Small architectural form (MAF). Public transport stop (bus stop). Bus stops Designer public transport stops

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BUS STOP

Explanatory note to the course project on the discipline

"Design-design"

student of group No. 33305/5 Yu.R. bass

Leaders:

for the design part: A.G. Zubov

on the technical side: V. A. Dyachenko

Saint Petersburg 2014

St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University

Institute of Metallurgy of Mechanical Engineering and Transport

Department of "Engineering Graphics and Design"

Exercise

For course design

Student of group 33305/5 Yu.R. bass

1. Theme of the project: "Bus stop"

Develop a conceptual, structural layout and design solution for a bus stop. The object must meet ergonomic requirements, be convenient to use and safe.

2. List of development of graphic material (A3 format):

Title page, content, analogues (stylistic, functional, biological), search sketches, search solutions, main projections (design project), 3-D model, color graphic options, somatographic schemes, layout scheme, products in a conditional interior, compact disk with graphic and text materials.

Title page, terms of reference, introduction, search and analysis of analogues, selection of a prototype, analysis options solutions, rationale for choosing the shape and design of the developed version of the bus stop, conclusion, ergonomic features (ease of assembly and disassembly), choice of manufacturing material, bibliographic list.

4. Control stages of the project:

Stage 1: search and analysis of analogues, sketches, development concept (clause);

Stage 2: search solutions, selection of the preferred solution, main projections to scale, somatographic scheme, 3D model, basic functional diagram;

Stage 3: design project submission layout, design drawings, search layouts;

Stage 4 Design project (A3 format), explanatory note (A4 format) protection. Deadlines finished work counting week.

Head of the design part of the project:A.G. Zubov

Project engineering manager: V. A. Dyachenko

Task accepted for execution: Yu.R. bass

1. DESIGN PART OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Statement of the design task

1.2 Analysis of analogues, selection of a prototype and directions for its modernization

1.2.1 Bus stop concrete

1.2.2 Metal structure bus stop

1.2.3 The bus stop is private.

1.2.4 Bus stop. Offers and projects

1.3 Search Solutions

1.4 Description of the design project and the benefits of the proposed aesthetic solution

1.5 Comparison of the developed model and prototype

1.6 Somatographic scheme

1.7 Product in a simulated environment

1. DESIGN PART OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Statement of the design task

Any project task is accompanied by an analysis of the goods produced by leading domestic and foreign manufacturers of products for a similar purpose. Based on a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of analogues, options are proposed for further design, and a basic solution for bus stop equipment is selected, taking into account improved aesthetic and ergonomic requirements. . A bus stop may consist of several objects: a street bench, an urn, a street lamp. A general view of the bus stop should be developed and presented, projections, options for color and graphic solutions, somatographic and structural layout schemes should be presented.

1.2 Analysis of analogues, selection of a prototype and directions for its modernization

The first stage of work is a review and analysis of close stylistic and functional analogues. The task of this stage is to identify existing trends in the design of such objects, evaluate the merits of well-known bus stops, and identify the qualities necessary for the designed product. bus stop design prototype

Currently existing bus stops can be divided into two main types: concrete and metal (metal structures). In turn, metal ones are divided into “open” and “closed” (fully or partially), concrete ones can also be “open” and “closed” (partially). Under "open" is meant the absence of side protective edges that would protect those waiting from the wind. All bus stop options will be presented and reviewed.

1.2.1 Bus stopconcrete and I

This type of stops mainly includes those that were built in the Soviet era. Nowadays, they are still found, they can be immediately distinguished, since they have characteristic properties - a massive structure, high and quite “powerful”.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 7 Figure 8

Figure 9 Figure 10

Bus stops (Figure 6 and Figure 9) are located in America, all the rest are in the territory of the Soviet Union and were built at the appropriate time.

Of course, each of the stops has its own interesting shape and interesting design. The forms of some stops can be emphasized and taken into account, but only the form, nothing more. Nowadays, there is no need to build such "powerful" structures, especially since the task is to design a stop that will be installed in an urban environment, and it should be elegant and "light" and correspond to the urban style and architecture.

1.2.2 Bus stop frommetal structure

This type of stops can be attributed mainly to those that we often see these days on the streets of our city and even beyond. Such stops differ in a simple design (framework, sheathing) and are quite simple in execution.

Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14

Figure 15 Figure 16

Figure 17 Figure 18

Most of the presented stops have the same principle in design. At some stops there are stalls or trading points (Figure 18). A good idea has also been developed and applied at a bus stop in France (Figure 17) with the name of the stop (station), as well as unusual lighting that makes the design more interesting to perceive and the original design of the stop makes you hold your eyes to study. I think at such a stop the waiting time for the bus would be much more pleasant. A good stop can also have bus schedules clearly marked and conveniently located for study. At the Stop (Figure 14), the location of the schedule is convenient, the text is available for review. At stops of this type, too short benches are often a disadvantage, except for stops (Figure 11, Figure 12), this is a disadvantage in such structures. It would be nice to install a board with the location of the bus and the estimated time of its arrival (Figure 17). Nowadays, there is already such an option, using the Internet to track public transport at a particular moment.

Another type of stops from a metal structure is closed stops. They are much less common. There are practically none.

Figure 19 Figure 20

Figures 19, 20 show a closed bus stop located in Dubai. It is equipped with air conditioning, which suits the climate of this city. Interesting design and shape.

An interesting stop (Figure 21.22) is in Brazil.

Figure 21

Figure 22

It is equipped with a checkpoint (turnstile), so the fare is already paid at the bus stop. This is quite convenient, but I don’t think it’s effective, since you can climb over the turnstile, and if the relevant authorities do not monitor this, this will happen often, and hiring a security worker for each stop is not very profitable.

1.2.3 Bus stopcreative

This type of stop can be made of both reinforced concrete and metal. They mainly consist of metal structures, since metal is more easily given to creative bends, but this does not stop manufacturers, there are also bizarre specimens made of reinforced concrete.

Figure 23 Figure 24

Figure 25 Figure 26

Figure 27 Figure 28

Figure 29 Figure 30

All these bizarre stops are certainly interesting and good, but the downside of them is that there will be a problem with mass production. A creative stop can be one or more instances, but this hinders the maintenance of a unified style of the city. It is better when the same stops are placed throughout the city, this maintains a single image, aesthetically more harmonious.

1.2.4 Bus stop. Offers and projects

Some graduates of engineering universities, design studios and just amateurs worked on options for bus stops. Offers are very different, from simple ones to such as "Stop the Future". Some of the suggested options are shown below.

Figure 33.

The guys from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology stuffed the bus stop with high technology. There is a local connection to the Internet, and touch screens, and LED lighting... A Russian person will immediately understand that one thing is missing - a policeman who will guard all this shining splendor.

Figure 33. Hi-tech stop.

Figure 34. The entire roof is a solar panel. How to spend the received energy? For night lighting or solar parking. You can also feed the "hungry" trolleybuses.

Figure 35

So, in the spirit of Salvador Dali, the project (Figure 35) of four moderately insane students should be called. Bicycles can be stored on the roof of this stop, windmills spin above the roof, flowing water produces energy during rain, and solar panels in hot weather. None of nature's bounties should be lost! Except, perhaps, a sense of proportion and sanity.

Figure 36

Ecoshel - this is the name of this bus stop - combines navigation systems, route search, and other useful things. And what is especially nice - it has a lot of seating. But there is also a minus: a nasty wind will surely try to blow passengers out of this "pipe".

Also, an interesting publication of a certain Vyacheslav Zemlyansky (Figure 37) was found on the Internet, he offers a bus stop option with all the amenities that can be. Some of the suggestions can be taken into account.

Figure 37

Conclusions on summary analogues

After doing an analysis on existing species bus stops, the requirements for the projected object were formulated:

1) "Lightweight" design. The object should not be massive and large.

2) Minimum material costs.

3) Universal stop (fits into the architecture of the city).

4) Ergonomics. Convenient to use

5) Equipped with all the necessary information for those waiting.

6) Spaciousness

1.3 Search Solutions

Figure 38

Figure 39

1.4 Description of the design project and the benefits of the proposed aesthetic solution

Figure 40

1.5 Comparison of the developed model and prototype

Figure 41

Figure 42

1.6 Somatographic scheme

Figure 43

1.7 Product in a simulated environment

Figure 44

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transcript

1 Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering" Department of Theory and History of Architecture Small Architectural Form (MAF). Public transport stop (bus stop) Guidelines to course design Compiled by: I.V. Kulikova Tomsk 2016

2 Public transport stop.: Guidelines for course design / Comp. I.V. Kulikov. Tomsk: Publishing House Vol. state. architect.-builds. un-ta, s. Reviewer: Cand. arch., associate professor E.N. Polyakov Editor: E.N. Polyakov Guidelines are a task for a course project on the topic "Small architectural form" Public transport stop. Designed for the preparation of bachelors in the following areas: "Architecture", "Restoration and reconstruction of the architectural heritage", "Design of the architectural environment" of the 2nd year of the Faculty of Architecture of full-time education. Reviewed and recommended for publication by the Methodological Seminar of the Department of Theory and History of Architecture. Protocol 3 from d. to. The original layout was prepared by the compiler I.V. Kulikova Signed for publication. Format / 16. Offset paper. Headset Times. Uch.-ed. l Circulation 50 copies. Order 390. TGASU publishing house, Tomsk, pl. Salt, 2. Printed from the original layout in the OOP TGASU, Tomsk, st. Partizanskaya, 15.

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 4 I HISTORICAL INFORMATION The concept of a stop The history of the occurrence of a stop Typology of stops... 6 II MASTER PLAN Evaluation of the compositional qualities of the site and functional zoning Standards used in the design of general plans... 8 III STRUCTURAL SOLUTION AND MATERIALS Types of structures used when designing stops 3.2. Practical recommendations for stop design... 8 IV PROJECT SCOPE VI PROJECT SCHEDULE LIST OF RECOMMENDED READING ILLUSTRATIVE APPENDIX

4 INTRODUCTION A public transport stop belongs to the category of small architectural forms (SAF) and is an integral part of the road maintenance complex. Parking lots and bus stops are one of the important engineering facilities that increase traffic safety on the road and ensure high transport performance. vehicles, as well as meeting the diverse needs of road users. Small architectural forms (SAF) are a type of structures that are usually endowed with the simplest function, are human-sized in size and are distinguished by a simple design solution. Public transport stops are designed in accordance with: guidelines for the design of parking lots and bus stops, 1988 OST Bus stops on highways. General technical requirements. The total area is approximately up to m2. In the process of completing the course project, the following competencies are formed, provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard (FGOS-3): OK-1: possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it; OK-5: ability to use legal documents in their activities; OK-17: readiness for a respectful and careful attitude to the architectural and historical heritage, cultural traditions; PC-1: having the ability to develop architectural projects in accordance with functional, aesthetic, structural, technical, economic and other fundamental requirements, standards and legislation at all stages: from a preliminary design to detailed development and evaluation of the completed project according to the criteria of the project program; PC-2: having the ability to use imagination, think creatively, initiate innovative solutions in the design process; PC-3: having the ability to mutually coordinate various factors, integrate various forms of knowledge and skills in the development of design solutions, coordinate interdisciplinary goals; PC-4: possessing the ability to demonstrate spatial imagination, developed artistic taste, mastering the methods of modeling and harmonizing the artificial habitat in the development of projects; PC-9: the ability to competently present an architectural concept, convey ideas and project proposals, study, develop, formalize and broadcast them in the course of joint activities by means of oral and written speech, layout, manual and computer graphics, quantitative assessments. Work on a course project contributes to the acquisition by the student of: knowledge: the basics of architectural composition, patterns of visual perception; socio-cultural, demographic, psychological, functional foundations of the formation of the architectural environment; the composition and technique of developing design assignments; content and sources of pre-project information, methods of its collection and analysis; systems project documentation for construction, basic requirements for it; interconnections of volume-spatial, constructive, construction and engineering solutions and operational qualities of buildings; four

5 skills: to put forward an architectural idea and consistently develop it during development design solution; to ensure in the project the solution of urgent social and environmental problems of creating a healthy, accessible and comfortable environment; evaluate, select and integrate structural systems in the project; skills: possession of the methodology of architectural design; mastery of creative techniques for promoting the author's architectural and artistic concept, stimulating design innovations; possession of methods and means of compositional modeling, methods and technologies of energy and resource-saving architectural design, methods and technologies of computer design. Goals and objectives of the project. This project is the first independent project work at the rate " Architectural design", in which the student must implement the theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired in the study of the disciplines "Fundamentals of architectural graphics", "Volumetric composition", "Materials science", " Building construction". The purpose of the project The purpose of the course design is the acquisition of knowledge and skills in mastering the methods of developing small architectural forms (SAF) of a small structure with a minimum function. Development of a three-dimensional and constructive solution for stopping public transport in the city of Tomsk. The main design tasks: 1) to reveal the influence of external factors (climatic, urban conditions, relief, nature of the surrounding buildings) and internal features (functional, structural, etc.) on the space-planning solution; 2) develop functional diagrams of the site and facility; take into account in the project the visual relationship of the structure with the surrounding landscape; 3) develop artistic and compositional thinking when solving the external appearance and internal space (solving the volumetric-spatial composition, architectural image and layout of the stop, as well as the design scheme); 4) study the basic regulatory requirements for small architectural forms with a simple function (SNiP, etc.); 5) submit project materials for high level. I. HISTORICAL SUMMARY 1.1. The concept of a stop A public transport stop is a specially designated public place intended for boarding / disembarking passengers of regular ground public transport (bus, trolleybus, tram). In the simplest case, it can only be indicated by a special sign in accordance with the type of vehicle (for example, a bus stop is indicated by sign 5.16) (Fig. 1), but usually stops are equipped with rain shelters and / or benches. At the stop, there is almost always a sign with the route numbers of public transport stopping at this stop, and often also a schedule and a map of routes or the area. 5

6 Fig. 1. Road signs indicating the stop Sometimes there are ticket sales points at the stops. In large cities, as a rule, outdoor advertising is placed at bus stops (various light boxes, panels). In the area of stops of automobile public transport, appropriate road markings are often applied, prohibiting the parking of private cars; while urban transport stopped to disembark passengers is not an obstacle to general traffic. Any city is full of different names - these are the names of streets, institutions, enterprises, shops, shopping and entertainment complexes, cinemas, banks. A font or font composition displayed in an urban environment is an integral part of the public warning system - signs, information boards, signs, road signs, advertising installations, maps. A significant group of names in the city are the names of public transport stops. This greatly helps orientation in the city. Names within the city are constantly subject to change, it is a dynamic structure. The names of bus stops are a prime example of this. Their names are subject to frequent changes and are associated with a change in the situation in the areas of their location. The names of the stops reflect the history of the city and its development (Fig. 2). Rice. 2. Tomsk, Novo-Sobornaya Square stop The history of the emergence of a public transport stop A stopping point is inextricably linked with the city's public transport system. Accordingly, if we talk about the period of origin of the stop, we need to remember the first public transport and its occurrence. The first public transport in the city is considered to be the omnibus, and later the horse-drawn carriage and the tram. O mnibus (from Latin omnibus "to everyone", the Danish plural form of Latin omnis "everyone") is a type of urban public transport, typical of the second half of the 19th century. Represents 6

London Omnibus." title="(!LANG:Ko nka (Horse-Rail City Railway) a type of public transport that was widely used before the translation railway"src="https://docplayer.ru/docs-images/61/45896883/images/7-4.png">

7 is a multi-seat (15-20 seats) horse-drawn cart. Passenger seats were located inside the omnibus and on the roof (the so-called "imperial"). The first country in the world where the omnibus began to operate was France, the city of Nantes. It was in Nantes in 1826 that the word "omnibus" first appeared. But according to other historical data, it is known that multi-seat passenger carriages began to be used even earlier in Paris in 1662 during the reign of Louis XIV. The omnibus is the historical predecessor of the bus. By the end of the 19th century, the omnibus was supplanted by the horse-tram and then by the tram. Omnibus in the cities of Russia lasted until 1917 and the Civil War. Rice. 3. The first St. Petersburg omnibus, 1832. N.F. Fetisov's archive. Author: Vyazemsky. Rice. 4. London omnibus. Ko nka (horse-drawn railway city) is a type of public transport that was widely used before the transfer of the railway to steam, thermal, electric or cable traction. The horse car, widely used as urban transport, became the forerunner of the electric tram. Konka was an open or more often closed carriage, sometimes two-story with an open top ("imperial"). The carriage was pulled along the tracks by a pair of horses driven by a coachman. In places where the horse-drawn lines crossed steep ascents, the carriages waited for postilions (usually teenage boys), who harnessed 1 or 2 more pairs of horses and helped to overcome a difficult place, then on a flat area they unharnessed additional horses. 7

8 Fig. 5. London omnibus (Photo on the left). Omnibus on Nevsky Prospekt in front of house 54, St. Petersburg. Photo by K. Bulla (photo on the right). Rice. 6. A modern tourist omnibus for tourists to ride in Antwerp, Belgium. Rice. 7. Konka in Moscow, 1900 (Photo on the left). Conca in London (Photo on the right). eight

9 Fig.8. Horse riding in Samara. Cathedral street. Between the years (edition: Pappadato D.A.) (Photo on the left). Konka in Tashkent (Photo on the right). Fig.9. Konka in Pskov (Photo on the left). Konka in Voronezh (Photo on the left). Fig.10. Konka in St. Petersburg. Fig.11. Omnibus on the engine, that is, already a bus. 9

10 Fig.12. Omnibuses on the electric motor. Development of the inventor I.V. Romanov, second half of the 19th century. Double cab (photo on the left). Romanov's 17-seater omnibus (photo on the right). The active process of development of public transport since the end of the 19th century entailed the same active development of the entire urban transport structure. Stopping points began to be designated in the system of city streets, received names and acquired an architectural form. With the numerical growth of cities, an increasing number of transport routes were required. And today we live in industrial cities with complex transportation systems, with many routes all over the map. Road system architects and engineers are challenged to continually upgrade the system to meet the ever-changing needs of the population. Modern stopping points should be considered already in the established typological series, taking into account the experience road construction and history Typology of stopping points. AT modern world there is a classification of stopping points depending on the requirements for their location, capacity and purpose. By purpose, there are two main types of stops: 1. Permanent stops. Transport arrives at scheduled stops (often at fixed scheduled intervals). 2. Stop on demand. The transport will stop if the passenger requests a stop. To do this, he can press the appropriate button in the cabin or simply tell the driver about his desire. A person waiting for a bus at a stop should raise their hand (press the button if available), otherwise the transport may pass by. Often, at the places of such stops, appropriate signs are not installed and the stop may be non-tariff. If there are signs, they are marked in red. The name is often "On demand" or the name of a neighboring one with a number or a note (for example: "Rumyantsevo (on demand)"). In practice, additional types of stops were added to the two main ones: semi-permanent stops on interval routes transport arrives at stops at fixed intervals, but at the stop uneven distribution passenger traffic over time. These stops are set outside cities for safety reasons or introduced for specialized routes. Vehicles may not stop on them if the driver does not see those who want to get out / enter. fake bus stops set up next to a nursing home or hospital. They allow you to quickly find deceased patients suffering from diseases of short-term memory. smart stop. The phenomenon of the last days in the development of urban road space. Such stops are designed initially with the installation of modern information electronic equipment. ten

11 Differentiation by the capacity of stops looks like this: stops of small capacity (5-10 people); stops of average capacity (10-20 people); stops of large capacity (over 20 people). According to the space-planning features, stops are distinguished: open type (without enclosing walls); semi-closed type (with walls without an enclosed space); closed view with a cash desk (closed cash desk, shop, kiosk, ATM, etc.); closed type with a cash desk and a waiting room (this type with a capacity of more than 20 people is already a bus station). To decide the use of any of the above types of stops, there are conditions - this is the value of the city area (historical buildings or residential area), this is both population density and landscape. The size and capacity of the stop are set based on the number of passengers served at a time. To obtain this number, the daily number of passengers using this stop, the average number of passing public transport per day, as well as the average number of passengers per flight are calculated. The capacity of a stop determines its volume-spatial solution. With a small capacity, a light canopy and benches are used. With a capacity of 20 people, a pavilion is required, on request with a cash room. II. MASTER PLAN 2.1. Evaluation of the compositional qualities of the site and functional zoning When designing a small architectural form with a simple function of stopping urban transport, it is necessary to learn how to correctly and with the greatest success evaluate the features and quality of the site (surrounding buildings, properties of the surrounding landscape) and, based on the analysis, competently develop functional zoning of the site and correctly solve the overall volume-spatial composition. The choice of a place for design initially depends on the requirements of the transport service, social needs, and proceeds from landscape design principles. The stop pavilion is an active visual accent in the road environment. Therefore, it is necessary that the object has the necessary architectural expressiveness when perceived in motion along the road. Stopping points of public transport are elements of the arrangement of roads and tram lines, therefore, they are mainly located within the boundaries land plots set aside for the road. Fig.13. Cross profile of the city highway (dimensions are given in meters): 1 main carriageway; 2 side passages; 3 sidewalks; 4 landscaping lanes, dividing lanes. eleven

12 12 The design process is influenced by factors such as: existing road profile; terrain; rules for traffic and pedestrians. The stopping point must be the following items : stopping area; landing area for more comfortable boarding and disembarking of passengers. For low-floor buses and trolleybuses, the height of the curb at the stop is usually the same as the height of the steps, so that the curb can be considered the simplest platform; entrance or stop "pocket" for bus and trolleybus stops. Represents an extension of the carriageway necessary to ensure that a stopped bus or trolleybus does not interfere with other vehicles; stop pavilion to protect passengers from adverse weather conditions. Usually equipped with seats. Sometimes, especially in rural areas, bus stops are just small "houses" with a missing wall, from the side of the bus stop. side dividing strip; sidewalks and footpaths; crosswalk; benches; trash cans; technical means of organizing traffic (traffic signs, markings, fences). Stop sign. In the simplest case, a stop can only be equipped with a sign. Full house containing route numbers and timetables; lighting (with a distance to the place of possible connection to distribution networks no more than 500 m) Standards used in the design of master plans This assignment provides for the development of a public transport stop project for the city of Tomsk, during which it is necessary to take into account the established design requirements. The width of the stopping areas should be taken equal to the width of the main lanes of the roadway, at least 1.5 m, and the length of the stopping area is calculated depending on the vehicles standing at the same time at the rate of 20 m per bus or trolleybus, at least 13 m, but no more than 60 m. The width of the landing area is taken at least 3 m, and the length is not less than the length of the stopping area. The landing area must be located so as not to extend beyond the sidewalk or the strip that separates the carriageway from the sidewalk. Landing pads at public transport stops are designed on sidewalks. When located on the carriageway, they should be designed with an elevation above the carriageway by 15 cm, above the tram tracks by 10 cm. The surface of the landing sites must have a hard surface, at least 2 m wide. and on the way to the pavilion. The nearest edge of the pavilion for passengers should be located no closer than 3 m from the edge of the stopping area. The surface of the sites should have a transverse slope of 5-10%, which is directed: on tram lines away from the track, on trolleybus lines towards the carriageway trays. The choice of types of coverage of landing sites, sidewalks of footpaths should be made taking into account climatic and soil-geological conditions. Landing pads must be raised 0.2 m above the surface of the stop

13 sites. A curb is installed along the border of the stopping and landing areas, which is continued to sections of the transitional speed lanes adjacent to the stopping area in the presence of a sidewalk running next to them. The waiting area is located behind the landing area. The dimensions of the waiting area should ensure the placement of a pavilion on it and the presence of passengers using a stop during rush hour, at the rate of 2 people / m2. equipped with devices for the entry of disabled people into vehicles and for obtaining the necessary information. The main requirement for the location of the stop pavilion is the safety of passengers: The minimum distance from the edge of the stop area to the edge of the pavilion is at least 3 m, recommended 5 10 best review object). The pavilions must be located in such a way as to ensure the safe passage of passengers across the road and the process of waiting at the bus stop. The path from the pedestrian crossing to the stop should be the shortest and safest. And also the process of transferring passengers from one transport to another should be safe and convenient. There are accepted methods for designing public transport stops: 1 stopping points on city roads are arranged in pairs on each side of the street in a single relationship with a pedestrian crossing at the same and different levels. Bus and trolleybus stops are placed after the pedestrian crossing at a distance of 3-5 m on the same level. This ensures the safety of the pedestrian and good review driver (Fig. 14, a); 2 tram stops on double-track lines are located before the pedestrian crossing, and on single-track lines - after the pedestrian crossing (Fig. 14, b); 3 in cases of street intersections (regulated, self-regulated, non-regulated intersections), bus and trolleybus stopping points are installed no closer than 20 m from the corner of the intersection behind the street intersection. Tram stops no closer than 20 m to the intersection of streets (Fig. 14, c). Fig.14. Stop layouts land transport: and buses and trolleybuses on the haul; b double-track tram lines located along the axis of the street on the stage; in all modes of transport at the intersection; 1 sidewalk; 2 lawn; 3 stop platform; 4 crossing the roadway. When designing public transport stops, it is important to consider distances

14 Nie between stopping points. Thus, the distance between stopping points of passenger public transport within the city should be taken for a bus, trolleybus and tram no more than 600 m; Stopping points should be located relative to the entrances to the underpasses in such a way that the waiting passengers do not interfere with the entry and exit of pedestrians passing through the underpass. When stopping points are located near bridges, overpasses, overpasses, tunnels, unhindered movement of the main traffic flows should be ensured. 14 III. CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION AND MATERIALS 3.1. Types of structures used in the design of stops Structural solution depends on the climate, the type of local building materials, the industrial base of construction and the accepted architectural image. Both natural (stone, wood) and artificial (brick, blocks, panels) materials can be used, as well as, with appropriate justification, metal, plastic, glass. For the load-bearing structures of the MAF, various modern materials are most often offered, prefabricated wooden and reinforced concrete elements of in-line factory production, metal structures. In the design of a public transport stop, as a small architectural form, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, which are an industrial direction, can be used. This method ensures the in-line erection of small architectural forms, the disadvantage of which is the limitation of the range of elements. Here the task is to create various types of pavilions according to their solutions. The advantage is the strict identity of the elements, the accuracy of geometry and processing. Because of the labor intensity, monolithic reinforced concrete is rarely used in the mass construction of pavilions, more often according to individual projects. For individual projects with high architectural expressiveness, light thin-walled structures (structures such as shells) are offered, which are mostly applicable in the dry and southern regions of the country. AT last years The projects of stops made of metal structures, which are a steel frame with enclosing structures and a coating of corrugated aluminum or fiberglass, have gained particular popularity. Wood as a material at one time was popularly used in the construction of public transport stops, allowing the object to fit organically into the environment. But it was forced out because of the qualities of relative fragility, and requiring constant processing (impregnation, protection). In the practice of building pavilions in the Soviet period in different parts of our country, local materials such as shell rock, rubble stone, etc. were widely used. Nowadays, wood chipboards, boards made of various plastics and fiberglass, ceramic blocks are used to fill wall panels, frames, and roofs of pavilions. , glass blocks, waterproof plywood, etc. Various cable-stayed, awning and suspended structures with coatings in the form of complex spatial shells are striking in their composition. level of 2.5-3 m., thus providing internal comfort. The maximum height mark of the structure depends on the design and does not exceed 4.5-5 m. To provide the necessary visual review from inside the pavilion towards the bus entrance.

15 take into account the conditions of the stop ventilation. Windproof walls in semi-closed pavilions are made with a minimum height of 2.2 m. Depending on the design of the composition, it is necessary to provide for the placement of walls on three sides. The composition of the projected volume should be concise. an abundance of decorative and artistic elements as monumental forms is undesirable: mosaics, embossing, forged elements, etc. Such elements can play the role of architectural details. pavilions are equipped with benches and urns. for small structures without enclosed waiting rooms, there is no need to separate interior and exterior wall finishes. At the same time, some elements may emphasize the nature of the internal space of the stop. Benches with backs, display stands with announcements and schedules of transport routes, architectural and decorative details, and lighting elements can become a natural part of the interior. an important role is played by the overall layout solution, landscaping and landscaping. landscaping includes: various types of paving, retaining walls, flower gardens. landscaping can be solved by planting small groups of trees, shrubs. natural and artificial relief with elevation changes can be used. V. COMPOSITION OF THE PROJECT Situational plan (of the designed object in the system of a city or residential district) M 1: 500, 1000, 2000 General plan plot (with landscaping and landscaping of the adjacent territory) M 1:100, 200, 500 Plan (with the arrangement of technological equipment) M 1: 50, 100, 200 Section M 1: 50, 100, 200 Main and side facades (with entourage, staffing ) M 1:20, 25, 100 Perspective-axonometry Size not less than 1/5 of the tablet Layout (with adjacent territory) M 1: 50, 75, 100, 200 The project is carried out on a tablet, see Graphic presentation is arbitrary. The layout is exhibited separately on a rectangular (20 30 cm) or round (see diameter) base. VIII. PROJECT SCHEDULE 1. Issuing a task 2. Clause on the topic 3. Development of ideas 4. Abstract 5. Approval of the sketch 6. Drawing projections in pencil 7. Submission of the course project 8. Summing up the course project 15

16 16 Regulatory literature LIST OF USED LITERATURE 1. SNiP III Landscaping with methodological recommendations for the design of parking lots and bus stops, 1988 2. OST Bus stops on highways. General technical requirements. This International Standard makes reference to the following regulations: 3. GOST Road signs. General specifications; 4. GOST Technical means of traffic management. Application rules; 5. GOST Road traffic lights. Types. Main parameters; 6. GOST Distinctive signs and Information Support rolling stock of passenger land transport, stopping points and passenger lines. General technical conditions; 7. GOST R Roads and streets. Requirements for the operational state, permissible under the conditions of ensuring road safety; 8. GOST R Technical means of traffic management. Road marking. Types and basic parameters. General technical requirements; 9. SNiP Roads. Gosstroy of the USSR, 1986; 10. SNiP Natural and artificial lighting. Ministry of Construction of Russia, 1995; 11. SanPiN Sanitary rules for the arrangement, equipment and maintenance of public latrines. USSR Ministry of Health, Recommended literature 1. Gelfond, A.L. Architecture of public buildings: krat. course of lectures: textbook. allowance / A.L. Gelfond. Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing House of NNGASU, p. 2. Gelfond, A.L. Architectural design of public buildings and structures: tutorial for universities in the specialty "Architecture" / A.L. Gelfond. M.: Architecture-S, p. 3. Gelfond, A.L. Architectural typology of public buildings and structures: textbook. allowance / A.L. Gelfond. Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing House of NNGASU, p. 4. Nikolaevskaya, I.A. Improvement of territories: study guide / I.A. Nikolaevskaya. M. : Academy, p. 5. Khasieva, S.A. Architecture of the urban environment: a textbook for universities / S.A. Khasiev. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p. Further Reading 1. Artamonov, V.A. City and monument / V.A. Artamonov. M. : Stroyizdat, p. 2. Ikonnikov, A.V. Function, form, image in architecture / A.V. Ikonnikov. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p. 3. Kurbatov, Yu.I. Architectural forms and natural landscape: compositional connections / Yu.I. Kurbatov. L .: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, p. 4. Small architectural forms in the improvement of populated areas. Kyiv: Budivelnik, p. 5. Melnikov, N.P. Metal structures: a designer's guide / N.P. Melnikov. M. : Stroyizdat, p. 6. Fundamentals of architectural composition and design / ed. edited by A.A. Titsa. Kyiv: Higher School, p.

17 7. Symonds, D.O. Landscape and architecture: per. from English. / BEFORE. Symonds. M. : Stroyizdat, p. 8. Stepanov, A.V. Volumetric-spatial composition in architecture / A.V. Stepanov. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p. 9. Khromov, Yu.B. Landscape architecture of the cities of Siberia and the European North / Yu.B. Khromov. L.: Stroyizdat, p. Internet Resources 1. bus stop as modern element landscaping of the adjacent territory of roads design of public transport stops Rest Stops ultra-modern stop in Georgia from German architects unusual bus stops 5. bus stops in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and its environs in years (names of bus stops, their renaming and disappearance) bus stops are also part stories amazing bus stop concepts standard projects stops. 17

18 APPENDIX 1 Stop pavilions. Rice. 1. Bus stops of the USSR. Rice. 2. Bus stops of the USSR. eighteen

19 2 Stop pavilions. Rice. 3. Bus stops of the USSR. Rice. 4. Bus stops of the USSR. 19

20 3 Stop pavilions. Open type stop (without enclosing walls). Rice. 5. Stop open type (without enclosing walls). Rice. 6. Stop open type (without enclosing walls). twenty

21 4 Stop pavilions. Open type stop (without enclosing walls). Rice. 7. Stop open type (without enclosing walls). Rice. 8. Stop open type (without enclosing walls). 21

22 5 Stop pavilions. Open type stop (without enclosing walls). Rice. 9. Stop open type (without enclosing walls). Rice. 10. Stop open type. Concept. 22

23 6 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 11. Stop semi-closed type. Rice. 12. Stop semi-closed type. 23

24 7 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 13. Stop semi-closed type. Rice. 14. Stop semi-closed type. 24

25 8 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 15. Stop semi-closed type. Rice. 16. Stop semi-closed type. 25

26 9 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 17. Stop semi-closed type. "San Francisco" - the stop is built from environmentally friendly materials, in addition, it is equipped with WiFi technology, as well as a large screen (San Francisco). Rice. 18. Stop semi-closed type. 26

27 10 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 19. Stop semi-closed type. Rice. 20. Stop semi-closed type. 27

28 11 Stop pavilions. Semi-closed type stop (with walls without closed space). Rice. 21. Stop semi-closed type. Rice. 22. "Football gate" (Sao Paolo, Brazil). Semi-closed stop. 28

29 12 Stop pavilions. Stop of a semi-closed type with a closed room (cash desk, kiosk, ATM, etc.) Fig. 23. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space (concept). Rice. 24. Shuttle pavilions with indoor ATMs of the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation. 29

30 13 Stop pavilions. Stop of a semi-closed type with a closed room (cash desk, kiosk, ATM, etc.) Fig. 25. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space (concept). Rice. 26. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space (concept). thirty

31 14 Stop pavilions. Stop of a semi-closed type with a closed room (cash desk, kiosk, ATM, etc.) Fig. 27. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space. Rice. 28. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space. 31

32 15 Stop pavilions. Stop of a semi-closed type with a closed room (cash desk, kiosk, ATM, etc.) Fig. 29. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space (Casar de Caceres, Spain). “Rolled Paper Sheet” is how the design of this bus stop was conceived. Rice. 30. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space (Casar de Caceres, Spain). 32

33 16 Stop pavilions. Stop of a semi-closed type with a closed room (cash desk, kiosk, ATM, etc.) Fig. 31. Stop of a semi-closed type with an enclosed space. 33

34 17 Stop pavilions. closed type stops. Rice. Fig. 32. Closed type of stop with air conditioning (Dubai (UAE). Fig. 33. "Pipe" (Curitiba, Brazil). Futuristic bus stops on the streets of Curitiba save from rain and sun, and also reduce the number of free riders to zero .34

35 18 Stop pavilions. Closed type of stop. Rice. 34. Closed stop type. "Ecoshel" is a variation on the theme of eco-friendly high-tech stops. Rice. 35. Closed stop type. Concept. 35

36 19 Stop pavilions. Closed type of closed-type stop with a cash desk and a waiting room (with a capacity of more than 20 people). Rice. 36. "Rest Stops" an object built along one of the new Georgian highways according to the project of specialists from the German architectural studio "J. MAYER H. Architects. Rice. 37. The Rosa Parks Transit Center is an architectural design by Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB), USA. 36

37 20 Stop pavilions. Smart stop. Rice. 38. "Smart stop" - a modern concept of stopping. Rice. 39. "Smart Stop" provides: - informing passengers about the time of arrival of buses / trolleybuses / trams at the stop in real time; - informing passengers about route numbers and types of public transport plying on this line. 37

38 21 Stop pavilions. Smart stop. Rice. 40. "Smart Stop" provides: - informing passengers about changes in schedules and routes of public transport, changes in fares, emergency situations, etc.; - safety of passengers due to video surveillance and the ability to call the dispatcher of the situation center and emergency response services using the panic button. Rice. 41. A high-tech stop was proposed by researchers at the University of Massachusetts. Equipped with all modern technologies for access to information resources, including programs for selecting the best route to your destination. 38

39 22 Stop pavilions. Projects of students of AF TGASU, 2 course. Rice. 42. Student project: Kostyuchenko M.E., gr. 513 (consultant: Teltsov M.B.) Pic. 43. Student project: Kvashnina V.I., gr. 523 (consultant: Kryukova Yu.V.) 39

40 Continuation of the appendix 23 Stop pavilions. Projects of students of AF TGASU. Rice. 44. On the left is a project of a student: Shishkina T.V., gr. 543 (consultant: Stolyarova O.P.). On the right is a project of a student: Shefer O.S., gr. 513 (Consultant: Shklyar Ya.Yu.) Pic. 45. Student project: Reznichenko T.Yu., gr. 543 (consultant: Stolyarova O.P., Kulikova I.V., Akhtyamov K.Kh.) 40

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