In the context of the developing crisis, it is low-rise construction that will help maintain the volume of activity in the construction industry. This was discussed at the round table "The relevance of the use of new energy and resource-saving technologies in low-rise construction in a crisis" held as part of the 3rd Moscow Forum of Real Estate Market Leaders MREF 2008. The event was organized by National agency low-rise and cottage construction (NAMIKS).
“Now, with stagnation and recession in the construction industry, it is low-rise housing construction, with all the richness of the choice of technologies, that will help maintain the pace and volume of construction,” said the moderator of the Round Table, Deputy Executive Director of NAMIKS Petr Kazmin.
According to Sergey Tsygamenko, president of the Ecopan Association, in the near future, the organization, based on its low-rise housing construction technology, will launch a pilot project to create economical, energy-intensive and environmentally friendly "autonomous houses" based on wireless systems heating and electricity supply using solar energy. In addition, the Ecopan Association plans, along with the production of SIP panels, to build 3-4 OSB factories, which will halve the cost of one square meter housing.
President of the Association "NESST" Yuri Shershnev presented a new element of the technology of monolithic low-rise housing construction - a metal mesh of a special shape as a fixed formwork. “With this type of wall production, lightweight concrete takes on a specific shape, as a result of which the entire
the structure of the house becomes several times more earthquake-resistant than with conventional structures, and, in addition, the load on the foundation is reduced by 6 times.”
“The main task now, in the context of the financial instability of the construction market, is to show the innovation and efficiency of low-rise buildings, to demonstrate clearly that even in the economy class it is possible to produce a high-quality and comfortable product,” Sergey Zhuravlev, Deputy Chairman of the Expert Council of the Russian House of the Future project, emphasized. ".
This residential building is a two-story two-section with parking in the basement. The building is rectangular in plan, with dimensions in axes 1-9 - 49.2 m, in axes A-E - 19.8 m. The height of the basement and first floors is 3.3 m, the height of the second floor is 3 meters. The number of apartments in one residential section on the ground floor is 5 in section A and 6 in section B.
Facing of the facade of the building is made of ceramic hollow bricks on a cement-sand mortar 120 mm thick; According to the technical and economic parameters, the designer (me) chose expanded polystyrene as a heater. Load-bearing walls made of ordinary clay bricks, masonry thickness 380 mm.
The layout of all rooms on the second floor is similar to the layout of the rooms on the first floor. The symmetry of the premises of the two sections is not complete - the sections between axes 1-2 and 8-9 are not symmetrical, as they have an individual layout in accordance with the requirements of investors and the customer.
The building has living space 980.50 m2, auxiliary area 740, 20 m2, rooms are spacious, mostly rectangular shape, area from 14 to 24 m2. The interior decoration of the rooms is made with cement-sand-based plaster.
Kitchens have an area of 10.5 to 17 m2 and are adjacent to load-bearing walls with ventilation shafts along the outer axes.
In two corner rooms on the facade from the side of the courtyard there are two light openings each, in the rest of the living rooms and kitchens there is one window each. Plastic windows with double glazing in single binding.
There are places for wardrobes, wardrobes, utility and utility rooms in all apartments, as well as rooms for managing end-user communications in stairwells (water supply, electrical wiring, communication cables, measuring equipment, valves, etc.). Bathrooms are separate, except for two one-room apartments symmetrical about the axis of 5.
In the right wing, a three-room apartment has two bathrooms. The doors of all bathrooms open outward, the finishing of floors and walls with tiles or other materials is carried out by the owners of the apartments independently in accordance with the requirements of established regulatory documents.
In section A there are four one-room, one two-room and one three-room apartments. The area of these apartments, respectively, is 32, 32, 37, 37 m2 for one-room apartments, 50 m2 for a two-room apartment and 72 m2 for a three-room apartment. In section B of the building there are two one-room, one two-room and two three-room apartments with an area of 37, 37 m2 for one-room apartments, 65 m2 for two-room apartments, 76 and 70 m2 for three-room apartments, respectively.
In all three-room apartments, with the exception of the corner apartment in wing B, there are "living rooms" adjacent to the "common rooms", which can be equipped for an office or other needs without disturbing the convenience of the general functioning of the premises. The area of each staircase is 26 m2, apartment owners can, in accordance with the procedure established by law, independently install partitions on staircases to create a common vestibule. The building's entrance consists of an external door, a vestibule and an internal door; the distance from the stairs to the inner door of the entrance unit is 890 mm. The canopies of the two front doors rest on the load-bearing walls along the D axis and along the 2 and 8 axis. In front of the entrance to the entrance there are decorative side fences made of brickwork with dimensions of 2100 / 240 / 750 mm (L / W / H).
The project provides for all the necessary measures to ensure the explosion and fire safety of the building, thermal protection and protection building structures from corrosion. In addition, the conditions that provide the required comfort in the premises are met.
low-rise construction self-locking block
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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Design of an individual residential building
ATkeeping
In the assignment for course design, it was proposed to design an individual residential building located in the city of Ulan-Ude.
The purpose of the course project is the formation of professional and personal competencies, to consolidate and show the knowledge gained by studying the theoretical part of the course in the design of residential and public buildings.
The objectives of the course project are to develop a space-planning and constructive solution for the building in accordance with the regulatory documentation, select the finishing of the building, select materials, develop a master plan for the site, and perform the necessary calculations.
Project relevance: Low-rise residential buildings provide good hygienic qualities of the living environment - insolation, ventilation, as well as a significant light front. Individual houses are characterized by freedom in the choice of planning scheme, proportions, placement of light openings and orientation. Orient the premises of a residential building on the sides of the horizon, in relation to the street, courtyard, garden, neighboring plot, and also depending on the location of the main entrance and the position of utility rooms. Single-family houses make it possible to gradually increase the area with an increase in the number of family members through the use of attic space, add-ons or extensions of additional premises, which is very important in modern conditions.
1 . Obuilding planning solution
1.1 Functional diagram of the building
The space-planning solution was developed on the basis of the design task, in compliance with the current sanitary and hygienic norms, standards, as well as the requirements of the functional zoning of the premises.
The proposed building is a two-story residential building.
The length of the building is 10 m, the width of the building is 12 m in the axes.
Communication between floors is carried out by a metal staircase.
The mutual arrangement of the premises and their area are taken into account the current building codes(according to SNiP 31-02-2001 Residential single-apartment houses).
For a reasonable location of the premises in the building, a functional diagram is drawn up, which is a conditional graphic representation of all the premises and the connections between them.
Scheme 1. Functional diagram of the building
1.2 Description of the space-planning solution of the building
The efficiency of building construction is determined by its space-planning decision. The proposed building is low-rise, as it has two floors. Building dimensions in plan: 10.0 x 12.0 m. Floor height: 3 m.
According to the method of communication, the premises in the building are walk-through and not walk-through (isolated), communicating with each other using a corridor. In the designed building, a mixed type of layout is used (hall and corridor).
1.3 TEP of space-planning solutionenia
Built-up area (Sz) - the area along the outer perimeter of the building at the level of the first floor.
The area of working premises (Srab) - the area of the gym, gym, office space, coaching.
Ancillary or auxiliary area (Sv) - the area of premises of a service nature, corridors and bathrooms.
Total area (Stot) - the sum of the working area and the area of \u200b\u200bpremises of a service nature:
Stot = Swork + Sv (1)
Structural volume of the building (Vzd) - the product of the built-up area and the height of the building (from the level of the finished floor of the 1st floor to the top of the attic floor or to the top of the cover for non-attic buildings):
Vzd \u003d Sz x Nzd
Table 1. Technical and economic indicators of the space-planning solution
2 . Tostructural design of the building
2.1 Support structures
designHouse
The load-bearing elements of the building are: Monolithic foundation, load-bearing brick walls, reinforced concrete floor slabs and coatings, lintels.
2.1.1 Foundations
The foundation is the main structural element of the supporting building, which takes on all the loads of the structure and transfers them to the ground. Foundations must meet the requirements of strength, stability, durability, manufacturability of the device and economy.
For this development, a monolithic foundation was chosen. This type the foundation is advisable to use in the construction small houses without a high plinth, and the slab itself is used as the base of the floor. A monolithic foundation is used on all types of soils and at any depth of groundwater. It is a reinforced concrete slab 25 cm thick, on which the building will rest with all its walls. Such foundations are ideal for heaving soil with high level groundwater, because they are not afraid of their vertical and horizontal movements.
Monolithic foundations well align all vertical and horizontal movements of the soil, for which they received another name: floating. For houses of a higher class, foundations in the form of ribbed slabs or reinforced cross tapes are more often arranged. To build a monolithic foundation, they first dig a foundation pit, then tamp it down and make a pillow at the bottom from a layer of sand and a layer of gravel. A waterproofing material is laid on top of them. A thin layer of concrete is poured over the waterproofing. And then the reinforcement is laid and the concrete solution is pumped into the pit. On the slab constructed in this way, a tape monolithic foundation is arranged under the load-bearing walls of the house.
Determining the depth of the foundation
Distance from the leveled ground surface to the level of the sole
called the depth of the foundation, which must correspond to the depth of the base layer. This also takes into account the depth of soil freezing.
Nzal = Nzam + 20cm (3)
Nzam \u003d 23 v? (-T) +2 (4)
where Hzam is the depth of soil freezing (cm);
Nzal - foundation depth (cm);
The sum of negative temperatures (determined by SNiP
23.01-99 "Construction climatology", table 1).
Nzam \u003d 23v25.4 + 20.9 + 10.6 + 0.1 + 12.7 + 21.9 +2 \u003d 23v91.6 +2 \u003d 220 +2 \u003d 222 cm
Nzal \u003d 222 +20 \u003d 242 cm \u003d 2.42 m
Figure 1 - Foundation design: a - foundation scheme: 1 - foundation sole; 2 - foundation body; 3 - mark the depth of the foundation; 4 - mark of the depth of soil freezing; 5 - groundwater level mark; 6 - planning mark; 7 - wall; 8 - floor level of the first floor; 9 - edge of the foundation; hf - depth of foundation; b - the width of the base of the foundation.
2.1.2 Walls
Walls are the most important structural elements of the building, which serve not only as enclosing structures, but also as load-bearing elements. Walls according to their purpose and location in the building are divided into external and internal.
In the building being designed, the external and internal walls are made of solid clay brick GOST 530-95, with dimensions of 250x120x65 mm, grade 75 on cement mortar grade 50 (in winter) and grade 25
(in summer time). Laying system - chain. The masonry is “waste”, as the surface of the wall will be plastered.
According to thermotechnical calculation, the total wall thickness is 600 mm.
Figure 2. Construction of a brick wall
A structure that covers openings in walls (windows or doors) and supports the upper part of the wall is called a lintel. The lintels, in addition to their own mass and the mass of the upstream wall, perceive and transmit to the downstream wall elements (walls) loads from floor elements and other structures.
In the building being designed, bar lintels with a width of 120 and a height of 65 mm with a length of up to 2.0 m and a height of 140 mm with a length of up to 3.0 m are used.
Figure 3. Reinforced concrete lintel
2.1.3 Overlappings
Ceilings are the main structural elements of buildings, dividing them into floors.
In the designed building, ceilings from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are used.
The floor slabs used are multi-hollow panels made of concrete grade 200 with a length of 3 and 6 m, a width of 1.2 m and a thickness of 220 mm.
Figure 4. Hollow core slab
2.1.4 Thermal calculation of the outer brick wallwith insulation
1. We determine the coefficients of thermal conductivity of building materials:
l1 \u003d 0.58 W / (m 0С) - cement-sand mortar;
l2 \u003d 0.091 W / (m 0С) - plates;
l3 \u003d 0.56 W / (m 0С) - bricks;
l4 \u003d 0.52 W / (m 0С) - lime-cement mortar.
2. Determine the degree-day of the heating period:
GSOP = (tv - top) Zop (5)
where tv = 18 0C - design temperature of the indoor air of the room;
top = -10.4 0С - average temperature of the heating period;
Zop = 237 - duration of the heating period in days.
GSOP \u003d (18 0С - (-10.4 0С)) 237 \u003d 6730.8
3. Determine the reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures:
GSOP = 6000 => Ropr = 1.8 m2 0С/W
GSOP = 8000 => Rdef = 2.2 m2 0С/W
4. Determine the required resistance to heat transfer Rotr:
Rotr \u003d Dtn bV (6)
where n \u003d 1 is the coefficient taken according to table. 5;
tv \u003d 18 0C - the calculated temperature of the indoor air of the room;
tн = -37 0С - calculated winter temperature of the outdoor air, equal to
the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 (according to SNiP 2.01.01-82, Table 1);
Dtn \u003d 4 0С - standard temperature difference, taken according to table. 6. bV \u003d 8.7 W / (m2 0С) - heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the walls, taken according to table. 5a.
1 (18 0C - (-37 0C))
Rotr \u003d 4 0С 8.7 W / (m2 0С) \u003d 1.6 m2 0С / W
5. We determine the thickness of the insulation, equating the actual resistance to heat transfer of all layers of the wall to the required resistance:
R_--=--1/--bV--+--d1--/--l1--+--d2--/--l2--+--d3--/--l--3 --+--d4--/--l--4--+--1/--bH--e--ROTP--(7)
2 / 2 = Rneg - (1 / bV + 1 / 1 + 3 / 3 + 4 / 4 + 1 / bN) (8)
bH \u003d 23 W / (m2 0С) - heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the walls, taken according to table. 7.
2 / 2 = 1,6 - (1/ 8,7 + 0,03 / 0,58 + 0,51 / 0,56 + 0,02 / 0,52 + 1 / 23) = 0,45.
2 \u003d 0.45 2 \u003d 0.45 0.091 \u003d 0.04 m.
6. The total wall thickness will be:
total \u003d d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 \u003d 0.03 + 0.04 + 0.51 + 0.02 \u003d 0.6 m
2.2 Walling
2.2.1 Partitions
Partitions are non-load-bearing enclosing structures, therefore they are based on ceilings, and not on foundations. Partitions divide the internal volume of the building into separate rooms, different in functional purpose, and also, if necessary, provide a visual connection between them using glazing. Partitions should have a minimum thickness and mass, and at the same time have strength, rigidity and stability, be built by industrial methods at low cost. Partitions must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (do not accumulate dust, be cleanable, have a smooth surface), provide for the possibility of placing electrical wiring, computer and telephone networks in the thickness of the structure.
In the building being designed, brick partitions are used made of clay brick grade 75 on cement mortar grade 25 with a thickness of ½ of a brick in accordance with GOST 530-95.
Figure 5. Construction of a brick partition
2.2.2 Window
Windows are the main structural elements; light enters the rooms through the windows; also they can serve for ventilation of rooms. Windows are the main source of heat loss in buildings.
According to the material of the projected building, the windows are double-glazed windows of PVC profile, with heat-shielding properties, which helps to avoid unreasonable heat losses and provide soundproofing of the premises.
Window dimensions 1300 x 1400 mm; 1800 x 1400 according to GOST 30674-99.
The thickness of the window frame is 140mm
PVC windows have many advantages over other types of windows: wooden or aluminum. Such as: 1) relieve the inconvenience caused by condensation in the house and, accordingly, on the window. 2) Preserve heat in the house in winter and keep cool in summer.
Figure 6. The design of the three-leaf window
2.2.3 doors
Doors are used to isolate the passage rooms and the entrance to the building from each other. According to the location in the building, the doors are divided into internal and external. According to the material - the doors are wooden deaf and glazed.
Doors consist of boxes, which are frames fixed in doorways of walls or partitions, and canvases hung on door frames.
Door frames are fixed in the openings to antiseptic wooden plugs, which are laid into the masonry during the laying of the walls. For external wooden doors, boxes are arranged with thresholds, and for internal doors - without a threshold. Door leafs are hung on hinges (canopies) that allow you to remove the door leafs that are wide open from the hinges - to repair or replace the door leaf. To prevent the door from being open or slamming, special spring devices are installed that keep the door closed and smoothly return the door to the closed state without impact. Doors are equipped with handles, latches and mortise locks.
In the building being designed, one- and two-leaf doors of the following sizes are accepted: 900 x 2100 mm, 800 x 2100 mm in accordance with GOST 6629-88 and 24698-81.
Figure 7. Door leaf design
2.2.4 floors
The floors are arranged on the floors. The top layer of the floor, which is exposed to operational influences, is called the coating or clean floor. In the floors on the floor, the base is the bearing part of the floor, there is no underlying layer.
The bedroom floors are carpeted; in the living room and hallway parquet; tiled floors in bathrooms and kitchens, for which 13 mm thick ceramic tiles are used, having a square shape.
Tiles are laid on a concrete base on a cement screed 10-20 mm thick.
When laying carpeting, an underlayment should be used, which will serve as additional sound and heat insulation in rooms with concrete floors. The carpet was installed by gluing.
For laying parquet, the base of the floor covering must be perfectly even, for this, plywood is laid under the parquet board, but before that, a cement screed is poured, or the existing concrete base is leveled with an additional layer. If the floor is wooden, then each board must be securely fastened to prevent further loosening and creaking of the floorboards. However, it is best to lay a parquet board on a stable base of concrete or cement.
2.2.5 Roof
The structural element enclosing the building from above is called a cover. Based on the main purpose of the coating - to protect the building from atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain and snow, as well as from heat loss in winter and overheating in summer, it consists of load-bearing structures that perceive the transmitted loads from overlying elements, and the enclosing part.
An important requirement for coatings is the cost-effectiveness of their device and ensuring the consumption of minimal Money for their operation. Of particular importance is the use of industrial methods in the installation of coatings, which reduces labor costs for construction site and contributes to the improvement of the quality of construction and installation works. To ensure the removal of precipitation, the coatings are arranged with a slope. The magnitude of the slope depends on the material of the roof, as well as the climatic conditions of the construction area. The proposed building has a pitched roof. The gable roof is the most common classic design. The designed layered rafters rest on the outer load-bearing walls, on which the under-rafter beam (Mauerlat) is fixed. Rafter legs are designed in the form wooden beam, which has dimensions of 220 * 50 in cross section. To reduce the deflection of the rafters under the action of the weight of the roof structure, struts and vertical posts are provided in the axes, which, in turn, abut against the bed. The bed is located on the protruding part of the inner wall on the coordination axis.
In the upper part of the roof structure, the rafters are connected to each other by means of a double-sided wooden lining. Between the axes, to increase the rigidity of the rafters, puffs from boards are used, and there are no racks and struts. Between the axes, the rafters on one side rest against the Mauerlat, located on the outer wall with the coordination axis, and their other side is embedded in the wall. To the end of the rafter legs are attached fillies with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 * 40 mm.
Figure 9. Gable roof
Since the wooden elements of the roof work in a humid and flammable (electrical wiring runs in the attic) environment, they must be treated with antiseptics and flame retardants.
The roof is designed from metal tiles. Sheet width 1100 - 1200 mm, length 800 - 8000 mm, thickness 0.45 or 0.5 mm, profile height from 28 to 75 mm. Moreover, the higher the wave, the stronger, "more elite" and more expensive the tile. Rafters will require antiseptic boards. They are installed in increments of 60 to 100 cm with a minimum section of 150x50 mm. It is better to make the crate from boards with a section of at least 25x100 mm and a step of 350-500 mm. It must correspond to the wave pitch of the metal tile and be without deflections so that snow or water does not get into them. Between the metal tile and the layer of heat and waterproofing, it is necessary to make a gap for ventilation in the roofing pie. Antioxidant films are used for waterproofing.
Drainage
Drainage from roofs is arranged with an external unorganized and organizational one.
Drainage from the roof of the designed building is organized along external drains with a diameter of 13 mm. The number of pipes is determined on the basis of 1 cm2 of the pipe section per 1 m2 of the roof at a distance of 18 - 20 m from each other. Attach pipes with crutches.
The pipes are hung from the bottom up on the grips fixed on the wall no closer than 120 mm from it; pipe outlets are made no higher than 0.4 m above the level of the sidewalk (blind area).
Figure 10. Organization of the drain
3 . Ggeneral plan
The master plan was developed in accordance with the design assignment, taking into account the wind rose, zoning of the territory, in compliance with sanitary and fire safety standards. The relief of the construction site is flat.
Landscaping on master plan should occupy at least 30% of the territory. Landscaping of the site is provided for by planting shrubs, trees, laying out lawns and flower beds.
When placing buildings between them, appropriate distances must be observed, called gaps, the minimum allowable values of which are determined by sanitary and fire safety standards (at least 6 m).
The pavement of the roadway is made of asphalt concrete; sidewalks and footpaths - asphalt.
3.1 Characteristics of the construction siteandevidence
The construction site is located in Ulan-Ude.
Climatic region - 1, subregion - 1B.
Wind area - 3.
The temperature of the coldest day is -39°C The temperature of the coldest five-day period is -37°C The standard value of wind pressure is 38 kgf/m2 The standard value of snow cover weight is 50 kgf/m2 Estimated seismicity is 8 points
The estimated depth of soil freezing is 2.22 m. The foundations are based on sands of medium size.
According to the engineering-geological and natural-climatic conditions, the site is suitable for the construction of the building being designed.
3.2 Location and orientation of the building
When designing a building, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the prevailing winds. The prevailing wind direction is determined by the wind rose, which is a vector diagram. The wind rose is built on 8 points - the main geographical cardinal points. The prevailing wind direction corresponds to the largest vector of the wind rose, directed towards its center. With rational design, it should be directed to the corner or end of the building. The data for constructing the wind rose is determined according to SNiP 23-01-99 "Construction climatology" (values by numerator, %).
|
Mean |
The prevailing wind direction for Ulan-Ude in summer (in July) is north-west (red line), in winter (in January) - west (blue line).
Figure 11. Wind rose
3.3 Elements bcamp facilitiesamaster plan
On the master plan are the designed building, ?
The improvement of public areas includes the construction of transport roads and pedestrian sidewalks, recreation areas, and landscaping.
The development of the microdistrict is decided taking into account the most favorable insolation, ventilation and isolation from noise and dust. For this purpose, recreation areas are arranged with sports grounds, plant trees and shrubs along driveways and pedestrian roads. Landscaping purifies the air and is of great health value, as well as protecting from winds and city noise.
3.4 Technical and economic indicators of the master plan
Table 3. Technical and economic indicators of the master plan
The proposed building is characterized by:
Water supply - combined economic and fire protection from external
Hot water supply - centralized.
Heating - central water.
Sewerage - household.
Power supply - from the city network, voltage 220 V.
Ventilation - forced-air and exhaust.
Communication and signaling device - telephonization.
Wconclusion
As a result of the course design, architectural and construction drawings of the building facade, ground floor plan, section, foundation plan and floor slabs, roof plan and master plan were developed.
AT explanatory note the space-planning and constructive solution of the building is described, the exterior and interior decoration of the building is selected, the calculations of the depth of foundations and the thermotechnical calculation of the external enclosing structures are made.
The building of a brick residential building was designed taking into account the regulatory and technical documentation and the requirements of SNiP.
Literature
1. Vilchik N. P. Architecture of buildings. - M: Infra-M, 2008
2. Belokonev E.N., Abukhov A.Z. Fundamentals of architecture of buildings and structures. - Rostov-n/D: Phoenix, 2005
3. Gelfond A. L. Architectural design public buildings and structures. - St. Petersburg: Architecture-S, 2007
4. Lazarev A.G., Kudinova E.O. Architect's Handbook. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005.
5. Lantsov A.L. Computer design of buildings. - M: Stroyizdat, 2007
6. Maklakova T.G., Nanosova S.M. Structures of civil buildings. - M.: ASV, 2000.
7. Buga P.G. Civil, industrial and agricultural buildings. -M.: Higher school, 1983.
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...Development of an architectural and constructive solution for a two-story individual residential building designed for a family of 4-5 people. The space-planning decision of the building. The walls of a low-rise residential building. The material of the floor elements.
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term paper, added 01/24/2016
Space-planning solution for the task of an individual residential building. Using the principle of functional zoning. Communication between floors. The relative position of the premises and their area. Internal and external walls, partitions, ceilings and floors.
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Development of construction and design solutions for the main elements of the building. Features of the space-planning solution of the building. Calculations of the improvement of the adjacent territory and engineering support of the building. Determination of the cost of building a residential building.
thesis, added 07/18/2014
general characteristics of the building being designed, thermal engineering calculation and sound insulation of enclosing structures. The main space-planning and constructive solutions of the building: foundation, walls, floor, stairs. Feasibility study of this project.
term paper, added 07/24/2011
Features of constructive solutions for residential and public buildings. Architectural and constructive solution: foundation, walls and partitions, ceilings, stairs. Specification of opening filling elements. Determining the elevation of the base of the foundation, collecting loads.
term paper, added 07/17/2011
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Methodology for designing a two-story four-room residential building. Development of a space-planning solution for this structure, ways to ensure the spatial rigidity of the house. Thermal engineering calculation of the building, development of its design and elements.
Core technologies
Modern construction technologies multi-storey buildings allow us to divide the whole variety of houses into three main types: brick, monolithic and panel. The service life and quality of construction depend on the choice of a particular technology.
An important feature of most monolithic houses is that the apartments have only load-bearing walls, and the buyer decides what area and configuration the premises will be and how many there will be.
“In principle, you can build a house from anything. Question: What is this house? If a Vacation home, the cottage is definitely brick and wood. But if we are talking about the construction of multi-storey buildings, then the choice of materials is limited to three main ones: panel, brick, monolith, which, in turn, is divided into pure monolith and monolith-brick. And in this case, the criteria of durability, comfort, aesthetics, and cost come to the fore, which translates into a cost for the consumer, ”says Dmitry Govorukhin, head of the BigRiver-Capital group of companies.
Cheap and fast
Panel house technology is the construction of prefabricated blocks. Its main advantage is the relative cheapness, based on the production of panels in house-building factories, and the assembly of the house as a designer, so panel houses are built quickly. Apartments in such houses have typical layouts, a smaller area compared to monolithic and brick houses. At the same time, they require less costs for repairs, which is a definite plus and a bonus to the initially lower price per square meter of finished housing. However, in panel houses there is a serious drawback - these are the so-called "cold paths" formed due to the connecting seams and protruding parts of the ceiling. “In the construction of panel houses, the quality is largely determined by the human factor. Such types construction works, as sealing interpanel seams, welded joints, are made manually, and their quality depends on the qualifications and conscientiousness of the workers at the construction site, ”explains Gennady Yuvzhenko, Deputy Director for Construction of Brigantina IC.
Timeless classic
Brick is a material that has been tested for centuries. Housing in brick houses is of high quality and comfortable. Brick houses "breathe" better and are much more environmentally friendly. They are heat-intensive, have a high degree of protection against ignition. Brick is not susceptible to the appearance of fungi and microorganisms. “The best option for multi-storey buildings is brick. Clay is no worse than concrete, gaining strength over time. Such houses are much warmer, especially if hollow bricks with an air gap are used. The cells create an obstacle to the cold, and if the outside is made of mineral slab insulation, this will create additional protection from moisture and wind,” notes Gennady Yuvzhenko.
Such houses are usually classified as luxury housing, and the price per square meter is quite high. This is due to the fact that the technology of brick construction provides for long terms construction and increased labor intensity. That is why housing in brick houses is quite expensive, but in any case, the demand for it was, is and will be. As well as there were, are and will be people with a solid income who have the opportunity to buy square meters in such houses.
Experts also call brick an ideal material for low-rise construction. According to specialists from the construction corporation Aviakor, the construction of residential buildings made of bricks is being carried out in the microdistrict Krutye Klyuchi. “Brick is a proven, affordable material that does not require additional structural calculations. It has an optimal ratio of price and quality, functionality, allows you to quickly build and enables easy redevelopment,” experts explain.
What is good about a monolith
“A purely monolithic house is a rather rare phenomenon. At least in Samara. Therefore, it makes no sense to dwell on this, without a doubt, an excellent method of construction and the type of material itself. Monolithic-brick houses are much more common, ”comments Dmitry Govorukhin.
The basic principle of such construction is that the supporting skeleton of the building is made of concrete, it creates a strong, rigid frame with various types of enclosing structures. But already the outer walls are laid out already from brick with a layer of heat-insulating material. There are many pluses here. One of them is durability. According to various estimates - up to 100 years or more. “Naturally, these statements can be called into question, since, let's be honest, due to the crisis, a number of developers could switch to cheaper materials and simplify the technology. If this is the case, then building a house using monolithic technology can no longer be a guarantee of quality. In this regard, the reputation of the developer and the quality control system he created come to the fore. Since this and only this can give confidence that only high-quality materials and technologies that have passed a special test are used in the construction,” Dmitry Govorukhin notes.
Another advantage of monolithic houses is their individuality. Each house has its own project, it is original and unique. Monolithic houses are exclusive, so they are usually built in especially attractive places in the city. An important feature is that in the apartments of most rented monolithic houses there are only load-bearing walls, and the buyer decides what area and configuration the premises will be and how many there will be. In these houses, you can make a free layout and embody your ideas and vision of housing. In addition, when creating facades, both architects and builders themselves have greater freedom in choosing forms and materials. As a rule, external walls are faced with bricks or wall blocks with laying several layers of special insulation. As a result, the level of thermal insulation and noise protection increases by about 20-40%.
“It is very important from the point of view of the energy efficiency of the building that the walls made according to monolithic technology almost no seams. Accordingly, there are no problems with joints and their sealing, and the problem of air exchange is solved by installing special valves in metal-plastic windows,” the director notes. construction company"The Rock" Sergei Zemlyansky.
The disadvantages of monolithic housing construction include its high cost, as well as longer construction periods. “Concrete is poured, and it must settle for a certain time in order to gain strength and it was possible to build the structure further. This is the only way to sustain the technology,” explains Gennady Yuvzhenko.
Price quality
The type of house is one of the main factors that affects the price per square meter in a particular apartment. The most affordable price per square meter is in panel houses, which is why such houses are most often built for municipal needs. Housing in monolithic houses can be attributed to the business class, which means not only the price, but also an improved layout of the apartment, a high ceiling and a large area of the apartment. The price per square meter in a brick house does not differ much from the price of a similar apartment in monolithic house, however, such apartments are usually classified as luxury housing.
Dmitry GOVORUKHIN, head of the BigRiver-Capital group of companies:
- Each type of material, each construction technology has its own consumer, its own niche. As well as their own consumer motivation and reaction, which is a consequence of life collisions, prospects and goals of life, income levels and social ambitions of these same consumers.
Gennady YUVZHENKO, Deputy Director for Construction of the Brigantina Sports Complex:
- From my point of view, buying an apartment in a brick house is the right choice. An apartment in a brick house will always be very warm and comfortable, environmentally friendly. Yes, and a brick house will stand for a long time without overhaul. In addition, housing in a brick house is a prestigious acquisition.
Sergei ZEMLYANSKY, director of the construction company "Skala":
- Monolithic houses are in no way inferior, and in some characteristics they are superior brick houses. I would not call brick the most ideal building material. apartment buildings rather it is the most common. Noise and heat insulation in modern housing construction is achieved through facades, but not through the structural material of the walls.
Sheet 1: facade 1-9.
Sheet 2: ground floor plan.
Sheet 3: typical floor plan.
Sheet 4: section A-D.
Sheet 5: floor plan.
Sheet 6: roof plan.
Sheet 7: node A, visor over the entrance.
The large-panel building system has the advantages of cost-effectiveness and speed of erection. The disadvantages were the small possibility of redevelopment and the architectural inexpressiveness of residential buildings.
At present, most of the panel buildings have ceased to meet the requirements of building heat engineering, in particular, in terms of the resistance of the outer wall to heat transfer. In order to save money, many buildings underwent reconstruction in order to increase the value of the coefficient of resistance to heat transfer, which consisted in insulating the outer walls of the building with efficient materials, as well as replacing windows and balcony doors, which helped to reduce the heat loss of the building. This project considers a method for reconstructing a building in order to increase the coefficient of resistance to heat transfer.
The project is a project for the reconstruction of a two-section 5-storey 36-apartment residential building in the city of Irkutsk. The project is developed on the basis of the assignment issued by the Department of TIArch.
Place of construction - Irkutsk
Building climatic region - 1B
The temperature of the coldest day (with a probability of 0.92) - 24.3 ° С
The temperature of the coldest five-day period (with a probability of 0.92) is 36°С
Period with average daily temperature< 8°С: продолжительность 240 суток
cf. temperature - 8.5°С
Snow District - V
Prevailing wind direction: December-February - SW
June-August - W
Normative depth of soil freezing -
The terrain is flat, groundwater level up to 10 m is not detected
Building class - II
Degree of durability - II
Degree of fire resistance - II
Functional fire hazard class - F1.3
Estimated room temperature and humidity.
Living rooms - 21 °С
Kitchens - 18 °C
Bathrooms - 25 °C
Bathrooms - 18 °C
Stairwells - 16 °С
9-storey 36-apartment residential building with a basement floor and a cold attic. The building is rectangular in plan and the distance in the axes: 1-8 - 27 m, A-E - 12 m. This building is one-section. The total height of the building is 29.66 m, the height of the floor is 3 m, the height of the basement is 2.9 m. The orientation of the building is meridional. The entrance to the building is through a double vestibule. Communication between floors is carried out with the help of a flight of stairs and an elevator.
The basement is entered from the staircase. The entrance to the apartments is from the landing through the corridor.
The layout of the apartment is made taking into account the principle of functional zoning of the premises: the living rooms are separated from the kitchen and the bathroom in the hallway.
In 2-room apartments, the common and individual zones are combined, in 3-4-room apartments they are separated from each other. The area of summer premises is represented by balconies. Balconies and loggias are arranged from the 1st to the 9th floors.
Construction volume: 42x14.4x19.4 = 11733.12 m3;
Building area: 14.4x42 = 460.8 m2
Apartment area:
2-room: 13.06 + 3.68 + 7.30 + 19.58 + 3.16 + 4, 20 = 50.98 m2;
2-room: 9.71 + 4.20 + 4.20 + 3.68 + 4.74 + 9.60 + 23.40 = 59.53 m2;
3-room: 17.57 + 4.20 + 8.26 + 9.71 + 3.68 + 10.65 + 4.20 + 4.94 + 2.96 = 66.17 m2;
4-room: 17.57 + 8.26 + 8.43 + 10.13 + 9.60 + 3.68 + 4.20 + 5.87 + 4.20 = 71.94 m2.
Building area: ((50.98 + 59.53 + 66.17 + 71.94 + 24.85 (landing)) x2) x5 = = 2734.7 m2
The constructive scheme of the building is wall with load-bearing longitudinal and transverse walls and supporting floor slabs on four sides. The spatial stability of the building is achieved by connections between vertical and horizontal elements.
The building has a pile foundation. Floor slabs are supported on reinforced concrete piles through heads. The space above the ground level up to the ceiling of the first floor is covered with basement panels.
To protect against precipitation around the building along the perimeter, a blind area 1100 mm wide made of asphalt concrete for crushed stone preparation is arranged.
Three-layer panels with a thickness of 300 mm are used as the outer wall. Outside, the panel is finished with a layer of waterproof concrete 25 mm thick, inside -
a layer of cement-sand plaster 15 mm thick. During the reconstruction, insulation was made with semi-rigid mineral wool boards, 230 mm thick, followed by a ventilated facade. The end wall thus looks like:
The horizontal joint of the panels is platform. The vertical joint is closed. At the joints of the panels, connections of the "loop-bracket" type are used. Such designs of joints provide tightness and heat resistance of the joint.
Reinforced concrete panels 160 mm thick are used as internal walls. The joints of the internal panels are fastened with ties and monolithic. The panels are made of lightweight concrete grade not less than 100 with a thickness of 180 mm. The bearing capacity of the panels in the area adjacent to the vertical joints is increased due to the structural reinforcement. The sound insulation of the panels is ensured by their thickness, the sound insulation of the junction is ensured by inserting panels and slabs into the joints by at least 50 mm and by installing concrete or mortar dowels. Elastic gaskets are inserted into the mouth of the joint.
Partitions are made of gypsum-concrete slabs "per room" in size: single-layer inside the apartment and double with a soundproof air gap between the apartments.
As a floor in this project, flat reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 160 mm from concrete of a grade of at least 200 are used. To form the spatial rigidity of the building, the floor slabs are connected to each other and to the load-bearing walls with steel ties, which are welded to the slinging loops and reinforcement outlets. The slabs have horizontal channels with a diameter of 25 mm for concealed electrical wiring, as well as holes for ventilation blocks with dimensions of 840x270 mm
The attic floor is performed similarly to the interfloor one, with the exception of the floor structure.
This project provides for an attic warm non-rolled roof with a slope of i = 0.053. Insulated reinforced concrete roof panels with a thickness of 360 mm are used as roofing slabs.
Waterproofing of the coating is carried out by factory applying a layer of waterproofing mastic on the top surface of the slab.
Tray panels are used for drainage from the coating. Drainage of the building - internal organized, is carried out by collecting moisture from the coating in the tray panels, then through the drainage funnels through the pipes into the sewerage system. Funnels are located one per section in the middle tray panel.
For communication between the floors of the building and for the purpose of evacuation, the building is provided with a flight staircase with U-shaped full-bodied flights with frieze steps. The size of the flight of stairs is 1200x2400mm. Landings are based on transverse walls and have dimensions of 3000x1500 mm.
The staircase has natural light through window openings 1510x1510 mm arranged in the outer walls. The elevator cabin has dimensions of 1900x1900 mm, it does not communicate with other structures.
The windows in the building are taken according to the heat engineering calculation, for the obtained value of the required resistance to heat transfer, windows and balcony doors with a double-glazed window made of glass with a hard selective coating are recommended.
Specification of windows and balcony doors:
Marking | Quantity |
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First floor | Typical floor | ||||
BRSP 21-7,5L |
Door specification:
Marking | Quantity |
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First floor | Typical floor | ||||
The window frame is fastened to the slopes with screws screwed into wooden antiseptic plugs (2 per slope). Outside bottom edge window opening covered with plum.
The sealing of the door porches is carried out by elastic gaskets, which are glued in the quarters of the frame. Door leaves are hung on 2 hinges.
The entrance to the building is located in the middle of the main facade of the building and serves as an entrance to residential part building. According to the requirements of building heat engineering, a double vestibule is arranged at the entrance, which prevents the penetration of cold street air into the premises during the cold season. The depth of the vestibule is 2000mm. Above the vestibule there is a canopy made of a cantilever reinforced concrete slab. Details of the plate fastening are shown on sheet 7 of the graphic part.
According to SNiP II-3-79, the value of the heat transfer resistance of the wall Rtr0 should be taken not less than the required value of the heat transfer resistance R0, determined from the conditions of energy saving and sanitary and hygienic conditions.
Determination of Rtr0 from sanitary and hygienic conditions:
n - coefficient taken depending on the position of the outer wall in relation to the outside air;
tn is the calculated winter temperature of the outside air;
Δtн - normative difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure;
αv - heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the building envelope.
Determination of Rtr0 from the conditions of energy saving:
tv - design temperature of the internal air;
tot. per. - average temperature of the heating period;
zot. per. - duration of the period with an average daily temperature below or equal to 8°С
GSOP = (19 - (-5.6)) 222 = 5461
According to Table 1b, we determine Rtr0 by the interpolation method: Rtr0 = 3.31 m2 °C / W. In the future, the highest value of the required resistance to heat transfer Rtr0 = 3.31 m2 °C / W is taken
Determination of thermal resistance to heat transfer:
We accept three-layer panels with a thickness of 300 mm as the outer wall.
Building conditions:
Humidity zone - dry;
Humidity of indoor air at a temperature of 21°С - 55%
Depending on the zone of humidity and humidity of the internal air according to Appendix 2, we accept the operating conditions A.
R0= 2.083 m2 °C / W
Because R0< Rтр0, то при реконструкции здания необходимо утепление наружных стен.
The walls are insulated with rigid mineral wool boards, followed by a ventilated facade. Density of mineral wool insulation γut = 100 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficient λut = 0.06 W/(m °C)
Since the device of a ventilated facade is adopted, it is necessary to recalculate the value of R0 at αн = 12.
δfl = (Rtr0 - R0) λfl, δfl = (3.31 - 1.867) 0.06 = 0.071 m
According to the nomenclature of the insulation, we accept the thickness of the insulation as 8 cm - four plates with a thickness of 2 cm.
Determination of Rtr0 filling of light openings:
GSOP = (tv - tot. per) zot. per.
GSOP = (21 - (-8.5)) 240 = 7080
We determine Rtr0 by the interpolation method:
Rtr0= 0.65 m2 °C / W
According to the given value of Rtr0, we select the filling of the openings in such a way that their heat transfer resistance is greater than Rtr0.
For this value of Rtr0, windows and balcony doors with a double-glazed window made of
glass with a soft selective coating with R0= 0.68 m2 °C / W.
External walls after insulation are finished with facade slabs.
Internal walls are plastered and finished in accordance with the type of room.
The ceilings in the rooms are leveled with a cement-sand mortar and a layer of whitewash is applied.
Floor designs:
staircases and other non-apartment premises - floor tiles;
dignity. knots and bathrooms - tiles;
kitchens - linoleum;
the rest of the rooms - a plank floor along the logs.
The designed residential building is provided with the following engineering equipment:
water supply: household and drinking from an external network;
sewerage: household with release in urban network;
heating: boiler room on gas and solid fuel;
ventilation: natural and forced-air and exhaust;
power supply: from an external network with a voltage of 380/220 V;
lighting: incandescent and fluorescent lamps;
communication devices: TV antenna, telephone line;
bathroom equipment: washbasin, bathtub and toilet bowl.
kitchen equipment: electric stove, sink.
1. Architecture of civil and industrial buildings: Textbook in 5 volumes, Vol.3. Residential buildings / edited by K. K. Shevtsova/.2nd ed. M.: Stroyizdat, 1983. - 239 p.
2. Maklakova T.G., Nanasova S.M., Sharapenko V.G. Design of residential and public buildings: textbook. allowance for universities / Ed. T.G. Maklakov. - M.: DIA Publishing House, 2000. - 280 s
3. Shereshevsky I.A. Construction of civil buildings. - L .: Stroyizdat, 2005, -176s.
4. SNiP II-3-79 Building heat engineering.
5. SNiP 23-01-99 Building climatology.
6. SNiP 2.01.07-85 Loads and impacts.
7. SNiP 21-01-97 Fire safety buildings and structures.
8. SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.
9. GOST 6619-88 Wooden interior doors for residential and public buildings. Types and designs.
10. GOST 24698-81 Wooden exterior doors for residential and public buildings. Types and designs.
