.3%. Compared with the beginning of 1917. the population decreased by 6.7 million people. Approximately 2 million of this number are due to emigration from the country, the remaining 4.7 million are demographic losses from the civil war, famine and epidemics caused by it, as well as a reduction in the birth rate.
A large number of people moved from the cities, where there was a lack of food, to the countryside. Compared with the beginning of 1917, the urban population decreased by 4.9 million people, and its share in the entire population decreased from 18.0% to 15.3%. World and civil wars also changed the gender structure of the population. If according to the 1897 census, men accounted for 49.7%, then according to the 1920 census - 47.7% of the country's population.
The second Soviet, the first All-Union population census was carried out as of December 17, 1926. Carefully prepared for it. Census issues were discussed at the 2nd All-Union Statistical Conference (February 25 - March 3, 1925) and at the All-Union Congress of Statisticians (February 1-7, 1926). The main census forms were a personal sheet and a family card (the latter only in cities). The personal sheet contained basically the same questions as in the 1920 census, and included 14 questions, and with sub-questions - about 30, including sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and mother tongue, literacy, place of birth and duration permanent residence in the place of the census, about the presence of physical disabilities, serious injuries and mental illness. A whole group of questions with sub-questions was devoted to the characteristics of the main and secondary occupations, social status, profession and place of work. For those who had no occupation, the sources of livelihood were clarified. For the unemployed, questions were asked about the duration of unemployment and previous employment. The last requirement was of considerable importance at that time: the 1926 census showed that there were about 1 million unemployed in the country.
The family card contained more than 20 questions designed to characterize the size and composition of the family, as well as its living conditions. The census provided the richest materials for the study of life Russian family, many of which have not lost interest in themselves today.
The 1926 census materials were published in 56 volumes. This publication was and remains the richest publication of the results of the population census in the Soviet period in the history of our country. Based on the materials of this census, a balance was developed National economy, carried out current calculations of the size and composition of the population for the years following the census, built demographic projections, tables of mortality of the population of the USSR for 1926-1927 were built.
The total population of the USSR, according to the 1926 census, amounted to 147,028 thousand people, with a subsequent correction for underestimation - 148,530 thousand people.
In addition, "it turned out that there were many families with two wives - registered and actual, but both of them vigorously proved to the counters that they were the real ones. On the other hand, many women with children, living off alimony or their own labor, wanted to register "girls"", - quotes the Penza edition of "Young Leninist" from the then newspapers.
Some women came to the census offices to complain to enumerators that they were not listed as wives. Sore questions were also about the age of women and living space.
In addition, native men with several wives hid them for fear of persecution. And the Tatars answered questions about the marital status: “I am single, but there is a woman,” Pravda from 1926 reported.
The census of homeless children in Moscow showed that they live at night on the boulevards, in dustbins, under the stairs in the entrances, at the Chinese Wall, in tram pavilions, in railway cars. In the sawdust, on the station heaps, caves are even arranged, Pravda notes.
The then "kulaks" were afraid of the census in the same way as modern entrepreneurs. Here is what Pravda writes on this subject in 1926: "Kulak groups are trying to use the census to their advantage and whispering venomously: 'They'll rewrite it, they'll take every trifle into account, and they'll tax them...' But their voice is weak, no one doesn't listen to them."
But representatives of the lower strata of society were extremely honest. As the newspapers noted, in some houses in the column "main profession" the respondents wrote "recidivist thief" or "prostitute." And the homeless said so: "a beggar singer", "a beggar musician" or simply a "thief". This was a colorful portrait of the socialist society of the NEP era.
In preparation for the 1926 census. outstanding statisticians V.G. Mikhailovsky and O.A. Kvitko developed scientific principles that formed the basis of both this and the following censuses. The 1926 census was remarkable not only for its thoughtful method of obtaining information, but also for the wealth of data collected, especially on the social composition of the population and on families.
1937 census. The current population estimates made by the planners differed greatly from the actual trends. According to their calculations, the population of the country was rapidly increasing, which should have indicated a corresponding increase in the standard of living, and at the beginning of 1933 amounted to. 165.7 million, and by the end of 1937 it was expected to be 180.7 million. These figures were announced from the highest podium, and therefore it was required that reality correspond to them.
But the 1937 census counted only 162,039 thousand people (with a recent correction for undercounting - 162,739 thousand). As a result, the government declared this census a failure, defective, its leaders were accused of sabotage, of deliberately underestimating the population. Many of them were arrested and died in the Gulag, and some were shot. In the 1950s, they were all rehabilitated.
The census revealed the terrible consequences of the famine of 1932-1934, when the country lost about 7 million people. In the press, however, this information was not reflected in any way. Soviet newspapers wrote not about the mass death of the population, but about the fact that the population "significantly rejuvenated." Pravda noted: “The very first impressions of the enumerators who carried out a preliminary round of the population make it possible to draw some conclusions. last years our country has rejuvenated considerably. From all parts of the country there are reports of an abundance of children."
Secondly, this census showed that in an atheistic country, the majority of the population was a believer. “The question of whether a believer or a non-believer gave the enumerators a lot of trouble. Unexpectedly, this item turned out to be the most difficult and “capricious” both for the enumerator and for the population,” Pravda wrote.
Quite recently, already in the 1990s, the surviving materials of the 1937 census were found in the archives to a large extent. A group of researchers analyzed them, made the necessary calculations and showed that the undercount was small, only 700 thousand people, or 0.43% . In many countries, undercounting the population in the census within 5% is considered acceptable.
Since the results of the 1937 census were not accepted by the government, a new population census was scheduled, which took place in 1939 (as of January 17). Now it was expected (according to the forecasts of the State Planning Committee) that the population of the Union would be 170 million people. Bearing in mind the recent repressions after the 1937 census, statisticians tried very hard to reach the indicated (in the literal sense) figure, to prevent the "underestimation" of the population. As a result of all efforts, the census showed a population of 170,557 thousand people (subsequently, after correcting for double counting and postscript, it turned out that a more realistic figure was 168,871 thousand)
Second World War prevented the completion of the processing of the results of the 1939 census. After the end of the war, the question of conducting another census was raised in order to assess the damage caused by the war.
Only after Stalin's death in 1953 was the next population census planned, which was carried out in 1959 (as of January 15). The 1959 census differed little from the 1939 census in terms of its main program issues. The census form contained only 15 questions.
At the same time, the results of the 1959 census caused a great scientific resonance, the greatest, perhaps, in comparison with all previous population censuses in our country. The census served as a powerful stimulus for the intensification of scientific research not only in demography, but also in economics, sociology and other social sciences. This was largely facilitated by the fact that the population census of 1959 was carried out a little more than 2 years after the landmark XX Congress of the CPSU, when the country thawed after the Stalinist winter and the social sciences revived. The results of the 1959 census gave everyone good food for thought.
It should also be noted that the significant expansion since the mid-1950s is not at all accidental. official statistical publications: reference books, yearbooks, etc., mainly general economic, but also demographic.
The next regular All-Union population census was carried out in 1970 as of January 15th. The 1970 census questionnaire contained 18 questions, i.e. slightly more than in the previous census. The additions dealt with the problems of population migration. New in the 1970 census. there was also the use of a sampling method, in which 11 questions of the census questionnaire were answered by all 100% of the country's population, and information was collected on the remaining 7 questions only about 25% of the population (the survey was conducted in every fourth dwelling). Then the information collected in this way was distributed according to certain rules to the entire population. The use of the sampling method brings savings financial resources and human resources.
The 1970 census was published in 7 volumes (the total number of pages of which was about the same as in 16 small volumes of the 1959 census publication). Along with the publication, 10 volumes of the census results were published with the stamp "For official use".
Vechernyaya Moskva wrote about interesting cases during the 1970 census. In the Baku village of Barzavu, the right to be the first to answer the questions of census takers was given to 165-year-old Shirali Mislimov. He turned out to be the oldest inhabitant of the USSR. An entry appeared in the column about the year of birth: "1805th". As the newspaper noted, "the elder of the mountains gladly answered the question about the source of livelihood. The pension paid by the state allows Mislimov to live in abundance. In his house, built by fellow countrymen, a blue TV screen is lit every evening."
The next regular population census took place 9 years later, in 1979, as of January 17th. The census questionnaire consisted of 16 questions (11 - in the continuous part of the census and 5 - in the sample, 25 percent). The questions in the continuous part of the census were basically the same as in the previous 1970 census, although there were important editorial changes in some of them. In the sample part, there was no question on underemployment in the year preceding the census, and two questions on migration. But it was introduced new question addressed to women, about the number of children born. There was also an important technical innovation: the census form was combined with a technical information carrier. A significant part of the answers to the questions of the census questionnaire (in 12 questions out of 16) was not written on it in words, as was done in previous censuses, but was applied to the census questionnaires in the form of marks with a pencil specially made for this purpose, and the census questionnaires themselves were then entered into electronic reading devices. The marks on the sheets were made directly during the census, which significantly increased the workload of the census takers. On the other hand, at the stage of processing the census forms, labor costs, work time and the number of errors that inevitably occur when manually transcribing information from census forms to development forms were significantly reduced. There were also a number of programmatic and methodological changes in the wording of some questions. In particular, the wording of the age question was changed (the date of birth was introduced along with the traditional number of completed years, marital status was now recorded expanded into four categories: married, never married, widowed and divorced (or divorced). This change opened up new possibilities for studying and predicting marriage.The results of the 1979 census were published in a single volume, the suitability of which even for propaganda work is very doubtful, and even more so for any other, more serious work. 10 volumes were published.The census gave extensive information about changes in the composition of the population, which was subsequently widely used.The result of the census is 262.4 million people.
The next and last All-Union population census took place exactly 10 years later, in 1989, as of January 12. It differed significantly from the previous census in its methodological qualities. First of all, for the first time since the 1926 census, it was a census not only of the population, but also of its living conditions. In this regard, the number of questions in the census form has significantly increased, from 16 to 25 (18 questions are devoted to the population, another 7 - to housing conditions). Just as in the 1970 and 1979 censuses, a sampling method was used, a quarter of the population was surveyed on the entire range of questions, while three-quarters of the population answered 5 questions less, i.e. for 18 questions. The questions were basically the same as in the 1979 census, with additional questions concerning population migration. The materials of the 1989 census were published for several years in a small volume rather haphazardly. Initially, 5 issues of brief summaries were published, containing really brief data on the size and distribution of the population of the USSR and the Union republics, on the age, sex, marriage and national composition of the population, its level of education and family composition.
Population censuses- the procedure for registering the inhabitants of Russia, carried out in order to obtain statistical information about the economy and life of citizens.
Strict statistical accounting was necessary to understand the overall picture in the country. After all, it was necessary to make decisions on the construction of schools, accounting for military personnel, and to resolve the issue with small nations.
To the great regret of family history researchers, the 1920s census questionnaires containing personal information about ancestors were almost all destroyed because they were considered a secret. Based on the peculiarities of filling out questionnaires, it is impossible to obtain information from the results of the USSR census that would shed light on the composition of the family, give the dates of birth of relatives. The main information that can be gleaned: information about the household, information about the homeowner.
Even before the official creation of the USSR, it was necessary to resolve economic issues, and the issue of food was acute. After the end of the First World War and the Civil War, many households fell into decay, numerous labor losses on the fronts hit agriculture and industry. At the same time, the process of transition from communal to collective economy was gaining momentum. Artels, communes and so on were formed.
The instructions for the census specified that the population takes questions seriously personal nature, even though the information is needed solely for statistics. Therefore, all scribes are warned be persistent when obtaining reliable information. The population could not talk about professional skills and real age, since they could be taken away on mobilization.
At the same time, measures were taken for the administrative-territorial redistribution of districts, the boundaries of the provinces changed.
In 1920 it was conducted two censuses at the same time, which differed in focus: the All-Russian Agricultural Census and the All-Russian, which in fact did not cover the areas where hostilities were still going on (the Crimea, the North Caucasus, the Far East and some other regions were not included).
The agricultural census was held in autumn 1920, at the end of agricultural work, to clarify the situation in agriculture. The 1920 census questions in the household card were identical to Selkhoz. census 1916 - 1917 (). Filled out as the main form settled list of households and household card.
An obligatory task of the census was to collect information about peasant farms, which divided into categories: cooperative state farms, rural societies, agricultural artels, communes, other farms. ()
The statistics of 1916 and 1920 cannot be compared with each other. Since the administrative-territorial redistribution, military operations in the regions did not allow to take into account the same territories. Significant changes have taken place in the economic structure.
In the All-Russian census of August 1920 Special attention paid attention to the national question (according to the results, the ethnographic composition of the population of the regions and the country as a whole was revealed), the professional occupations of citizens. It was necessary to specify participation in wars, as well as physical injuries, mental health. Thus, the impact of the war on the state of the working part of the population was analyzed.
In addition, there were standard for each population census items: data of the householder (name, sex, age, literacy, place of birth and length of residence in a certain place, occupation). There were several survey forms in the cities: a personal sheet, a household list and apartment cards.
The census also took into account the activities of enterprises.
Statistical collections following the results censuses were compiled and published in 1923 and again in 1928. The census covered approximately 70% of the country's population.
Cards with personal information have been preserved in the archives, but no one keeps statistics and you can find out exactly about the safety of this data only directly in the archive (district and regional). Some cards could end up in local history museums.
In March 1923 during the week a census was conducted, covering the population, which is not engaged in agriculture, but industry and trade. Information from the 1920 census was taken into account. This included not only urban residents, but also urban-type settlements, industrial settlements and settlements (if the 1920 census indicated more than 2,000 inhabitants in them), resort areas and settlements with over 500 inhabitants according to the previous census, and less than half of the inhabitants are employed in agriculture.
For the survey, the forms already tested in previous censuses were used: apartment card, personal sheet and family list.
personal sheet filled in personally, consisted of 12 items. In addition to the standard general questions, they asked about work (place, terms), the unemployed were asked about the profession, the reason and how long they could not find a job, for students they noted information about the method of study and scholarships. An obligatory question is whether it is related to agriculture.
Family list (family card). By analogy with the previous census, complete information was written only about the owner. His household members were listed in relation to the head of the family, age, marital status, and income were indicated.
Thus, they were collected statistics on classes and professions, this was not the case before. The entire population was divided into categories: employees, owners, dependents and the unemployed, workers, servants, others.
information received and about living conditions in apartments. For example, most of the apartments were one-room, and the kitchens were also used for living, since they were big families. We found out that for 1 inhabitant of the city, on average, there were 6 square meters living area.
Collections with the results of the census were published in 1926. The statistical information obtained as a result of the census was of interest to researchers, but was not complete. As a result, it was decided to conduct another census in 1926.
This census was completely the entire territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is taken into account, except for the territory of Turkmenistan (it was approximately estimated at 30 thousand people and added to the census results). The entire population of the USSR amounted to almost 147 million people.
Census 1926 was held in December, but in some regions of Central Asia and in the Far North, due to remoteness and a large dispersion of the population, the census dragged on for almost a year (they began to rewrite there earlier).
Used for the survey personal leaflet with standard questions, already applied earlier. Filled in the cities family cards, indicating, in addition to standard questions, the term of marriage and living conditions. For rural population there were owned statements and household cards.
By the way, in instructions for scribes definitions were given, for example, who should be considered city dwellers. Information about workers' settlements numbering over 2,000 people was taken from the results of the 1923 census.
A feature of accounting for this census was also the fact that all information had to be entered for the date: on the night of 16 to 17 December. Therefore, special consideration was given to those who died after midnight of the census, who spent the night in one or another apartment, but did not live in it permanently, who were away or on the night shift on the night of the census, and so on. Only permanent population(that is, by registration), family cards indicated temporarily absent a person at work or due to illness (if in a hospital).
This census allowed create a complete picture social life of the population, to compile statistical tables on the main and additional occupations and professions of residents (by industry), gave the concept of the class stratification of society and demographic situation in the country. This made it possible to build adequate plans for the development of many spheres of life: industry, construction.
Collections with census results were published gradually from 1927 to 1929, and complete results in 1933.
In some archives, the census cards of the All-Union population census of 1926 have been preserved; more accurate information can be obtained directly from the archive.
You will be interested in other articles on genealogy.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Population census during the Soviet period">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The first Soviet population census was conducted in 1920 during the civil war and devastation."> Первая советская перепись населения проводилась в 1920 году в условиях гражданской войны и разрухи. Переписью было охвачено только 72% населения страны, так как в ряде районов страны еще велись военные действия. В 1923 году была проведена перепись населения в городах и поселках городского типа одновременно с переписью промышленных и торговых предприятий.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>n Three forms were used: personal sheet, family card (only in cities) and owned"> n Использовались три формы: личный листок, семейная карта (только в городах) и владенная ведомость. В семейной карте учитывался состав семьи с выделением супружеских пар и их детей, продолжительность брака и жилищные условия.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The census program included 14 items: gender; age; nationality; native language; place of birth; duration"> Программа переписи включала 14 признаков: пол; возраст; народность; родной язык; место рождения; продолжительность проживания в месте переписи; брачное состояние; грамотность; физические недостатки; психическое здоровье; занятие (с выделением главного и побочного); положение в занятии и отрасль труда; для безработных - продолжительность безработицы и прежнее занятие; источник средств существования (для не имеющих занятия).!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The total population of the country according to the 1920 census with additional estimates for"> Общая численность населения страны по данным переписи 1920 г. с доисчислениями по территориям, не охваченным переписью, составила 136, 8 млн. человек, в том числе городского - 20, 9 млн. , или 15, 3%. По сравнению с началом 1917 г. численность населения сократилась на 6, 7 млн. человек. Примерно 2 млн. из этого числа приходится на эмиграцию из страны, остальные 4, 7 млн. - демографические потери от гражданской войны, вызванных ею голода и эпидемий, а также сокращения рождаемости.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-6.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The second Soviet, first All-Union population census was conducted as of 17"> Вторая советская, первая Всесоюзная перепись населения была проведена по состоянию на 17 декабря 1926 г. К ней тщательно готовились. Вопросы переписи обсуждались на 2 -й Всесоюзной статистической конференции (25 февраля - 3 марта 1925 г.) и на Всесоюзном съезде статистиков (1 -7 февраля 1926 г.). Основными переписными формулярами были личный листок и семейная карта (последняя только в городах)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The personal form contained basically the same questions as in the census 1920"> Личный листок содержал в основном те же вопросы, что и при переписи 1920 г. , и включал 14 вопросов, а с подвопросами - около 30, в том числе о поле, возрасте, брачном состоянии, этнической принадлежности и родном языке, грамотности, месте рождения и продолжительности постоянного проживания в месте переписи, о наличии физических недостатков, тяжких увечий и психических заболеваний. Целая группа вопросов с подвопросами посвящалась характеристике главного и побочного занятий, социального положения, профессии и места работы. Для не имеющих занятия выяснялись источники средств существования. Для безработных предназначались вопросы о продолжительности безработицы и о прежнем занятии. Последнее требование имело в то время немалое значение: перепись 1926 г. показала наличие около 1 млн. безработных в стране.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The family map contained more than 20 questions to characterize the size and composition"> Семейная карта содержала более 20 вопросов, призванных охарактеризовать размер и состав семьи, а также ее жилищные условия. Перепись дала богатейшие материалы для изучения жизни российской семьи, многие из которых не утратили интереса к себе и сегодня.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The 1926 census was published in 56 volumes. This publication was"> Материалы переписи 1926 г. были опубликованы в 56 томах. Эта публикация была и остается самой богатой публикацией итогов переписи населения в советский период истории нашей страны. Общая численность населения СССР, по данным переписи населения 1926 г. , составила 147 028 тыс. человек!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 1937 All-Union Population Census n Only time in history"> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1937 года n Единственный раз в истории СССР (и впервые после 1897 года) перепись проводилась как однодневная. То есть учёт населения вёлся фактически «до» (а не «после») критической даты (момента переписи). n В ходе переписи учитывались наличное население. n В качестве основной формы впервые использован бланк списочной формы на 8 человек, заполнявшийся на квартиру. n Программа переписи включала 14 признаков: пол; возраст; национальность; родной язык; религия; гражданство; грамотность; название !} educational institution; class or course; whether he graduated from high school or high school; occupation (service); place of work; community group; whether he is married.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The census data did not meet the expectations of the party leadership, and therefore the information contained in it"> Данные переписи не соответствовали ожиданиям партийного руководства, а потому содержащаяся в ней информация была засекречена. В частности, численность населения составила 162 млн, в то время как предполагалось 170- 172 млн. Вызвал раздражение и ответ на вопрос о вероисповедании (лично вставленный в перепись Сталиным). Верующими себя назвали 50 % населения, из деревенских жителей - 70 %. Сохранившиеся предварительные результаты переписи по ряду показателей были опубликованы только в 1990.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года n Проведена по состоянию на 17 января 1939 года. n Численность населения страны составила 170, 6 млн человек, в том числе городского - 56, 1 млн (33 %). Разработка основных предварительных материалов переписи была механизирована и осуществлена за срок в 15 месяцев. Окончательной обработке материалов переписи помешала начавшаяся война. Неполная разработка ряда показателей была завершена уже после войны.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> All-Union population census of 1959 n Conducted as of"> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года n Проведена по состоянию на 15 января 1959 года. n Вопросы методологии и организации переписи 1959 года обсуждались на Всесоюзном совещании статистиков в июне 1957 года. n Общая численность населения СССР составила 208, 8 млн человек. Доля городского населения - 48 %. n Перепись послужила мощным стимулом к активизации научных исследований не только в демографии, но и в экономике, социологии и других общественных науках.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 1970 All-Union Population Census n Started January 15"> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года n Начата 15 января и продолжалась по 22 января 1970 года. n Программа переписи 1970 года состояла из следующих форм: 1. форма 1 - переписной лист сплошной переписи; 2. форма 2 - переписной лист выборочной переписи; 3. форма 3 - опросный лист для лиц в трудоспособном возрасте, занятых в домашнем и личном подсобном сельском хозяйстве; 4. форма 4 - бланк учёта передвижения населения от места жительства до места работы или обучения.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 1979 All-Union Population Census n Census type: survey."> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года n Тип переписи: опрос. n Категории: наличное и постоянное. n Признаки в переписном листе сплошной переписи: отношение к главе семьи, пол, причина и время отсутствия в месте переписи (для временно отсутствующих по !} permanent place residence), age, marital status, nationality, citizenship (for foreigners), native language, another language of the peoples of the USSR, which the respondent is fluent in, education, type of educational institution (for students), source of livelihood. n Items in the sample census questionnaire: place of work, occupation at this place of work, social group, duration of continuous residence in the census place, number of children born (for women).
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/16699207_422512256.pdf-img/16699207_422512256.pdf-16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> All-Union Population Census 1989 The last census in the USSR was conducted"> Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года Последняя перепись в СССР проводилась 12 января 1989 года. По данным последней переписи, численность населения Советского Союза была 286, 7 млн человек, в том числе !} urban population- 188.8 million people, or 66 percent. The population of the RSFSR was 147.4 million people. Its distinctive feature was that for the first time, along with information about the population, information was collected about living conditions. This made it possible to obtain information about the housing conditions of various socio-demographic groups of the population in all regions of the country, about the development of housing cooperation, about the degree to which people are provided with housing and its improvement.
Census list of the All-Union Population Census of 1989 (continuous census)
Information leaflet on the 1989 All-Union Population Census
Population census in Russia- collection, generalization, study and dissemination of demographic, economic and social data relating as of a certain time to all persons in Russia and on the territory of its former state entities.
Quite a few documents have been preserved that make it possible to recreate the atmosphere in which the censuses were carried out, to outline the portraits of the census takers, and to find out the attitude of the population towards the censuses. According to them, one can imagine how the population was counted in Russia in the 17th century.
The census was carried out primarily by scribes and clerks who served in the Moscow orders - central authorities responsible for one or another area of state affairs. The most senior scribes held important administrative positions, the duty of the rest was to draw up numerous orders of papers.
“The state of the nobility,” wrote academician M.N. Tikhomirov, “to a large extent relied on this command company, which, I must say, was bitterly hated by the population. From them came the possibility of changing orders, they made various kinds of red tape, which in the 17th century even in royal documents was called “Moscow red tape” ... Clerks were often ruined during uprisings, sometimes they died. Since the 17th century, they have had a very poetic name - "nettle seed". (Tikhomirov M.N. Russian state XV-XVII centuries. M., 1973).
To conduct a census in a particular county, a scribe and several of his assistants were sent there - clerks, who were divided into "old" (senior) and young. The work of a scribe was complex and required special knowledge. The trip was expected to be long, and serious preparations were made for it.
First of all, the scribe was supplied with the Order - instructions on how to conduct a census. In addition, he was given "seasoning books" - copies of materials from previous descriptions of the area to which the scribe was sent. During the census of 1676-1678, for example, census books of 1646 were used as "seasoning" books. It is clear that the "seasoning books" were of great help to the scribe - they were both a kind of guide to the area, and a model for compiling new books, and, finally, a means of comparing the results obtained with data from past years, and, therefore, a control tool.
Catherine II carried out a number of reforms, abolitions and transformations, including statistics. It began to show the features of a tool of social knowledge. Appeared new type statistical work aimed at obtaining a variety of statistical data on the state of socio-economic life - the so-called cognitive statistics arose.
After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, population censuses began to be carried out in individual cities and even entire provinces of the Russian Empire. They were intended to prepare for the first General Census, which was planned to be conducted on a scientific basis. The audits practiced since the time of Peter the Great gave very inaccurate information about the population and took into account only the “assigned” from the tax-paying estates. The imperfection of these revision tales served, among other things, as the basis for the plot of Gogol's Dead Souls. The question of changing census methods was very acute at that time. Meanwhile, most of the population censuses conducted at that time in individual cities and even entire provinces were state-owned police "population numbers", in which householders simply collected information about the number of residents who did not even live, but were registered in their homes. There were at least 200 such local censuses, but the materials of many of them were not published, and nothing is known about some other than the year of the census. Later they move on to scientifically organized censuses, which were regularly conducted in Moscow (1871, 1882, 1902, 1912), St. Petersburg (1862, 1863, 1864, 1869, 1881, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1915) and other cities.
On December 12, 1871, the first one-day population census was conducted in Moscow under the guidance of statistician M. A. Sablin. In Moscow, it was decided to conduct a census after a successful attempt in St. Petersburg. In June 1870, the Moscow City Head turned to the Governor-General, Prince V. A. Dolgorukov, with a request to allocate 6 thousand silver rubles for a one-day census. The prince considered the census useful, and the money was released. However, another 6 thousand rubles were spent on the final development of the census. To conduct a citywide event, a commission was organized, which included many high-ranking officials, including the secretary of the statistical committee, M.A. Sablin. Together with the well-known zemstvo statistician V. I. Orlov, Sablin contributed to the establishment of a statistical department at the Moscow Law Society. This department served as a unifying center for Russian zemstvo statistical work. Mechanism of the census The first stage of the census was to collect information about the houses - this was done by the police. Their duties included delivering blank house cards to homeowners and returning them to the Statistical Committees. Compiling lists of apartments was supposed to greatly facilitate the rewriting of their tenants. This work was carried out from the end of October and in November, since this time was considered the most favorable. The very same census scheduled for December. Moscow was divided into 19 sections, and the main performer was assigned to each. The census procedure itself took place without the participation of the police. In the period from December 5 to December 12, the enumerators themselves brought and collected census sheets, and they entered into “intercourse” only with homeowners and their attorneys, and even entered apartments only in case of emergency. In total, 997 counters were involved in the Moscow census of 1871, of which: students - 759 people, officials - 152 people from the Survey Office, the Control Chamber, the Duma, the Office of the Governor-General and the Treasury Chamber, 7 gymnasium students, 7 students of technical schools, 4 seminarians and 58 individuals. All scribes were given the strictest instructions, in which some extracts are especially interesting: To visit them, in order to avoid trouble, by all means with the police, but without introducing them into the rooms without special need (violence, scandals, etc.). Paragraph 4 stated: “The most preventive courtesy is required from the enumerator to those people to whom he will address on census matters; at the first hint of the impossibility of completing the headings on the sheet, the counter should offer his services, with a clear unwillingness to enter the required information, the counter insists on that, in the most polite way. Paragraph 5 read: "the meter does not enter the apartment without special emergency." Paragraph 9 provided: "each counter is stocked with two pencils: an ordinary one and a blue (or red) one." Here is the information obtained during the first Moscow census. First of all, it is obvious that Moscow in 1871 was a city of grooms, not brides. There were 354 thousand men, and 248 thousand women. There were an average of 71 women for every 100 men, that is, for every man there were 2/3 women. This ratio, according to Sablin, spoke of the attractiveness of Moscow "as an industrial, commercial and intellectual center." The Mother See attracted workers from nearby areas, merchants and young people flocked here for training. At that time, Moscow occupied a space of 60 miles, and the distribution of the population throughout the city was non-one-dimensional. Most of the women per 100 men were in the districts of Prechistensky (105 women) and Arbatsky (100 women). And this was due to the fact that the so-called “clean population”, that is, the family, lived in these areas. However, in the Sretenskaya part there was also high percent young female population 20-25 years old - 96 women per hundred men - but the reasons for such "crowding" are different. The fact is that women's workshops and brothels were located in the alleys of this area. In total, 66 women per 100 men accounted for the Yakimansky and Pyatnitsky districts, and this was explained by the fact that the merchants had a very a large number of clerks and trade servants (artels, workers, carters of goods, and others). Most of all, the outskirts of the city were deprived of the female population - Rogozhsky, Khamovnichesky, Serpukhov, Lefortovsky districts - shelters for employees and factory workers. However, in the center - the Kremlin and China City - it also turned out to be sparsely with women - only 37 per 100 men - and all because visitors and artisans lived here. As for the child population, it is insignificant, especially female, since by the age of 10-15 boys were brought to Moscow to study in schools, craft institutions and factories. The female population was not taken to the capital to study. Only wealthy girls received home and boarding education. However, after 25 years, the number of the male population decreased, which was explained by high mortality and recruitment. The population of Moscow is mostly Orthodox. Meanwhile, there were more non-Orthodox women than men. The layout is next. Raskolnikov: men - 2.1%, women - 3.7%; Protestants 1.8% and 2.4%; Catholics - 1.42% and 0.92%; Jews - 0.86% and 0.9%. Mohammedans in Moscow registered 0.26%, Gregorian Armenians - 0.15%. Widows made up 17.69% of the total female population, and widowers - only 3.3%. It is curious that there were 4 divorced men, and 23 women. Such a preponderance of divorcees does not at all indicate the beginning process of emancipation. It’s just that a significant part of single women came to Moscow to earn money: after all, in big city It was easier to feed myself and the child. In addition, there was high mortality male population. And it should be noted that remarriages among men were more popular than among women. Literate were 54.1% of men and 37.9% of women. The peasant population in Moscow was 52.8% men and 29.85% women. Merchants - 3.93% of men, and merchants - 5.3%. The military population accounted for 10.3% of the total population of the city.
According to the census, 2,000 Tatars lived in St. Petersburg in 1869. During the census of St. Petersburg in 1910, there were about 3,000 Swedes, but when the First World War began, the Swedish parish of St. Catherine in the Russian capital already numbered about 6,000 Swedes, and by that time there were 7,300 Tatars in St. Petersburg. According to the 1910 census in St. Petersburg, the surname Sokolov ranked seventh in terms of frequency of occurrence, and of all the surnames formed from non-canonical names, it was second only to Smirnov.
On August 13, 1897, another census of the population ended in Vladivostok, which in that century took place every 10 years. According to the 1897 census, 28,896 people lived in the city, of which 24,361 were men and 4,535 were women. These figures indicate the wild popularity of brides in Vladivostok, who therefore had the opportunity to make excellent parties for themselves.
In 1865, the vast territory of the Orenburg province was divided into two independent provinces: Orenburg and Ufa.
The census took into account three categories of the population: cash, settled (permanent) and assigned. The development was carried out mainly on the available population.
Three forms of census forms were used: form A (for peasant farms in rural communities), form B (for owner-occupied households and private houses and yards within villages), form C (for urban residents).
The census program included 14 features: attitude towards the head of household and the head of his family; age; floor; marital status; estate; status or rank; Place of Birth; place of registration; place of permanent residence; a note of absence or temporary residence; religion; native language; literacy and learning; occupation, craft, craft, position or service (with the allocation of the main and secondary occupations and the position of military service); physical handicaps were noted.
The writer A.P. Chekhov was directly involved in the conduct of this census - he led a group of counters in the Serpukhov district of the Moscow province.
The results were published in two volumes of the “General Code of the Empire on the results of the development of a general population census carried out on January 28, 1897” and separate volumes on provinces, regions, four cities (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw) and Sakhalin Island. The publication lasted until 1905.
The census was carried out before the creation of the USSR, within the borders of Soviet Russia. The population census was conducted under the leadership of V. G. Mikhailovsky as of August 28, 1920, simultaneously with the All-Russian Agricultural Census (September-October 1920) and a brief accounting of enterprises. Due to the territorial unrepresentativeness (the Crimea, the Far East, the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and a number of other areas where Soviet power was not established and hostilities continued) were excluded, the census is not considered universal.
The census took into account the actual population, and in the cities also the permanent population. A personal sheet was used as the main form. In urban settlements, an apartment card and a household list were also used. AT countryside the settled list of households was used.
The census program included 18 items (special emphasis was placed on the study of occupations and professional composition): gender; age; nationality; native language; citizenship (for foreigners); Place of Birth; length of residence at the census site; marital status; literacy; education; occupation (main and secondary); position in the fishery; place of work; profession; source of livelihood; physical handicaps; mental health; participation in wars. Accounts were taken of employment in agriculture, the impact of the war on it, the ability to work in one's profession and to work in general.
The population of the country (with additional calculation for territories not covered by the census) amounted to 136.8 million people, including urban - 20.9 million (15%).
The first All-Union population census was carried out as of December 17, 1926, under the direction of V. G. Mikhailovsky and O. A. Kvitkin.
During the census, the actual population was taken into account (according to personal sheets), and in the cities, the family card made it possible to obtain information on the permanent population.
Three forms were used: a personal sheet, a family card (only in cities) and a possession sheet.
The census program included 14 items: gender; age; nationality; native language; Place of Birth; length of residence at the census site; marital status; literacy; physical handicaps; mental health; occupation (with the allocation of the main and secondary); position in occupation and branch of labor; for the unemployed - duration of unemployment and previous occupation; source of livelihood (for those who have no occupation). The family map took into account the composition of the family with the allocation of married couples and their children, the duration of the marriage and housing conditions.
The development of materials was completed by September 1, 1928. The development of the census was distinguished by its detail; for the first time, the family was studied in great detail. The full results were published in 1928-1933 in 56 volumes.
For the only time in the history of the USSR (and for the first time since 1897) the census was carried out as a one-day census. That is, the population count was actually conducted “before” (and not “after”) the critical date (the moment of the census).
The actual population was taken into account during the census.
For the first time, a list form for 8 people was used as the main form, which was filled out for an apartment.
The census program included 14 items: gender; age; nationality; native language; religion; citizenship; literacy; the name of the institution; class or course; whether he graduated from high school or high school; occupation (service); place of work; community group; whether he is married.
It should be noted that during this census, many deviations from the original project were made (it was supposed to take into account the permanent population, use 28 characteristics) and simplifications in the wording of the questions.
The census data did not meet the expectations of the party leadership, and therefore the information contained in it was classified. In particular, the population was 164 million, while 170-172 million were supposed. Moreover, it was officially announced back in 1934 that the population in the USSR was 168 million. The answer to the question about religion (personally inserted in the census by Stalin). 50% of the population called themselves believers, of the villagers - 70%. The surviving preliminary census results for a number of indicators were published only in 1990.
The population of the country amounted to 170.6 million people, including urban - 56.1 million (33%). The development of the main preliminary census materials was mechanized and carried out within a period of 15 months. The outbreak of the Second World War prevented the final processing of the census materials. The incomplete development of a number of indicators was completed after the war. It is the first (pre-war) preliminary census results that are most often found in the press, which differ in a number of indicators from those published after the war in 1947-1949.
Census type: interview.
Items in the complete census questionnaire: attitude towards the head of the family, gender, reason and time of absence from the census site (for those temporarily absent from their permanent place of residence), age, marital status, nationality, citizenship (for foreigners), native language, another language of the peoples of the USSR, which the respondent is fluent in, education, type of educational institution (for students), source of livelihood.
Items on the sample census questionnaire: place of work, occupation at this place of work, social group, duration of continuous residence in the census place, number of children born (for women).
The last census in the USSR was conducted on January 12, 1989. According to the last census, the population of the Soviet Union was 286.7 million people, including the urban population - 188.8 million people, or 66 percent. The population of the RSFSR was 147.4 million people. Its distinctive feature was that for the first time, along with information about the population, information about housing conditions was collected. This made it possible to obtain information about the housing conditions of various socio-demographic groups of the population in all regions of the country, about the development of housing cooperation, about the degree to which people are provided with housing and its improvement.
It was held from 14 to 25 October 2014 in connection with the entry of the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation.
The next population census in Russia is scheduled for 2020. Rosstat reported in June 2017 that, according to preliminary estimates, 50 billion rubles would be required for its implementation. Supervisor Federal Service state statistics, Alexander Surinov said that no major changes would be made to the 2010 census form, but questions would be added that would allow an objective assessment of migration, including labor
