Viktorov D.A.,Safronova S.V., Khreschik V.V.(BGITA, Bryansk, Russian Federation)
The development of the construction of houses of the 1-335 series from development and experimental construction to the end of their construction is considered. The advantages and disadvantages of various modifications of this series are determined. The main directions of increasing the level of operation of the buildings under consideration are given.
1-335 - the most common throughout former USSR a series of panel 5-story residential buildings that appeared along with the houses of the K-7, II-32, II-35, 1MG-300, 1-464, 1-468 series in 1959. The first house of this series 1-335 was built in Cherepovets, Vologda region. The largest number houses of this series were built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by the Polustrovsky house-building plant (DSK).
Initially, series 1-335 was an incomplete frame, consisting of one row of columns located along the longitudinal axis with a pitch of 2.6 and 3.2 m and crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the columns, and on the other side on metal supporting consoles ("tables"). Floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides.
External walls according to the constructive solution were divided into two-layer and single-layer. The first had an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed slab 30-60 mm thick and an insulating layer of non-autoclaved foam concrete 260 mm thick, the surface of which was plastered. However, as the practice of building operation has shown, the low mechanical strength of foam concrete, its weak adhesion and high hygroscopicity led to the appearance of shrinkage cracks, delamination and destruction of the panels. Cold bridges were formed in the places where the girders rested on the outer two-layer wall panels, which contributed to the corrosion of the metal embedded elements of the welded joint. In single-layer panels, made, as a rule, with a thickness of 350 mm from expanded clay concrete, no signs of corrosion of embedded elements were observed. The most common ceramic tile for cladding the outer surface of wall panels was 48x48x4 or less commonly 23x23x2 mm carpet tiles.
These houses had no internal walls, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the panels of staircases and intersection walls, thanks to which the principle of "free planning" could be implemented. Also, the biggest advantage of the 1-335 series was its low cost (for example, in 1971 an apartment cost an average of 5,760 rubles with average salary in 131 rubles 32 kopecks; thus, it would take 3 years and 8 months to save up for housing, which is 4.76 times less than now).
But, despite all the advantages, the 1-335 series had a number of disadvantages. She was recognized as the most unfortunate of all the series. residential buildings developed under N.S. Khrushchev, because due to the complete lack of experience in the construction of prefabricated buildings, the level of fabrication of structures and their installation on the construction site was very low. Also, the disadvantages of the first houses of this series included external walls with insufficient heat-shielding properties, combined bathrooms, narrow corridors without built-in wardrobes, walk-through and semi-walk-through rooms.
Figure 1 - Ordinary latitudinal section of houses of the 1-335 series (2-2-2-3)
With further improvement of the 1-335 series, standard projects of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335K series appeared, developed by the Leningrad branch of the Gorstroyproekt State Design Institute (Leningrad GPI Gorstroyproekt) in 1961. The design difference of the 1-335K series was that instead of five prefabricated elements of the staircase, a spatial block was made. This greatly simplified the installation of houses and made it possible to facilitate the flight of stairs, which, after the introduction of a three-dimensional element of the staircase, was decided to be combined with only one platform, and not with two, as was the case in the 1-335 series.
With the approval of new building codes and rules in 1963, the construction of residential buildings of more advanced series 1-464A, 1-464D, 1-468A, 1-468B, 1-468D, 1-510, 1605A, 1-515 / 9, 1-468A, 1- 468D, 1-447, 1-511, 1-510, which included various modifications of the 1-335 series (1-335A, 1-335D, etc.).
Houses of the 1-335A series, developed by the Leningrad Zonal Research and Design Institute for Typical and Experimental Design of Residential and Public Buildings (LenzNIIEP), were built in the period from 1963-1967 and had improved architectural and planning solutions. In this modification, to support the crossbars, 2 more rows of columns were introduced along the longitudinal outer walls. Thus, a frame-constructive system was obtained, in which the outer walls of the building became non-bearing, that is, any outer panel could be dismantled. The 1-335A series was solved with changes in the designs and dimensions of the main assembly units and parts of standardized elements and an increase in the number of additional forms associated with the use of separate sanitary units, a lightweight march and other design improvements.
Modification 1-335D is structurally similar to the 1-335A series. The heat-shielding properties of the walls of these houses are higher, they are stronger, they had more successful apartment layouts.
The next modification of the 1-335 series was the connection of blocks through reinforced concrete panels used in the 1-335AT series, which, unlike 1-335A and 1-335D, had an incomplete frame.
The five-story block sections 1-335Tul were designed in addition to the houses of the 1-335AT series to expand the capabilities of the architect and differed from them only in the originality of the types of houses and architectural and planning solutions. They were used for the layout of projects of representative houses and individual projects of houses of various lengths and volume-spatial solutions, depending on the conditions dictated by urban planning circumstances.
In 1969-1972, by order of the Novomoskovsk Chemical Combine, a modification 1-335TulM was produced. In this series, the bindings were redesigned, a technical floor was arranged instead of a combined roof, and technical undergrounds were replaced with full-fledged basements, for which reinforced basement panels with window openings were developed. But the main difference of the modified series was the presence of loggias. The two-sided orientation of two-room and three-room apartments and the presence of a wide panel spacing in the living rooms made it possible to arrange loggias in the apartment with their orientation both to one and the opposite facade and, accordingly, to obtain a greater number of facade solutions. If necessary (for example, when the house is located on a busy highway), all the balconies of the apartments could be removed from the street facade and oriented towards the courtyard. The heads of the smoke ventilation ducts were arranged no lower than 0.6 m from the top of the roof, since the necessary exhaust was not provided in the previous modifications.
The advantages of houses of the 1-335Tul and 1-335TulM series over 1-335AT is that they made it possible to completely move away from the system of free line building with uniformly arranged rows of identical standard houses and find a variety of spatial solutions with large spacious yards. This was possible due to the formation of residential areas of any length with vertical ledges, the use of loggia inserts for making turns at right and obtuse angles. Such a system made it possible to increase the linear building density and reduce the number of cold end walls, which, together with a reduction engineering networks contributed economically profitable option construction. During the construction of residential buildings from block sections of the 1-335TulM series, attached loggias were used, which were obtained by adding special prefabricated side walls to standard balcony slabs. And with paired and even more so quadruple balconies, such a solution required less material consumption than with single balconies of the 1-335AT series.
According to the given chronology, the 1-335 series was mastered in the city of Bryansk. The first house was erected in 1959 . For houses of the 1-335 series in Bryansk, single-layer expanded clay concrete panels were produced by the Bryansk plant of large-panel housing construction (BZKD). During the installation of houses, metallization of through seams and joints was organized by spraying. When sealing the joints of the panels of the outer walls, modern materials began to be used instead of hemp ship ropes.
Experience in the construction and operation of houses has revealed the following shortcomings, typical for all modifications of the 1-335 series:
Sound insulation of airborne noise of interfloor ceilings, inter-apartment and inter-room partitions is low;
The mass of 1 m 2 of the floor is less than 2.2 kN, which does not satisfy the condition of impact sound insulation;
The quality of welds due to their large length is unsatisfactory;
The mortar most often breaks down and flakes off in the joint, since the adhesion surface between the mortar and the panels is small;
Water and cold air penetrate into the premises through cracks in the seams, which are formed during deformations that are inevitable for this design of houses;
The caulk does not provide the necessary water tightness and impermeability of the seams;
Floor slabs have insufficient support on smoke panels; some floor slabs have excess deflections.
The connection of hinged outer panels is unsuccessful.
Together, all these defects led to the fact that the construction of houses in this series was completely prohibited.
The physical deterioration of the buildings of 1963-1970 is much less than the houses of the first stage and, as a rule, hardly exceeds 20%. Therefore, it was decided not to demolish the five-story buildings built after 1963, but to reconstruct them. Buildings of the "unbearable" series can be destroyed if they are in an unacceptable technical condition or fall into the zone of mass demolition, where it is more economically profitable to build a modern multi-storey residential building on the site of a still fairly solid five-story building.
But decide housing problem in conditions of scarcity of territories and quite acceptable physical condition of the existing housing stock, which does not meet social and demographic needs, as well as comfort standards, it is possible due to its reconstruction. The increase in area is achieved by building additional floors, increasing the size and number of summer rooms (balconies and loggias) and adding new volumes to the reconstructed buildings. The superstructure of houses is the most effective method of expanding the reproduction of the housing stock, since it does not require an increase land plot and allows you to realize all the reserves of the bearing capacity of the vertical structures of the building. Residential buildings of all modifications of the 1-335 series are of great interest as superstructure objects, since they are similar in terms of the width of the body, its configuration in plan, the location of staircases and windows, and allow the use of unified structural and technological systems for attic construction.
The Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings (TsNIIEP Housing) proposed five options for the renovation of residential buildings of the 1-335 series:
1 - redevelopment during major repairs;
2 - redevelopment in existing dimensions;
3 - redevelopment in existing dimensions with a superstructure;
4 - reconstruction with the addition of additional volumes;
5 - reconstruction with an extension and a superstructure.
Based on the territorial programs of most subjects Russian Federation the subprogram "Reconstruction of residential buildings of the first mass series" of the state target program "Housing" was created. In Bryansk, in 2001, project No. 08-011-02 “Reconstruction of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335 series in the city of Bryansk” was developed, in which three main reconstruction options were developed at the feasibility study stage:
1 - enlargement of apartments;
2 - consolidation of apartments and the superstructure of the attic floor;
3 - enlargement of apartments with a broadening of the building and an attic superstructure.
In all three options, measures have been developed to improve thermal protection and overhaul engineering equipment of existing floors with unchanged engineering and social infrastructure residential areas. The cost of 1 m 2 of the attic floor, according to the calculations made, was about 1.5 thousand rubles. The cost of work on major repairs and improving the thermal protection of buildings as a whole amounted to 200% of the cost of the attic floor. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the reconstruction from two sources of financing: funds from investors - for the construction of the attic floor, public utilities– for works on modernization of floors 1-5.
Literature
1 1-335 (Series of houses) [ Electronic resource] // Wikipedia [website] – URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-335 (date of access: 2.11.10).
2 Series 1-335 [Electronic resource] // USSR Forever!!! [website] - URL: http://www.ussr-forever.ru/prui/125-1-335-.html (date of access: 2.11.10).
3 Banykin, B.N. Design and construction of large-panel houses. - M., 1963. - S. 45-51.
4 How much is housing? [Electronic resource] // Bullshit [website] - URL: http://mgsupgs.livejournal.com/144614.html (date of access: 11/30/10).
5 Types and series of houses in Moscow [Electronic resource] // Fot.com [website] - URL: http://fot.com.ru/lofiversion/index.php/t18616-50.html (date of access: 2.11.10 ).
6 This restless Shilin [Electronic resource] // Notes of local lore [website] - URL: http://stroyved.ru/2009/11/%c2%a0etot-bespokojnyj-shilin/ (date of access: 11/30/10).
7 Past, present and future of five-story buildings [Text] // Ideas for your home - 2002. - No. 4.
8 Unified architectural and building systems attic floors for the superstructure of reconstructed houses [Electronic resource] // Construction Library [website] http://www.zodchii.ws/books/info-609.html (date of access: 01/28/11).
9 SP 35-114-2003. Reconstruction and adaptation of buildings for social service institutions for the elderly [Electronic resource]. Access from the information and reference system "Techexpert".
10 detailed information[Electronic resource] // Innovations to business [website] http://www.ideasandmoney.ru/Ntrr/Details/133223 (date of access: 01/28/11).
Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the name of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly because of the uncomfortable and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and, as a result, terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.
Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), the layout of the apartment and the entrance is not always successful: narrow corridors, a small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.
The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If a Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.
General drawing:
One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). it panel house with 5 floors, rarely seen 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.
Picture - drawing:
1 room:
2 room:
3 room:
From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.
1 room:
2 room:
This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments, the area of \u200b\u200bthe living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 - the area of the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.
Pictures - drawing (by years)
1 room 1958
1 room 1959
1 room 1960
1 room 1961
1 room 1964
2 room 1958
2 room 1959
2 room 1960
2 room 1964
My text. So, the further evolution of the design of residential buildings led to the emergence of a "half-frame" scheme, and the Leningrad branch of Gorstroyproekt developed the 1-335 series according to this principle, which was destined to become a "hit". It is not difficult to distinguish the series, it is enough 1) to look at the end of the house and note the location of the windows. 2) look at the house from the stairs. Continuous glazing of stairwells (4 rows of frames per panel or glass blocks) - also feature 1-335. These houses were built everywhere from Kaliningrad to the Pacific Ocean. For each climatic and seismic zone, its own modification of the project was developed. Oddly enough, in Moscow 1-335 is a very rare guest. Only 20 photos.
Photo 1 house series 1-335 under construction
In the capitals, the house was built in a slightly different guise (moreover, concrete goods were brought to Moscow from other regions). Outwardly, differences in the structure of the roof.
Photo 2. St. Petersburg. The roof is flat, its device is identical to the OD series. Most houses are finished with gray ceramics.
Photo 3. 1-335 in Moscow. The roof is double pitched. Panels are always painted.
The cost of construction of 1 sq.m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR. What is a "half-frame" can be seen from the drawing. The longitudinal load-bearing wall was replaced by columns with load-bearing beams. Internal partitions (except for inter-apartment ones) are light, made of gypsum concrete. Moreover, the section of the columns during the evolution of the series was reduced (1-335 k)
Photo 4. "Semi-frame" scheme of series 1-335
The layout of the apartments is a "step back" in relation to K-7 (od). 2-room and part of 3-room apartments with walk-through rooms, bathrooms combined. The height of the ceiling is the required hygienic minimum of 250 cm. True, all apartments have balconies. Starting from 1-335, the definition of “mother-in-law’s room” appeared in the lexicon of a Soviet person - this is a pantry in “twos” and “threes” - it is quite large.
Photo 5. Layout 1-335.
Photo 6
Photo 7. Furnishing option 1-335 from designers. I note that the common (passing room) is conceived as non-residential.
They tried to diversify the houses of the 1-335 series and “revive” the quarter with artistic coloring of houses and simple decor (along the “red” line of streets)
Photo 8.
Or the use of mosaic panels in houses with ceramic facade panels
Photo 9.
Or the use of glass blocks in the glazing of stairs
Photo 10.
In the process of evolution of the series, the end windows moved closer to the center of the building (there are no such houses in Moscow or St. Petersburg).
Photo 11 "transitional" version 1-335 in Tomsk
Photo 12. Project 1-335A-2. The windows of the butt "fixed" in a new place.
trouble 1-335 - the destruction of the slabs of the balconies was also defeated
Photo 13. Brick consoles of balconies
Back in the days of the USSR, the operation of houses of the 1-335 series of some DSKs revealed serious problems with the quality of reinforced concrete products
Photo 14. Lamination of facade panels
What needed a major overhaul
Photo 15.
A plan was developed for the overhaul of houses in a series with wall insulation
http://greb.ru/new/texnologija-strotel-stv...ix-sten-kr.html
photo 16.
Due to the high cost of land, in Moscow they don’t stand on ceremony with 1-335 (at least in Luzhkov’s time it was like that)
Photo 17. Demolition of 1-335 in Moscow. Let me remind you that very few of them were built there (the series cannot be reliably determined from the photo, but it is included in the list of “demolished” and actually demolished)
In other regions, 1-335 was subjected to overhaul and sanitation
Photo 18. 1-335 after reorganization in St. Petersburg. Etc. Sciences 14-2.
Photo 19. 1-335 after overhaul in Yurga, Kemerovo region.
Photo 20 Implemented or not, I don't know.
In order not to overload the topic with later projects 1-335, which bear little resemblance to these "Khrushchevs", I will stop here. Thanks to all!
§ 12
The constructive solution of the houses of the 1-335 series is based on a two-span scheme with columns running along the middle longitudinal axis of the building at intervals of 2.6 and 3.2 m, and with transverse purlins resting on the columns and load-bearing panels of the longitudinal outer walls. The spatial rigidity of the building is provided by the walls of the stairwells, end-bearing walls and transverse walls made of ventilation blocks, which are also supports for the floors (Fig. 3-15).
The outer walls of the building are designed in two versions: in the form of two-layer ribbed reinforced concrete panels made of concrete grade 200, insulated with non-autoclaved cellular concrete grade 10 (basic option), and in the form of single-layer panels made of lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, thermosite concrete, aerated concrete, etc.). Thickness of single-layer panels depending on climatic conditions of the construction area is taken from 35 to 50 cm. Panels of a two-layer structure for all climatic regions have a thickness of 30 cm. The cellular concrete insulation is protected from the inside by a cement layer, and the front surface of the outer panels either has a textured layer of white or colored concrete, or is painted with perchlorovinyl or resistant silicate paints.
Panels of external walls are interconnected by welding metal plates, which are supporting sheets for transverse purlins of interfloor ceilings; the ends of the runs are insulated with slag. Vertical seams between wall panels are caulked with tarred tow and filled with mortar on expanding cement. The nests in the wall panels, necessary for welding, are sealed with foam concrete chips with a small amount of cement mortar. The installation of wall panels is carried out over a layer of cement mortar 10 mm thick, while from the side of the front edge on the panel, before spreading the mortar, a bundle of tarred tow or poroizol is laid.
Rice. 3-15. Large-panel houses of the 1-335 and 1-335a series
a - section of series 1-335;
b — the same, 1-335A;
in-coupling columns, girders and panels of interfloor overlapping: 1 - colony; 2 - run; 3 - floor panel; 4 - welded seam;
g - pairing of panels of external walls with a run and a floor slab; 1 - mastic isol: 2 - poroizol; 3 - cement mortar;
e - interface panels on the end wall: 1 - wall panels, 2 - floor panels
The internal frame of the building consists of one-story reinforced concrete columns made of grade 200 concrete and transverse reinforced concrete purlins of rectangular section made of grade 300-400 concrete. For the installation of floors, reinforced concrete flat hollow-core panels made of concrete grade 300, the size of a room, 10 cm thick, are used. The frame elements are connected to each other and to the floor panels using welded metal parts embedded in reinforced concrete products. All metal surfaces after installation are covered with an anti-corrosion compound, and the seams between the reinforced concrete elements are sealed with a mortar of expanding cement.
The foundations for load-bearing walls are designed in two versions: a strip structure made of concrete blocks or columnar foundations made of enlarged prefabricated reinforced concrete elements in the form of separate supports installed on pillows. The foundations for the columns are made of glass-type reinforced concrete shoes. With columnar foundations, the lower part of the walls is assembled from basement panels, and with foundations made of concrete blocks, the basement is assembled from large hollow blocks with a length equal to the pitch of the transverse load-bearing structures.
Interroom partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, interroom partitions are made of the same panels, but in two layers with an air gap of 4 cm between them. Sanitary units are designed as prefabricated thin-walled reinforced concrete cabins of factory production. Stair structures are made in cassette molds from 300 grade concrete and consist of flights with half platforms.
The combined roof has two solutions: in the form of a ventilated and non-ventilated structure. The basis for the roof is reinforced concrete slabs 4 cm thick, laid on reinforced concrete pads (logs); roof insulation - from autoclaved foam concrete; roofing - from three layers of roofing material over glassine on bituminous mastic.
Residential buildings of the 1-335 series have significant planning flaws: apartments with walk-through rooms, with entrances to the kitchens directly from common living rooms, with combined bathrooms, with narrowed front ones; the facades of the houses are solved uniformly with a low height of the window openings. There are shortcomings in constructive solutions: anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts is not provided; in the nodes of support of the girders on the outer walls there is no necessary sealing of the joints of the outer panels; the heat-shielding qualities of the outer walls are insufficient for areas with low design temperatures; in a number of knots separate sections froze through; the channels in the smoke ventilation units have an insufficient cross section; there is water leakage from balconies and cornices into the joints of the panels of the outer walls.
In 1962, the Leningrad Gorstroyproekt issued working drawings, and then developed an improved 1-335A series.
Changes have been made to the construction of houses: for areas with low design temperatures, the thickness of the outer walls has been increased; Anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts (anchors and welds) is provided. The structures for connecting the panels of the outer walls with the purlins and the support of the floor panels on the end walls are shown in diagrams d, e. fig. 3-15. Currently, in the houses of the 1-335A series, the structural scheme has been changed, which is based on a full frame.
Discussion and additional information on the forum -
Residential apartment house Series 1-335 have a frame and panel design. The project belongs to the developers of the design bureau of Leningrad, the design was finally improved and put into construction by the LenZNIIEP scientific institute.
House series 1-335 has 5 floors. The facade is recognizable by the four-leaf windows on the landings, the ends, consisting of four panels, as well as the windows in two rows.
In the history of Khrushchev housing construction this series characterized by the lowest cost, equal to 95 rubles. Panel houses are located in different Moscow districts, all of them are in disrepair. According to experts - the worst construction project of all Khrushchev's structural series.
The number of entrances of the house starts from 3 or more. There is no elevator in the houses. Each apartment, except for the 1st floor, has a balcony. The design does not provide for a built-in garbage chute, there are no emergency balconies on the stairs. The roof has a hipped structure. The ceilings were made of solid reinforced concrete slabs. Inter-apartment and inter-room partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels. The load-bearing walls are made according to the constructive scheme, the frame is incomplete. The type of load-bearing wall is layered: reinforced concrete outside, and foam concrete insulation inside. The facade is tiled in light shades.
On the floors there are one-, two- and three-room apartments. Apartments are small. The area of a one-room apartment is no more than 31 m2, of which 19 m2 is residential space. In a two-room apartment, the total area ranges from 40 to 45m2 (about 35 - living space). "Treshki" 10-12m2 more (about 55m2), with living space 44-48 m2. Kitchens have a standard square for any apartment - 6.3 m2. Ceilings are low - 2.5 meters. The apartments are equipped with storage rooms.
Among the shortcomings of the panel "five-story building" note the combination of a toilet and a bathroom. The outer walls are extremely poorly insulated, so it is cool in the apartments during the heating season. The interior partitions are thin, which increases the audibility from the neighbors.
