deposit bank market
In modern conditions, for the effective functioning, development and achievement of their goals, each commercial Bank must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of financial resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of activity commercial bank.
A fund of funds formed on a paid basis is used to invest in active instruments. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most banking operations aimed at generating income. In this regard, the attracted funds should be considered as an independent object of policy.
Thus, the management of attracted funds is an important component of the bank's business policy. However, research questions theoretical foundations this area of activity, in the scientific literature are not sufficiently developed. This is especially true of the concept of the deposit policy of a commercial bank as an integral element of the liability management strategy.
The definition of the essence of the bank's deposit policy cannot be approached unambiguously, since it varies depending on its subject. The deposit policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer funds on a repayable basis.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
The main document regulating in commercial banks the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the deposit policy of the bank. This is a document that is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development. In addition, such documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy.
The document "Deposit Policy of the Bank" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides:
The deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
A number of structural subdivisions of the bank (treasury, financial management, business development department, credit management, management valuable papers), as well as the management bodies of the bank: the board of the bank and the asset and liability management committee.
Thus, the board of the bank determines and approves the main directions of the deposit policy, approves the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, and exercises general control over the implementation of the deposit policy.
The Assets and Liabilities Management Committee makes fundamental decisions on the formation of a deposit portfolio, analyzes the structure and dynamics of resources, their contingency in terms and amounts with the bank's assets in order to develop, if necessary, decisions to adjust the bank's deposit policy; exercises current control over the implementation of the deposit policy by individual structural divisions of the bank.
The financial management of the bank, together with the treasury, determines the total need of the bank for deposit funds (for the year, including broken down by quarters): sets the interest rates for each type of resource (deposits (deposits), bills, interbank loans); determines the amount of reservation of attracted funds in the Bank of Russia; controls the bank's compliance with the risk ratios for borrowed funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc.
Special departments of the bank are directly involved in attracting deposits in various forms: the department of deposits of citizens, the department of securities (issuing own bills, deposit and savings certificates), the credit department or the department of assets and liabilities (deposits legal entities) and other departments in accordance with the internal organizational structure of each bank.
For implementation practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit (deposit) operations (separately for deposits individuals and on deposits of legal entities), which stipulate:
Intra-bank instructions on the procedure for making specific deposit (deposit) operations, which are developed by the bank in development of the Regulations on deposits (deposits), contain the organization of the work of a branch (subdivision) of the bank with various categories of depositors; the procedure for issuing documents corresponding to the commission of these operations, the scheme of their document flow; reflection in the accounting of operations for the acceptance and issuance of deposits, accrual and payment of interest on them.
The volume of funds attracted by the bank in deposits (deposits) depends on the state of supply and demand for monetary resources, the deficit or excess of funds from the bank, the state of the deposit market.
In order to attract funds from business entities and citizens into their circulation, banks develop and implement a whole range of activities. So, first of all, an important means of competition between banks for attracting resources is the interest rate policy, because the amount of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for clients to place their temporarily free funds in deposits (deposits).
The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is set by each commercial bank independently with a focus on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia and the state of the money market, as well as based on the provisions of its own deposit policy. First of all, the level interest rate on deposit (deposit) operations of banks depends on the type of deposits (deposits). As a rule, on demand deposits, characterized by the instability of the balance, high mobility and mobility, minimum interest rates are set.
In order to encourage customers to maintain stable, not declining demand account balances, which generally has a significant impact on the profitability of lending operations, banks establish increased interest on them or to the amount of the balance not lower than the minimum, calculated by the bank and agreed with the client (which is stipulated in the bank account agreement).
When setting the interest rate on time deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the funds are placed: the longer the period, the higher the interest rate. Not less than an important factor is the amount of the deposit, and, therefore, the larger the amount of the deposit and the longer the term of its storage, the higher the interest rate on it, as a rule. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is inversely related to the frequency of payment of income, i.e. the less often they are made, the higher the level of the interest rate on the deposit (deposit) set by the bank. It should be noted that paying interest to banks at rates significantly higher than the economically justified level is not illegal. In this case material gain, obtained from the difference between the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the rate credit organization on specific deposits, should be subject to income tax.
Payment of interest on a deposit (deposit) can be made:
In order to stimulate the attraction of customer funds to time accounts in the bank, the conditions of deposits (deposits) may provide for the capitalization of interest. It is possible if the bank uses the technique compound interest.
The traditional type of calculation of income is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation, and, based on the interest rate stipulated by the agreement, the calculation and payment of income on the deposit take place with the established frequency. Another type of income calculation is compound interest (interest on interest). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period the interest rate is applied to the new deposit amount increased by the amount of previously accrued income.
To raise funds for deposits, commercial banks have begun to widely use foreign experience, in particular, they carry out:
In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. In order to protect investors, depositors and provide them with guarantees of compensation of funds in the event of their bankruptcy, banks should create special deposit insurance funds both centrally and decentralized.
Along with deposit insurance, it is important for depositors to have access to information about the activities of commercial banks and the guarantees they can provide. When deciding on the placement of available free funds, each creditor must be sufficiently informed about the financial condition of the bank in order to assess the risk of future investments. In this regard, invaluable assistance to depositors and investors can be provided by rating assessments of the activities of banks by special agencies and bureaus.
At the same time, it should be noted that banks must also provide comprehensive information about themselves (on the amount of authorized capital, equity, founders, development prospects, performance results, etc.) to their creditors and depositors. This is especially true for individuals who choose banks to deposit their funds. Therefore, in the premises of a bank (branch, branch, additional office) accepting deposits from citizens, for the information of depositors, the following must be presented:
The work of credit institutions to attract creditors' funds into their circulation is associated with certain risks, which they must take into account in their activities and be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and stability.
The Bank of Russia establishes for banks and monitors their compliance with certain restrictions on the amount of funds raised. In accordance with the latest instructions of the Bank of Russia, a procedure is established for determining the balances on demand accounts and term accounts of individuals and legal entities (with the exception of credit institutions) for their inclusion in the calculation (exclusion from the calculation) of the instant (H2), current (H3) and long-term liquidity (N4) of the bank Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated 16.01.2004. No. 110-I.
The approach proposed by the Ordinance implements the method used in international practice for assessing bank liquidity risks, taking into account the so-called "behavioral" adjustments, that is, indicators characterizing the state of assets and liabilities based on accumulated statistical data.
The Ordinance establishes that banks independently determine the appropriateness of using the values of the minimum aggregate balances for calculating liquidity ratios.
It should be noted that not the entire amount of funds attracted by the bank from its customers can act as resources for its active operations. Part of the funds raised in the amount established by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia is subject to mandatory deposit on a separate account with the Bank of Russia Depositing required reserves with the Bank of Russia is carried out in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 255-P, dated March 20, 200, “On Required Reserves”. The Bank of Russia forms a mandatory reserve fund credit and banking system of the state. It can be used to provide credit assistance to commercial banks by the Bank of Russia in various ways, for settlements with depositors and creditors in the event of bankruptcy of a credit institution.
By changing the norms of required reserves, the Bank of Russia influences the credit policy of commercial banks, and, accordingly, the state of the money supply in circulation. For example, a reduction in the mandatory reserve requirements for funds attracted by banks allows them to use the generated resources in their turnover to a greater extent, i.e. increase investment in National economy, and vice versa. Required reserves (reserve requirements) are a mechanism for regulating the overall liquidity of the banking system, used to control monetary aggregates by reducing the money multiplier.
The obligation to fulfill reserve requirements arises for a commercial bank from the moment it receives a license from the Bank of Russia for the right to perform the relevant banking operations.
Required reserve ratios are set by the Bank of Russia for a certain period of time and may be reviewed periodically, but they cannot exceed 20% of a credit institution's liabilities. It should be noted that the norms of required reserves can be differentiated depending on the timing of raising funds, their types (cash of legal entities or individuals), the currency of the deposit. Usually, the highest reserve ratio is set for demand accounts, since the client can withdraw his funds from them at any time.
The stages of the formation of a savings policy are shown in Figure 4.
Monitoring is a necessary tool for assessing and managing quality banking in the savings market. It is thanks to monitoring that the commercial bank and supervisory authorities can evaluate the results of the deposit policy pursued by the bank, which is extremely important when developing monetary policy and other instruments of market regulation, as well as to prevent crisis situations in banking system associated with the loss of customer confidence in financial and commercial institutions.
Next, we consider the stages of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is very important to study the formation and implementation of the deposit policy mechanism of a commercial bank, since the successful fulfillment of the goals and objectives that are set for the bank in the process of developing and implementing a deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of its functioning.
On the basis of the analysis of the current practice of behavior of banks in deposit operations, a scheme for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is proposed.
Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is closely related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. In this regard, the following areas of the deposit policy of a commercial bank can be distinguished:
An analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank, as a complex and time-consuming process, is associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.
Subjective issues include:
Among the objective factors are the following:
Role Central Bank The Russian Federation as a regulatory body over the past few years has shown itself especially strongly in matters of setting the refinancing rate and reserve requirements for commercial banks. Changes in the refinancing rate do not allow commercial banks to accurately predict and plan their activities in the field of asset and liability management for the long term and make operations with long-term liabilities rather risky.
A negative impact on the structure of the resource base of a commercial bank has a growing dependence on large interbank loans, since an interbank loan does not contribute to the diversification of risks in terms of deposit operations.
To solve existing problems, when developing a deposit policy, a commercial bank must be guided by certain criteria for its optimization. Optimization of the bank's deposit policy is a complex multifactorial task, the solution of which should be based on the consideration of the country's economy as a whole. Obviously, these interests do not always coincide. Therefore, the optimal deposit policy involves first coordinating their interests.
So, the optimization criteria are as follows:
In order to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the following is necessary:
These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability.
The relationship between the savings and deposit policies of a commercial bank is as follows: on the one hand, the main directions of the deposit policy are elements of the formation of the savings activities of the bank (for example, the range of deposits, interest rate policy, promotion of the product on the market, organization of the work of the relevant divisions of the commercial bank). On the other hand, it is impossible to call the deposit policy an integral element of the bank's savings policy. The bank's deposit policy is a broader concept that includes, in addition to the strategy and tactics of attracting resources on a repayable basis, the organization and management of the deposit process.
In general, each commercial bank develops its own deposit policy. Also, the bank's management independently determines the degree of importance of these areas, the priority of one or another type of bank policy. First of all, it will depend on the area of operation of a particular bank, its specialization and universalization.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR FORMING THE DEPOSIT POLICY OF A COMMERCIAL BANK
1.1 The essence and role of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.2 Goals, objectives and factors determining the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.3 Classification of deposits as the basis for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
CHAPTER 2
2.2 Analysis of the value of the deposit portfolio
CHAPTER 3. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEPOSIT POLICY OF A COMMERCIAL BANK
3.1 Trends in the development of the deposit market of the Russian Federation
3.2 Evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
3.3 Formation of the deposit policy from the standpoint of the main criteria of banking activity
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
The modern banking system of the Russian Federation is characterized by a transition to a qualitatively new stage of development, due to the increasing competition of credit institutions and the need to maintain or strengthen market positions, which affects all areas of banking without exception. A quantitative increase in the volume of transactions and an increase in the profitability of banking activities require credit institutions to improve the quality of management of deposit resources and revise the approaches underlying the formation of a deposit policy, which should take into account new economic conditions and the needs of economic entities, and comply with the overall development strategy of the bank.
In recent years, banking experts have noted the increasing influence of the deposit policy of commercial banks on the development of their activities. At the same time, the insufficient development of the theoretical foundations for the formation, problems practical implementation and methods for assessing the deposit policy weakens its impact on improving the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the functioning of commercial banks and the banking system as a whole.
Under these conditions, the complex development of theoretical and practical issues that reveal all aspects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is of particular relevance.
In his study, the author relied on the theoretical developments of a number of prominent scientists in the field of banking: Yu.A. Babicheva, G.N. Beloglazova, E.N. Vasilishen, E.P. Zharkovskaya, E.F. Zhukova, L.P. Krolivetskaya, V.I. Kolesnikova, G.G. Korobova, O.I. Lavrushina, G.S. Panova, A.M. Tavasieva, K.R. Tagirbekov.
The scientific works of leading foreign researchers who have made a significant contribution to the development of the theoretical foundations of the organization of banking have been studied: D.D. Van Hoose, E.J. Dolan, R. Kotter, R. Miller, P.S. Rose, E. Reid, J. F. Sinkiml. In the domestic literature, studies of the credit policy of commercial banks, the savings policy of the following scientists are known: E.A. Bibikova, G.S. Panova, V.G. Chaplygin, V.A. Shapovalov. The study of the works of these and other authors showed that the issues related to the study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the current practice of its implementation have not been sufficiently developed, there are no methods for assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank and analyzing its deposit portfolio, which allow a comprehensive review and analysis of the deposit activity of the bank, determine ways to influence deposit resources and relations regarding their formation in order to achieve strategic and tactical goals. Therefore, the theoretical and applied development of the problem of formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank determined the choice of the topic, goals and objectives of the study.
The purpose of this study is to develop the foundations for the formation and implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and implemented:
Consider the conceptual apparatus on the issues of research;
Determine the goals and objectives of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
To identify the factors that determine the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
Classify deposits in order to study the subject side of the implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
To study the features of the formation of resources by commercial banks and the main trends in the development of the deposit market of the Russian Federation;
Formulate the principles of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
Develop a procedure for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
The subject of the study is the economic and organizational relations that develop in the process of formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The object of the research is the current practice of formation and implementation of deposit policy by commercial banks.
theoretical and methodological basis thesis works were the works of leading domestic and foreign experts, revealing the pattern of development of a market economy, the basics of organizing and managing the activities of a commercial bank, economic and organizational aspects of the formation of banking policy.
The work used federal laws, legal acts of the Russian Federation relating to the activities of commercial banks, materials of scientific conferences and seminars on the subject under study, materials of periodicals, data published and financial statements commercial banks of the Tyumen region, as well as information from official websites on the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, banking activities on the Internet.
The study is based on the use of statistical and analytical samples, as well as on the use of the grouping method, cost and comparative analysis according to the dynamic state of the studied indicators.
The scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in a comprehensive study of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the goals and objectives of its development and implementation, in the development of practical approaches to assessing the deposit policy and analyzing the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank. The most essential elements of scientific novelty are as follows:
1) the content of the concepts of "deposit", "deposit policy of a commercial bank" and "deposit portfolio of a commercial bank" has been clarified; justified the need to consider the deposit, taking into account the needs of depositors, legal norms governing relations between the bank and the depositor, the characteristics of funds in deposit accounts;
2) specific principles of the deposit policy of a commercial bank are formulated: sufficiency of resources, stability and stability of deposit sources, profitability of deposit relations, safety of investments, differentiated approach, reflecting its banking policy;
3) proposed a procedure for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, including: setting goals and objectives of the deposit policy of a commercial bank; creation (adjustment) of the organizational structure of a commercial bank; organization of the deposit process; organization of management and control in the process of deposit operations;
4) a methodology has been developed for analyzing the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank, taking into account the basic characteristics of the deposit and deposit operations, which makes it possible to evaluate the deposit portfolio from the standpoint of diversification, stability and value.
The practical significance of the thesis is to use the results of the study in the activities of a commercial bank in order to develop the foundations for the formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. The main ideas of the study, its conclusions and recommendations are formulated taking into account the possibility of their practical implementation.
The developed methodology for assessing the deposit policy and the methodology for analyzing the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank is used in the work of independent banks in the Tyumen region - Khanty-Mansi branch JSC "Zapsibkombank"
Graduate work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references, applications.
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR FORMING THE DEPOSIT POLICY OF A COMMERCIAL BANK
1.1 The essence and role of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
The successful development and efficient functioning of a commercial bank cannot be ensured without a detailed and economically justified deposit policy that takes into account the specifics of the activities of the credit institution itself and its customers, the chosen priorities for further growth and improvement of the quality indicators of the bank's activities, and the socio-economic conditions in which banking activities are carried out.
Before revealing the content of the concept of "deposit policy of a commercial bank", it is necessary to consider how its constituent parts of the concept of "deposit", "deposit operations" and "policy".
The deposit is the basic component of the definition of "deposit policy" - for the sake of which the bank carries out deposit activities and through the appearance of which the deposit process is possible, i.e. consistently performed actions by the bank's staff to attract funds to deposit accounts.
The term "deposit" comes from the Latin word dep-situm, which in translation means a thing deposited. In the dictionary of economic terms, the deposit is considered very broadly, as:
1) cash deposits to banks (bank deposits);
2) securities and funds transferred for safekeeping to a credit institution;
3) contributions of funds to various institutions, made as payments, to ensure the required payment;
4) entries in bank books containing or confirming customer claims against the bank.
A deposit is money transferred by legal entities and individuals in national and foreign currency to a bank for temporary use, while maintaining the right of depositors to dispose of them in accordance with the account regime and banking legislation, according to which the bank assumes obligations to return and pay the amounts stipulated by the agreement percent.
This definition of a deposit allows us to talk about the deposit policy in relation to the needs of the bank's clients and the formation of the structure of the deposit base from the standpoint of the required ratio of deposits different types.
The relationship of the bank with depositors and owners of bank (settlement, current) accounts has a different legal basis; deposit agreements (under a bank deposit agreement).
In view of the foregoing, in this study, when disclosing the concept of “deposit policy of a commercial bank”, only deposits received by the bank during deposit operations will be considered as instruments for attracting funds from legal entities and individuals.
The deposit policy of a commercial bank is an integral element of banking policy as a whole and should not be considered in isolation, but taking into account the influence, interdependence of all elements of banking policy.
In modern economic literature, in our opinion, there are three approaches to the definition of the term "deposit policy of a commercial bank".
The first approach involves considering the deposit policy as an integral part of the liability management system (raised funds).
So, according to O.M. Bogdanova and E.N. Vasilishena deposit policy with interest rates.
This point of view involves consideration of the deposit policy in the system of measures for managing the bank's liabilities and liquidity, the purpose of which is to minimize the risk of forming a deposit portfolio (diversification of deposits), interest rate risk and liquidity risk (balance of the bank's deposits and assets in terms of terms, amounts and interest rates) . The scientific studies of the authors, whose opinion was voiced above, do not contain a detailed analysis of the deposit policy, but the aspect of bank liability management that they touched upon in their works deserves attention and additional study.
Consideration of the deposit policy as one of the constituent parts liability management is not unfounded, since, in a broad sense, liability management is the activity associated with raising funds from depositors and other creditors and determining the appropriate combination of sources of funds for a given bank. In a narrower sense, passive management refers to activities aimed at meeting liquidity needs by actively seeking borrowed funds as needed.
The remark of P.S. Rose on the management effectiveness of bank management.
The opinions of economists cited above on the management of passive operations (raised funds), although they do not contain the concept of a deposit policy, actually indicate its goals, that is, what banks are striving for, what needs to be implemented.
The essence of the second approach is to consider the deposit policy as an integral part of the bank's credit policy. This approach is followed by G.S. Panov, who made the most significant contribution to the study of the theoretical and practical foundations of the deposit policy. The deposit policy, in her opinion, as an integral part of the bank's credit policy as a whole, is a banking policy to attract funds to deposits and effectively manage them. The indication that the deposit policy is part of the bank's credit policy contradicts what elements of banking policy it determines. As constituent elements of the banking policy of G.S. Panova singles out, among other things, a deposit policy and a credit policy. In accordance with this approach, the essence of the credit policy is revealed as the bank's strategy and tactics for attracting resources on a repayable basis and investing them in terms of lending to the bank's customers.
Let's try to determine what this approach is based on. The logic of reasoning comes from the generally accepted understanding of credit as the movement of the loaned value. In practice, the movement of the loaned value can take either the form of a loan or a loan, that is, they are like two varieties of one whole - a loan, which has two different manifestations.
Thus, the bank's credit and deposit policies are unified, while the bank's liquidity serves.
Agreeing with G.S. Panova on the issue of a single generic basis for deposits and loans, it should be noted that deposit and credit operations essentially different. Their differences are obvious both in the process of organizing operations, and in terms of their role in the economy and significance for the bank.
In addition, when conducting a deposit and credit policy, different goals are set (if we consider each policy separately). Globally, all operations of the bank are aimed either at generating income, the maximum possible, or should contribute to generating income. Of course, one should agree with G.S. Panova that deposit and credit operations, including their compliance with terms and amounts, affect the bank's liquidity.
We noted that deposit operations are the basis for the formation of banking resources that are used by the bank when conducting active operations, and this is not only lending, but also investments in securities, participation in the capitals of various enterprises and organizations, etc. Therefore, linking the deposit policy exclusively with credit policy the bank appears to be one-sided. Considering the banking policy in this paper, we noted the interdependence of all its elements.
The third approach - it is reflected in the works of G.N. Beloglazova,
The deposit policy of a commercial bank, according to L. A. Gurina, is a policy of attracting depositors' funds to deposits and effectively managing the attraction process. The deposit policy includes the strategy and tactics of the bank to attract banking resources.
This point of view seems to be the most accurate, since it considers the deposit policy in conjunction with the banking policy, that is, with a separate process of attracting banking resources, without showing a clear relationship with the policy of their placement.
The need to develop a deposit policy is expressed by L.P. Krolivetskaya, according to which the deposit policy of a bank is the main document regulating the process of attracting temporarily free funds in commercial banks, enterprises, organizations and the public in various kinds of deposits (deposits). The deposit policy should be based on documents that define the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as "Credit Policy", "Investment Policy" .
The opinion of the above-named author seems to be very reasonable, since the bank's strategy for raising funds should be consistent with the bank's policy for conducting active operations, primarily credit and investment. In addition, the deposit policy involves the development of regulations for the organization of deposit operations, setting goals in the field of attracting funds from legal entities and individuals, the principles of deposit operations, a combination of methods for attracting and placing funds, and achieving an effective combination of resources.
In the applied aspect, the deposit policy is necessary to solve the problems defined by the banking policy as a whole.
Based on the foregoing, the definition of a deposit policy should include the following items:
The deposit policy of a commercial bank is a set of principles, methods and ways of implementing consistently related actions to raise funds in deposits (deposits) on a repayable basis and effectively manage them in order to ensure the functioning and development of the bank.
This definition allows us to consider the deposit policy in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the deposit policy is considered from the standpoint of a commercial bank in relation to customers whose funds it manages on a repayable basis (categories of depositors to whom the deposit policy will be directed; priority of working with legal entities or individuals, etc.). The deposit policy allows banks to rationally organize and regulate relationships with customers, manage the process of attracting funds to deposit accounts. When developing a deposit policy, a bank must take into account the interests of various groups of customers: legal entities and individuals. Developing deposit operations, a commercial bank should focus on the needs of customers in banking services, while not forgetting their own interests.
The analysis of the factors allows us to conclude that the deposit policy of the bank reflects the priorities of both the national and individual policies of the bank.
One of the important issues in the development of a deposit policy and the organization of the deposit process is the issue of restrictions on the deposit policy of a commercial bank, which is understood as a certain allowable limit for the bank to attract temporarily free funds of legal entities and individuals in deposits.
The issue of deposit policy restrictions does not conflict
In our opinion, the following restrictions on the deposit policy can be distinguished
Banks operate in a changing market and competitive environment, which implies the existence of economic restrictions that are influenced by supply and demand in the deposit market, as well as the capabilities of the bank itself and the priorities of its deposit policy.
Internal restrictions on the deposit policy are determined by the category of the client with whom the bank establishes economic relations. It is possible to single out the main category of investors, for which their own marketing strategy is being developed. Certain categories of depositors (large corporate clients, bank members) may be subject to restrictions on attracting deposits in terms of amounts and interest. Determination of limits for raising funds for all categories of clients or for individual groups, including bank branches, allows minimizing deposit and interest risks.
One of the stages in the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is the organization of management and control in the process of deposit operations. This circumstance suggests an assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
In the economic literature, the issues of assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank are among the unexplored, requiring their theoretical understanding and development of practical techniques for assessing and analyzing the results of the bank's activities in forming a deposit base, managing deposit resources and determining the effectiveness of their use, as well as developing basic recommendations for further improvement of the deposit policy in order to develop the bank.
In our opinion, each credit institution should develop and approve by the governing body a special document "Deposit Policy".
Appendix 2 of the Regulations contains a list of the main issues related to the implementation of internal control, on which the credit institution must adopt internal documents, including the "Deposit Policy" . In this way. The Bank of Russia, realizing the importance of the formation of the deposit base of commercial banks, actually obliges the latter to adopt a document defining the deposit policy.
For commercial banks that have developed and approved such a document, the author's methodology "Assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank" is proposed. This technique was based on the theoretical research of the author in the first chapter of the thesis on the concept of the bank's deposit policy and the factors that determine it, as well as the procedure for forming the deposit policy of a commercial bank, presented in the second chapter.
When using this technique, the user can be
The methodology provides for assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank by successively passing through a number of stages (Fig. 4). The content of each stage is presented in Table 2.1.
At the first stage - "Assessment of the organizational aspects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank" - the presence in the bank is assessed:
Deposit policy document containing the goals and objectives of the deposit policy, the bank's strategy and means of its implementation;
Internal procedures and regulations accompanying the process of attracting funds to deposit accounts, namely: regulations on deposits of legal entities, regulations on deposits of individuals, instructions on the procedure for making deposit transactions with legal entities, instructions on the procedure for making deposit transactions with individuals;
Departments and management bodies involved in the analysis of the deposit portfolio and management of deposit resources, exercising control and responsible for the implementation of relevant decisions;
An information database on the basis of which the bank's management and other managers (heads of departments) can evaluate the consequences of decisions made, their adequacy to the needs of the bank and market requirements.
Table 2.1
Characteristics of the individual stages of assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank
An assessment of the organizational aspects of the deposit policy being implemented by a commercial bank makes it possible to obtain information on the compliance of the developed deposit policy of the bank, presented in the form of a package of documents called the Deposit Policy Guide, with the actual situation in practice and the tasks being solved.
An assessment of the organizational aspects of the implemented deposit policy of a commercial bank is carried out annually under the guidance of the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the bank responsible for raising resources and liquidity with the appointment of persons (preferably included in the asset and liability management committee, specialists from the internal control department) responsible for collecting and summarizing information , as well as for submitting a report on the results of the implemented deposit policy to the Chairman of the Board of the Bank (the Board of the Bank).
The assessment of the organizational aspects of the implemented deposit policy of a commercial bank is carried out on the basis of answers to the following questions developed by the author:
1. Does the commercial bank have a strategy approved by the Chairman of the Board (Board) in the field of deposit activities bank (hereinafter - the Strategy) and does it correspond to the general strategic goals of the bank and its banking policy?
2. When developing the Strategy, did the credit institution evaluate its
Conducting SWOT - analysis and development of the Strategy?
3. Does the Strategy define banking products, operations, areas of activity in which the bank expects to gain advantages over competitors, as well as the sequence of implementation of the planned plans, taking into account the interconnection of strategic decisions regarding:
4. Does the document on the deposit policy of the bank define the methods by which the credit institution intends to achieve success (more efficiently use existing opportunities, increase capital, increase the resource base, increase the number of depositors, develop the territorial network, including through the creation of branches , additional offices, deposit cash desks (outside the cash desk), etc.)?
5. Does the document on the deposit policy of the bank take into account the specifics of the functioning of branches (additional offices) located outside the location of the head bank, which affect the marketing strategy?
6. Does the lending institution have a documented action plan defined by the deposit policy?
7. Does the credit institution regularly monitor the degree of achievement of the goals and objectives set in the deposit policy?
8. Are the plans developed by the credit institution to achieve the goals defined by the deposit policy being implemented?
9. Has the credit institution developed action plans in case of unforeseen circumstances that could provoke a loss of liquidity and solvency, have a significant negative impact on capital and/or financial performance?
10. Does the credit institution have divisions (officials) responsible for analyzing the deposit portfolio and evaluating the bank's deposit policy?
11. Does the credit institution have the reports used by the organization on the state of the credit institution, the ratio of assets and liabilities, the risks taken?
12. Does the credit institution have internal documents on the organization of the deposit process, risk management inherent in the deposit activities of the credit institution (deposit, interest, liquidity risk, operational), as well as a procedure for monitoring compliance on a daily basis with mandatory standards, internal restrictions on deposit operations?
13. Does the credit institution have formalized procedures for assessing the potential impact on the depository activity of the credit institution of a number of specified changes in risk factors that correspond to exceptional but probable events (massive outflow of depositors' funds)?
Positive answers to the above questions allow us to speak about the good organizational support of the implemented deposit policy.
Negative answers to some of the above questions are the basis for the bank's management (heads of departments) to take control over the elimination of identified shortcomings and / or consider the possibility of making adjustments to the bank's deposit policy.
The first stage ends with the execution of the results of the assessment of the organizational aspects of the deposit policy in the form of a document containing the shortcomings identified during the assessment, as well as the planned measures to eliminate these shortcomings, indicating specific deadlines and persons responsible for implementation. necessary action.
When formulating the conclusion, special attention should be paid to finding out the reasons for the inconsistency between the actually used in practice intra-bank documents on the organization of the deposit process, performed by the bank's divisions, and the deposit policy developed by the bank.
The second stage of assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank is the analysis of the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank.
The successful functioning and development of the bank largely depends on after the adoption of all management decisions.
It should be noted that in the Russian practice of analyzing banking activities, there are no independent methods for analyzing a bank's deposit portfolio. There are methods for analyzing the resource base, which banks independently develop, and within their framework they can determine the directions for analyzing the deposit portfolio, taking into account the specifics of their activities and the characteristics of their operations.
How to analyze the deposit portfolio has not been studied in detail in the economic literature. So, M.A. Pomorina touches upon issues of operations. A number of authors show the need for analysis passive operations(the resource base of the bank) and offer appropriate methods. As part of the analysis of the bank's resources, G.S. Panova and O.V. Kotin propose to analyze the deposit portfolio by the subjects of attraction and the urgency of investing funds by investors. Most of the authors, among them S.Yu. Buevich, O.G. Korolev, E.B. Shirinskaya, speaking about the analysis of passive or deposit operations, focuses solely on the stability and cost of funds raised (deposits), as well as the efficiency of resource use. However, given the variety of deposits and the specifics of economic relations that develop during deposit operations, in the study of banking activities in general and indicators that allow assessing the quality of funds raised (bank liabilities), in particular, the analysis of the deposit portfolio should occupy a special place. The need for such an analysis is confirmed by one of the main conclusions drawn from the analysis of the resource base and deposit operations of credit institutions of the Russian Federation, carried out in the second chapter of the study, that the share of deposits in the total volume of liabilities of the banking sector is increasing.
In theoretical terms, the author also relies on the conclusions of the first chapter of the study regarding the subject side of the implementation of the bank's deposit policy, i.e., the determination of the necessary combination of deposits of different types (the level of attracted deposits, the timing of their attraction, the cost of deposits) in conjunction with the management of mobilized resources, and in methodological plan - on previously conducted research by specialists in the field of banking regarding the assessment of the bank's resource base.
The methodology for analyzing the bank's deposit portfolio is the result of a search for the most appropriate way to assess the accuracy of the implemented strategic targets and objectives of the bank's deposit policy.
When developing a methodology for analyzing the deposit portfolio of a bank, the author proceeded from the following provisions:
The analysis of the bank's deposit portfolio is carried out in order to:
The analysis of the deposit portfolio, based on the basic characteristics of the deposit and deposit operations, is carried out in the following areas (Fig. 1):
Analysis in the above areas can only be carried out if there is a well-functioning system in the bank analytical information.
Rice. 1. The main directions of the analysis of the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank
The analysis of the value of the deposit portfolio begins with studying the dynamics of the bank's interest expenses on liabilities (raised and borrowed funds) in general and by types of deposit resources, then the nominal and real value of deposits by categories of depositors is determined.
The basis for calculating the real value of deposit resources is their nominal value.
The average nominal value of deposit resources is defined as the ratio of the bank's expenses on deposit accounts, issued deposit and savings certificates (accrued and paid interest) to the average value of balances on the corresponding accounts of deposit resources.
At the end of the analysis of the deposit portfolio, taking into account the results obtained in the course of its analysis, as well as the main qualitative characteristics of the deposit portfolio, its assessment is given (Table 2.12).
The volume and structure of the deposit portfolio must meet the needs of the bank when placing resources, including the specified parameters (target indicators) for their further management.
According to the methodology for assessing the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the assessment of the sufficiency of deposit resources attracted by a commercial bank is given at the third stage.
Table 2.2
Valuation of the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank
In general, the assessment of the sufficiency of deposit resources is carried out in the course of monitoring the fulfillment of planned indicators established for deposit operations, taking into account the general goals of managing deposit resources.
Under the management of deposit resources, in our opinion, should be understood as a set of actions aimed at forming a deposit portfolio that meets the needs of the bank in the field of placement of deposit resources, ensuring liquidity and an acceptable level of profitability.
When evaluating a bank's deposit policy, information on the impact of the state of deposit resource management on current activities in the structural divisions of a credit institution may be important. Such information may be provided by the internal control service.
The main goals that determine the need for deposits for the coming period (year, half year, quarter, month) are:
The first thing that determines the need for deposits is to ensure the process of placing funds in full with deposit resources, in other words, the continuous conduct of active operations that generate income. From our point of view, two approaches can be used to solve this issue. One is based on the planned indicators for the development of active operations for the coming period and involves the establishment of specific targets for increasing the total volume of attracted resources and deposit resources in particular. At the same time, the structure of the deposit portfolio is planned in advance, which causes some adjustment of the tactics used by the bank in the process of organizing and conducting deposit operations, marketing strategy.
Another approach is based on one of the most important tasks of the bank - minimizing the costs of attracting funds to deposit accounts and at the same time ensuring the necessary structure of the deposit portfolio by customer categories, terms and types of deposits. Ultimately, the problem of the required amount of deposit resources is solved for the implementation of plans for the development of bank operations at minimal cost.
The second thing that affects the need for deposit resources is maintaining the liquidity of the bank, that is, its ability to ensure the timely and complete fulfillment of its monetary and other obligations arising from transactions using financial instruments at the expense of the assets at the disposal of the bank or by obtaining loans for money market, including the interbank credit market.
Depending on the conditions under which the bank deposit agreement was concluded, the bank must be ready to return the funds on demand (demand deposits and term deposits of individuals) or after the expiration of the period stipulated by the agreement or the occurrence of the conditions stipulated by the agreement (deposits made under other return conditions).
Maintaining liquidity at a level acceptable to the bank can be ensured by:
In theory and practice, the bank's liquidity is considered in conjunction with its profitability. In the process of asset management, banks almost always face the dilemma "profitability - liquidity". We are talking about the main issue that any economic agent (including a bank) has to solve when concluding a transaction, carrying out any financial transaction, namely, the choice of the ratio of income and risk. In other words, the bank may experience tension in liquidity not only due to the behavior of depositors (in this case, this is just one of the possible problematic situations), but also to a large extent from the choice of the most appropriate solution when setting the profitability-liquidity dilemma in the context of banking strategies and tactics.
Thus, the management of deposit resources of a commercial bank, attracted in sufficient amount, is designed to ensure maximum efficiency of their use.
The fourth stage of evaluating the deposit policy of a commercial bank is to determine the effectiveness of the use of deposit resources.
It is possible to talk about achieving efficiency in the use of deposit resources only if: liquidity is maintained at an acceptable level for the bank; the entire set of deposit resources is used and a high level of profitability is ensured (profit on invested deposit resources).
Maintaining liquidity at a level acceptable to the bank allows the bank to:
The use of the entire set of deposit resources as a necessary condition for ensuring the efficient use of deposit resources seems to be extremely important, since the deposit base was originally intended to be placed in income-generating assets. In this regard, the question of the terms of investment of deposit resources and interest rates on loans acquires particular urgency. The latter circumstance is directly related to the cost of resources, as well as to the determination of the planned costs of ensuring the operation of the bank, the planned level of profitability of the bank's credit operations with minimal risk, and the risk premium.
As you know, the timing of the placement of resources should correspond to the timing of attracting funds to bank and deposit accounts, which is extremely important for managing resources and risks, including liquidity risk. With a stable functioning of the economy (hence, all economic entities), the banking system (systemic crisis is excluded), high level management in the bank (assets and liabilities management, risks) and a well-functioning system of analysis and information support for the activities of various departments of the bank, it is allowed to transform resources, primarily deposit resources (placement of bank resources into assets with longer periods than the period of their attraction).
Thus, the bank's deposit policy can be refined on the basis of an analysis of the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to it and the constantly changing market situation. Therefore, it is important that the methods and methods of implementing the deposit policy (bank tactics) be adequately adjusted, concretizing and clarifying the bank's deposit activities.
In recent years, Russia has maintained a stable economic situation. It was characterized by continued growth in the production of goods and services, real money incomes of the population, and investments in fixed assets. The federal budget was reduced to a surplus. Despite exceeding the inflation target set for the year in 2008, consumer price growth was lower than in 2007.
The volume of GDP increased by 7.1% compared to the previous year. positive character economic processes contributed by both external and internal factors.
In 2008, despite stable economic growth and a favorable environment in the world commodity markets, the growth rates of the main indicators of banking activity slowed down.
Deposits of individuals - deposits and other attracted funds, residents and non-residents in the currency of the Russian Federation and foreign currency).
This indicator does not include funds individual entrepreneurs, electoral funds of individuals, transfers from the Russian Federation and to the Russian Federation, unfulfilled interest obligations, accrued interest on deposits recorded on separate accounts, as well as accounts recorded jointly for individuals and for legal entities.
An analytical review of the dynamics of funds in the accounts of individuals is presented in Table. 3.1.
Table 3.1
Dynamics of funds on accounts of individuals, (billion rubles)
| Indicators | 1.01.06 | 1.01.07 | 1.01.08 | 1.01.09 | 1.08.09 |
| Funds on accounts of individuals - total | |||||
| - in rubles | |||||
| - in foreign currency | |||||
| 1 | Deposits of individuals | ||||
| 1.1. | Deposits of individuals on demand and for a period | ||||
| up to 30 days | |||||
| - in rubles | |||||
| - in foreign currency | |||||
| 1.2. | Deposits of individuals for a period of 31 days to 1 year | ||||
| - in rubles | |||||
| - in foreign currency | |||||
| 1.3. | Deposits of individuals for a period of more than 1 year | ||||
| - in rubles | |||||
| - in foreign currency | |||||
| 2 | Other funds on accounts | ||||
| Including: | |||||
| 2.1 | Funds on individual accounts | ||||
| entrepreneurs | |||||
| Account funds non-resident individuals - | |||||
| Total | |||||
| Including: | |||||
| Deposits of non-resident individuals |
At the beginning of September 2009, the population of the Russian Federation placed 4,551.6 billion rubles on the accounts of Russian banks. This is 700 billion rubles. (5%) more than at the beginning of the year.
Analyzing the dynamics of the structure of deposits of individuals, we observe that among short-term deposits up to 30 days, rapid growth was noted in 2008 for ruble deposits. It amounted to 232 billion rubles. In the first half of 2009, growth stabilized: by September, only 681.7 drops were placed. In 2008, the growth compared to 2007 was only 4.6%.
The results of the analysis of the dynamics of deposits of individuals for a period of 31 years - 709.9 billion rubles, while for the whole of 2008 the population deposited only 639.5 billion rubles into their accounts.
Analyzing the dynamics of the structure of deposits of individuals on long-term deposits, over one year, also noted a proportional increase in foreign currency for long periods in the last two years, marking time. In 2008, there is even a slight decrease by 2.8 billion rubles. compared to 2007.
Summing up the results of the analysis of deposits of individuals, we can formulate the following conclusions: the population confidently invests its savings in medium-term investments in rubles.
Funds raised by credit institutions from individuals and legal entities remain one of the most important sources of formation of the resource base of regional banks. As of January 1, 2009, 265.6 billion rubles were placed on customer deposit accounts.
Deposits of individuals grew at a faster pace, in 2008 they increased by 30.7% and amounted to 155.9 billion rubles, of which 7.5 billion rubles were attracted by regional banks outside the region (Fig. 8).
An analytical review of the dynamics of deposits of individuals in regional banks of the Tyumen region for 2002-2008 clearly shows that there is a steady growth from year to year bank deposits at the expense of household deposits (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2
Dynamics of deposits of individuals in regional banks of the Tyumen region for 2002-2008, (million rubles)
| the date | Deposits of individuals |
| 01/01/2002 | |
| 01/01/2003 | |
| growth rate (% for 2002) | |
| 01/01/2004 | |
| growth rate (% for 2003) | |
| 01/01/2005 | |
| growth rate (% for 2004) | |
| 01/01/2006 | |
| growth rate (% for 2005) | |
| 01/01/2007 | |
| growth rate (% for 2006) | |
| 01.01.2008 | |
| growth rate (% for 2007) | |
| 01/01/2009 | |
| growth rate (% for 2008) |
If in 2002 the deposits of individuals amounted to only 2634.3 million rubles. then by the beginning of 2009, the volume of investments in regional banks by the population of the region amounted to 64315.6 million rubles, which is almost 25 times more than in 2002
This trend eloquently testifies to the growing confidence of the population of the Tyumen region in banks. The most rapid growth of such trust was observed in recent years: 2006-2008. Especially during 2008, the population deposited 15554 million rubles.
The analysis of deposits and deposits of natural persons showed that in 2008, banking operations on deposits and deposits in the amount of 132.813 million rubles were carried out in the region. This is 14 billion rubles. more than in 2007. Regional banks account for the largest volumes of these operations: 56810.8 million rubles, slightly less accounts for the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia - 48193.6 million rubles. Traditionally, the smallest share is occupied by branches of banks in other regions - 27809.2 million rubles.
Analyzing the structure of deposits and deposits in the Tyumen region, on
Let us analyze the deposit policy of regional commercial banks. In 2008, the volume of deposits in the banks of the Tyumen region amounted to 130,493 thousand rubles.
This is the most high rate among commercial banks of the Ural Federal District. AT Sverdlovsk region the total volume of deposits was 26% less, and in the Chelyabinsk region - almost three times less than in the Tyumen region. This statistic shows the growing confidence of depositors in local banks.
Thus, it can be directly concluded that
Financiers predict that 2009 will strengthen Russians' confidence in bank deposits.
The Khanty-Mansiysk branch of OAO Zapsibkombank is a regional credit institution. It currently owns the following licenses:
The management of the bank declares and adheres to the following principles in management practice:
Focusing on these principles indicates the bank's desire to take into account the balance of interests of society and business, the importance of which was considered by us in the first chapter of the thesis.
The development strategy of the Khanty-Mansiysk branch of Zapsibkombank OJSC for a period up to 2009 inclusive is aimed at solving the main goal - increasing the value of the business, which implies market value bank, its capital, and systemic effect (Goodwill, goodwill). As part of the approved development strategy, the following main tasks have been identified:
The implementation of the developed strategy required the bank to significantly improve the quality of management labor resources. Today, the bank's personnel policy is based on the formation and development of a corporate culture, the main principles of which are customer orientation, staff professionalism, leadership, innovation and teamwork. The personnel policy of the bank is based on the principle of selection and placement of employees, taking into account the maximum use of personal potential and individual characteristics of each employee, creating conditions for professional growth, engaging various forms of interest in the results of work, maintaining and developing corporate values and traditions.
The main instrument of active operations of the Khanty-Mansiysk branch of JSC "Zapsibkombank" is lending to legal entities and individuals in rubles and in foreign currency. Providing quality banking services. The Khanty-Mansiysk branch of Zapsibkombank, however, adheres to a moderate tariff policy. Large corporate clients and VIP clients of the bank are provided with individual service.
Market environment, in which the Khanty-Mansiysk branch of OJSC "Zapsibcombank" operates, is characterized by the following conditions:
Currently, the Bank is positioned in the regional market as a universal bank, providing its customers with a wide range of banking services. The Khanty-Mansiysk branch of Zapsibkombank OJSC does not have a narrow specialization in terms of the type of industry or enterprise it serves. The range of the Bank's clients is quite wide and includes both large enterprises in Tyumen and Khanty-Mansiysk, as well as small enterprises and organizations in the Tyumen region. The main clients of the Bank are timber and food industry enterprises, transport, housing and communal services, trade enterprises, individual entrepreneurs, and individuals.
The dynamics of the main parameters characterizing the state of activity of Zapsibkombank OJSC for the period under review testifies to the consolidation of positive trends in the development of the banking sector of the region.
Table 3.3
Key balance sheet indicators of JSC Zapsibkombank, thousand rubles
The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of profit to the bank's equity capital.
Positive dynamics of the main indicators of independent development of the region's economy. dominant position in total amount banking resources of JSC "Zapsibcombank" is occupied by borrowed resources. At the same time, the growth rate of attracted resources for the period under review was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in the growth rate of equity capital. It should be noted that this process corresponds to the world practice of the functioning of credit institutions, according to which 15-25% of the resources are own funds and 75-85% are attracted.
The main reason for the increase in the amount of funds raised by JSC Zapsibkombank in the structure of liabilities was the growth of confidence in commercial banks, which became possible due to the easing of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia (reduction of the refinancing rate), the improvement of the economic situation in the region, the change in the nature and priorities of the deposit policy of the banks.
The growth of attracted funds is observed for all considered credit bank 01.01.2008 (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4
Growth rate of borrowed funds of Zapsibkombank OJSC
It should be noted that OJSC Zapsibkombank pursued the most aggressive policy of increasing borrowed funds over the period under review, which was due to the bank's desire to strengthen its position in the financial market of the region, the active offer of new banking services, the development of a branch network, and marketing policy.
To assess the practice of formation of the deposit policy of JSC "Zapsibbank" the division of the specific weight of each subgroup. Such an analysis makes it possible to identify the role of each economic entity in the development of the bank's passive operations.
The quality of the deposit portfolio is the main indicator characterizing the effectiveness of the deposit policy at the micro level. The main microeconomic (intrabank) criteria for the quality of the deposit portfolio of regional commercial banks include the following:
The main factors determining the deposit portfolio of a credit institution are the types of funds raised, their sources and stability. To assess the structure of attracted funds, it is necessary to determine specific gravity liabilities in the overall structure of banks' liabilities (Table 3.5).
Table 3.5
Structure of liabilities of OJSC Zapsibkombank, thousand rubles
| Article title | 01.01.2005 | 01.01.2006 | 01.01.2007 | 01.01.2008 | 01.01.2009 |
| 1. Total own funds, thousand rubles | |||||
| Including: 1.1. Bank funds | |||||
| 1.2. Profit (loss) including financial results previous years | |||||
| 2. Loans, deposits and other funds raised by credit institutions from the Bank of Russia | |||||
| 3. Accounts of correspondent banks, total | |||||
| Including: 3.1. Correspondent accounts of resident credit institutions | |||||
| 3.2. Correspondent accounts of non-resident banks | |||||
| 4. Loans, deposits and other funds received from other banks, total | |||||
| 5. Customer funds, total | |||||
| Including: 5.1. Budget funds on settlement and current accounts | |||||
| 5.2. State funds off-budget funds on settlement and current accounts | |||||
| 5.3. Funds of enterprises and organizations on settlement, current and other accounts | |||||
| 5.4. Client funds in settlements | |||||
| 5.5. Deposits of legal entities | |||||
| 5.6. Funds on accounts of individuals | |||||
| 6. Released debentures, Total | |||||
| Including: 6.1. Bonds | |||||
| 6.2. Deposit certificates | |||||
| 6.3. Savings certificates | |||||
| 6.4. Bills of exchange and banker's acceptances | |||||
| 7. Other liabilities, total | |||||
| Including: 7.1. reserves | |||||
| 7.2. Funds in settlements | |||||
| Total liabilities, thousand rubles |
Analysis of the presented data shows that for the period under review, up to 3,771,938 thousand rubles. as of 01.01.2008.
The total structure of attracted funds of the republic's banks is characterized by dynamic development. As of January 1, 2008, a significant part of the attracted funds amounted to 1,067,924 thousand rubles, funds of individuals - 1,504,532 thousand rubles.
It should also be noted the growth of funds from other sources - resources
Table 3.6 presents the main types of funds raised by commercial banks of the republic.
Table 3.6
Main types of borrowed funds of JSC Zapsibkombank
According to Table. 3.6 shows that the dominant source of attraction for JSC "Zapsibkombank" are customer funds. At the same time, the growth of funds in the region, which is a positive moment for increasing the deposit base of Zapsibkombank OJSC.
It should be noted that with the development of market relations, the structure of attracted resources of Zapsibkombank OJSC has undergone significant changes. This is due to the emergence of new, non-traditional for the old banking system, ways of accumulating temporarily free funds of individuals and legal entities. At present, priority sources for Zapsibkombank OJSC are such types of capital as deposits of individuals, resources of enterprises and organizations, as well as deposits of legal entities (Table 3.7).
Table 3.7
Due to customers at JSC Zapsibkombank, thousand rubles
The data in Table 3.7 show that the main share in the borrowed funds of JSC Zapsibkombank belongs to the funds of enterprises and organizations on accounts, as well as deposits of individuals. For JSC "Zapsibkombank" the priority is the funds on the accounts of enterprises and organizations (as of 01.01.2008 - 536,946 thousand rubles), which indicates the client priorities of the analyzed bank.
As part of the analysis of the characteristics of the bank's resource base, let's consider the dynamics of the deposit portfolio of regional banks (Table 3.8).
Table 3.8
Dynamics of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC
The data in Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 indicate that the deposit base of OJSC “Zapsibkombank” is characterized by stability and dynamic development. The bulk of attracted resources of commercial banks are deposits, which is due to the desire of banks in a segmented competitive market, to fully meet the demand of various groups of customers for banking services and attract their savings and free cash capital to bank accounts. In general, the dynamics of attracted funds of regional commercial banks for the period under review was characterized by the following trends:
However, commercial banks in the region are still inferior in terms of attraction volumes to branches of nonresident banks. This circumstance is due to the fact that banks in the city of Kogalym, as a rule, are characterized by excessive conservatism in promoting banking products and services, which is due to the specifics of their operation, as well as their client base (mainly medium and small clients).
The quality of the deposit base largely depends on which category of economic entities the main clients of the credit institution belong to. Therefore, we will consider the structure of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC in the context of economic entities, which will allow us to determine the role of each entity in the development of deposit operations of a particular bank, as well as to determine the degree of bank dependence on a specific category of customers (Table 3.9).
Table 3.9
Structure of attracted funds
| Indicators | 01.01.2007 | 01.01.2008 | 01.01.2009 | ||
| Thousand roubles. | Thousand rub. | Oud. the weight, % | Thousand rub. | ||
| Funds raised, total | |||||
| I. Funds on the accounts of legal entities | |||||
| 1. Budget funds | |||||
| 2. Funds from extra-budgetary funds | |||||
| 3. Accounts of federally owned enterprises | |||||
| 4, Accounts of enterprises located in the state. property | |||||
| 5. Accounts of non-state enterprises | |||||
| 6. Accounts of entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity | |||||
| II. Deposits of legal entities | |||||
| 1.Commercial enterprises located in the state. property | |||||
| 2.Negos. financial institutions | |||||
| Z.Negos. commercial enterprises. | |||||
| 4.Negos. non-profit organizations | |||||
| III. People's deposits | |||||
| IV. IBC and deposits | |||||
| V. Debt obligations |
According to Table. 3.9, we can conclude that the change in the structure of funds raised by Zapsibkombank OJSC is in favor of enterprises (mainly non-state) and the personal sector, which is a positive point in terms of profitability, since they are cheaper than interbank loans.
Thus, the main source of formation of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC is the funds on the accounts of legal entities.
One of the main dynamically growing sources of deposits for commercial enterprises.
Particular emphasis should be placed on the analysis of bank customer deposits. On the one hand, the transfer of funds from settlement accounts to term accounts makes the structure of the bank's attracted funds more stable and increases the bank's liquidity as a whole. On the other hand, this leads to an increase in the percentage of the observed regional banks, the share of these resources of Zapsibkombank OJSC as of 01.01.2008. is 34%.
Funds on the accounts of legal entities attracted resources of regional commercial banks are one of the unstable elements of the deposit base, so their high share in the structure of the deposit portfolio weakens the liquidity of the bank and thus does not allow the bank to carry out highly profitable operations. However, an increase in the share of this component in the total volume of attracted resources reduces the bank's interest expenses. The largest share in the composition of funds on the accounts of legal entities with OAO Zapsibkombank is occupied by funds of non-state enterprises. During the period under review, the growth of the share of this source in the total deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC amounted to 18.7%.
According to the experience of foreign banks, the optimal level of funds on the accounts of legal entities is 30 %. In OJSC “Zapsibkombank” the share of funds on the accounts of legal entities as of 01.01.2008 was amounted to 58%.
Separate importance should be given to the dependence of a credit institution on obtaining interbank loans. The total debt on received interbank loans should not exceed 20% of the amount of borrowed funds. As of 01.01.2008 the share of interbank loans and deposits in the attracted resources amounted to 0.8%.
Thus, the basis for the formation of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC is the accounts of legal entities.
To more accurately characterize the deposit base, it is necessary to determine the stable part of deposits, since banks are constantly busy determining the part of deposits that can be used for lending purposes without liquidity risk. The stable part of deposits includes term deposits and part of demand deposits. Term deposits, the maturity of which is known in advance, are the most stable and easily planned resource. They should form the basis for the development of active operations. However, term deposits are relatively expensive, forcing banks to use less expensive but riskier demand deposits and balances. To analyze the stable part of the deposit base, it is necessary to consider the term structure of the deposit portfolio. At the same time, the main criteria for the formation of the optimal structure of the deposit policy of a credit institution in terms of terms are:
Of the borrowed funds at the disposal of OJSC Zapsibkombank, only term resources can be used actively and without the risk of loss of liquidity. However, the main reason for the current situation is the lack of time deposits and deposits and, as a result, the forced use of funds kept on settlement accounts and demand deposit accounts by JSC Zapsibkombank as resources for conducting active operations.
The problem of regional banks in the city of Kogalym is the lack of long-term funds in the region due to the low capitalization of regional banks and the insignificance of resources attracted on a long-term basis.
In table. 3.10 shows the structure of attracted funds of individuals and legal entities according to the degree of demand.
Table 3.10
The structure of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC by terms of attraction
The growth of the deposit portfolio of JSC Zapsibcombank for the period under review is accompanied by minor structural shifts. The share of funds raised for more than three years has not changed significantly. As of 01.01.2008 the share of these resources was 1.4%. However, the increase in volumes; long-term resources is a positive moment, indicating the strengthening of confidence in JSC "Zapsibkombank" on the part of depositors.
The following ratios are optimal in the structure of paid attracted resources: demand deposits no more than 30%, time deposits - no less than 50%. %. From table. 3.10 it can be seen that the share of term resources of increasing the stability of account balances "on demand", i.e., reducing the level of the value of the minimum balance on the accounts.
The data in Table 3.10 show that the bulk of the attracted funds of Zapsibkombank OJSC is concentrated on demand accounts, as well as on short-term deposits with a term of up to 1 year. Consequently, active operations are carried out mainly at the expense of short-term borrowed resources, which means that they have limited opportunities for making long-term investments, since the limiting ratios of liabilities and assets in terms of demand and repayment periods are strictly regulated and controlled by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation with the help of the mandatory standards for the activities of banks established by it.
It should be noted that a stable change in volumes banking business is determined not so much by the one-time attraction of large deposits, which, upon expiration of the contract, may disappear from the bank (since more highly profitable areas for the placement of free financial resources will appear), but by the increase (or outflow) of stable deposits represented in the structure of the deposit portfolio of regional banks by demand deposits .
However, the growth of major deposits is difficult to predict, as it mainly depends on external factors: rates and stability economic growth, stages business cycle, investment climate, the level of competition in the banking services market, the profitability of alternative sectors of financial markets, etc.
The change in the volume of funds attracted to accounts, on the one hand, and time deposits, on the other, are the basis for studying the bank's liquidity in terms of liabilities. A significant increase in term deposits reduces the profitability of the bank's operations, but increases the liquidity of its balance sheet. Growth of balances on demand accounts and accounts indicates a reverse trend.
Analysis of the structure of borrowed funds of JSC "Zapsibkombank" trend, despite a temporary decrease in net interest income. This is explained by the fact that deposits are the most stable part of the attracted resources, allow further lending for longer periods and, therefore, under more high percent.
The attracted funds of the population are long-term liabilities and, along with the bank's own capital, are a stable part of the resources that make it possible to finance long-term projects. In addition, deposits of individuals are a rather expensive, but very capacious source of filling liabilities. This is related to the fact that money supply the population significantly exceeds the amount of money held by enterprises.
When analyzing the main component of attracted funds of credit institutions in the region - deposits of individuals - the analysis of their time structure is of great importance. In the course of the analysis of the time structure of the attracted funds of individuals, the lengthening of the terms of deposit operations for Zapsibkombank OJSC can be traced, which is reflected in Table. 3.11.
Table 3.11
Term structure of attracted funds of individuals of Zapsibkombank OJSC
In this aspect, the largest increase is noted for the aggregated group of deposits with a duration of more than a year.
The reasons for the temporary lengthening of the resource base include: the relative stability of the region's economy; growing confidence in the banking system of the region; interest rate policy of JSC Zapsibkombank; relatively low inflation in the region, a decrease in the share of consumption in the structure of the use of monetary incomes of the population; an increase in the population's propensity for organized savings in ruble form. This trend is very relevant for the functioning of the bank, contributing to the growth of investment activity in the region.
In the deposit activities of regional credit organizations, all use of bank cards, and JSC "Zapsibkombank" is most active in this area.
In general, the structure of the deposit portfolio of Zapsibkombank OJSC is characterized by the predominance of short- and medium-term deposits, which is typical for universal commercial banks.
However, under the influence of the expansionary monetary and term component of the deposit portfolio of JSC "Zapsibkombank".
Strengthening the position of Zapsibkombank OJSC in the loan market is important point its deposit policy. Changes in the market were determined firstly, growing as the level increased real income, the requirements of individuals for the quality of service and the breadth of the product range provided.
Secondly, the lower level of interest rates in the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation plays its role.
It should be noted that a feature of the deposit policy of regional banks is the use of traditional methods of attracting resources, which does not allow credit institutions in the region to best meet the needs of their customers. Commercial banks practically do not implement alternative ways raising funds, which could increase the level of long-term cooperation between clients and the credit institution.
Summarizing the results of the analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSC "Zapsibcombank", we can identify the main trends in the deposit policy that determine its features (Table 3.12).
Table 3.12
The main characteristics of the deposit policy of Zapsibcombank OJSC
The structure and dynamics of the resource base of JSC "Zapsibcombank" as a whole is characterized by multidirectional processes. Along with the positive aspects, unresolved problems remain. These primarily include the narrowness of the resource base and the lack of sustainable borrowed funds, which is a significant factor hindering the development of banking operations. This is primarily due to the fact that regional banks use a limited range of deposit products due to the underdevelopment of the republic's stock market. Regional credit institutions practically do not introduce alternative methods of raising funds that best meet the needs of clients, which could interest depositors in long-term cooperation with a credit institution. Therefore, at present regional banks it is necessary to develop a new universal collection of deposits, which would reflect the current trends in the development of deposit products. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the new "line" of deposits should be the improvement of service capabilities for managing funds, combined with high profitability, as well as innovative offers to depositors that allow them to insure themselves against inflationary risks.
3.3 Formation of the deposit policy from the standpoint of the main criteria of banking activity
One of the priority directions of the deposit activity of the credit institution at the present time is the stabilization of the deposit portfolio at the level of the optimal volume by pursuing a competent deposit policy. At the same time, regional banks need to form their deposit portfolio in such a way that it would allow them to receive the maximum possible income, ensure the possibility of making long-term investments, but at the same time would have a minimum cost and provide a sufficient level of liquidity in the long term.
As noted earlier, the resource base, as a microeconomic factor, has a direct impact on the liquidity and solvency of a credit institution. The resource base, liquidity, profitability are the interrelated foundations on which the banking mechanism is built. Consequently, the main strategic goal of the deposit policy of a credit institution is to increase the resource base, while maintaining liquidity and ensuring the profitability of the bank's activities. However, there are certain contradictions in the interaction of these categories.
The resource base of a credit institution is a quantitative indicator that determines the level of the bank's market position, the possibilities that the bank has to carry out commercial activities. Liquidity and profitability are qualitative characteristics that reflect the reliability of a credit institution, as well as the efficiency of its activities. Any absolute or relative indicator of the activity of a commercial bank can be reduced to these three categories, which means that either the bank ensures their optimal size, or is itself under their influence. At the same time, it should be noted that a feature of the regional banking business is its sensitivity to socio-economic changes. Any changes related to the destabilization of economic conditions may lead to a decrease in the stability of the bank's functioning.
The basis for the formation of an effective deposit policy is the need for a deep restructuring and technical re-equipment of banks.
Therefore, on present stage in the deposit policy of a commercial bank, an approach based on an appropriate conceptual framework, the main principle of which is to optimize the structure of the bank's deposit base, in order to ensure the optimal level of liquidity and profitability of banking operations, which will increase the sustainability of the functioning of a credit institution, becomes important.
Based on the foregoing, the process of optimizing the deposit policy At present, in modern banking literature, much attention is paid to the problems of forming a deposit policy in terms of compliance with its requirements for maintaining the bank's liquidity by regulating the ratios between different types of assets and liabilities in terms of maturity and demand using the calculation of special coefficients estimating these ratios.
There are also various methods based on mathematical methods that allow you to assess the liquidity reserve (lack of funds) of the bank in the long term. However, all these methods are based on an assessment of the relationship between the terms of demand and repayment of liabilities and assets.
It should be noted that there is also a method that is modern, which is especially important for regional credit organizations.
The essence of this approach lies in the fact that various types of resources included in the deposit portfolio (deposits of individuals and legal entities, balances on customer settlement accounts, deposit and savings certificates, bills, account balances plastic cards points, etc.), operations do not always require a long-term resource base, and their implementation is possible even if there is a short-term, but more stable deposit base. A stable deposit base hides untapped potential for generating additional income, maintaining sufficient liquidity and making long-term investments. In addition, it is a stable deposit base that creates the necessary conditions for maintaining competitiveness and ensuring the long-term survival of a regional bank.
The stability of the deposit base depends on the position from which it is considered: urgency, sensitivity to changes in interest rates, statistical indicators characterizing the spread of their values, etc.
The availability and use of methods that make it possible to more fully and adequately quantify the stability criteria will provide an opportunity for a credit institution to determine for itself those types and subtypes of resources that best meet these criteria, and therefore are most attractive for forming their deposit portfolio from them.
The credit institution, having chosen the criteria for the stability of the deposit base, determines for itself those types and sub-types of resources that are more suitable for the chosen stability criteria, and therefore are the most attractive for the formation of their deposit portfolio from them.
However, having decided on the most attractive types and subtypes of resources, the bank, in order to form a deposit portfolio of the planned volume, must know how many and which customers need to be attracted to achieve the planned value of the balance of funds in their accounts. At the same time, a commercial bank should pay special attention to the analysis of customers depending on their category (individuals, credit institutions, enterprises and organizations), the amount of balances on their accounts (large, medium and small customers), the period of service in the bank (permanent or temporary) etc.
Also, this task is relevant for account balances, it is necessary to be able to determine the required number of customers to attract. Thus, the initial task of forming the optimal deposit policy of a credit institution from the standpoint of the optimal ratio of liquidity and profitability can be defined in the form of the following directions;
The first and second directions can be defined in the form of criteria characterizing the stability of attracted resources and the development of a methodology for their assessment. The main criteria characterizing stability can be the amplitude of fluctuations in balances over time (over the period) and the period of maintenance of the minimum balance on the account. The criteria evaluating the amplitude of fluctuations in cash balances can be indicators that assess the ratio of the average value of the balance to its minimum value for the period under study, as well as an indicator characterizing the synchronism of changes in balances. The average period for maintaining a minimum balance on accounts can be estimated if, for each point in time in the study period, calculate the period during which the balance does not fall below a given value, and then average it over the entire study period.
In a joint analysis of the indicators calculated in this way, it is necessary to compare different types of involvement with each other, and then, based on this analysis, draw conclusions about the preference for one type of involvement over another. But this does not mean a rejection of the worst, in terms of these criteria, types of attraction, i.e. it is only a question of preference in terms of these criteria. The bottom line is that some type of client activity, etc.), in order to identify client groups in which the stability of the balances is higher than in the rest.
The third direction is based on the assumption that there is a certain relationship between the amount of turnover on the client's account and the amount of the balance on his account. Using this assumption, a credit institution can determine how many customers it needs to attract on settlement and cash services to achieve the planned value of the balance on their accounts.
Having determined which types of attraction are more stable balances, and within these types, highlighting their more stable subspecies, a credit institution, based on the obtained dependencies between turnover and balance (income and deposit size, etc.), can plan its work to attract predetermined customer groups (with a given turnover, a certain amount of income, etc.). Based on the foregoing, the process of forming a deposit policy can be represented as the following logical chain:
It should be noted that the presented approach evaluates attracted resources only from the standpoint of their best suitability for their further maximum use in banking operations and obtaining the maximum possible income from this. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the application of this approach will provide the credit institution with the opportunity to form such a deposit base, which will provide it with the necessary potential to maintain its competitiveness in the future, will allow it to receive additional income will ensure its long-term and stable operation.
The basis for making decisions on the formation of a particular structure of the deposit portfolio are the calculations made on the basis of data on the movement of funds raised on the accounts for the period under study. However, such data is not used to make predictions about further changes in certain funds raised, but to develop a further strategy for their behavior in relation to specific clients.
The bank's client base is diverse and includes a large number of accounts of individuals and legal entities. Availability of capabilities (required statistical base) and a tool for assessing the stability of customer funds will allow the bank to more reasonably plan its work to attract them. In the face of increasing competition and the struggle for clientele, this will allow the credit institution to more rationally and efficiently allocate its efforts and funds to attract them. In addition, the main direction of optimizing the deposit policy of regional credit institutions is associated with the qualitative improvement of already existing species and search options modifications of the services provided, not only to meet the needs of existing customers, but also to attract new categories of customers.
Thus, in order to raise funds in order to conduct an effective deposit policy, regional banks need an active client policy. The client policy should be carried out on the basis of expanding the range of deposit operations in the following areas:
These directions will allow even in the conditions of insignificant financial possibilities of regional credit organizations to most fully meet the needs of bank customers, increase the interest of investors in placing their funds on bank accounts and, ultimately, attract new depositors. At the same time, it is important for credit institutions to make fundamental changes in servicing the population, first of all, the volume and quality of services offered to individual depositors. These services require new forms of deposit transactions, new equipment and technology.
It should be noted that at present the regional deposit market is undergoing a "microrevolution", which is expressed in the emergence of multicurrency deposits. Such deposits allow the client to change the currency of the account without accounts. Thirdly, term deposits are close to savings accounts in terms of their liquidity, since the size of depositors' losses in case of early withdrawal of funds is not very large in practice. Fourth, the liquidity of savings deposits is increasing due to their use for non-cash payments, as well as due to the development of the ATM network.
In the process of developing an optimal deposit policy in order to increase the stability of the deposit base, regional credit institutions should pay attention not only to the quantitative (increasing the volume of deposits), but also to the qualitative aspects of the deposit policy: improving the organization of deposit operations and the system to stimulate the attraction of deposits.
From the standpoint of a qualitative change in the deposit policy, the following possible directions can be distinguished.
1. One of the options is the issuance by banks of non-traditional (for regional commercial banks) deposit instruments: deposit and savings certificates. At present, the use of this instrument in the deposit policy of regional commercial banks is very limited (Table 3.13).
Table 3.13
Funds raised by credit institutions in the city of Kagalym by issuing deposit and savings certificates, bonds, promissory notes, thousand rubles
Certificates have significant advantages over time deposits, issued, simple deposit agreements. Firstly, when issuing certificates, funds are not allocated to the mandatory reserve fund, which has a positive effect on the amount of funds allocated for lending to business entities. Secondly, due to the large number of possible financial intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates, the circle of potential investors is expanding. In addition, the certificate can be sold ahead of time by the owner to another person in the secondary securities market with some income for the time of storage and without changing the volume of the bank's resources, while early withdrawal by the owner of a term deposit means a loss of income for him, and for the bank loss of resources.
The possibility of issuing debt obligations will lead to the expansion of the bank's deposit base and, over time, may reach the internationally standard 20% as part of liabilities. However, such a prospect requires an increase in the transparency of commercial banks and the quality of corporate governance, including risk management.
2. When forming a stable deposit base, regional banks need to take measures to minimize the negative impact of early return of the deposit. The possibility of opening irrevocable deposits or conditionally irrevocable deposits (with the right to apply penalties to the depositor for early withdrawal of funds) will positively affect the stability of the regional bank by increasing its liquidity. In addition, for regional credit institutions, protection against early withdrawal of deposits will provide an opportunity to fully use the deposits of the population to expand the medium-term and long-term lending necessary for the economy of the region.
In turn, in order to stimulate the development of irrevocable deposits, as well as to compensate the population for the impossibility of withdrawing their deposits ahead of schedule, regional banks should offer higher interest rates for deposits with a limited withdrawal period than for traditional deposits. At the same time, banks are obliged to inform depositors when concluding an agreement about the availability of all possibilities and restrictions.
3. Use of funds from institutional investors. There are significant monetary resources in the pension system, in social funds, in the stabilization fund, which are outside the banking system.
Another important element of the deposit base of commercial banks could be the balance of funds in the accounts of regional budgets. At the same time, Article 236 of the Budget Code provides that “the procedure for placing budget funds on bank deposits is determined by the state authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
4. Development of special-purpose deposit services. Modern conditions for the formation of an optimal deposit policy require the opening of deposit accounts with a flexible mode of use, the conduct of deposit operations with a mandatory combination of banking services credit interest. These deposits are a hybrid of a classic time deposit and a current account.
For the greatest interest of clients and the inflow of deposits, a commercial bank may offer the payment of interest on deposits placed in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses. In this case, the investor, when placing funds for a certain period, immediately receives the income due to him. However, if the agreement is terminated early, the bank will recalculate the interest on the deposit and the overpaid amounts will be deducted from the deposit amount.
In addition, mechanisms such as payment through branches of funds to the account and their subsequent expenditure should be more widely used. For regional commercial banks, the benefits of introducing plastic cards are as follows:
4) expansion of the geographical scope of the bank's activities, since the use of plastic cards makes it possible to overcome spatial restrictions on attracting customers;
5) expanding the client base allows a commercial bank to offer Additional services and products.
Recently, credit organizations have begun to develop products that are positioned as a hybrid of a deposit with more profitable instruments. One of these instruments is OFBUs - general bank management funds, which are universal funds that place funds mainly in traditional instruments, and conservative funds, aimed at a yield slightly higher than on bank deposits. In addition, there are on the market
OFBU not only for retail clients, but also for corporations: first of all, they are in demand Insurance companies who cannot provide their insurance reserves in individual trust management and use the services mutual funds, but have the right to invest up to 5% of these reserves in OFBU with investment declarations that meet the requirements of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
It should be noted that the above activities, in addition to the economic effect, also bring a significant social effect. By increasing the flexibility of relations with depositors, a commercial bank will be able not only to maintain its client base, but also significantly expand it, increase the amount of funds raised, improve the structure of the deposit portfolio in terms of its value and liquidity, increase the stability of its deposit base, and reach a new quality level of service and ensure the bank's leading position in the deposit services market.
Thus, at present, the formation of a deposit policy that meets the basic criteria of banking activity is connected in the economy. At the same time, the formation of a deposit policy should be within the framework of the three blocks of the approach - resource regulation, the formation of a resource base sufficient for banking, optimization of the resource base and correspond to its individual elements. Banks with longer-term and stable liabilities have an undoubted competitive advantage(with a comparable cost of attraction portfolios) in the market, since they have greater freedom to choose the type and term of active operations.
In order to increase the stability of functioning, regional banks should be guided by the following: the relationship of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank to maintain its stability and financial stability; diversification of the bank's resources in order to minimize risk; segmentation of the deposit portfolio (by clients); differentiated approach to different customer groups. Also, in order to increase competitiveness, commercial banks should look for opportunities to improve basic technologies, introduce new banking tools, support their work with an automated information management and data processing system that meets international requirements and standards; develop banking marketing.
CONCLUSION
The study resulted in the following conclusions:
Based on this, the author gives the following definition: the deposit policy of a commercial bank is a set of principles, methods and methods of implementation, consistently related actions to raise funds in deposits (deposits) on a repayable basis and effectively manage them in order to ensure the functioning and development of the bank.
The essential side of the deposit policy, according to the author, is connected with the subject side of its implementation. The subject side of the implementation of the deposit policy of the bank are deposits (deposits), combined into types and constituting the deposit portfolio of the bank. Under the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank, the author understands the totality of deposits of various types, the formation of which should be considered from the standpoint of determining the necessary combination of deposits in terms of terms, amounts, cost and sufficiency of funds raised for active operations, as well as the degree of risk and liquidity.
All tools used in the organization of the deposit process should ensure the formation of such a deposit portfolio that would allow to obtain maximum profit at minimum costs and risks.
There is no deposit policy that is uniform for all banks, since the state of the economy and social sphere of the region in which the bank operates, the competitive environment, the characteristics and motivation of the behavior of economic entities) and internal (determining the composition of bank customers, the stability of deposits and the stability of sources of funds, the interest rate policy of the bank, the list of services provided, the level of staff qualifications, risk diversification).
The basis of the deposit process is the principles of the deposit policy, the observance of which creates conditions for the effective operation of the bank from the standpoint of ensuring its liquidity and profitability.
Based on general principles: scientific validity, optimality, efficiency and unity of the elements of the deposit policy, which, we believe, are applicable to various types of banking policy, the author formulated principles that reflect the specifics of the deposit policy of the bank, domestic and foreign experience the author proposes an algorithm for the actions of a commercial bank in the formation of a deposit policy. These actions were combined into four stages: setting goals and objectives for the deposit policy of a commercial bank (strategy development); creation (adjustment) of the organizational structure of a commercial bank (separation of departments for the implementation of the deposit policy and distribution of powers of bank employees); organization of the deposit process (development of internal bank regulations and instructions); organization of management and control in the process of deposit operations. One of the stages in the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and attitudes about their formation for the implementation of strategic and tactical goals.
The assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is proposed to be carried out in five interrelated stages: at the first stage, the organizational aspects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank are evaluated; the second analyzes the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank; the third one assesses the sufficiency of deposit resources attracted by a commercial bank; the fourth determines the efficiency of using the deposit resources of a commercial bank; and, finally, at the fifth, a decision is made on maintaining the current deposit policy of the bank or its adjustment.
An assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank based on an independent bank of the Tyumen region made it possible to give a number of recommendations for improving its deposit activities.
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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
" VOLGOGRAD ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE"
Faculty of Economics
Department of Economics and Finance
Course work
by discipline
Economics of the Organization
Deposit policy of commercial banks
Fulfilled student of group F-201
Dyubenko Ekaterina Dmitrievna
scientific adviser
Doctor economic sciences, Professor
Ivanova Tatyana Borisovna
Volgograd
Introduction
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.1 The essence and role of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.2 Development of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and its determinants
1.3 Types of commercial bank deposits
Chapter 2. Deposit policy of Russian commercial banks and its improvement in modern conditions
2.1 Deposit policy of Russian commercial banks in modern conditions
2.2 Deposit insurance as one of the ways to improve the deposit policy
Conclusion
List of used literature
The modern banking system of the Russian Federation is characterized by a transition to a qualitatively new stage of development, due to the increasing competition of credit institutions and the need to maintain or strengthen market positions, which affects all areas of banking without exception. In recent years, banking experts have noted the increasing influence of the deposit policy of commercial banks on the development of their activities.
The purpose of this work is to study the deposit policy of commercial banks and the directions of its change in Russia.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
– to study the essence and role of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
- show the procedure for developing the deposit policy of a commercial bank and its determining factors;
- consider the types of commercial bank deposits;
– to analyze the deposit policy of Russian commercial banks in modern conditions;
– consider deposit insurance as one of the ways to improve the deposit policy
Object of study - deposit policy of commercial banks.
Subject of study - economic and organizational relations that develop in the process of formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The study is based on the use of statistical and analytical samples, as well as on the use of the grouping method, cost and comparative analysis according to the dynamic state of the studied indicators.
deposit policy commercial bank
The essence of the course lies in a comprehensive study of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the goals and objectives of its development and implementation, in the development of practical approaches to assessing the deposit policy. The most significant elements are as follows:
1) the content of the concepts "deposit", "deposit policy of a commercial bank" has been clarified; justified the need to consider the deposit, taking into account the needs of depositors, legal norms governing relations between the bank and the depositor, the characteristics of funds in deposit accounts;
2) proposed a procedure for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, including: setting goals and objectives of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The practical significance of the course work lies in the use of research results in the activities of a commercial bank in order to develop the foundations for the formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. The main ideas of the study, its conclusions and recommendations are formulated taking into account the possibility of their practical implementation.
The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
The successful development and efficient functioning of a commercial bank cannot be ensured without taking into account the peculiarities of the activity of the credit institution itself and its clients.
A deposit is money transferred by legal entities and individuals in national or foreign currency to a bank for temporary use, while maintaining the right of depositors to dispose of them in accordance with the account regime and banking legislation, according to which the bank assumes obligations to return and pay the amounts stipulated by the agreement percent.
In modern economic literature, there are three approaches to the definition of the term "deposit policy of a commercial bank".
The first approach involves considering the deposit policy as an integral part of the liability management system (raised funds). This point of view involves considering the deposit policy in the system of measures for managing the bank's liabilities and liquidity, the purpose of which is to minimize the risk of deposit portfolio formation (deposit diversification), interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Consideration of the deposit policy as one of the components of liability management is not unreasonable, since, in a broad sense, the management of passive operations is an activity related to attracting funds from depositors and other creditors and determining the appropriate combination of sources of funds for a given bank. In a narrower sense, passive management refers to activities aimed at meeting liquidity needs by actively seeking borrowed funds as needed.
The essence of the second approach is to consider the deposit policy as an integral part of the bank's credit policy. . In accordance with this approach, the essence of the credit policy is revealed as the strategy and tactics of the bank to attract resources on a repayable basis and invest them in terms of lending to the bank's customers. Deposit operations are the basis for the formation of banking resources that are used by the bank when conducting active operations, and this is not only lending, but also investments in securities, participation in the capital of various enterprises and organizations, etc. Therefore, linking the deposit policy exclusively with the credit policy of the bank seems one-sided .
The third approach suggests that the deposit policy of a commercial bank is a policy to attract depositors' funds into deposits and to effectively manage the attraction process. The deposit policy of the bank is the main document regulating the process of attracting temporarily free funds in commercial banks, enterprises, organizations and the public in various kinds of deposits. The deposit policy should be based on documents that define the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as "Credit policy", "Investment policy" .
This point of view seems to be the most accurate, since it considers the deposit policy in conjunction with the banking policy as a whole.
Summing up the three approaches described above, we can say that the bank's strategy for raising funds should be consistent with the bank's policy for conducting active operations, primarily credit and investment. In addition, the deposit policy involves the development of regulations for the organization of deposit operations, setting goals in the field of attracting funds from legal entities and individuals, the principles of deposit operations, a combination of methods for attracting and placing funds, and achieving an effective combination of resources. That is, the deposit policy of a commercial bank is a set of principles, methods and methods for implementing consistently related actions to raise funds in deposits (deposits) on a repayable basis and effectively manage them in order to ensure the functioning and development of the bank.
When conducting a deposit policy, the principles of organizing deposit operations and their relationship with the total cash turnover, the ratio of economic and organizational methods in the management of deposit operations, the forms of deposit accounts and their scope, the procedure for opening and closing deposit accounts, the rules for crediting and excluding customer funds, the procedure and conditions for transferring funds from one deposit account to another, the deadlines for keeping funds in deposit accounts.
Only a commercial bank that constantly expands the range of services provided to customers, reduces costs, improves the quality of credit and settlement and cash service, provides various benefits in customer service, offers them various kinds of consultations, etc. Such a comprehensive service plays a significant role in establishing the ratio between the levels of interest rates on credit and deposit operations of the bank. Of particular importance is the level deposit interest, that is, the interest paid to customers of a commercial bank on attracted contributions (deposits), since the basis of the deposit activities of commercial banks is operations to attract funds.
Thus, the essence of the deposit policy is that it allows banks to rationally organize and regulate relationships with customers, manage the process of attracting funds to deposit accounts. When developing a deposit policy, a bank must take into account the interests of various groups of customers: legal entities and individuals. Developing deposit operations, a commercial bank should focus on the needs of customers in banking services, while not forgetting their own interests.
The deposit policy of a commercial bank, being an integral element of banking policy as a whole, should not be considered separately, but taking into account the influence and interdependence of all elements of banking policy.
The fundamental point in the development of banking policy is the precise setting of the goal and the selection of appropriate elements for its implementation. Each bank must be clear about what its strategic goals are. The main goal of a credit institution is called a mission. The goals of the bank's activities are developed to fulfill this mission and serve as criteria for the entire subsequent process of making managerial decisions.
The general goal of the bank as a commercial organization should determine the priorities of its policy from the standpoint of profitability, profitability, liquidity, risk minimization, portfolio optimization (deposit, credit, investment, etc.), its activities and as a social institution from the standpoint of ensuring the interests of shareholders, customers, bank personnel and banking supervisors.
First of all, to determine and develop a strategy, it is necessary to conduct a situational analysis that will allow you to get a complete picture, on the one hand, of the state of the environment in which the bank operates (external analysis), and on the other hand, to characterize its internal potential (internal analysis). ).
When conducting an external analysis, quantitative and qualitative factors are identified that characterize the state of the economy of the country and a particular region that affect the banking system, the degree of their impact on the performance of the bank in retrospect is determined and a forecast is made of their changes in the future, and factors are identified that may significantly affect the performance of the bank. External analysis includes competition analysis, i.e. identifying trends in the development of the market where the bank operates, determining its position in this market compared to competitors.
The internal analysis touches, first of all, on the issues of analyzing the market conquest quantitatively (the existing client base, the dynamics of its change and the volume of services provided) and qualitatively (the quality of services and products offered by the bank and their compliance with client demand); the financial condition of the bank (balance and efficiency of operations); the adequacy of the bank's organizational structure to the tasks it solves and the sufficiency of the skill level of bank personnel.
The main factors influencing the deposit policy of commercial banks are:
The level of confidence in the banking system. Banks and other financial institutions must be reliable, enjoy the trust of the population, and their services must be varied and accessible. An important factor is also the level of service offered by banks to individual depositors, a wide range of relevant services, the development of a network of branches of financial institutions, and the availability of consultations.
The overall political and economic situation in the country should be stable, and the legal framework should guarantee property rights and encourage investment. The state needs to ensure the adoption and unconditional implementation of laws that support the profitability of the population's savings.
Attractive conditions for deposits. At the moment, in connection with the introduction of restrictions on the level of maximum interest rates by the Bank of Russia, commercial banks have to resort to other ways to increase the attractiveness of deposits. First of all, this is "advertising" of certain terms of deposits - capitalization of interest, indication of an effective interest rate that reflects the actual profitability of the deposit, the possibility of making expense transactions, accrual of interest "in advance", immediately after placing funds on deposit, as well as additional banking products and services with special conditions intended exclusively for depositors (credit and debit cards at discounted rates). And, of course, to attract depositors, banks actively hold promotions with drawings of valuable prizes or the issuance of a guaranteed gift.
– Refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The upper limit of bank deposit rates for the population is limited by the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, since when it is exceeded, the degree of tax pressure on the income of individual depositors increases.
The desire of citizens to save more because of the uncertainty of future income, the so-called "rainy day" motive. Citizens' incomes must be large enough to ensure an acceptable level of personal current consumption and the creation of savings, which serve as a guarantee of stability and an increase in living standards. The population should have a propensity to save, due to confidence in the reliability of financial institutions, political and social stability
For a better understanding of deposits and deposit policy, consider the types of deposits. Over time, scientists and economists, due to changes in the structure of the economy and various indicators, talk about new types of deposits. However, in fact, they represent either a more open concept of some types of deposits, or vice versa, a combination of several types of deposits.
The classification below is the most common.
A. Classification of deposits by maturity:
By duration, deposits are divided into "short" and "long", the term of the first, as a rule, does not exceed 6 months, while the term of "long" can be several years. It should be noted that usually, the longer the term of the deposit, the higher the interest rate on it. It is also important that at the end of the term of the deposit, if the depositor has not withdrawn the principal amount of the deposit with interest, the deposit is automatically prolonged on the same terms, unless otherwise specified in the bank agreement.
B. Classification of deposits according to the possibility of replenishment:
Replenishable and non-replenishable deposits:
If replenishment is possible, deposits are divided into replenishable and non-replenishable, and if everything is clear with the latter, i.e. In any case, the deposit cannot be replenished, then replenished deposits contain a number of nuances:
) there may be a limit on the amount of replenishment;
) there may be a limit on the number of deposits per accounting period (for example, no more than once a month).
C. Classification of deposits according to the possibility of withdrawing funds:
Where possible, the withdrawal of funds, deposits are divided into demand deposits, time deposits and deposits with a minimum non-withdrawable balance. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages.
Demand deposit is the type of deposits with the lowest interest, in fact it is just a transfer of money to the bank for safekeeping, however, you do not have to pay money for rent safe deposit box and even there is an opportunity to receive a small percentage from the bank for the use of their funds. The main advantage of this type of deposits is the ability to withdraw the required amount from the deposit account at any time, without any restrictions.
Demand deposits are classified depending on the nature and ownership of the funds held in the accounts:
Funds on settlement, current, budget accounts of enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership;
Funds on special accounts for the storage of funds of various purposeful economic purposes (own funds of enterprises intended for capital investments);
Funds of enterprises and organizations in settlements (funds on correspondent accounts for settlements with other banks; funds of local budgets).
A term deposit is the most profitable type of deposits for depositors, on which the bank, as a rule, gives the depositor the maximum interest, however, the depositor is not able to withdraw funds without losing the accumulated interest (as a rule, in case of early termination of the agreement, the depositor is charged interest at the rate deposits "on demand", which is significantly lower than the interest rate on time deposits).
A deposit with a minimum non-withdrawable balance is a combined form, which is a cross between a term deposit and a demand deposit, as a rule, when opening such a deposit account, the depositor deposits a certain amount that he is not entitled to withdraw before the end of the deposit period (otherwise he loses his interest the rate and interest on the deposit are calculated at the rate of deposits "on demand"), however, all funds in excess of this minimum amount are available for withdrawal without any penalties from the bank and the general interest rate for the deposit is charged on them (as a rule, from monthly capitalization percent).
Capitalization of interest on the deposit:
Interest capitalization is the accrual of interest on the amount of the deposit. As a rule, for most deposits, capitalization is carried out monthly, however, there are cases when capitalization of interest occurs more often (the minimum capitalization period is 1 calendar day, but this option is not profitable for banks and they usually do not go for it) or less often (as a rule, this is a full period the effect of the deposit, for the depositor this means a complete loss of interest in case of early withdrawal of funds, unless otherwise specified in the agreement with the bank).
This type of deposit allows the depositor to make additional contributions and return part of the deposit up to the established value of the minimum balance on the deposit. Interest is accrued at the rate fixed in the agreement, based on the period of actual holding of funds in the deposit and the amount of the deposit, taking into account additional contributions and returns of part of the deposit. Payment of all accrued interest on the deposit is carried out on the last day of the deposit term simultaneously with the return of the deposit amount.
Over the past few years, the bank deposit market has had to experience quite strong changes, which have led to a number of changes. First of all, the economic crisis that began in 2008 should be noted.
As a result of the All-Russian survey of the population and a survey of high-income groups in million-plus cities, more than 2.5 thousand respondents were interviewed using the method of personal formalized interviews. This survey covered the adult population over 18 years of age. The dynamics of growth and the structure of bank deposits were analyzed, as well as the criteria for choosing a bank and the level of trust of different groups of the population in credit institutions.
After almost four years of stable growth in the bank deposit market, the autumn "depositors' panic" of 2008 reversed the trend: the rate of growth in deposit volumes almost halved. The results of the crisis year of 2009, on the contrary, turned out to be more than successful: the volume of household funds in bank accounts increased by 26.7% and amounted to 7.484 trillion rubles; on May 1, 2010, it exceeded the mark of 8 trillion rubles. .
What contributed to this? It is no secret that during the crisis, many banks faced a shortage of liquid funds, and since one of the main sources of replenishment of liquidity is the funds of individuals, banks have joined in an active struggle for the population's money.
And, as a result, in late 2008 - early 2009, all banks began to actively improve the conditions for deposits, for example, interest rates increased significantly, which in some banks reached 20%. Also, depositors were offered a more flexible alternative to the classical placement of funds: many banks had deposits for short and very short periods (from 15 to 30 days), multi-currency deposits, which, in the conditions of currency volatility, allowed depositors to transfer money from one currency to another. Banks began to offer more loyal conditions for early termination of deposits, at which the rate was calculated based on the actual number of days the funds were in the deposit. As one of the ways to attract customers during this period, many banks used various bonuses and gifts. Loyalty programs were launched for existing depositors, allowing them to prolong deposits on more favorable terms.
The actions of the regulator played an equally important role in preventing the outflow of funds. Increase in the guaranteed payout amount, a clear system of payments to depositors of troubled banks
And the fact that about 50% of the funds paid out through the deposit insurance system to clients of problem banks remained in the form of deposits in agent banks that make payments, indicates the trust of the population in the deposit insurance system.
Thus, through the joint efforts of market participants and the regulator, the outflow of funds from the banking sector was stopped.
With regard to the preferences of depositors, the motive of saving "for a rainy day" continues to lead and has even become somewhat more common: 23% in 2008 and 27% in 2010. The second most common goal, which, according to Russians, is worth it to save money for it is the repair of an apartment or house (about a quarter of the respondents in June 2010 were ready to save money for this).
Fig.1 Distribution of answers to the question "Do you have savings, savings?" .
In the minds of the population, in contrast to economic theory, there is a direct relationship between the profitability and reliability of investments: the most profitable are those instruments that are also the most reliable.
Despite the crisis and the decline in real estate prices, in June 2010, the majority of Russians still considered buying a home the most reliable and profitable way to save money. Further, by a wide margin, but approximately at the same level, are accounts in state banks and the purchase of gold and jewelry. The top four is closed by holding funds in the form of cash rubles. In October 2008, when comparing various instruments in terms of profitability/reliability, deposits in state-owned banks and cash rubles looked somewhat less attractive: they had to pay for their reliability with less profitability relative to other instruments.
Traditionally, the most common reason for refusal of a bank deposit, according to the All-Russian survey, is the lack of funds - almost 70%. The reasons that repel people from the idea of investing in a bank were the following: “savings do not protect against inflation” (11%), “banks are not reliable enough” (9%), “bank deposits offer insufficiently high returns” (8 %). At the same time, 46% of Russians, as in October 2008, consider a bank deposit as the most reliable way to invest money.
For high-income groups, the main reasons for deposit refusal are related to the lack of protection against inflation and the insufficient reliability of the bank (Figure 2). Nevertheless, among those representatives of high-income strata who do not use deposits, one can note a positive trend in terms of assessing the reliability of banks and protecting funds from inflation.
Fig.2. Distribution of answers to the question "Why don't you use bank term deposits to keep your savings?" (high-income strata of the population, 2008/2010).
One of the most interesting questions of the study is the criteria that customers use when choosing a bank. The most important criterion influencing the choice of a bank is its public nature - this criterion was chosen by 52% of Russians who have a bank deposit. Moreover, this criterion has absolute leadership both in 2008 and now. The next most popular criterion is the interest rate. The share of those who took this parameter into account when choosing a bank increased from 23% in 2008 to 34% in 2010. The third place is occupied by the convenience of managing funds - 28% chose this option.
Representatives of high-income groups have different priorities regarding the criteria for choosing a bank. The most important for them are the value of the interest rate, the reputation and fame of the bank. Wealthy people pay much less attention to the "statehood" of the bank. The reliability of a bank is determined by its reputation.
Thus, the main criteria for choosing a bank are its reliability, which is primarily associated with the state nature of the bank, profitability and efficiency, as well as ease of use of funds. In general, there are some shifts in the understanding of the banking system by the population - this is evidenced by an increase in attention to the deposit insurance system and a decrease in the popularity of the bank.
For effective work The bank needs, firstly, constant study and forecasting of the state of the banking services market and, secondly, comprehensive planning of banking activities and operational management of the bank's financial resources.
In the pre-crisis period, the population preferred to spend, including on credit, but during the crisis, the population began to accumulate and save more, which led to an increase in savings. According to the National Agency financial research(hereinafter - NAFI), the growth of savings in 2009 amounted to 16.8% against 2.2% in 2008.
However, the growth of interest rates on bank deposits cannot be eternal, and during the period of stabilization of the banking system, since the end of 2009, along with the reduction of the refinancing rate by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, there has been a planned reduction in interest rates in commercial banks. In 2010, the downward trend in rates continued, despite individual cases of increases in deposit rates by the main players in the market. Banks are starting to lend again, which means that the issue of reducing the cost of attracted resources and lengthening their maturity becomes relevant. This is necessary for banks to enable the development and implementation of competitive loan products. And therefore it is quite logical that banks began to reduce rates on deposits. For many banks, deposits attracted during the crisis at inflated interest rates are already becoming an unbearable burden.
The crisis did not go unnoticed for both banks and depositors. The latter have become more selective when choosing banks. First of all, the following factors play a significant role in choosing a bank at the present time: interest rate, the possibility of replenishing the deposit and partial withdrawal funds, the possibility of early termination without loss of interest, interest capitalization, various loyalty programs. At the same time, as practice shows, customers are interested in the reliability of the bank, but this is not a decisive factor, since the average depositors, as a rule, place funds within the amount guaranteed by the state.
And the banks themselves, in turn, began to take a more balanced approach to attracting funds from the population, shifting the focus not to increasing the interest rate, but to developing additional services and improving the quality of customer service.
As for the deposit market, most likely it will continue to grow. According to NAFI, today about a quarter of the population of Russia have accumulated savings, while 23% of the population consider bank deposits the most popular form of holding funds, which, in turn, should provide banks with an increase in funds. And since household deposits still remain a significant source of banks' liabilities, this will lead to continued competition in this market.
The largest world crises necessarily affected, and often originated in the banking sector. This was typical of the period of the Great Depression of 1930-1933, the crisis of 1997-1998. and the crisis of 2008-2010. To curb the mass bankruptcy of banks, reduce confidence in the banking system, a tool was created, subsequently used in the banking systems of almost all countries of the world - deposit insurance. Initially, it was aimed at protecting banking institutions from massive outflows of funds. Subsequently, its social significance also manifested itself - the protection of bank customers' funds. In the conditions of the current crisis, by increasing the amount of insurance compensation and extending state guarantees to many bank liabilities, it was possible to somewhat reduce its scale and prevent a massive outflow of funds from credit institutions.
In the Russian Federation, the deposit insurance system was introduced rather late compared to other developed and developing countries - in 2004 (Law "On insurance of deposits of individuals in the Russian Federation" dated December 23, 2003 No. 177-FZ), and the issues of introduction in the country, deposit insurance was repeatedly discussed at the negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO (even in some CIS countries - Ukraine and Kazakhstan - the deposit insurance system was introduced, respectively, in 1998 and 1999). True, until the middle of 2004, the system of insurance guarantees was 100% effective in relation to the depositors of the Savings Bank of Russia. At present, the requirement compulsory insurance deposits applies to all commercial banks that attract and place funds from individuals.
The introduction of the deposit insurance system in Russia largely contributed to the growth in household deposits, which amounted to 468 billion rubles. in 2004, 790 billion rubles. in 2005 and 1347 billion rubles. in 2007. Increase in March 2006 of the maximum insurance indemnity from 190 thousand to 400 thousand rubles. led to a change in the structure of deposits in terms of their size: deposits in excess of 100 thousand rubles. increased by more than 46%. Simultaneously, the currency and term structure of deposits changed. Thus, in 2005 the share of deposits with a term of more than three years increased from 2.3% to 5.6%, the share of deposits in Russian currency increased from the beginning of 2004 to the beginning of 2008 from 69.9% to 87.1%, while the share of citizens' money income directed towards savings increased from 4.3% to 6.6%. All these processes were accompanied by a decrease in the share of Sberbank of Russia in the market of deposits of individuals: in 2004, 62.7% of citizens kept their savings in Sberbank of Russia, in 2007 - 51.4%. Since 2009 maximum insurance compensation is 700 thousand rubles.
In the conditions of strengthening the consequences of the global crisis, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the deposit insurance system and, as a result, restore confidence in the country's banking system. To achieve these goals, we believe it is necessary to carry out a number of activities:
raise the maximum amount of compensation to the level of European countries and determine it in the European currency (similar to the minimum amount of the authorized capital of commercial banks);
to establish differentiated rates of bank contributions to the insurance fund, taking into account the riskiness of the policy and operations carried out, as well as to maintain the base rate at the current level (in 2007 this indicator was reduced from 0.15 to 0.13% of the amount of funds raised, and then reduced up to 0.1);
move to the gradual expansion of the insurance system to deposits of legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and public organizations, as well as to funds placed in pension and investment funds;
by reducing the profitability of financial institutions, to protect, in a certain part, the investments of their clients;
to reduce the period for receiving compensation by optimizing liquidation procedures in bankrupt banks;
increase the transparency of transactions for investing the funds of the Compulsory Fund health insurance, in order to increase the profitability of placed funds;
cancel the commission charged by banks when paying insurance compensation.
The above measures will make it possible to attract funds from legal entities and individuals to the banking sector of the country, which will increase its stability and liquidity, and will also contribute to growth credit opportunities banks.
Deposits are cash or securities deposited with financial and credit, customs, judicial or administrative institutions on behalf of a private or legal entity, which may receive a certain percentage for the use of these amounts in the activities of the specified organization.
The essence of the deposit policy is that it allows banks to rationally organize and regulate relationships with customers, manage the process of attracting funds to deposit accounts.
The fundamental point in the development of banking policy is the precise setting of the goal and the selection of appropriate elements for its implementation.
The objectives of the bank's activities serve as criteria for the entire subsequent process of making managerial decisions. The general purpose of the bank as a commercial organization should determine the priorities of its policy.
When considering the bank's deposit policy as an element of banking policy, it should be taken into account that the objectives of the deposit policy should be consistent with the objectives of a commercial bank and ensure the stable development of the bank. The purpose of the bank's deposit policy is to attract a sufficient amount of funds at minimal cost, to provide such a combination of resources that will create conditions for the effective placement of attracted funds.
Based on this work, we can conclude that the main criteria for choosing a bank are its reliability, which is primarily associated with the state nature of the bank, profitability and efficiency, as well as ease of use of funds. In general, there are some shifts in the understanding of the banking system by the population - this is evidenced by an increase in attention to the deposit insurance system and a decrease in the popularity of the bank. And the banks themselves, in turn, began to take a more balanced approach to attracting funds from the population, shifting their focus not to increasing the interest rate, but to developing additional services and improving the quality of customer service.
In addition, the introduction of a system of deposit insurance in Russia largely contributed to the growth of household deposits. At the same time, as practice shows, customers are interested in the reliability of the bank, but this is not a decisive factor, since the average depositors, as a rule, place funds within the amount guaranteed by the state.
In the context of the consequences of the global crisis, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the deposit insurance system and, as a result, restore confidence in the country's banking system.
A study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and an assessment of the current situation in the field of attracting funds for deposits made it possible to develop a number of proposals and recommendations for improving the policy. Thus, in order to strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential, the bank is offered:
– Expand the list of existing deposits, focusing on different segments of the population with different income levels.
– To pay interest on placed deposits in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses. In this case, the investor, when placing funds for a certain period, immediately receives the income due to him. However, if the agreement is terminated early, the bank will recalculate the interest on the deposit and the overpaid amounts will be deducted from the deposit amount.
– Pay more attention to the policy of deposit insurance.
The confidence of the population in Russian commercial banks is increasing every year, as evidenced by the statistics given in the work, the volume of deposits of individuals is growing, which is also facilitated by attractive deposit programs of banks.
Unfortunately, the choice of a bank is often made according to one of the key features: state affiliation, interest rate, extensive branch network and the presence of a branch close to home. Many depositors, especially the elderly, most often do not have the opportunity to use the resources of the Internet and specialized periodicals, familiarize themselves with and compare the deposit programs of various banks, and assess the reputation of the bank they like.
Many potential investors are still lost in diversity deposit programs without having enough experience to compare different offers. As a result of the reduction of the deposit line and the allocation of several types of deposits that have differences understandable to the consumer in terms of interest rates and conditions, both banks and consumers will benefit.
It is necessary to further increase public confidence in the banking system by all means, explaining both the regulations adopted to protect depositors and the programs of banks themselves, helping potential depositors navigate the variety of offers. It is also important to popularize the precedents for reimbursement by the state of losses on deposits of the population, which will have a positive impact on the number of bank deposit agreements concluded.
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11. URL: http://o-kreditah1.ru/
Commercial banks, as already noted, are beginning to actively attract deposits from the population on a mutually beneficial basis. The success and efficiency of their activities depend, first of all, on the general economic situation, on legislative framework, stability of the political system and a number of other circumstances. The development of radical ways of development in the face of competitive pressure depends on the banks themselves.
The planning system in banks is the development of strategies, policies and tactics of activities in market economy. The strategy is determined on the basis of a system of forecasts and plans long term development(for banks from 18 months to 3-5 years), policy - medium-term plans, and tactics - short-term, operational, flexible plans (programs) for a period of several months to one year.
One of the important aspects of the bank's activity is the implementation of an optimal deposit policy, which, for certain reasons, is of great importance for the implementation of effective banking activities to attract funds to deposits and effectively manage them.
The main document regulating in a commercial bank the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the “Deposit Policy of the Bank”. This document is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development, as well as in close connection with such documents that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as "Credit policy” and “Investment policy”. The document "Deposit Policy" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides for: prospects for the growth of the bank's own funds (capital), and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds; the structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, etc.); preferred types of contributions and deposits; the ratio between time deposits (deposits) and for the period "on demand"; the main contingent of deposits and deposits, i.e. the category of depositors; the geography of attracting and borrowing funds; conditions for attracting deposits; methods of attracting (based on bank account, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit) agreements, by issuing own certificates; new forms of attracting funds to deposits; special conditions for opening certain types of deposits, measures to comply with bank risk standards for attracted funds /13/.
A number of structural subdivisions of the bank, including management bodies, are engaged in the development and implementation of the bank's deposit policy in close interconnection with each other. In order to carry out practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit operations (separately for deposits of individuals and for deposits of legal entities); which stipulate: the rules and conditions for accepting deposits, the legal status of subjects of contractual relations; the procedure for concluding a bank deposit agreement, its content, methods of accepting and issuing a deposit; a list of documentation required for opening and using the deposit, and the requirements for them; the rights of depositors and the obligation of the bank; methods of accrual and payment of interest on deposits.
Intra-bank instructions on the procedure for performing specific deposit operations prescribe the organization of the work of a branch (subdivision) of a bank with various categories of depositors; the procedure for issuing documents corresponding to the commission of these operations, the scheme of their document flow; reflection in the accounting of operations for the acceptance and issuance of deposits, accrual and payment of interest on them.
The deposit policy is a system of measures aimed at mobilizing free funds of legal entities and individuals in the form of deposits for the purpose of their subsequent active use on a mutually beneficial basis. Funds transferred from one person to another on the terms of the return of this amount in nominal terms, with the addition of a predetermined premium, act as a beneficial tool not only for depositors, as they receive remuneration, but also for the financial intermediaries themselves. Many deposits are able to create loan capital, which is then placed on favorable terms in any sector of the economy.
The system of relations, with the help of which the bank's deposit policy is formed, is a set of measures to attract depositors and improve the quality of customer service - based on liquidity, reliability and profitability of investments.
The most important task of the deposit policy is to create the necessary conditions for increasing the bank's deposit base.
Firstly, the strategy and tactics developed by the bank to attract deposits helps to increase the number of potential depositors. Attractive deposit policy, creation favorable conditions investments for depositors increase the competitiveness of this bank over others.
Secondly, due to the increase in the number of client-depositors, the amount of attracted funds increases, which allows the bank to intensify its credit policy. That is, thanks to the effective rate of the deposit policy, the bank has the opportunity not to resort to various expensive borrowings in the interbank credit market or to look for other sources of raising funds. In this regard, commercial banks must constantly take care of both the quantitative and qualitative improvement of their deposit funds. They use various methods for this: the interest rate, various services and benefits for depositors.
At the same time, banks observe several fundamental principles for organizing deposit operations.
Deposit operations should contribute to making a profit or create conditions for making a profit in the future.
Deposit operations should be varied and conducted with different entities.
Particular attention in the process of conducting deposit operations should be paid to term deposits.
The relationship and consistency between deposit operations and lending operations in terms of terms and amounts should be ensured.
When organizing deposit and credit operations, the bank should strive to minimize free resources.
The bank should take steps to develop banking services that help attract deposits.
The organization of the deposit policy is based on the principle of forming an effective deposit portfolio. In market conditions, the place and role of the deposit portfolio in the overall development strategy of the bank is significantly increasing, which is due to an increase in the number and quality of services offered, the growth of various types of deposits, and, in connection with this, the expansion of the boundaries of the social activities of the state.
A deposit portfolio is a set of all types of deposits invested in a bank by depositors. The deposit portfolio, being a tool for implementing the deposit policy, reflects the sources of formation and directions of use of funds. It can be judged by the passive part of the bank's balance sheet. The prepared balance sheet of the bank acts as an effective tool for banking financial control. Through the balance sheet, you can follow the course of all banking operations in order to control, financial condition. That is, the transfer of funds from liabilities to assets is carried out by transforming the deposit portfolio into loan portfolio jar.
Banks, in the course of their activities, face a huge number of risks. The most common type of risk is the risk associated with bank deposit operations. Therefore, the task of the bank is the effective management of the deposit portfolio.
The specifics of the management of deposit operations in banks is determined by the solution of a number of tasks, which include:
The successful operation of banks depends, first of all, on the solution of these basic tasks. Thus, an analysis of the activities of commercial banks in attracting deposits will make it possible to better understand the problems that exist at this stage and develop a further strategic development program.
In order to identify problems in the development of the deposit business, the author carried out a SWOT analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Kazakh banks may face when carrying out deposit operations.
In commercial banks, there are internal and external environments in which certain changes take place. The internal environment (or micro-level) includes financial management, personnel management, banking marketing. The external environment (or macro-level) consists of the external environment of direct influence and the external environment of indirect influence. The external environment of direct impact covers investors: individuals and legal entities, competitors. The external environment of indirect impact includes the following factors: economic, demographic, social, geographical.
Based on the study, the following results were identified (Table 1.3).
Table 1.3. SW0T analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in commercial banks when working with deposit operations.
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Strengths |
Weak sides |
Capabilities |
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Internal environment |
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Deposit Policy |
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Differentiation of types of deposits, increase in the number of types of deposits of individuals and legal entities |
Growth trend of money in term deposit accounts compared to demand deposits |
Opportunity to intensify work on the creation of a system for guaranteeing demand deposits |
Lower deposit rates could subsequently lead to an outflow of savings from accounts in other types of investments (more profitable) |
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HR management |
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Operational work banking employees with deposits, deposit accounts, thanks to modern banking technologies |
Insufficiently developed system of consulting and explanatory work by bank employees directly with the population on the profitability of investing savings |
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Due to the lack of information and experience of depositors, insufficient accumulation of free funds by banks is possible |
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Bank Marketing |
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Insufficient risk assessment in banking activities, deposit operations |
Development of a comprehensive marketing program to attract deposits |
Late detection of problems can lead to adverse consequences |
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Spring environment direct impact |
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Contributors - fuyuyuyuufffffiphysical individualsindividuals |
individuals |
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Increasing the number of savers willing to invest in savings |
Lack of awareness of some depositors about the types and benefits of certain deposits |
Constant improvement by individual investors of the level of their competence in matters of investment |
Ignorance and incompetence can lead to accumulation of funds in the hands of the population |
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Contributors - legal entities |
legal entities |
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Thanks to quality service increase in trust legal entities to |
Insufficient development production complex |
Lending real sector economy can return the money borrowed from the bank back - in the form of deposits |
Active development stock market can lead to capital flight from deposit securities accounts |
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Competitors |
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Each bank has your individual ness and thus their permanent clients |
banks leads to churn of customers smaller |
Tracking situations and opportunities competitors |
The concentration of bank capital, the consolidation of second-tier banks (especially large ones) can lead to a monopoly position on the deposit |
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External environment of indirect impact |
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Economic factor |
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revival production properties, increase volumes of raw materials export, decrease in unemployment |
Rate growth Foreign currencies against national |
Creation favorable investment climate and guarantee tenge deposits (in change exchange difference) |
unstable economic the situation may lead to withdrawal of deposits from accounts |
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Demographic factor ric |
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active part population remains the only investor on deposit market |
number population, low demographic indicators, emigration population |
State policy on stimulate population growth |
amount population - small amount |
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social factor |
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Normalization market situation |
Insufficient social security some layers population |
State politics formation income of the population |
Insufficient Incomes of the population will lead, along with inflation, to a downward trend in demand for deposits |
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Geographic factor |
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For residents of Almaty concentration of banks in a single territory, for regions branches big banks |
Remoteness of regions from banking institutions, Insufficient branch network, inconvenient ter-th location |
Creation of branches not only big specializing in deposits |
Investing money in other areas |
Based on the identified problems, it is possible to develop a strategy for the formation of a deposit policy. In order to strengthen the financial stability of commercial banks, it is necessary to form an effective banking policy, one of the components of which is the deposit policy. According to G.S. Panova, the deposit policy is "... a banking policy to raise funds in deposits and effectively manage them, or a bank's strategy and tactics to attract funds from depositors and other creditors and determine the most effective combination of resources" /9/.
Formation of the deposit policy should be carried out in three stages:
At the research stage, the bank studies the needs of customers: what types of deposits are the most attractive, what interest rates to set for one or another type of deposits, deposits. All this should be implemented taking into account the bank's capabilities to carry out certain banking operations. At this stage, the bank also studies and analyzes the market, which includes: analysis of the environment, the market, the place and role of the bank in this market. That is, such parameters as the geographical location of the bank, proximity to the client, sufficiency of the branch network, city or countryside, the presence of competitors must be studied and taken into account at the initial stage of developing a deposit policy.
At the planning stage, the bank analyzes and evaluates the profit on deposit operations, plans possible risks, expands the range of services provided, etc.
The stage of making and implementing decisions is perhaps the most important and responsible, since at this stage it is decided how much deposits will be attracted for the planned period. Here, such a factor as the very procedure for attracting funds to deposits plays a role (successful work of bank personnel with clients: explanatory work on the types, terms and benefits of deposits, etc.). An important role at this stage is also played by advertising and the production of an advertising campaign. And, finally, the correct and efficient management of assets and liabilities depends on the bank for a more rational use of financial resources and reducing the imbalance between attracted and invested funds.
The development and maintenance of the deposit policy includes the development of such important areas as:
commodity policy, including innovation;
sales policy;
pricing policy;
service policy, including personnel;
Commodity strategy and policy produced in the marketing system, are associated with the selection and implementation of planning the process of providing, offering and selling bank deposits. The essence of the commodity policy is to determine and maintain the optimal structure of the set of deposit services provided by the bank, which must be sold from the point of view of the goals of the bank itself. The main objectives of the commodity policy are: determination and satisfaction of the needs of consumers-clients; optimal use of technological knowledge and experience of the bank itself; optimization of financial results; transformation of potential deposit services into real ones and compliance with the principles of flexibility in the processes of providing deposit services; optimal qualification of personnel, etc. /8/.
Commodity policy includes - a strategy for expanding controlled market segments and involves increasing the volume of existing deposit services in already conquered markets. To implement such a strategy, the following options are available:
find and use weak sides deposit services provided by competitors;
to convince potential consumers to use the service of this particular bank and attract new customers.
Offer additional services related to the acquisition, provision and maintenance of deposit services.
The product development strategy is based on intensive research work to improve the already provided deposit services, expand their modifications and the way they are provided, which improves their consumer properties. In other words, it is necessary to position the deposits, which means determining their features, characteristic features that distinguish them from their peers. Positioning strengthens the position of a particular deposit in a particular market segment and increases its relevance to the needs of certain clients.
Next, it is necessary to determine the assortment policy, i.e., the optimal set of deposits provided, the most preferable for successful operation in a particular market and ensuring the necessary economic efficiency of the bank as a whole. Assortment strategy can be expressed in the development of the following areas:
product differentiation, i.e., the allocation by the bank of its own deposit products that are different from the products of competitors, providing for them separate niches of demand;
narrow commodity specialization (the specific activity of the bank in the provision of certain banking services). Most often, specialized banks are guided by this direction;
commodity diversification, which is mainly followed by universal banks;
The strategy of conquering new markets involves expanding the scope of services for external and domestic markets, increasing the number of real investors. This strategy is based on the production marketing concept, and the bank's management takes steps such as:
study of demographic markets (for new social groups of the population);
market analysis of retail organizations (contractors, suppliers, competitors);
analysis of the specifics of individual geographical markets.
Sales policy. The developed sales policy strategy includes complex analysis and customer service, i.e. the study of the best possible options for providing a package of deposit services to fully satisfy the needs of traditional markets and consumers and attract new ones. The main objectives of the sales policy of banks and banking institutions are:
market analysis, including the definition total share the market served by a particular bank;
market shares of stocks and deposits by categories of customers and their affiliation to different industries; shares of the controlled market in comparison with the institutions of the parabanking system The institutions of the parabanking system include pawnshops, credit unions and partnerships, mutual credit societies, etc.; analysis of marketing information containing the classification of customers by geographic, gender and age characteristics, income level, etc.
For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze some of the main factors influencing the sales policy.
Analysis of a specific market, market segment ("niches", "windows"). The market segment is:
A part of the market allocated in a certain way, in which a certain type of banking services are implemented;
Identification of groups of potential and real consumers that make up one or part of a certain specific audience. Naturally, the individual elements of these groups must have some common features by which they are classified;
The concept of "market segment" covers a large number of producers and consumers. Depending on the criterion for selecting a specific segment and the sign of market segmentation, the set of services provided can be geographic, national, gender, age, professional, economic, property.
Geographic features include: the size of the region, density and population, climatic conditions, administrative division (city, village), remoteness from the bank, etc. The use of this feature is especially necessary when there are climatic differences between regions or peculiarities of cultural, national, historical traditions, as well as consumer habits and preferences on the market.
Demographic characteristics - age, gender of the consumer, family size and life cycle, number of children - are among the most commonly used segmentation criteria. This is due to the availability of their characteristics, as well as the presence of a significant correlation between them and the demand for banking services (sales volume).
The age division of the bank's clientele is determined by the concept of the life cycle, which suggests that a person throughout his life from birth to death goes through a series of successive stages. On each of them, he has certain needs, that is, over time, people change tastes, desires and values. The classic differentiation of consumers, taking into account the sequence of important stages in the life of an adult, is used in his book " Life cycle and financial opportunities of consumers ”John B. Lansing and James N. Morgan //, focusing on the family (Table 1.4):
Table 1.4 Segmentation of consumers by life cycle stages
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Life cycle stage |
Possible segments |
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Unmarried, bachelor period |
Young people living separately |
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Newly created families |
Newlyweds without children |
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Complete family, 1st stage |
Young couples with young children under 6 |
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Complete family, stage 2 |
Young couples with children aged 6 and over |
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Complete family, stage 3 |
Married couple living with minor children |
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"Empty Nest", Stage 1 |
Elderly working couples with whom children do not live |
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"Empty Nest", Stage 2 |
Elderly retired couples with no children |
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Elderly singles |
Widowed persons with whom children do not live |
Lansing J. B. Morgan J. N. "Life cycle and financial opportunities of consumers." Per. from English.
Banks should also take into account age differentiation when identifying target markets in the total mass of customers, which may look like this (Table 1.5):
It is easy for the bank to segment customers by age, since when opening bank accounts they are interviewed and filled in personal account data containing detailed information about age, family composition, marital status, level of education, etc.
Socio-economic characteristics imply the identification of groups of clients based on the commonality of social and professional affiliation, level of education and income, family status and nationality, etc. Thus, the higher the family income, the greater the need for a variety of banking services. Marital status also matters, as single people tend to use banking services less.
People with good, stable jobs and promotion prospects have an increased demand for loans and savings services. They are the most attractive as an object of the marketing strategy of a commercial bank, as they have a stable and growing income.
Table 1.5Segmentation of bank customers by age
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age sign |
Customer segmentation |
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Youth (16-22 years old) |
students; people who started working; adults preparing for marriage |
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Young people who formed a family (25-30 years old) |
People buying homes and consumer durables (for the first time); people with careers but limited finances. The task is to improve living conditions, providing financial protection families, education for children |
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Persons of "mature age" (40-55 years) |
There is an increase in income as a decrease financial obligations. Purpose - planning of insurance and pension provision |
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Persons preparing for retirement (age 55 and over) |
Those who have accumulated capital strive to preserve it and ensure a real stable income. |
* Lansing J. B., Morgan J. N. "Life cycle and financial opportunities of consumers /" Transl. from English, M. 1971, p.48
Identification and analysis of competitors' activities. For this purpose it is necessary:
identify potential and real competitors in each market segment; banks producing services are substitutes in the segment. These include banks and banking institutions providing services-analogues in the same market segments; banking institutions serving other markets with analogue services and whose intrusion into this market is very likely;
group banks competitors;
conduct an operational and prospective analysis of competitors' activities.
Pricing policy. Bank management faces an old dilemma when deciding on the pricing of deposit services: banks must provide high enough interest income to customers to attract and maintain deposits, but must also avoid too high interest rates that could absorb any profits received from the use of funds from deposits. Strong competition for deposits complicates the solution of this problem, since competition leads to an increase in interest costs on deposits and at the same time reduces the expected profit from the turnover of attracted funds.
market, not separate bank, ultimately sets the level of all prices. In this regard, the management of the bank must decide whether it wants to attract more deposits and keep them all for the time being by offering depositors at least a market-determined price, or else it wants to get rid of deposits by offering customers deposits at below market terms. Bank managers often have to choose between growth and profitability.
The determining factor in setting the interest rate on time deposits (deposits) is the term for which the funds are placed: than longer term, the higher the percentage. An equally important factor is the amount of the deposit, and, therefore, the larger the amount of the deposit and the longer the period of its storage, the higher the interest rate on it. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is inversely related to the frequency of payment of income, i.e. the less often they are made, the higher the level of the interest rate on the deposit (deposit) set by the bank. Payment of interest on a deposit (deposit) can be made:
monthly;
once a quarter;
upon expiration of the contract.
In order to stimulate the attraction of customer funds to time accounts in the bank, the conditions of deposits (deposits) may provide for the capitalization of interest. It is possible if the bank uses the technique of compound interest (calculation of interest on interest) when calculating income.
In world banking practice, there are various methods for pricing deposits, I propose to consider some of them /17/.
Formation of prices for deposits using the "cost plus profit" method. The idea of paying customers all the costs of servicing deposits is not accepted by all banks. In fact, during the 60s. the idea that customers should get more free services was welcomed as a smart innovation. This responded to growing demands from other financial intermediaries that were taking over the traditional banking markets and diverting significant amounts of bank deposits. However, many banks soon began to question the wisdom of the new marketing strategy as they were overwhelmed by a flood of small, costly deposits that inflated the banks' operating costs. Thus, the price of the service can be divided into components according to the following scheme:
Scheme 1.2 Cost plus profit pricing scheme.
COST PLUS PROFIT PRICING SCHEME
