Consider what recommendations the designer should follow when developing a plan for a private house (as well as a plan overhaul residential buildings, plan frame house, architectural plan of the house, working on the problem: houses, apartments layout)
After reviewing architectural plan of the house, you can find out not only the size of housing, but also the number of rooms, utility rooms. The plan clearly shows how the rooms of the house are interconnected - what is usually called the arrangement of rooms. By the way, in the second part of this article you can read about the rules and the building construction plan from the point of view of housing legislation
It goes without saying that the functional and operational properties of a dwelling are organically dependent on the nature of the layout of the dwelling.
The most complete use of the spaces of the house increases the so-called. "quality of housing". The house should have places for recreation, solitude, entertainment, etc.
Room functions. Naturally, the future owners themselves decide which rooms to divide the house into. In general, the premises can be divided into several groups. The main ones can be called two - premises for daytime use, as well as for night use.
So, for example, the living room, dining room and kitchen in the specialized literature are referred to as the premises of the daily zone, since they are most often used during the day.
Individual house design, cottage(two-story), and also imply that the above premises are preferably located on the ground floor, since close proximity to nature (garden) is of great importance for psychologically comfortable communication. These rooms require the most sunlight. They try to locate them from the southwest, southeast or south side.
The night zone includes sleeping quarters, a bathroom and a wardrobe. These are the so-called private rooms. They should not be placed on the sunny side. An exception may be the bedroom - it is desirable that sunlight falls into its windows in the morning. Orient these rooms to the east, northeast and southeast. In houses with more than one floor, the night zone rooms are usually located on one of the upper floors.
Link diagram. The figure below shows the relationship between rooms in different zones.
On the architectural plans premises, as a rule, are indicated by numbers, and then an explanation of them is given on the explication functional purpose. Sometimes letter abbreviations are used to symbolize premises: K-r- the corridor; Mrs.- living room; St-I- canteen; K-I- kitchen; Cl.- pantry; Sp.- bedroom; V-I- bathroom; G-b- wardrobe; WC- toilet
Those who had to build themselves know how independent work begins. house design, cottage etc. Usually these are pencil sketches on a sheet of paper, where the general arrangement of the premises is outlined. This period is associated with arguments and disputes, such as: where is it better to place the living room and how will it communicate with the kitchen, how to carve out an area for a small office without significantly reducing the size of the bedroom, etc.
For one-story house there are options, for a multi-storey building - their own. In two-story houses, an attic or attic is often arranged on the second floor.
Wish rating: making up plan of a private house or residential building overhaul plan, the architect must get acquainted with the wishes of the customer, which will give him a lot of necessary information. The architect determines how best to connect different rooms functionally and compositionally, how to organize the interior space, in which room how much sunlight should be, etc. The architect is familiar with the design of the building, knows where it is possible to increase the load by placing a mezzanine, to what size wall and window openings should be changed without violating the overall composition of the dwelling.
Several different house architectural plans(click on the image to enlarge). The first is a long rural house (obsolete type). Through the covered veranda you can get into the rooms and into the middle room - the kitchen. The second and third are plans for American single-family homes. Entering the house, we immediately find ourselves in a living room, which also serves as a reception for guests. At the back of the house there is a kitchen, which has two exits - one to the dining room, and the second to another living room. Feature - the rooms can be accessed from the garage.
Movement within housing. The location of the premises determines the nature of movement within the dwelling. At the same time, the location of the entrance to the house is fundamental. It goes without saying that the intimate areas of the family should be located away from the entrance and from places of heavy traffic. The hallway (corridor) space can be increased only at the expense of the living room space. Therefore, already when drawing up a plan, the hallway space must be designed very thoughtfully: it should be minimal in size, but as compact and comfortable as possible. The figures show the interdependence of the location of the entrance to the house and the size of the corridor.
By creating architectural plan of the house, remember: access to any living space must be provided directly from the hallway!
From this point of view, our conclusions can be schematically represented as follows:
1. the shortest possible corridor; 2. longer corridor = requires more space; 3. requires even more space; 4. too much space for movement; 5. broken contour = less room to move around.
Designing a house, a cottage should include determining the optimal ratio between living space and corridor area.
Lightweight structures and greater openness (visibility) of the premises from the outside are characteristic of houses of modern construction. From prying eyes, of course, the intimate part of the home (bathroom, toilet, bedroom) is hidden.
A large continuous space can be "split" - either by changing the shape of the perimeter of the building (the architect's task), or by using mobile furniture structures and specially designed wall cabinets (the designer's task). In the latter case, it remains possible to change the appearance of the interior from time to time. Naturally, movement around the house should remain as free as possible. It should not be considered successful if one of the rooms serves as a corridor at the same time (for example: an internal "blind" room in old communal houses).
Houses, apartments - layout and layout in space: The house can be one-story, two- or multi-story, or "broken" if it stands on steep slope. (Sometimes the word "cascading" is used instead of the term "broken").
Plan of a private one-story house. A house is considered one-story if the difference in the heights of the floors of its premises above ground level does not exceed 2-3 stairs. Rooms with different floor heights belong to different zones.
Plan of a one-story, well-viewed house with a garden. The day zone (it is shaded in yellow) is a public space, clearly separated from the night zone - an intimate space (it is shaded in purple). Since the house stands on a slope, the rooms of the daily zone are lowered one by two stairs relative to the other (about 30 cm). If the height of the ceilings is the same everywhere, then the rooms of both zones are arranged relative to each other like terraces, using all the advantages of morning (from the east) and afternoon (from the west) sunlight.
Plan of a private house: two-story houses. The floors of the two-story house are connected to each other by means of an internal staircase. The entrance to the house and the premises of the day zone are usually located on the first floor, and the premises of the night zone - on the second. Sometimes they arrange two bathrooms: one on each of the floors (for example, on the lower floor there is a shower, and on the upper floor there is a room with a bath). Toilets, in accordance with modern trends, it is desirable to provide on each floor. It is easy to guess that the bedroom of a two-story dwelling provides more intimacy than the bedroom of a one-story dwelling. If the house stands on a steep slope, then the difference in the heights of the floors of individual parts of the dwelling above ground level can reach 1.30-1.40 m, that is, half a floor ("broken" house). This circumstance can be advantageously used when dividing the dwelling into functional zones.
Frame house plan: two-story house,in which a family of three generations lives. On the ground floor there is a daytime common area: a kitchen-dining room, a living room (shaded in yellow), as well as a bedroom for the older generation (grandparents) with a separate bathroom (shaded in purple). On the second floor are the father's and mother's bedrooms and the children's bedroom, each with its own bathroom. The visual connection between the floors is ensured by the fact that from the gallery on the second floor you can see the premises of the day zone of the first floor.
Frame house plan: Two-story single-family house.On the ground floor there are common family premises of the daily zone: living room, dining room, kitchen, pantry. Taking into account current trends, two rooms near the entrance can be used as an office, shop or other private enterprise. On the top floor there are three rooms, each of which can be accessed from the hall, as well as a combined bathroom.
CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSE OVER TIME
Changes in family composition. The house can serve its residents for a very long time, decades. However, over time, the composition of the family changes, which may necessitate the reorganization of the home, the development home renovation plan. The easiest option is to change the functions of the rooms, for example, move older children to a larger room. However, sometimes this is not enough, and you need to turn to a specialist who reorganizes the home, linking rooms in a new way or changing the size of the functional space. Such a reorganization of the home involves not only moving partitions; an architect or designer can offer other solutions. We will talk about them in detail in the next lessons.
The figures below show how the composition of the family affects the organization of the home, how the appearance of the house, apartment, its layout changes over time (click on the picture to enlarge).
Also pay attention to one more picture. The examples illustrate the reorganization of space occupied by children (click to enlarge).
HOUSING ASSOCIATION (house overhaul plan)
When designing a house, cottage, etc. it may be necessary to combine not only the premises of one dwelling, but also two adjacent dwellings. This requires a more serious approach and calculations on the part of the designer, since it is possible to weaken the load-bearing elements of the building!
| A large dissected multifunctional space consists of a living room, a dining room and a kitchen, and from any point there is a view of the garden through the glazed walls. The sleeping area is separate, and two children's rooms are connected by a common wardrobe; the bathroom is also shared. The parents' bedroom, guest room and nursery (for small children) are located on the second floor of the house, apartment. The layout can also change over time. | Plan of a villa built in the 30s (Hungary). The layout of the house is simple and transparent; a large living room performs several functions here, thanks to the delimitation of space by movable partitions. |
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Drawing products are produced by us in compliance with the rules and regulations. It refers to the architectural part. Engineering sections, if calculation is required, must be performed by specialists in these areas. To ensure a quality result and to avoid errors, work on the site should begin after the transfer to the construction team of the agreed album of working drawings. A very important and necessary stage of cooperation with the architect takes place already during construction. it architectural or architectural supervision. On it, if we want to remove or add something, we can correctly make valid changes. COMMON ERRORS! As an example of problems that arise due to non-compliance with the sequence of works, one can cite the following: first the foundation is cast, and only then the architect is invited. Don't forget - the foundation is at least main part house than walls and roof, it is better to plan it together in mutual connection with the whole volume. In the case of the interior or construction of a house, it is certainly possible to invite an architect already in the process of construction, but it will not be as cost-effective as if it is done on time. In this case, the probability of errors increases, the object may become ill-conceived. It would be more correct to form the concept of future construction in advance and develop drawings. Builders can wait, you should not respond to a provocation: "we will start, while you compose ..". |
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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1 . Objects of architectural and urban planning activities
So what does an architect do? His professional activity is to create architectural objects. Once their list included palaces, temples, fortifications, carriages, ships.
A.K. Burov in the book "On Architecture" there is a parable: ... In the warm waters of the prehistoric ocean, inhabited by various creatures, gradually improving and adapting to the surrounding conditions, "came to the first place" ichthyosaurs. They were the strongest, dexterous, hardy and were armed with terrible teeth. Numerous attempts to attack ichthyosaurs ended in the inevitable death of the attackers. Attempts became less and less frequent and soon ceased altogether. One kind of formidable monsters inspired fear. Fear of ichthyosaurs has become a hereditary instinct in all reptiles. At the same time, the feeling of invulnerability and superiority became a hereditary instinct in ichthyosaurs. Centuries have passed...
And then, one day, some kind of reptile, which, obviously, hereditary respect had disappeared, risked attacking an ichthyosaur. She swam up, turned around - and ... bit. Enraged, stunned by impudence, the ichthyosaur rushed at the enemy with an open mouth, in which ... there were no teeth. The teeth have atrophied.
The ichthyosaurs were destroyed."
So architecture included all the knowledge that mankind possessed. Architecture was also called, as was said, the construction of cities and acropolises, and ships, and temples, and dwellings, and fortresses, and fighting machines (catapults, rams), and canals and bridges.
In its centuries-old development, architecture has lost its possessions step by step. Architects have not designed ships and combat vehicles for a long time. So in our time, design is slowly taking away our interior, decorative art ...
Currently, architectural objects include:
· territories within the administrative boundaries of the country, regions, districts, etc.;
· interconnected groups of settlements;
· inter-settlement spaces (industrial hubs, recreation areas, national parks, etc.);
settlements (cities, towns);
· fragments of settlements (residential and industrial areas, neighborhoods, quarters, community centers, etc.);
complexes of buildings, structures, monuments;
· open areas in settlements (parks, streets, squares, boulevards, squares, sections of public buildings, residential courtyards, etc.);
· building;
fragments of buildings (sections, blocks, apartments);
structures (dams, cooling towers, TV towers, etc.);
small architectural forms;
interiors of premises and elements of building equipment.
All architectural objects are divided into: architectural and urban planning (planning and territorial), architectural and landscape and architectural and construction (“volumetric”).
Architectural and construction objects include buildings, structures, monuments, fragments of buildings, interiors of premises.
Architectural and landscape objects are undeveloped (open) or poorly built-up territories of various purposes and scales - from extensive inter-settlement recreation areas to small recreational or economic sites.
Architectural and urban planning objects - settlement systems, administrative-territorial formations, settlements, fragments of settlements. Architectural and urban planning objects are complex material and spatial systems, within the boundaries of which architectural and construction and architectural landscape objects are combined into an inseparable whole.
Within the main types of architectural objects, many types and subtypes are distinguished. For example, buildings - residential, public, industrial, agricultural; villages - small, medium, large, large.
In what follows, the term "typology" will be used. Typology is a classification of objects or phenomena according to the commonality of any signs.
2 . Integrated architectural design.The concept of "project"
The creation of architectural objects "in kind" is preceded by the development project documentation(project). What is a project? A project is an implementation model of an object that does not yet exist.
The law "On the Fundamentals of Architectural and Urban Planning Activities in the Republic of Belarus" provides the following wording: a project is a system of interrelated documents that are developed in accordance with regulatory documentation, provide an idea of the material image of a habitat object, its location, physical parameters and aesthetic qualities. In modern conditions, the project includes drawings, texts, calculations, graphs that determine the main characteristics of future buildings, territories, settlements.
Architectural objects have a wide variety of properties: weight, size, convenience, durability, aesthetic expressiveness, cost, etc. Their design is therefore always complex. As a rule, at present, the development of a project is carried out by creative teams, which include various specialists: architects, design engineers, process engineers, transport engineers, surveyors, economists, environmentalists, etc. At the same time, each of them is responsible for its own characteristics of the future architectural object, performs its part of the work, has its own subject of design. So, the designer provides the necessary strength, stability, durability of buildings and structures, the technologist - modern technology and organization of labor. Moreover, various specialized firms and organizations are involved in the design, performing individual work with the development of related drawings.
For example, a design institute, which included architects, designers, technologists, estimators, and plumbers with electricians, worked on the project of the social and cultural center of PSU. And the company "Vetraz", before making stained-glass windows, developed special drawings according to the drawing of the architects-authors of the project. Also, the company "Recor", before work, has developed a technology for the implementation of suspended ceilings designed by architects. The foreign enterprise that won the tender for the supply of kitchen equipment revised the technological drawings before installing it.
This whole process should be led by an architect, namely an architect who participates in the complex design of an architectural object.
First of all, by and large, the immediate responsibility of the architect is to determine the two main characteristics of objects. The architect determines:
Firstly, spatial characteristics, i.e. location, real dimensions, shape, order of dismemberment into parts, etc. design object,
Secondly, visual characteristics, its external and internal appearance, i.e. visible dimensions, shape, detailing, texture, color, illumination, etc.
In other words, the subject architectural design make up the spatial and visual characteristics of architectural objects.
They do not exist on their own, but are interconnected with all other characteristics of these objects. An architect cannot be free from constructive, technological, transport, financial, energy, engineering-geological, environmental and other complex design problems. (Example, PSU dormitory, reaction of the author of the project Yu.V. Shpit). He either participates in their solution himself, or takes into account the decisions made by allied specialists, integrating them in his creative concept.
Now consider the series important definitions, information and concepts related to the theory of the social essence of architecture.
Question number 3. The concepts of "social", "society", "ecumene". Components of society, their mutual correspondence.
Among the many prerequisites for an architectural solution, a special place is occupied by social ones. The term "social" has several meanings:
Non-individual, relating not to one person, but to many, to a group (social security, social psychology);
Pertaining to people and relations between them, but not to things and objects (social and technical elements productive forces, social and physical environment of a person);
Relating to non-production, non-economic, non-economic sphere (plan of economic and social development, social arrangement of the village, social infrastructure).
All of these values are widely used in architecture literature. In the course "Social Foundations of Architectural Design", the word social, in addition to those listed, is given a different, broader meaning: "social" means public, i.e. everything that belongs to society is considered social (from the Latin “socialis” - public, connected with the life and relations of people in society).
The concept of "society" is also ambiguous; it is used in various meanings: a society of hunters and fishermen, high society, civil society, etc. This term has the broadest meaning in philosophy, where "society" is considered as a part of the objective world relatively isolated from nature, which functions and develops under the influence of man. The root cause of the separation of society from nature is human activity. In this sense, the social is "non-natural", more precisely, "the former natural, transformed by human activity." It is this interpretation that is most important for this course.
As a part of the objective world isolated from nature, society includes many different phenomena and processes. People and relations between them, production, science, culture, cars, household items, arable land, parks, domestic animals, i.e. everything that is involved in the orbit of human activity is society.
The main components of society are:
The population of the earth
human life activity, i.e. processes of direct interaction of the population with the environment;
the human environment, i.e. all those things, substances, beings, energy fields, processes that form the material conditions of human existence and with which people interact.
Society is deployed in the habitat of mankind. The Greek word ecumene (or ecumene) is used to designate this social space. The boundaries of the ecumene now include most of the earth's surface.
The constituents of society form an inseparable unity, complete system: if people live somewhere, it means that there are processes of their life activity, the environment and space of their habitat. The components of this unity have a mutual influence on each other. Mankind constantly transforms the environment and the space of its habitation with its vital activity and at the same time develops itself under the influence of this activity, together with the habitat.
3 . Material levels (spheres) of society
When studying a society, three of its levels (sides, spheres) are usually distinguished: biological, economic and sociocultural.
The population of the Earth is one of the many biological species that exist on our planet. Homo sapiens. The life of any of them takes place in a habitat with certain properties - in the ecological niche of the species. An ecological niche contains such means of life (food, bioclimatic regime) that correspond to the characteristics of a given species, and does not contain those forms of matter and energy that are detrimental to it. It is able to "feed" its owner and at the same time absorb the waste of his life, including them in the natural circulation of matter and energy. A biological species cannot move to an arbitrarily chosen environment: land plants do not live under water, anaerobic bacteria do not live in the air, herd animals die or degrade alone, and so on. The biological species itself, its life processes and ecological niche form an integral, indivisible, bioecological system (bioecosystem).
Humanity also exists only in a certain ecological niche: in the air, in a warm or temperate climate, in the absence of toxins and the constant disposal of waste products. Mankind itself, its life processes and ecological niche form the biological (bioecological) level of society.
The material goods and conditions of existence that nature provides to man do not satisfy him. It also produces new benefits, a new - anthropogenic habitat (anthropo ... - the first component compound words denoting: pertaining to a person. Anthropogenic - means related to human activity, artificially created habitat). Production of wealth ( material production) forms the economic, or economic, level of society, at which the population appears as a collective labor force, human activity - as the creation and use of material goods, the environment - as a set of material goods. In contrast to the bioecological level, the economic level is actually social: in the animal world there is nothing resembling an economy.
The socio-cultural level of society is formed by culture. At this level, humanity acts as a creator and carrier of information, human life activity - as a process of comprehending nature and accumulating information, habitat - as a set of material means of creating, fixing, storing, transmitting information.
Now more about culture.
4 . The concept of "culture". Toultra ordinary and special
Interacting with their environment, deliberately changing it, people reveal the secrets of reality and try to transform it.
Interacting with each other, they transmit to each other information about the discoveries made, inventions and the experience gained, which is gradually fixed, first of all, in signs that have a certain meaning and significance for everyone. Sign systems can be both natural (facial expressions, gestures, intonation, etc.), and created in the process of transforming reality (speech, writing, conditional light, sound, graphic signals and indicators, symbols, the "language" of things, rites and rituals, specific "languages" of religion, art, science, etc.). Sign systems allow you to fix a variety of information, organize it, give it a compact form that is convenient for transmission, storage, relatively quick understanding and development. The information obtained by one generation is passed on to the next generations in the form of “ready-made” knowledge, which creates a springboard for a deeper penetration into the secrets of being.
Culture is information accumulated by many generations, collective (social) experience. The ability to unrestricted accumulation of socio-cultural experience, to an ever deeper and more complete disclosure and mastery of reality, i.e. to the boundless development of culture - the main thing that makes a person a man, distinguishes him from the animal world.
Culture can be divided into ordinary and special.
Ordinary culture pervades everyday life every person, every group of people. It is embodied in everyday knowledge, skills, habits, traditions, beliefs, myths, legends, customs, traditions, norms and rules of behavior, beliefs, worldview, world outlook, properties of things used by people in everyday life.
The main purpose of a special culture is to receive, consolidate, store, and transmit information. Special culture is art, science, religion, education, mass communications and other areas of human activity.
5 . Hierarchy of levels of society
The initial, directly natural, “lower” level is considered to be the bioecological level of society. Sociocultural, on the contrary, is classified as a target, actually human, "higher". The economic level occupies an intermediate position.
All levels of society are interconnected, interdependent, intertwined with each other. Culture actively influences the course of life processes and the efficiency of social production. Both economy and culture can exist only because people are representatives of a biological species. In the process of production, humanity reveals the secrets of nature, expands the boundaries of knowledge, acquires a new socio-cultural experience. The development of the economy determines the possibilities of meeting the natural biological needs of people, maintaining their health and preserving life. Exactly the economic growth, despite all the difficulties and contradictions of the historical process, leads through the accumulation of material wealth to an increase in the life expectancy of most individuals, opens up opportunities for them to be actively included in a special culture.
How is the theory of levels of society used?
architectural planning urban planning complex
6 . Usageinformation about the components and levels of society in architectural design
Architectural design necessarily takes into account all three levels of society. At the same time, bioecological, economic and socio-cultural characteristics, as well as information about all components of society: the population of human life, habitat, are considered simultaneously and in interconnection. An architectural object is designed both as an element of a biological niche, and as a material good, and as a cultural phenomenon, a material carrier of information. As an example, let's take any building: it gives people shelter from the weather (biological level), is itself a material good and organizes space for activities to create and use wealth ( economic level). In addition, any building contributes to the organization of activities in accordance with certain cultural canons, and its appearance "tells" a lot to those who see it. It attracts or repels a person, creates a certain mood in a person (sociocultural level).
At the same time, changing the properties of an object at one level inevitably changes its properties at others. So, say, large windows designed for beauty or fashion for the sake of, they can worsen or improve the microclimate of the premises (biological level), increase or decrease the cost of construction and operation of the building (economic level).
As mentioned, architectural design also uses information about all components of society: about the population, groups of people, an individual, human life, environment and habitat. When designing any architectural object - from a fountain to a settlement system - an architect takes into account who will use this object, what these people will do, what subject and climatic environment will be required by the consumers of the object, in what place of the ecumene the object will be built.
Information about society as a whole, its components, bioecological, economic, sociocultural characteristics of these components are used by architects to justify spatial and visual solutions. The totality of such information forms the social prerequisites, or the social foundations of architectural design, i.e. the subject of this discipline.
When determining the social prerequisites, the architect does not have direct assistants - designing sociologists, sociopsychologists, ethnographers, teachers. He himself predicts the future social reality and ensures that the spatial and visual characteristics of the designed architectural objects correspond to this forecast. Its decisions determine the living conditions of future consumers and thus influence social processes. For this influence to be positive, the architect must anticipate the social consequences of his decisions and take those that contribute to the achievement of the goals of proper social development. This requires extensive and varied knowledge about society as a whole, about the functioning and development of specific social systems, the ability to social information(from relevant specialists or independently).
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...Methodology of architecture: means, prerequisites and principles of architectural activity. Integrated design method. Designing an object as a system. Method structural analysis. The content and form of the object, the interaction of external and internal.
abstract, added 06/10/2010
The history of the formation of the Moscow Architectural Society (MAO) as the first creative association of architects and civil engineers. The initial composition of the MAO, the author of the charter of the organization M.D. Bykovsky. Circle of occupations of society. Projects of members of the organization.
presentation, added 10/09/2014
Bionics is a science that studies the use of the properties and functions of natural objects to create technical devices and mechanical systems. The use of bioforms in architectural design. The emergence of architectural bionics in Russia as a creative method.
term paper, added 02/28/2016
State provision conditions for the implementation of architectural activities. A set of works to create a construction site. Organization of architectural and urban planning competitions. Authorized bodies of urban planning and architecture.
test, added 02/22/2013
Goals and objectives of maintaining an information system for ensuring urban planning activities (state urban planning cadastre). Users and sources of information, its structure and services of the urban development support system.
abstract, added 02/05/2011
Environmental assessment of projects, land plots, materials used in construction. The problem of ecology of architectural space. The concept of a viable architectural environment, the principles of its design. The prevalence of green buildings.
abstract, added 02/24/2017
Historical prerequisites for the development of the design of the architectural environment of the recreational zone. Principles of planning, improvement and design of recreational areas. Influence of natural and climatic conditions of Astana on the formation of the architectural environment of the recreational zone.
thesis, added 05/16/2017
Structure and tasks information systems ensuring urban planning activities, the procedure for their maintenance and the methodology of construction. The project of creating a GIS "Historical and cultural basic plan of the city of Moscow". Assessment of the tourist and recreational potential of the territory.
term paper, added 07/16/2012
Analysis of apartment design practice. General requirements to functional processes, evacuation routes, fire prevention measures, accessibility for people with limited mobility. Architectural solution of the project. Modern building materials.
term paper, added 05/14/2015
Features of creating an aesthetically complete, ecologically balanced architectural environment. Design concept of the project. Composite landscaping solution. Complex formation of the object. Analysis of equipment and subject content, its form.
The plan is one of the three main types of architectural drawings, which are two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional structures. The other two are the cut and the facade. In all cases, the gaze of the observer is perpendicular to the plane on which the elements and surfaces of the structure are projected.
Speaking of a plan, we mean that this plane is horizontal, parallel to the ground or floor. In fact, this is a view of the building from above, in cross section, produced at an imaginary level above the line of window openings.
The most common type of plan is floor plan. It displays the location of the premises located on the same floor, their size, shape and connection with each other. The plan gives an idea of the presence of windows, doors, stairs and other important objects down to radiators and sometimes pieces of furniture.
Strict adherence to scale when drawing up a plan allows you to judge the proportions of certain elements in relation to each other, as well as calculate their parameters with high accuracy. As an example, here is the plan of the Gropius house in Lincoln. The arrow indicates the beginning of the path of movement through the building from the front terrace.
Many famous architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, have used the plan as an impetus for the development of an underlying logic that governs spaces, structures, scales, and textures. Here is a plan of his Rosenbaum house. The rectangular grid indicates that the floor in the building will be concrete, and at the same time gives an idea of the position of the walls, windows and doors.
Floor plans allow you to display alternative designs of the architect. What if the ladder is moved to another location? And the shape of the kitchen can be elongated, not L-shaped. Computer programs based on CAD help to instantly visualize any movement of the creative imagination of the designer.
Architects' working sketches (created for project costing, bidding, and submission to the developer) can seem complex and confusing. The plan shown here is provided with many explanatory notes, references to other drawings, notes and labels regarding the intended types of walls, doors and other components.
The master plan is drawn up according to the same rules as the floor plan. The difference lies in the fact that it displays the position of the building on the ground and its interaction with external objects: roads, trees, water bodies, etc. A combined version is possible, which is a floor plan integrated into the surrounding landscape.
