establish the optimal size and structure of land holdings and land use, select priority areas for their development;

identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.

To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.

1. What is the difference between the concepts of "surveying" and "land management"?

2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?

3. Why can the economics of land management be singled out as an independent scientific discipline?

4. What is the subject of land management economics?

5. What are the main methods of land management economics?

6. Give a rationale for the place and role of the economics of land management in the system of special scientific disciplines that study land management.

7. What are the main objectives of the course "Economics of land management"?

LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVE CHARACTER OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT

Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are integral part industrial relations and

essentially refer to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations of any society is land ownership.

system of public and state structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society for their regulation, determines the land system of society.

Any state, influencing the land system, implements a land policy. It is always carried out in the interests of the ruling groups of society and is the activity of the state to regulate the land system, relations between classes, social groups, individual landowners (land users) regarding the ownership and use of land.

The process of state influence on the land system is carried out by various measures: legal, economic, organizational.

Economic measures are the main ones, as they stimulate the development of land relations based on the economic impact on the material well-being of stakeholders: taxation, lending, targeted financing, subsidies, fines, promotion of rational land use and land protection, etc. All this is necessary to create the best socio-economic conditions for the use of land as an object real estate, the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, a spatial operating basis for accommodating various sectors of the national economy, enterprises, organizations and institutions.

To this end, the state collects information on land plots, maintains a land cadastre, assesses land, collects land tax, withdrawing differential rent, organizes the economically expedient use of land, manages land resources and land management.

The economic role of land management cannot be associated only with the state and land policy, the activities of legislative and executive authorities at various levels, land management organizations, etc. Changes in land ownership and land use, reorganization and redistribution of land occur objectively, under the influence of various factors:

economic interests of land owners, landowners and land users associated with land turnover (purchase and sale, pledge of land, etc.); prices are always higher for plots that have a good configuration, location, high fertility, lack of land use deficiencies, which is largely achieved through land management;

market conditions that determine the prices for products and, as a result, the economic purpose of the plots (arable land, perennial plantations, fodder lands, etc.), specialization of agricultural

economic enterprises (composition of industries, structure of sown areas), the level of development of scientific and technological progress;

development of territorial conditions of production, which are improved in the process of land management and give land owners and land users economic advantages over other participants in production;

introduction in the course of land management of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of technology and organization of production.

In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of the territory and means of production, inextricably linked with the land, occurring under the influence of all major factors. economic development. Therefore, it has not only a socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.

2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LAND MANAGEMENT

From economic theory it is known that economic laws are divided into general, specific and special. The general laws include: the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of proportionality.

To each social order it has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not in isolation from each other, but in a certain system. For example, in a capitalist society, the laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit operate.

Special laws may be inherent in different modes of production. These include, for example, the law of value, which operates in the conditions of commodity production, the laws of economic growth, etc.

The process of using economic laws in theory and in practice is reduced to the following main stages:

knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);

determination of the forms of manifestation of the law;

study of the mechanism of action of the law;

definition of forms of use of the law.

For example, according to the law of value, the production and exchange of commodities are carried out on the basis of socially necessary expenditures of labor. In exchange, commodity producers whose individual expenditures are less than the socially necessary ones win, while those whose expenditures are higher lose. This leads to differentiation of producers, forcing them to reduce costs and ensure that they do not exceed the socially necessary.

The form of manifestation of the law is a certain economic category. So, in relation to the law of value of the main economic category is the price, which is the monetary expression of the value of the goods. By regulating prices or letting them go, the state, using the mechanism of the law of value, can stimulate or limit the production of various types of goods, as well as redistribute resources between different areas of production.

Since land management is an integral part of the social mode of production, it is under the influence of the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces. This means that the content, forms and methods of land management must correspond to this level. In particular, it brings the organization of land tenure and land use (territories) into line with land relations, the level of development of scientific and technological progress, systems of reference Agriculture, the prevailing type of settlement.

Population growth, the development of scientific and technological progress, the competition of commodity producers (especially in a market economy) stimulate the growth of labor productivity and production efficiency in general. Consequently, land management should create organizational and territorial conditions conducive to such growth.

Any form of land organization or organization of the territory affects the efficiency of economic activity. For example, due to the correct location of economic and production centers, settlements, summer camps, roads, cattle drives, it is possible to significantly reduce the time and costs for transporting goods, moving people to and from work, moving livestock to pastures, eliminating oncoming crossings, and improving the organization of production. . With the rational size of production units, crop rotations, the correct configuration of fields and working areas, the organization of labor improves, time is saved for idle travel, turns and arrivals of machine and tractor units, the productivity of agricultural machinery increases, field work is reduced, etc.

The law of proportionality requires that the constituent parts of any multifunctional economic system be in certain balanced proportions, ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises

ties of non-optimal sizes have low efficiency, more often they break up or reorganize. It is also important to balance all the resources of the economy and, above all, to coordinate its specialization with the quality and quantity of land, the availability of basic and revolving funds, labor resources. In particular, the green conveyor, the structure of sown areas, the production and consumption of fodder, the production and sale of products must be balanced, which requires a serious economic justification for land management projects.

In a market economy with fierce competition among producers, the importance of land management increases. Due to the better use of the productive and territorial properties of the land, the cessation of soil erosion processes, the elimination of product losses during plowing between, unnecessary roads and wedges, it is possible to significantly increase the production of products that are in demand. Due to the reduction of transport, operating and depreciation costs, general production and general business costs, production costs are reduced, which makes the economy more competitive. As a rule, a land management enterprise has more opportunities to maintain its position in the market.

3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS

The state, implementing land policy, always uses a certain mechanism of influence, consisting of legal and economic parts. The legal mechanism includes norms and rules, determined primarily by land legislation and binding. Their implementation is controlled by state authorities, land management service, judicial instances.

The economic mechanism is based on measures of material impact on landowners and land users aimed at implementing a certain land policy, priority areas for land use, and strengthening the dominant forms of land ownership. The main elements of this mechanism include: "the establishment of differentiated land payments;

economic incentives for rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, a decrease in soil fertility;

economic protection against the withdrawal of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);

credit-financial and investment policy of the state.

The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management activities, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management using cadastral materials, monitoring and economic evaluation of land, areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use, qualitative characteristics of land are established, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and establishing rent. In addition, during land management, special conditions and land use regimes, easements (encumbrances) are determined, the initial state of land fertility is characterized, measures are planned for melioration, reclamation, and soil protection from erosion. Comparing these initial data in dynamics with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.

In order to provide economic incentives for the rational use of land, owners and users can be exempted from paying for land for a certain period of time and receive benefits for paying land tax. The state or local authorities can allocate budgetary allocations for the restoration or reclamation of land, monetary compensation for their temporary conservation, set higher prices for environmentally friendly products, encourage owners to improve land quality, increase soil fertility, and productivity of forest fund lands.

Penalties (up to the withdrawal of the allocated land plot) are established for the loss of soil fertility, the development of erosion, violation of land and environmental legislation.

In the process of land management, economic protection of agricultural land is carried out. So, for example, the withdrawal and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, the regulation of their land use is carried out only on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. It determines the composition and value of the confiscated lands, develops measures to eliminate the negative consequences of the withdrawal on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment, calculates and justifies the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production and methods for their reimbursement.

Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes

We are part of a unified system of pre-planning and pre-project development at the level of individual regions and the country as a whole. They are designed to coordinate the solution of issues of rational use of land resources, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, land protection (in combination with other environmental measures). They are also the scientific basis for the implementation of investment and credit and financial policies aimed at regulating land relations, supporting the development of priority forms of land tenure and land use.

Any branch of the national economy, every enterprise, organization or institution requires the allocation of land for its location. Land is needed not only for the construction of buildings, structures, roads, but in most cases for the implementation of the main production activities- conducting agriculture and forestry, mining, etc. Thus, the most important condition for the formation of any enterprise is the provision of land to it, carried out in the process of land management.

As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that some enterprises require additional land plots, while others are reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated in the course of land management.

In addition, the functioning of any, and primarily agricultural, enterprises is associated with the need for territorial organization and location of production, organization of rational use and protection of land, and the creation of sustainable agricultural landscapes. Therefore, in land management, the management system, the farming system, and the technologies for cultivating crops are linked to the characteristics of the territory, the quality and location of the land; the organization of production, labor and management is coordinated with the land and economic structure of the enterprise, the volume of melioration and the development of new lands. Thus, land management affects all areas of economic activity, ranging from the formation of new, streamlining existing land holdings and land use, and ending with the organization of the territory of specific areas where production processes are carried out (soil cultivation, crop care, harvesting).

To implement its land policy, the state, through a system of land management and a number of other bodies, manages land resources by performing certain land management actions. Their relationship with the functions of land management is shown in Table. 2.

Control questions and tasks

1. Why is land management objective?

2. Define the land system, land relations, land management.

3. Explain the impact of economic laws on land management.

4. List the main elements of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations.

5. How is land management activity related to the economic mechanism of management?

6. Specify the land management activities associated with the various functions of land administration.

LAND REFORM AND THE ROLE OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

1. LAND OWNERSHIP AND ITS CONVERSION

The basis of the land system is the form of land ownership. The right to land ownership consists of three elements:

ownership rights, that is, the actual ownership of the site by this person;

the right to use, which consists in the possibility of deriving income (benefit) from this site;

the right to dispose (purchase and sell, pledge, donate, etc.) of the plot at the discretion of the land owner.

There are several main types of land ownership - state (federal, subjects of the Federation), municipal and private.

Lands that are not the property of citizens are in state ownership, legal entities or municipalities. As a rule, these include lands of defense facilities, national parks, reserves, etc. State property may also include lands of other categories: agricultural, forestry and water resources. For example, earlier in the USSR all land was in the exclusive ownership of the state.

Land plots that are recognized as such by federal laws and the laws of the subjects of the Federation, as well as the right to which arose when state ownership of land was delimited, or which were acquired on the grounds established by civil law, are in municipal ownership.

Land belonging to the heads of peasant farms, private entrepreneurs, joint-stock companies, etc. is in private ownership. For a certain fee or free of charge, the owner can transfer the land belonging to him or part of it for the use of other persons.

In the history of the development of land relations, the following types of land use are known: permanent (eternal), long-term, short-term. Fixed-term land use includes the lease of land. The right to dispose of landed property implies the possibility of its sale, inheritance, donation, pledge, contribution to the authorized capital of enterprises, lease.

The concept of land ownership also includes easements. Servitudes (encumbrances) are partial rights to someone else's land property, which are established not in the interests of the land owner, but based on the characteristics of the location

of the land belonging to him. There are private and public easements. Public services include:

the right of passage, passage, watering and driving of livestock;

the right to use sources for irrigation;

the right to carry out trades on foreign land (hunting, fishing, logging, etc.);

the right to operate structures in the areas of main pipelines, roads, power lines;

the right to use other people's land (for example, forests for grazing livestock, hayfields, deposits of building materials - sand, gravel, clay).

Taking into account that servitudes present certain inconveniences for land owners, land management tends to minimize them. For example, in order to avoid burdensome for the owner the right to travel through its territory, each created site must be provided with a road that has a connection with the existing land network, and to prevent fragmentation of sections, roads are located along their borders.

Since, for any right to land, plots must have certain boundaries, have a specific area and location, land management is the main mechanism for the formation and redistribution of land ownership. The system of actions for the formation and redistribution of land property, carried out during land management, is shown in fig. one.

Methods of acquiring landed property are of great importance for land management. Initially, it arose through the free seizure of plots during the resettlement of people across the territory, was redistributed during the formation of states, during wars, the resolution of territorial disputes, and subsequently was distributed between landowners and land users, based on the tasks existing method production.

The main ways of acquiring or terminating the right to land ownership on a mass scale are confiscation, expropriation, privatization, nationalization, collectivization, restitution, requisition.

At confiscation a land plot is confiscated free of charge, regardless of the will of the landowner, for political reasons, as punishment for a crime committed, or for other reasons. For example, the Decree on Land, adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8, 1917, abolished private ownership of land in Russia. All land - state, appanage, cabinet, monastic, church, sessional, majorate, privately owned, public, peasant - was alienated free of charge, turned into the property of the whole people and passed into the use of all the workers on it. Landlords, appanages, monasteries and other non-working lands were also subject to confiscation.

expropriation is called compulsory alienation of land for a certain fair remuneration for state or public needs (for the construction of highways, railways, industrial facilities, etc.). Sometimes, instead of the term "expropriation", the equivalent term "requisition" is used.

In the process privatization land plots that are in state or collective ownership are divided and assigned to private landowners. During nationalization, on the contrary, the land is transferred to the ownership of the people or the state as a representative of public interests.

At collectivization lands can also be combined, turning into a collective or state property. In other words, legally, the transfer of ownership of land is always associated with the withdrawal and provision of land.

Requisition is a temporary exemption land plot from the owner in the presence of circumstances of an emergency nature (natural disasters, accidents, epidemics, epizootics, etc.), by authorized executive bodies of state power in order to protect the vital interests of citizens, society and the state from emerging threats with compensation to the owner of the land for damages and issuance him a document of requisition.

restitution called the restoration of land in the former legal and property terms, that is, the return of land property to the former legal owners. For example, in the process of land reforms in the Baltic republics, in East Germany (the former GDR), in a number of other countries in 1992-1999. measures were taken to transfer land former owners(or their heirs), who lost them in the 40s and proved their rights to the land.

Fundamental changes in land ownership and the redistribution of land associated with them are usually carried out in the course of land reforms.

Land reforms are always regulated by the state and carried out under its control. They represent a concentrated expression of the land policy of the state and are provided with appropriate legal, economic, technical, and organizational measures.

A radical transformation of land relations is the central link in any land reform. Such reforms have long-term consequences and significantly affect the well-being of the people. Therefore, before starting a land reform, it is necessary to deeply study the experience of various states at various historical stages of their development in order to identify relevant patterns and take into account possible consequences. This is especially important for Russia, where a large land

naya territory, difficult natural conditions are combined with a variety of national traditions and socio-economic factors of the land system.

An analysis of the results of land reforms in other countries can make significant adjustments to the nature of agrarian reforms, determine promising forms of land ownership and land use, the organization of agricultural production, and the positive and negative aspects of reforming land relations.

2. LAND REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA

Over the past few decades, all countries of Latin America have carried out land reforms, the scale and difficulty of which were determined by various factors. The main ones are the following:

the nature of the political regime, the stability of political power, the degree of influence of the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR;

the initial state of land relations, including forms of land ownership, land tenure and land use;

areas of used lands, their fertility, location, potential reserves for involving lands in agricultural circulation;

population, traditional way of life, share of peasants, their social activity and land availability.

Speaking about the political aspect of land reforms, three options for their implementation should be noted: as a result of civil wars, military coups and ordinary legislative actions. Thus, in Mexico and Bolivia reforms began after the civil wars, in Peru they were carried out by the military government, and in Chile and Costa Rica by the legislature. The ideological orientation of land reforms in countries oriented toward the United States and Western Europe assumed the uncontested idea of ​​a family farm as the main producer of agricultural products. In countries that were previously under the influence of the USSR, agricultural cooperatives and other forms of collective farming were considered priority areas.

Traditional land relations in Latin America were based on the dominance of large landed property. For example, in Colombia, 4% of landlords still control 43% of agricultural land, while 66% of peasants are completely or almost completely landless. Even after the implementation of the land reform in El Salvador, 1% of landowners control 41% of the land, and 60% of the peasants have practically no land. Approximately 88% of all farms in Guatemala are located on 16% of cultivated land. At the same time, fer-

we are 450 hectares or more (about 1% of all farms) occupy about 34 % all arable land in the country.

In Brazil, small farms up to 50 hectares occupy 12% of the total land area, but they produce 50% of all agricultural products. They employ about 70% of the labor resources of the agricultural sector.

In countries with high land availability, land reforms were not of great importance. For example, in Argentina there is a relatively large amount of land per capita, with peasants mostly living in areas with the most fertile soils. On the contrary, in Peru, where there is a shortage of land suitable for agricultural use, the best of them were monopolized by the landowning elite in colonial times, the mass of peasants suffered from unemployment, which led to discrimination and poverty.

Land reforms in Latin America were carried out with the aim of:

endowing the peasants with land, thereby easing social tension between large landowners and the bulk of the population;

ensuring economic growth, increasing agricultural production both for domestic needs and for export, including through the development, "colonization" of new lands.

The formation of new forms of land ownership and land use has led to an increase in employment of the able-bodied population. At the same time, political aspects often clearly prevailed over economic ones. For example, in El Salvador and Nicaragua, land reforms took place with varying success and were determined by the course of the civil war.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

BY SUBJECT:

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY

ON THE TOPIC:

THE ECONOMICS OF INTERFARM LAND MANAGEMENT

completed: 5th year student

Faculty of Agronomy

group No. ZUZ-7

Feoktistova M.N.

code number 05020

teacher checked:

Altukhov I.A.

Nizhny Novgorod

1. Content and socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management

2. Optimal sizes of land holdings (land uses) of agricultural enterprises

3. Economic justification for the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes

4. Justification of the amount of payment for easements to agricultural enterprises from users of engineering networks and communications

5. Land management when allocating land shares to their owners

6. References

Inter-farm land management is the main mechanism for the redistribution of land, the formation of rational land tenure and land use, the provision and withdrawal of land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes, the allocation of it to enterprises and citizens, and its lease.

Since the inception of land management main task were the division and delimitation of land, that is, the establishment and change of areas and boundaries of land ownership with the issuance of documents certifying the right to land ownership and land use. These actions were called land surveying, and until now they, in essence, represent the main task of inter-farm land management.

The boundaries and areas of landed property, as is well known, determine the territory within which the rights of the landowner to his land operate; their establishment and consolidation are mainly technical and legal actions.

At the same time, with inter-farm land management, the formation (organization) of new or streamlining of existing land ownership and land use of enterprises, organizations, citizens occurs, which creates appropriate organizational and territorial conditions that affect the construction and management of the economy, its economy. Therefore, inter-farm land management has a well-defined economic content.

The socio-economic nature of this type of land management is due to a number of reasons.

The main goal of inter-farm land management is the creation of rational land tenure and land use, that is, one that provides, in terms of its parameters (location, area, configuration, internal structure, land composition, boundaries), the greatest efficiency of territorial organization, location of production and its industries, use and protection of land , expresses economic interests population.

The formation of new or streamlining of existing land holdings and land use in inter-farm land management is not considered in isolation, but in common system the existing use of land, since the creation of even one new enterprise can affect a whole group of farms and a large territory. This is typical, in particular, for the creation of large hydraulic structures and reservoirs, the formation of land use by industrial, transport and other non-agricultural enterprises, when land withdrawal significantly affects the economy of all nearby farms.

With inter-farm land management, shortcomings in land tenure and land use are eliminated (strips, wedging, interspersing, distant land, broken boundaries, irrational sizes), which significantly increases the efficiency of land use.

Methods of inter-farm land management establish on the ground the boundaries of administrative-territorial formations, territories with special legal regime land in places of residence and economic activity of small peoples and ethnic groups, territories with special environmental, recreational and protected regimes, as well as the features of cities, towns and rural settlements, which affects the conditions and regime of land tenure and land use and has a significant impact on social economic situation in society.

The formation of land funds for various purposes (land redistribution, resettlement, etc.) affects the economic interests of many landowners and land users, and in many cases determines the size and efficiency of production.

There are two types of inter-farm land management

Related to the organization of land ownership (land use) for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. In any case, it includes:

Drawing up projects for the formation of new and streamlining existing land management facilities with the elimination of inconveniences in the location of land and the allocation of land plots in kind;

Land surveying objects.

Taking into account the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management, in the projects for the formation and regulation of land ownership and land use of agricultural enterprises and citizens, the following issues are resolved:

They establish the size and boundaries of land ownership and land use, the appropriate specialization of farms, the possible volumes of agricultural production, the conditions for water, heat, energy supply and communications;

Determine the location of industrial and social infrastructure facilities;

Outline the regime and special conditions for the use of land;

prepare source materials for determining land tax and land rent.

The ordering of existing land holdings and land use for agricultural purposes is carried out during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, the transfer of part of their land to the local administration, the allocation of land for the organization of peasant (farmer) households, partnerships, agricultural cooperatives, as well as in order to eliminate:

Irrational structure of land;

Stripes, inclusions, distant lands, broken borders;

Environmentally incorrect location of the boundaries of territories.

Development of measures to eliminate the negative consequences of land acquisition for production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment;

Calculation and justification of the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production, determination of methods for their compensation;

Establishment of technical conditions and requirements for the reclamation of disturbed lands, as well as the removal, preservation and use of the fertile layer from the withdrawn site;

Establishment of security zones for newly created enterprises;

Development of proposals for the regime and special conditions land use;

Preparation of initial data for establishing the amount of land tax;

Determination of the order of implementation of the activities outlined by the project, the procedure for the transition to the use of the provided land plots.

When significant areas are withdrawn for non-agricultural purposes, proposals are developed as part of the project for the reorganization of existing land holdings and land use.

One of the main indicators to be substantiated in inter-farm land management projects is the size of land ownership.

2. OPTIMUM SIZE OF LAND OWNERSHIP (LAND USE) OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

When establishing new or reorganizing existing agricultural enterprises, it is important that the land is allocated to them in the optimal size.

Practice shows that the calculation of the optimal area is based on the requirements of rational construction and management of the economy, without which it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. We list the most important of them.

1. Basic conditions and factors of production - land, material resources, labor force - must be in certain proportions and be balanced. For example, with an increase in the number of animals in the economy, the need for feed will also increase accordingly, the area under fodder crops will increase, and the size of the main production assets and the number of livestock workers, which may entail an increase in the size of the farm or a change in its specialization, methods of keeping and types of livestock feeding, composition and structure of land.

2. The production direction of the economy, its specialization and structure must necessarily be established taking into account the fertility of the soil, the degree of cultivation of the land, the possibility of subsequent transformation and improvement of land. So, in the northern regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, grain-cattle-breeding farms with a large share in the structure of the sown areas of perennial and annual grasses will be more stable and efficient. In the Central Black Earth zone and the North Caucasus, intensive farms specializing in the production of row crops (sugar beet, sunflower, corn) have an advantage.

3. Sustainable development of any economy is possible only on the basis of expanded reproduction. In an agricultural enterprise, conditions must be created for a constant increase in soil fertility, since otherwise it is impossible to achieve an increase in crop yields and land productivity, the effective use of fertilizers, plant protection products, and agricultural machinery. It is also necessary to ensure a constant circulation of capital and certain accumulations that ensure the further development of the economy and the growth of consumption funds.

4. To reduce various kinds of costs, the farm, if possible, should be located on the same land mass, have the correct shape, rational configuration with an environmentally sound placement of boundaries and the location of the economic center (main village) closer to the middle of the site.

5. In terms of the size of the land area and the organizational and production structure, the economy must be manageable while providing all industries with the necessary areas of land of the appropriate composition.

6. When determining the size of a farm in terms of land area, it is important to take into account a set of requirements for any agricultural production (seasonality, technological interdependence of crop and livestock industries, agronomic, zootechnical, biological, environmental, construction and planning, sanitary and hygienic conditions and restrictions).

The size of land ownership (land use) of an agricultural enterprise depends on many conditions and factors. The main ones are:

The production direction (specialization) of the economy, the composition and combination of its industries;

Natural conditions characterizing soil fertility, meliorative and cultural-technical state of lands, their contours, dissection, remoteness from economic centers, main roads, etc.;

Security of the economy with labor resources, the composition and level of qualification of administrative and managerial personnel, the availability of personnel of machine operators and other workers, the possibility of attracting labor from outside, especially during busy periods of work;

Availability of fixed and circulating production assets, primarily for agricultural purposes, monetary and material resources; the possibility of attracting bank loans;

Other conditions (presence and condition of the road network, Vehicle, means of communication, conditions of resettlement, etc.).

The specialization of the economy directly affects its size and composition of land. So, for example, vegetable farms, due to the high labor intensity of production, other things being equal, will be much smaller in area than grain farms. If in farms specializing in field cultivation, arable land will prevail in the composition of farmland, then in livestock farms - pastures and hayfields, in horticultural and viticulture - perennial plantations.

The size of agricultural enterprises, composition of land and specialization is also influenced by their location in relation to markets. Suburban farms will primarily specialize in the production of potatoes, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk and meat, that is, products that are not easily transportable and are in high demand among the population. Therefore, they will not be so large in terms of land area, they will develop greenhouse and greenhouse facilities for the production of early vegetables, berries, herbs, flowers, mushrooms. In the raw materials zones of industrial enterprises processing agricultural products (sugar, alcohol, essential oil and other plants), farms producing the corresponding raw materials, etc., will prevail.

Favorable natural conditions, high soil fertility, good land cultivation contribute to obtaining more products per unit area. Therefore, farms with the best lands, equal in terms of production, will have a smaller area than those in difficult natural conditions. In addition, enterprises with more fertile lands tend to be intensive and high-margin, since the best-quality land yields a greater return on high-yield, labor-intensive crops.

The security of the economy with labor resources determines the employment of workers and the ability to cope with the required amount of work on their own. Of course, with an increase in the number of able-bodied people, it becomes possible to increase the size of the farm in terms of land area or increase the intensity of production.

The presence of fixed production assets in an agricultural enterprise, their condition, the level of energy-to-weight ratio of labor and the development of the material and technical base make it possible to better adapt to changes economic situation, especially under conditions market economy, vary resources and rebuild production. Ceteris paribus, farms equipped with more productive agricultural machinery and vehicles, with a developed road network, modern means of communication, can be larger than those forced due to lack of Money to rent or acquire less productive machines and mechanisms, and in some cases to manage by manual labor.

Thus, the optimal (rational) should be considered such area of ​​land ownership (land use), which, in a given production direction of the economy, will ensure its maximum economic efficiency, rational use and protection of land resources.

Various methods are used to determine the estimated (initial) optimal size of land ownership.

The main ones are:

Method of analogues;

Economic and statistical;

Settlement and constructive;

Analytical;

Economic and mathematical.

When applying the method of analogues, the experience of advanced agricultural enterprises operating in similar natural and economic conditions and having the same specialization as the farm for which the optimal size is established.

To obtain a more reasonable result, this method is supplemented by an economic-statistical one. For this purpose, data is sampled based on the results economic activity all (or most) farms of a certain production type located in the considered zone (region). With the help of statistical groupings, the influence of the area of ​​land ownership (land use) on the relative performance indicators of farms (profitability, output of gross and marketable products, gross income and profit per 100 hectares of agricultural land, capital productivity, etc.) is analyzed. Land holdings of enterprises in which the indicated indicators are higher are recognized as optimal.

3. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF LAND PROVISION FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES

Withdrawal and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, streamlining their land use are carried out on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. When preparing materials for land acquisition for the construction of large facilities, before the start of their design, a feasibility study is developed for the expediency of land acquisition, taking into account economic and environmental factors, the choice of location of facilities and the size of the allotment.

The project for the withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes includes:

Justification of the placement, size and boundaries of the provided land plot;

Determining the composition and value of confiscated lands;

Selection of measures to eliminate the negative consequences of land acquisition on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment;

Calculation and justification of the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production, indication of methods for their compensation;

Technical conditions for the reclamation of lands subject to violation, as well as the removal, preservation and use of the fertile soil layer from the withdrawn site;

Establishment of security zones of newly created enterprises;

Proposals on the regime and conditions of land use;

Initial data for establishing the size of the land tax;

The sequence of implementation of the activities outlined by the project, the procedure for the transition to the use of the provided sites.

When significant areas are withdrawn for non-agricultural purposes, proposals are developed as part of the project for the reorganization of existing land holdings and land use.

The approved project is transferred to nature. On its basis, prepare and issue documents confirming the right to use the land.

According to the Land Code Russian Federation(2001) compensation in full, including lost profits, is subject to losses caused by:

Withdrawal of land plots for state or municipal needs;

Deterioration of land quality as a result of the activities of other persons;

Temporary occupation of land plots;

Restriction of the rights of owners of land plots, land users and tenants of land plots.

Losses are reimbursed:

Land users, landowners and tenants of land plots in the cases provided for in paragraph 1 of Art. 57 of the Land Code;

Owners of land plots in the cases provided for in subparagraphs 2, 3 and 4 of paragraph 1 of Art. 57 of the Land Code.

Compensation for losses is carried out at the expense of the relevant budgets or by persons in whose favor land plots are withdrawn or rights to them are limited, as well as by persons whose activities have caused the need to establish security, sanitary protection zones and entail restriction of the rights of land owners, land users, landowners and tenants of land plots or deterioration of land quality.

When calculating the amount of compensation, losses of land plot owners, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots are determined taking into account the value of their property on the day preceding the decision to withdraw land plots, to temporarily occupy land plots or to restrict the rights of land owners, land users, land owners and land tenants.

The procedure for compensation for losses to owners of land plots, land users, landowners and tenants of land plots caused by the seizure or temporary occupation of land plots, restriction of the rights of land owners, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots or deterioration in the quality of land as a result of the activities of other persons, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation .

Currently estimating residential buildings, objects of cultural and community purposes, industrial and other buildings and structures located on the withdrawn or temporarily occupied land, as well as located outside this site, if their further use is impossible, is carried out according to estimated cost construction of new buildings, facilities and structures equal to those available in terms of usable area, capacity, capacity and level of mechanization (according to standard designs).

Enterprises, institutions and organizations to which seized land plots are allocated, in agreement with interested land users, instead of compensating the cost of buildings, facilities and structures located on these plots, can carry out their own efforts and means (as well as the forces of organizations involved) transferring them to a new location or construction new buildings and structures.

If the construction of new buildings, facilities and structures provides for their modernization or expansion, additional costs are paid by the user of the land for which the construction is being carried out.

The cost of reclamation facilities built at the expense of budget funds until January 1, 1992 and not transferred to the ownership of legal entities on whose lands they are located, in the event of withdrawal or temporary occupation of land plots, new users of land are reimbursed by new land users to local governments on whose territory these objects are located, at the rates in force at the time of land withdrawal. meliorative construction. The cost of the said facilities built after January 1, 1992 at the expense of budgetary funds shall be reimbursed to the relevant self-government bodies, at the expense of which they were built.

In the event that land users during the operation of reclamation facilities incurred costs for their reconstruction or expansion, in the event of withdrawal or temporary occupation of land, these costs are subject to compensation for the users who suffered losses.

When land is withdrawn or temporarily occupied, as a result of which the operation of irrigation, drainage, anti-erosion and anti-mudflow facilities and structures is partially or completely disrupted, losses are determined based on the estimated cost of work for the construction of new or reconstruction of existing facilities and structures, including the cost of design and construction. survey work, according to the norms, rates and prices in force at the time of withdrawal.

The assessment of water sources (wells, ponds, wells, etc.) is carried out at the estimated cost of construction of new water sources of equal flow rate and water quality, including the cost of design and survey work.

Evaluation of fruit-bearing fruit and berry plantations, as well as protective and other perennial plantations, is carried out at the cost of seedlings and the cost of planting and growing before fruiting or crown closing (in prices at the time of land withdrawal).

Construction in progress and fruit and berry plantations that do not bear fruit are valued based on the actual work performed by the land user and the costs incurred in prices at the time of land acquisition.

Losses (costs) caused by inconveniences in the use of land (formation of islands when filling reservoirs, disruption of transport links, separation of the territory by communications, etc.) are determined by the sum of one-time costs for the construction of dams, bridges, roads, entrances, other structures, as well as for the purchase of boats, boats, ferries and other vehicles.

Losses associated with the deterioration of land quality include the costs of soil, agrochemical and other special surveys and surveys, as well as measures to ensure the restoration of land quality, and are determined according to project documentation.

Losses (costs) associated with the restriction of the rights of land users include the costs of construction, reclamation and other works, the purchase of materials and equipment necessary to restore the reduced production volume.

Lost profit is part of the losses of land users caused by the withdrawal or temporary occupation of land. It is associated with the termination of the annual income received by users from the withdrawn sites for the period necessary to restore the disturbed production. Compensation for lost profits is made by enterprises, institutions and organizations to which the withdrawn plots are allocated, in the amount of a lump sum payment equal to the income lost during the period of restoration of the disturbed production.

The annual income is calculated based on the actual volumes of production in physical terms, on average for 5 years, at prices that were in effect at the time of land withdrawal. The amount of annual income is calculated using data tax inspections and, if necessary, adjusted for the coming period in accordance with the prevailing inflation rate.

Lost profits are currently calculated by multiplying the amount of annual income by a factor corresponding to the recovery period for disrupted production.

6 - 7 years old 4.6

8 - 10 years 5.6

11 - 15 years old 7.0

16 - 20 years old 8.2

21-25 years old 8.9

26 - 30 years old 9.3

31 years and over 10.0

Recovery periods for disturbed production are established during land management design for each type of disturbed and restored production.

The above procedure for calculating lost profits is also used to calculate it in cases of restriction of the rights of land users or deterioration in the quality of their lands, if these restrictions (deterioration in quality) lead to a decrease in annual income for the period after which the rights of users and land quality are restored.

In cases when lands occupied by fruit-bearing fruit and berry plantations are withdrawn, the lost profit is compensated for the entire period, including the year of withdrawal of land and the year of obtaining a crop of fruit and berry plantations on new lands, equal to that achieved on the withdrawn lands.

Lost profit caused by inconveniences in the use of land (the formation of islands when filling reservoirs, disruption of transport links, separation of the territory by communications, etc.) is calculated as a tenfold difference in the annual costs of operating vehicles after land withdrawal (with the formation of inconveniences) and up to their withdrawals.

Agricultural production losses are losses caused by the withdrawal of agricultural land for purposes not related to agriculture, as well as the restriction of their use as a result of the activities of enterprises, organizations and institutions. They are expressed in the withdrawal of productive land from circulation or a decrease in their productivity and are compensated in order to preserve the agricultural potential of individual territories, regions, and the country as a whole.

Losses of agricultural production are subject to compensation within three months after the decision on:

Withdrawal of agricultural land, reindeer pastures, which are in state or municipal ownership, for their use for purposes not related to agriculture;

Changing the purpose of agricultural land, reindeer pastures owned by citizens or legal entities.

Losses of agricultural production are compensated for:

Persons who are provided with agricultural land, reindeer pastures for their use for purposes not related to agriculture;

Persons for whom security, sanitary protection zones are established.

Losses of agricultural production are compensated in cases where land plots are provided for permanent (unlimited) use or are transferred to ownership free of charge. In cases where land plots are sold or leased out, agricultural production losses are included in the cost of land plots or are taken into account when rent is established.

When calculating the losses of agricultural production, the norms of the cost of developing new lands to replace the withdrawn agricultural lands are used, as well as, depending on the quality of agricultural lands, other established by the Government Russian Federation methods. They are developed in relation to different zones of the country, taking into account the types and subtypes of soils in the withdrawn areas (a total of 13 such zones have been identified).

The Federal Land Cadastre Service has been granted the right to clarify, as necessary, the approved standards using data from the state quarterly indexation of prices for equipment, materials, and construction and installation works used in the development of new lands.

In addition, the executive authorities of the territories, regions, autonomous entities, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have been granted the right, on the proposal of the committees on land resources and land management, to establish increasing coefficients (but not more than 3 times) to the norms for the cost of developing new lands to replace the withdrawn agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes in case of withdrawal, temporary occupation or deterioration of the quality of lands of cities that are the centers of territories, regions, autonomous entities, as well as cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, their suburban zones and special territories (districts) with unique soil and climatic conditions for the production of certain types of agricultural products.

The boundaries of zones and territories to which these coefficients apply are approved in the manner established for suburban green areas and territories with a special legal regime.

Local executive authorities are also given the right to set increasing or decreasing coefficients to the standards depending on the quality of the land of a particular plot, its size, location and significance for the production of certain types of agricultural products, but at the same time, the average established for this region standard.

Losses caused by the restriction of use or deterioration in the quality of agricultural land under the influence of the activities of enterprises, institutions, organizations, are determined as a percentage of the standard cost of developing new land in proportion to the decrease in the quality of agricultural land (according to the cadastral valuation of land).

To determine the amount of losses, planning and cartographic materials, data from soil surveys, land cadastre and land monitoring are used.

Losses of agricultural production are not compensated in the following cases:

Provision of land plots for the construction of reclamation systems on agricultural land;

Provision of natural fodder lands for the construction of ponds for fish farms, fish hatcheries, spawning and rearing farms and fish farms;

Acquisition of land for individual housing construction within the boundaries of settlements;

Withdrawal of lands when referring them in the established order to the lands of nature protection, natural reserve, health-improving, recreational and historical and cultural purposes;

Conservation of degraded agricultural lands and lands contaminated with toxic industrial waste and radioactive substances.

Funds received by the budget in order to compensate for losses in agricultural production can be used to carry out the following types of work:

Development of new lands for agricultural land;

Backfilling and flattening of ravines, development of steep slopes;

Construction of roads to the developed land plots;

Fundamental improvement of agricultural land, restoration of soil fertility of degraded and polluted agricultural land;

Construction and reconstruction of irrigation and drainage systems;

Creation of protective forest plantations;

Preparation and use of peat for fertilizer;

Carrying out topographic and geodetic, soil, geobotanical and other works related to the study of land resources, the development of new lands and increasing their fertility, improving used agricultural land.

Identification of the negative consequences of the construction and operation of a non-agricultural facility for agricultural production is one of the most difficult issues in off-farm land management.

First of all, this is due to the variety of types of taps. Lands for perpetual or temporary use can be allocated to accommodate a wide variety of facilities and technological sites - industrial sites, wells for various purposes, linear structures (electricity networks, pipelines, roads, railways, etc.), water transport facilities, airfields and take-off landing strips, mining facilities (dumps, quarries, embankments, mines), slag and ash dumps, landfills and burial sites, nuclear and thermal power plants, reservoirs, etc. The named objects can be located in various regions and zones with specific natural conditions and orientation agricultural production.

In addition, any allotment of land for non-agricultural needs should be considered as a process of impact on the agricultural landscape that is constantly changing in space and time, bearing in mind that the scale of technogenic disturbances can exceed the area of ​​allotments by dozens of times, and the process itself can stretch for many years and proceed from varying degrees of intensity. Thus, land allocation for reservoirs actually ends with its filling to a normal retaining level, and the processes of bank processing, flooding and salinization of lands from this moment only begin and gradually intensify.

Pollution of the soil cover with industrial emissions into the atmosphere begins with the commissioning of a non-agricultural facility, and then can continue with varying degrees of intensity throughout the entire life of the facility or stop after the introduction of non-waste technologies.

Thus, the negative consequences of the provision of land for non-agricultural needs should be understood as all the consequences that result in adverse quantitative and qualitative changes in the conditions of agricultural land use, starting with survey work and ending with the period of operation of the object. At present, such a comprehensive accounting is practically not carried out, although this problem has long been overdue.

Russian legislation provides for the organization of land monitoring. Such monitoring should represent a well-functioning system of observations, identification and evaluation of changes in the state of the land fund under the influence of anthropogenic impacts. Based on these data, appropriate forecasts and practical recommendations for the placement of non-agricultural facilities will be developed.

The organization of monitoring should be preceded by the development of the so-called "tree of consequences" of the impact of each type of allotment on the agricultural landscape in relation to specific natural and agricultural zones.

4. JUSTIFICATION OF PAYMENTS FOR SERVICES TO AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES FROM USERS OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Servitude is economic attitude between the owner of the land and other entities regarding the simultaneous use of various properties of the land belonging to him, including as a means of production, a spatial basis, a recreational resource, etc.

Since the owner of the land is burdened with various costs associated with maintaining soil fertility, exercising his right to own land, incurs costs in the form of land tax, insurance and environmental payments, etc., part of these costs should be transferred to the servitude user. In our country, in accordance with Art. 274 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the owner of a land plot burdened with an easement is also entitled, unless otherwise provided by law, to demand from the persons in whose interests the easement is established, a proportionate payment for the use of this plot.

However, at present, there is practically no fee for easements, which causes great damage to landowners - primarily agricultural enterprises, whose lands are burdened with various restrictions.

These include, in particular, restrictions on the use of land in protective zones along high-voltage power lines, communication lines, protective zones of main pipelines, sanitary protection and other zones along highways, in territories adjacent to industrial enterprises, in coastal strips and water protection zones of rivers, which are located on the lands of rural producers.

The dissection of the lands of agricultural enterprises by linear objects, which, in addition, have buffer zones, leads to an increase in the cost of production, additional inconveniences and costs for idle moving of agricultural machinery from site to site, turns and arrivals of units when performing field mechanized work, an increase in transport costs due to disunity and dismemberment of arrays, a decrease in the volume of agricultural production on lands that have various kinds of restrictions.

According to our surveys, the share of land of agricultural enterprises with encumbrances and restrictions in use is in the range from 15 to 60% of their area and more.

In 2000, the Goskomzem and the Federal Land and Cadastral Center "Earth" issued a manual "Restrictions (encumbrances) on the rights to use land" (M.: Goskomzem, 2000). Land management organizations in 1995 in the administrative districts began to develop "On-duty maps of restrictions and encumbrances in the use of land." In total in 1995-1996. 338 such maps were developed.

Since 1996, "On duty land - cadastral maps and plans" began to be developed in the regions. They display the boundaries of land plots, their cadastral numbers, real estate, boundaries of easements, encumbrances and restrictions. These materials can be used when introducing annual payments by enterprises of industry, transport, communications, energy, water management and other industries whose facilities are located on agricultural land and determine restrictions, encumbrances and inconveniences in the use of land, in favor of agricultural enterprises, that is, with introduction of service charges.

Losses (losses) and lost profits of landowners, through whose territories various pipelines, roads, networks and other linear objects pass, are enormous, since their length is very large. In the Russian Federation, only the length of main pipelines, through which the products of the oil and gas complex are transported, is 215 thousand km, including gas pipelines, including gas pipelines - 151 thousand km, oil pipelines - 48.5 thousand, oil product pipelines - 15 .5 thousand km.

With the help of the main pipeline transport, 100% of the produced gas, about 99% of the produced oil, more than 50% of the produced oil products are transported. In the total volume of products transported through the main transport pipelines, the share of gas is 55.4%, oil - 40.3%, oil products - 43%.

Rent (servitude) payment for the benefit of the enterprise - the owner of the land;

Compensatory payments of the easement user for losses and losses of agricultural production from the functioning of engineering networks and communications.

The need to charge an easement fee is due to the fact that

the owner of the land bears, in fact, general expenses for the conservation of land, pays land tax. The owner of engineering networks uses this land plot, but does not incur any costs.

In a certain sense, the servitude user is a tenant of certain consumer properties of the land, and therefore is obliged to pay rent to its owner. The amount of this fee is negotiable, but ultimately should be guided by the rates of land rent.

Compensatory payments have a different meaning - they must cover the damage caused to an agricultural enterprise during the operation of engineering networks and communications. In all cases, their size should be linked to the amount of losses inflicted on landowners and land users,

as well as losses of agricultural and forestry production (including lost profits) in the course of land acquisition. This is necessary to avoid double counting the same losses.

Let's consider specific examples.

1. In the 32-meter protective zone of the main high-pressure gas pipeline, arable land is excluded from crop rotation. Their area is 3.2 hectares per 1 km of the gas pipeline (32 * 1000/10000).

In accordance with the methodology for calculating land rent, the standard price of agricultural land and the rates of rental payments, developed by the Department of Agricultural Economics of the Voronezh State Agrarian University, rental payments from 1 ha of farmland in the suburban area are 803 rubles; from 1 km of the gas pipeline - respectively 803 * 3.2 = 2569.6 rubles. (See: Nazarenko N. T., Gorlanov S. A., Popov Yu. Yu. Methodology for calculating land rent, the standard price of agricultural land and rental rates. - Voronezh: VGAU, 1998. - P. 14).

2. Due to the difficult obstacles caused by the laying of pipelines, we will take an increase in the average distance of transportation of goods in an agricultural enterprise equal to 0.5 km. For calculations, an enterprise with a total area of ​​​​5000 hectares was taken, the length of the gas pipeline is 5000 m. The territory's load capacity is assumed to be 20 tons per 1 ha, the tariff for the transportation of goods is 0.90 rubles. for 1 tkm. Then the increase in on-farm transport costs will be 3.2 * 0.90 * 20 * 5000 * 0.5 = 144 thousand rubles. or 28.8 thousand rubles. for 1 km.

3. As a result of the laying of the gas pipeline, the configuration of the fields worsened, the length of the run of agricultural machinery decreased, additional roads appeared along the protective zone of the pipeline, zones of under-ploughing and undersowing.

Let's take the width of the road along the protective zone of the gas pipeline equal to 4 m. Then 0.8 hectares of arable land per 1 km of its length will be excluded from circulation (2 * 4 * 1000/10000 = 0.8).

In the 5-meter zone adjacent to the road (1 ha per 1 km), due to damage to crops in the headland, approximately 20% of the crop yield will be lost. If the grain yield is 30 centners per 1 ha, the purchase price is 224 rubles. per 1 centner, then the total yield loss will be 0.8 * 30 * 224 + 1.0 * 0.2 * 30 * 224 = 6.7 thousand rubles. per 1 km of the pipeline.

Suppose that for 100 m of the headland, the total loss of working time of machine operators due to a decrease in the length of the rut will be 1.8 hours, and the cost of 1 tractor / hour will be 45 rubles, then for 1 km of the gas pipeline, the additional costs for idle turns and arrivals of tractor units will be equal to 1.8 * 10 * 45 = 810 rubles.

Thus, only taking into account the above three factors will lead to the establishment of compensation payments for the use of the gas pipeline in the amount of 39 thousand rubles. (2.7 + 28.8 + 7.5) per 1 km of the gas pipeline or 196 thousand rubles. for its entire length of 5 km, passing through the territory of the economy.

If we assume that the cadastral price of 1 hectare of unencumbered arable land is 30 thousand rubles, and according to N. N. Bolkunova, the decrease in this price in the protected zones of linear engineering facilities is at least 20%, then the final cadastral price of the encumbered plot will be equal to 0 .8 * 30 \u003d 24 thousand rubles.

Having accepted the rent (servitude) payment in the amount of 2% of the cadastral price of the plot, we will establish its annual size. In this case, it will be 480 rubles. per 1 ha (0.02 * 24000 = 480).

5. LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE ALLOCATION OF LAND SHARE TO THEIR OWNERS

As of January 1, 2000, the land of agricultural enterprises included 11.9 million land shares with a total area of ​​117.6 million hectares; thus, the average size land share in the Russian Federation was 9.9 hectares.

10.9 million owners (91.8%) received title documents (certificates of ownership), 0.6 million people (4.7%) did not receive certificates, and 0.4 million (3.5%) did not apply for them. %).

Analysis of operational information carried out in 1999 by the State Land Committee of the Russian Federation on the implementation of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 96 of February 1, 1995 “On the procedure for exercising the rights of owners of land shares and property shares” and clause 3 of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 337 of March 7, 1996 "On the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to land", showed that a specific decision on the disposal of land shares was made by 7668.7 thousand people, or 64.5% of their owners. Most of these shares (91.9%) were transferred to agricultural enterprises on various terms.

As you know, the owners of land shares are provided with ample opportunities.

They have the right:

Dispose of the land share, having received a certificate of ownership;

Transfer of land share by inheritance;

Use it (with the allocation of a land plot in kind) for conducting a peasant (farm) and personal subsidiary plot;

Sell ​​land or donate it;

Exchange a land share for a property share or a land share in another farm;

Transfer it (with the allocation of a land plot in kind) for rent to peasant (farmer) households, agricultural organizations, citizens for conducting personal subsidiary plots;

Transfer a land share on the terms of a rent agreement and life maintenance;

Contribute a land share or the right to use this share to the authorized capital or unit trust agricultural organization.

In different regions of Russia, the owners disposed of their land shares differently.

The study of the role of the institution of land shares in the transformation of land relations in Russia shows that, in addition to the political, these forms of land ownership are becoming increasingly economic importance. By 2000, approximately 300,000 people received land plots in kind on account of their land share in order to expand their personal subsidiary plots and organize a peasant (farm) economy on an area of ​​3.6 million hectares. More than 55 million hectares (5.4 million land shares) have been leased out with determination of the location of the land on the ground. The right to use land in the authorized capital or share fund of agricultural organizations was transferred by 22.2% of land holders on an area of ​​14.6 million hectares.

At the same time, 4.2 million people never disposed of their land shares, and out of 41.9 million hectares of unclaimed land, according to the State Committee for Land Resources, 8.3 million hectares remained ownerless, as they were not transferred to agricultural enterprises.

The inclusion of land shares in the economic turnover violates the previously established economy and organization of production and the territory of almost any agricultural enterprise. A complex of land management works is needed to restore order in the disposal of land shares, especially when using land and allocating it in kind. In particular, it is required to establish the location and boundaries of land masses corresponding in area to land shares. When carrying out work, excessive fragmentation of such massifs should be avoided, which in the future will inevitably lead to the need to take measures to consolidate (combine) them.

If land owners decide to allocate land shares to them on the ground (in kind), then in order to reduce the damage from crushing massifs, the following is necessary when drawing up land management projects:

Land plots of owners of land shares should be of regular shape, if possible rectangular, with parallel long sides. In relation to the terrain, the long sides of the plots should be placed across the slope to avoid concentration of water runoff along the borders of the plots.

In flat terrain with a homogeneous soil cover, land plots must be placed in the form of a rectangular grid of boundaries with the short sides of these plots coming out onto the main road. The width of the main road should ensure the free passage of two cars and the passage of rather bulky agricultural machinery and can reach up to 6 m. The remaining inter-section roads are designed with a width of 3-4 m. In all cases, convenient access should be provided to each land plot.

On the array to be divided into land shares in areas of wind erosion, it is necessary to provide for the alignment of the boundaries of land plots with longitudinal and transverse forest strips to protect arable land from deflation. In this case, transverse forest belts are located across the direction of the prevailing winds with a distance of 400-600 m between them, and longitudinal forest belts are located along the direction of the winds with a distance of 1500-2000 m.

When allocating land masses to be divided into land shares, in land management projects, it is necessary to ensure that the quality of the allocated land corresponds to the desired specialization (structure of sown areas) established by land owners. To do this, all shared arrays must be assessed for their agro-ecological properties, for suitability for cultivation of various crops or their groups. Only then should land acquisition be started.

In order to prevent fragmentation of land and worsen the use of land remaining in indivisible funds or collective property, as well as for the purposes of planning and phased allotment of land shares in kind to their owners, it is necessary to provide for the allocation of land areas subject to priority division in land management projects.

These arrays must meet the following requirements:

Have a convenient entrance;

Do not differ in quality, fertility, reclamation and cultural and technical arrangement in one direction or another from the rest of the lands of the agricultural enterprise;

Correspond in terms of their qualitative characteristics to the specialization of newly formed farms;

When the economy is withdrawn from land use and divided into shares, this massif should not contribute to the appearance of territorial shortcomings (wedging, interspersing, distant land, striped land).

When dividing arrays into plots of owners of land shares, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of their subsequent association into various economic entities in order to jointly carry out field work, as well as to carry out a complex of reclamation, environmental protection and anti-erosion measures.

In order not to split up or dismember the land masses of agricultural enterprises and create the best conditions for the allocated owners of land shares, the following rules must be followed:

To allocate land shares in kind mainly to groups of those who want to ensure the occupation of the entire array to be divided (otherwise, due to inconveniences in cultivation and travel, unoccupied lands may go out of circulation);

Start allocating land shares to individual owners, if their group has not gathered, not from the center of the array, but from its peripheral part (to ensure the compactness of the location of undivided plots);

Prohibit the allocation of land shares in kind in the absence of a land management project for the entire territory of the reorganized economy and technical business case(business plan) for the use of the requested site;

Prohibit any construction on the land in the absence of the necessary communications (primarily water supply and energy supply).

In conclusion, it should be noted that from the point of view of the efficiency of land management and production in agricultural enterprises, the allocation of land shares in kind inevitably damages the use of land and the economy of the country's agro-industrial complex. Therefore, when resolving the problems associated with the disposal of land shares, one should, if possible, avoid such allocation, and try to create such organizational and legal forms of agricultural enterprises that will contribute to the consolidation of land plots and prevent the emergence of small-scale inefficient agriculture.

Bibliography:

1. Volkov S.N. Land management. Economics of land management. T 5. M: Kolos, 2001

2. Volkov S.N. Land management design. M: Kolos, 2001

The economic side is connected with the functioning of the land as a means of production, it consists in taking into account the operation of economic laws. To develop correct land management decisions, extensive information is collected on the state of land as a means of production (bonitation, economic valuation of land, land productivity), production development (availability of fixed assets of labor, capital). The design solution is evaluated in terms of cost recovery for their implementation.

The economic essence of land management lies in the most complete correspondence of the forms and elements of the organization of the territory (area, location, configuration, structure of land plots, their boundaries) to the needs and forms of organization and increase in the efficiency of social production, the technology for performing production processes on land and the tasks of its rational use.

Land management in the broad sense of the word is an integral part of the social mode of production, manifested as a socio-economic process of organizing the territory and means of production, inextricably linked with the land. Consequently, it is always associated with a certain level of production forces and production relations and depends on objectively operating economic laws (the law of value, the proportional development of time savings, etc.). The laws of social development are perceived by society not directly, but through interests. Therefore, land management, having a state character and being under the control of executive and legislative authorities, is always carried out in the interests of certain social groups. In the system of interests of these groups (political, industrial, social) economic interests always prevail. Therefore, the task of land management is to redistribute land in such a way that, on the one hand, to ensure the unity of the economic interests of society, individual collectives and citizens, on the other hand, to maintain the priority of public interests. Since land is constantly the object of conflicting interests, land management as a mechanism for its distribution and organization of use has always been at the center of political struggle.

During land management, plots are distributed between landowners and land users, and through them between sectors of the public economy (industry, transport, agriculture, etc.). Then the internal arrangement of land tenure and land use is carried out, production facilities, settlements, roads, lands pastures), crop rotations, forest plantations, orchards, etc. In this case, the earth can perform various functions.

In agriculture, the production process is directly related to soil fertility, the quality of land and the nature of their use. In order to increase fertility, a person influences the land in various ways, carries out land reclamation and crop technical work, applies fertilizers, and tills the soil.

During land management, on the one hand, conditions are created for better use of the natural and economic fertility of soils due to the differentiated placement of crop rotation lands, crops on the most suitable lands, etc., on the other hand, the productive properties of the land are improved due to a set of works to improve fertility soils, land protection from erosion, nature protection. Thus, the yield of crop products, including fodder, increases, the economic role of land as the main means of production in agriculture increases, which also indicates a significant economic role land management.

The main goal of land management is to bring order to the land, which is achieved through the rational organization of the territory, the best placement of social production and individual industries, rational proportions of construction and management of the economy. Organizational production structure is consistent with the quality and territorial properties of land masses (their remoteness from economic centers, area, configuration, dismemberment, disunity).

During land management, an information basis is created for the introduction of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations. Lands are withdrawn and withdrawn, new ones are formed and existing land tenures and land use boundaries are reorganized, the quality of lands is assessed, documents certifying the right of ownership, lease of land plots are issued, special land funds are created for redistribution of lands. Each land plot must have a price or value (normative, cadastral, market), and each landowner and land user must receive information on the amount of land tax, land rent, compensation in case of seizure of land from him for state and public needs, economic measures promotion of rational land use.

The state nature of land management suggests that it is in the general system of land management at various levels (federal, subject of the Federation, municipal), including:

• -information support in the form of the state land cadastre and land monitoring;
• -forecasting and planning the use of land protection;
• -organization of rational use and protection of lands; control over the use and protection of land.
• -Land management works cover all stages of land management, starting from topographic and geodetic, aerial photogeodetic, soil and other surveys and surveys. Their results are needed for accounting, registration and evaluation of land, drawing up schemes for the use and protection of land resources, land management schemes, and for the development of land management projects.

Since land management is in the general system of state planning and financing, each land management enterprise, action or work must be based on the principles of self-sufficiency, commercial benefit and efficiency.

The laws of nature and society exist regardless of whether they are known by science or not. For example, humanity has recently discovered the laws of intranuclear energy, but they have always existed and will always exist.

A scientific law is an expression of the objective connection of phenomena and is called scientific because this objective connection is known by science and can be used in the interests of the development of society. A scientific law expresses a constant, recurring and necessary connection between phenomena and, therefore, we are not talking about a simple coincidence of two series of phenomena, not about randomly discovered connections, but about such a cause-and-effect interdependence when one group of phenomena inevitably gives rise to another, being their cause.

Economic laws are divided into general economic laws that are the same for the entire economy, i.e., common to all its branches, and special or private laws that are characteristic only of individual sectors or spheres of social production (only industry, agriculture, transport, or only their individual sectors - metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc.).

Special (private) laws that operate in certain industries and areas are a special form of manifestation of general economic laws, that is, they are the result of reincarnation, modification of the latter. This transformation of general into special, or private, laws is due to the qualitative originality of each specific branch and sphere of social production (a feature of technology, economics, organization of production, etc.).

The laws of the territorial organization of social production are one of the types of special (private) economic laws, the peculiarity of which is that they are a spatial manifestation of general economic laws.

The essential side of land management is that it always has legal content. This is expressed in the assignment of a land plot to a certain category, the establishment of goals, the tasks of the land use regime, the determination of the rights and obligations of the landowner, land user (or tenant), the establishment of restrictions and encumbrances (servitudes). In the manner prescribed by law, land management documentation is drawn up and the land management process is carried out, that is, the procedure for land management and its regulation.

Legal basis land management is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the land code, federal laws, laws of the subjects of the Federation, by-laws, departmental regulations, instructions, methodological and technical instructions. The Constitution declares the general nature of land relations: types and forms of ownership of land, the rights and obligations of citizens, the procedure for disposing of land resources and other fundamental foundations of the land system.

The law has the highest legal force in relation to other normative acts, which is expressed in the following:

all subordinate normative acts (decrees, resolutions, orders, orders, etc.) must strictly comply with existing laws;

the law can be repealed only by the highest legislative body (adopted by referendum - only by referendum), and any other legal act can be changed by law;

the activities of all bodies for the regulation of land relations, the implementation of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens in this area are carried out in accordance with the laws of the country.

The most important provisions fixing the foundations of the land system of the state are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Economic laws reflect the most essential, typical features of the functioning and development of a particular system of production relations. Unlike the laws of nature, economic laws are the laws of the activity of people themselves. People actively influence economic laws, one might say, they form them to a certain extent. At the same time, economic laws are objective. Since people themselves cannot choose the productive forces and conditions of material life, they are subject to those economic laws that are functioning in society at a given historical moment.

Basic economic laws

 Law of supply and demand

 general law macroeconomic equilibrium

 Law of Private Economic Equilibrium

 The law of the productive power of labor

 Law of Competition

 Law of value

 Laws of money circulation

 Laws of economic growth

 Law of Increasing Opportunity Costs

 Law of diminishing returns

 Law of Production Efficiency

 Law of proportionality

 Law of accumulation

Each economic law acts as an expression of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of economic phenomena and processes in their unity and serves as an internal measure of these processes. Since people themselves cannot choose the productive forces and conditions of material life, they are subject to those economic laws that are functioning in society at a given historical moment.

Economic laws, like the laws of nature, are objective. An objective economic law is an essential, necessary, stable relationship in economic phenomena and processes that determines their development.

The essence of economic law is to express the essential connection of the mode of production, that is, the specification of the essence of the law is directly related to the disclosure of the essence of this connection, which is predominantly a causal, causal relationship, one side of which determines the other.

sides of the cause-and-effect relationship;

the process of interaction between these parties;

forms of interaction between them;

the result of this interaction.

At the same time, economic laws, in contrast to the laws of nature, act and manifest themselves only through object-labor and production. activities of society members. “People make their own history, but they do not make it as they please, under circumstances that they themselves did not choose, but which are directly available, given to them and passed on from the past” (Marx K., see Marx K. and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 8, p. 119). People are not free to choose the productive forces and conditions of material life. Developing productive forces in the process of labor activity, previous generations leave them to the next. This connection in human history determines the objectivity of economic development, which ultimately takes place independently of the will and consciousness of both individuals and society as a whole.

Economic laws are historical in nature. Within the framework of specific historical formations, special systems economic laws. People enter into historically determined economic relations with each other, their activity is subject to various economic laws. Thus, the laws of the primitive communal mode of production differ from the economic laws of slavery. The economic laws of feudalism and capitalism have a specific character.

Economic laws differ in their content and duration, i.e. depending on the level of development of productive forces, the content, mode of action and forms of manifestation of economic laws are determined. Along with the specific laws that operate throughout any one socio-economic formation, there are general economic laws that are inherent in all or a number of socio-economic formations. For example, the general laws of a market economy, the law of saving time, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of the correspondence of production relations to the level of productive forces.

The nature and forms of manifestation of economic laws directly depend on the type of ownership of the means of production, the level of real socialization of production, the nature of economic relations between the agents of production relations. In all antagonistic socio-economic formations, economic laws act spontaneously and manifest themselves as an external blind force that forces a person to certain actions.

Economic laws perform functions that are decisively related to social development. At the same time, the functions of each of the laws are specific, as are the stable, essential and strong links between economic phenomena expressed by them. The whole set of economic laws introduces economic life society developing within the framework of each given economic system, in a certain objectively conditioned channel, which is its main function.

To reveal the operation of the mechanism of economic laws, it is necessary to trace their operation in conditions of conscious application. That is, it is necessary to find out the internal connection between the actions of economic laws and the activities of people, having studied how the activities of people are subject to the action of laws, what are the ways and forms of implementation and implementation of the latter.

There are also economic laws that are not in force in all, but only in a few socio-economic formations (where commodity production exists). These include the law of value, the law of money circulation, supply and demand, etc. The law of value began to function already during the decomposition of the primitive communal system, after the appearance of the first major divisions of social labor (separation of cattle breeding from agriculture, handicrafts from agriculture); had a limited scope in terms of slavery, then feud. modes of production, became most widespread under the capitalist mode of production and continues to function, expressing a different social content of economic relations in the transition period from capitalism to socialism and under socialism.

A special place is occupied by specific economic laws that operate only under the conditions of a certain mode of production. They express the essential features of the functioning and development of historically determined production relations. It is the specific laws that fundamentally distinguish different systems of economic laws from each other. A number of specific economic laws operate only at separate phases, stages of a given mode of production. Thus, the system of economic laws of monopoly capitalism differs in new features from the system of economic laws of pre-monopoly capitalism (for example, under imperialism, the law of monopoly profit).

The knowledge and use of economic laws are two interdependent aspects of the process of mastering by society the laws of functioning and development of the economy. People can master economic laws, i.e., learn them and use them in a certain way, directing their action to satisfy their economic interests.

Patterns of land management:

1. Land management is an element of the productive forces and an element of production relations (an integral part of the social mode of production).

Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova ECONOMY OF LAND MANAGEMENT Penza 2015 1 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova ECONOMICS OF LAND MANAGEMENT Guidelines for the study of the discipline and assignments for test work for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "Bachelor") Penza 2015 2 Copyright OJSC "TsKB" BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" UDC 631.111(075) BBK 65.32-511(y7) T 35 Reviewer - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department "Organization and Informatization of Production" S.N. Alekseev. Published according to the decision of the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Agronomy dated December 7, 2015 Protocol No. 8. Terzova, Galina Vasilievna. T 35 Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. - Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2016. - 89 p. The guidelines are intended for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor"), include the main content of topics, questions for testing knowledge, a methodology for calculating economic indicators for self-study work, as well as options for tasks of control work. FGBOU VO Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2015 G.V. Terzova, 2015 1 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service INTRODUCTION Strengthening the economic, technical and legal side of land management, its environmental focus makes it necessary to improve the design methodology at all levels. In solving this problem, the science of land management design should rely on the further development of the general theory of land management and the relationship with other scientific disciplines that study various aspects of land management. One of these disciplines is "Economics of land management", in which, on the basis of socio-economic patterns of development of land management, its importance in the regulation of land relations, land management, organization of rational use and protection of land is determined. The subject "Economics of land management" reveals the essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management, establishes criteria, indicators and methods for evaluating land management decisions in various land management projects. The study of this discipline by a student involves the solution of the following tasks: - formation of an idea of ​​the economic essence of land management and its socio-economic content as an integral part of the economic mechanism of the country; - familiarization with objective economic laws, forms and patterns of their manifestation in the organization of the territory, assessment of their impact on land management; - study of the economic mechanism of regulation of land relations; - study of the most economical ways to improve the use of land and improve the efficiency of territorial (inter-farm) and intra-farm land management; - mastering the techniques and methods of economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions; 3 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - study of the most economical ways to improve land use and increase the efficiency of on-farm land management; - mastering the techniques and methods of economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions; - instilling the abilities and skills to perform economic calculations for choosing the best option based on the use of automated technologies. As a result of studying the discipline, the student must: know: the economic essence of land management, principles, methods and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; ways to improve the efficiency of land use; principles, methods and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; economic mechanism for regulating land relations; be able to: use modern methods for evaluating the effectiveness of schemes and projects of territorial land management; reasonably form land use, land tenure and establish their optimal size and structure; analyze design options, their impact on indicators of rational use of land; use modern methods for evaluating the effectiveness of schemes and projects of territorial and on-farm land management; develop a feasibility study for new projects, schemes, investment programs land use; determine the public (economic), budgetary and commercial efficiency of land management works; own: professional reasoning when choosing the best options for land management solutions; application of methods to improve the efficiency of land management; methodology of feasibility and environmental and economic substantiation of land management decisions; application of scientific research methods when choosing the best options for land management solutions; methodology for the development of investment projects for the improvement and development of land; computer technologies in the evaluation of options for land management projects. 4 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" The discipline is aimed at the formation of competencies: general cultural (OK) - owns a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive, systematize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it ( OK-1); - ready to cooperate with colleagues, work in a team (OK-3); - knows how to use regulatory legal documents in their activities (OK-5); - strives for self-development, improvement of their qualifications and skills (OK-6); - is aware of the social significance of his future profession, has a high motivation to perform professional activities (OK-8); - is able to use the basic provisions and methods of social, humanitarian and economic sciences in solving social and professional problems, is able to analyze socially significant problems and processes, navigate the basic provisions of economic theory, the characteristics of a market economy (OK-9); - is able to use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply the methods of mathematical modeling, theoretical and experimental research (OK-10); - is able to understand the essence and significance of information in the development of the modern information society, to be aware of the dangers and threats arising in this process, to comply with the basic requirements of information security, including the protection of state secrets (OK-11); - owns the basic methods, ways and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of managing information (OK-12); - able to work with information in global computer networks (OK-13); 5 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" - knows his rights and obligations as a citizen of his country, knows how to use the Civil Code, other legal documents in his activities (OK-15). professional (PC) - is able to apply knowledge about the basics of rational use of land resources, system indicators for improving the efficiency of land use, environmental and economic expertise of programs, schemes and projects for the socio-economic development of the territory (PC-1); - is able to use knowledge about the land resources of the country and the world, measures to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the territory within a specific land use, municipality, subject of the Federation, region (PC-2); - is able to use the knowledge of methods for the development of design materials (documents) for the use and protection of land resources, and real estate, a feasibility study of options for design solutions (PC-6); - is able to use knowledge of modern technologies for automation of design, cadastral and other works related to State cadastre real estate, territorial planning, land management, land surveying (PC-7); - is able to use knowledge of the methodology of territorial zoning and planning the development of cities and towns, establishing their boundaries, placing the designed elements of their engineering equipment (PC-8); - is able to carry out activities for the implementation of design solutions for land management and development of unified real estate objects (PC-9); - is able to use the knowledge of modern automated technologies for collecting, systematizing, processing and recording information about land plots and real estate (PC-10); - is able to use the knowledge of modern technologies of topographic and geodetic works when conducting inventory land area (PC-13); - is able to use knowledge of modern technologies of consulting and innovation activities, examination of investment projects for land use planning and land management (PC-17); - able and ready to conduct experimental research (PC-19); - ready to study scientific and technical information, domestic and foreign experience use of land and other real estate (PC-20); - able and ready to participate in the implementation of research results and new developments (PC-21). 7 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Section 1 GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE To master the theoretical material of the discipline “Economics of Land Management”, it is advisable for the student to follow the following order of its study. Independent work of a student of the correspondence department in the study of the discipline "Economics of land management" in the intersessional period is an important condition for the deep assimilation of this course. This work should begin with a detailed study of theoretical material, for which it is necessary to use not only textbooks on the economics of land management, but also legislative acts and government decrees on land management issues, as well as Internet resources. The program, guidelines and control tasks are given to the student at the installation session. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the methodological guidelines for studying the discipline. Then you should select the appropriate literature according to the given bibliographic list. It is advisable to accompany the study of the discipline with a brief note-taking and answers to the control questions of the topic. Unclear indicators, definitions, questions that may arise when studying the material of the topic, the student needs to write down separately in order to find them out later in lectures, practical classes with the teacher. The result of studying the discipline "Economics of land management" should be the ability to calculate the economic indicators of land management decisions. Consolidation of knowledge gained by students as a result of independent work in the intersessional period is carried out as a result of lectures and practical classes. The study of the discipline ends with an exam. The distribution of study time for the discipline under study is shown in table 1. 8 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 1 - Distribution of study time in the study of the discipline "Economics of land management" Discipline topic 1 1. Economics of land management as a science 2 Land management in the system of social production 3. Main issues of the theory of economic efficiency of land management 4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land. 5. Economics of inter-farm land management 6. Economics of education of agricultural organizations and peasant farms 7. Economic justification for the elimination of shortcomings in land use (land ownership) and the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes. 8. Fundamentals of economic justification of land management decisions in projects of on-farm land management 9. Comprehensive assessment economic efficiency of the project of on-farm land management 10. Economic justification for the placement of production units, economic centers 9 Type of educational work and labor intensity in labor hours. lectures 2 3 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 2 2 6 2 2 6 0 0 8 0 0 8 1 2 10 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 »continuation of table 1 1 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads 12. Economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land 13. Methodology for the ecological and economic justification of the organization of the crop rotation system of the economy 14. Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands. 15. Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions in various natural areas TOTAL 10 2 3 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 1 8 0 1 14 0 0 10 6 10 119 0 Service» Section 2 CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE TOPICS. QUESTIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE TEST Topic 1 LAND MANAGEMENT ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the content and economic essence of land management; - the role of land management in the country's economy; - subject, methods and tasks of the discipline. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the topic, it is necessary first of all to understand the role of land as the main means of production and means of labor in agriculture, to show in a historical aspect that in order to start the production process, it is necessary to combine labor with land, other means of production and a certain organization of society . In the future, it is important to determine the similarities and differences between land surveying and land management. It should be noted that land management has become a whole complex of actions that simultaneously have legal, technical, organizational, economic and economic content, and the economic side is dominant in land management, determines its essence. It is necessary to understand that the economic essence of land management is due to the following: - land management is an integral part of the social mode of production and is influenced by the objective economic laws of social development; - reflects the economic interests of various classes of society and strata of the population; 11 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - organizes the land not as a simple physical body, but as an object and tool of labor, the main means of production in agriculture, affects the economic fertility of soils; - is a factor of intensification and growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production; - represents an information basis for the creation of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - is included in the system of land management at various levels, is planned, financed, organized and operates in a real economic situation. It is necessary to reveal in detail each of the above reasons explaining the economic essence of land management. The study of the topic should begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations and their impact on the efficiency of land use. Next, you need to find out the processes state regulation land use and show what determines the choice of priority areas of the land policy of the state, consider the economic mechanism for regulating land relations, including investment and tax policies, economic incentives for rational land use, show the importance of land management. When studying the role of land management in the organization of production and rational environmental management, it is necessary to give the concept of organizing the rational use of land as the basis for increasing production efficiency, consider land management and scientific and technological progress in terms of creating organizational and territorial conditions for the introduction of new equipment, technology and organization of production, assess the role of land management in the organization of rational nature management. It is necessary to understand that land management in the course of social development has become a multifaceted activity and is a complex system of practical and theoretical knowledge. Therefore, it is studied by a complex of disciplines, including the discipline "Economics of land management", which reveals the economic theory of land management, its socio-economic essence and causes, the impact of land management on land use , cost-effective methods of land management, accounting methods economic effect from land management, the effect of objective economic laws, the forms of their manifestation in the organization of land use, ways to increase production efficiency. It is necessary to show the difference between the subject "Economics of land management" and the subject "Land management design". The main tasks of land management economics are: - study of the mechanism economic regulation land relations; - determination of ways to improve the efficiency of land use; - development and substantiation of rational forms of land tenure and land use, agricultural production and the corresponding forms of territory organization; - establishing the optimal size and structure of land holdings and land uses and the choice of priority areas for their development; - improvement of methods of land management design, economic justification and evaluation of the economic efficiency of land management decisions; - Improving the efficiency of land management. It should be noted that the methodological basis of science is the laws of dialectics, the development of nature and society. It is necessary to study the methods of science determined by the methodology of scientific knowledge: scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, historical study, experimental research, economic-statistical, monographic, design-constructive, economic-mathematical, etc. Questions for self-examination 1. What is needed to start production on earth? 2. Give the concept of land surveying and name its main goals. 3. What activities included surveying? 13 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 4. What activities include land management? 5. Name the reasons explaining the dominance of the economic side of land management. Give an explanation for each reason. 6. What is the essence of land relations? 7. Name the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 8. What is the role of land management in the organization of production, rational environmental management? 9. What is the subject of discipline? 10. Name the tasks of the discipline "Economics of land management" 11. List the methods of science. 14 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 2 LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider: - the objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content; - economic laws of society and the economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - land management as an integral part of the economic mechanism of the country; - the importance of land management in a market economy. Guidelines for the study of the topic The study should begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations, the land system, the land policy of the state. Then determine the measures and nature of the impact of the state on the land system (legal, economic, organizational). Next, it is necessary to determine the state bodies with the help of which the land policy is carried out, to disclose the activities of land management bodies to regulate land relations: the technical and legal registration of land, the establishment, provision and protection of land use and land tenure rights. It is also important to consider land management as a statutory process. When studying, it is necessary to show that land management has both a state and an objective character. At the same time, the state nature of land management should be disclosed as an activity government agencies on the technical and legal registration of land, the establishment, provision and protection of land use (land tenure) rights, the targeted regulation of land use, as the interaction of land management bodies with state authorities on the use of a single state land fund not only in the personal interests and interests of the employees, but also in the interests of the whole people. The objective nature of land management is explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the development of productive forces and production relations objectively leads to a change in land policy, a change in land use (land tenure); Secondly, constantly, and even more so in the conditions of market relations, land users need to redistribute land and cultivated crops; thirdly, land management is determined by specific natural, historical and economic conditions. When presenting the socio-economic content of land management, it is necessary to link it with public way production, to show the role of land management as an objectively developing economic phenomenon and a socio-economic process of purposeful organization of the territory and production, inextricably linked with the land. Here it is important to show that the two most important tasks of land management - the adaptation of the territory to production and the adaptation of production to the territory - require interconnected solutions. Therefore, any activities aimed at improving land should be carried out with the direct participation of land management authorities or in agreement with them. The same applies to the territorial planning of production. When presenting the question, it is necessary to confirm this position with examples of linking the organization of the territory and land reclamation, the location of the main road network, livestock complexes, etc. The economic laws of society are divided into general and specific. It is necessary to show the mechanism of their action, to study the interrelations, forms of manifestation and use of objective economic laws. Consider the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces in their dialectical unity and development. Further, it is important to show the forms of land ownership and land use as a reflection of the development of society's production relations, to assess the forms of land organization of the territory and their correspondence to economic systems and farming systems as the material foundations of the productive forces. It is also necessary to establish the conformity of the content, forms and methods of land management with the nature of the productive forces and production relations, to analyze the evolution of forms of land organization in space and time. 16 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When revealing the essence of the law of value and its impact on land management, it is necessary to study the forms of land ownership, forms of land ownership and land use, organization of agricultural production and the corresponding forms of land management and their effectiveness in the conditions of commodity-money production and market economy. It is important to establish the dependence of the value of land on its productive and territorial properties, the price of land on supply and demand, to justify the need for payment for land, to give the concept of the land market, the conditions and factors that ensure its development. Explaining the essence of the law of increasing labor productivity and the categories of time saving as a result of the operation of the law, it is necessary to show the nature of land management as a dialectically and historically developing phenomenon, to prove the need for constant changes in the organization of the territory and bringing the forms of land organization into dependence on productive forces. It is also necessary to define the concept of the level of intensity of the economy, its dependence on the optimal size of land ownership and land use, to show the relationship of land management with the achievements of scientific and technological progress, to justify land management on a scientific basis, to prove that land management is a factor in the development of production. The law of proportionality must be traced on the examples of establishing intersectoral and intrasectoral balances and relationships, horizontal and vertical integration, to show that land management determines the best proportions between land, other means of production and labor. When studying specific laws, it is also important to show their influence on land management in various socio-economic formations. It is necessary to determine the patterns of development of land management. It is possible to single out the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations: 17 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service - taxation system (land tax and its role in increasing production efficiency, use and distribution of funds received from land tax ); - investment policy (crediting and subsidizing, programs to support agriculture and priority areas for its development); - economic incentives for the rational use of land (allocation of budget allocations for the restoration and reclamation of land, exemption from land fees, compensation for temporary conservation of land, encouragement for improving land quality, increasing soil fertility, increasing the productivity of forest fund lands, setting increased prices for environmentally friendly products , tax incentives); - economic protection of agricultural land (compensatory payments for agricultural land withdrawn for the needs of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes, penalties for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion processes, violation of environmental legislation). Land management is the information basis for the implementation economic policy states in the field of land use, and is closely interconnected with land monitoring and land cadastre. The role of the land management service in the implementation of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations through the system of state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, planning and forecasting, organizing the rational use of land, and exercising control over the use and protection of land is great. Land management is the main lever in the implementation of socio-political tasks in the field of regulation of land relations. Therefore, the role of informational, technical and legal land management support for the economic policy of the state in the field of land ownership and land use is great, as well as state of the art land management and land cadastre. 18 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service When disclosing the environmental side of land management, it is important to justify the need to create sustainable agricultural landscapes, implement a system of environmental and anti-erosion measures, improve soil fertility and reclaim disturbed lands. Studying the role of land management in the country's land management system, it is necessary to characterize the land fund as an object government controlled , establish the functions of state management of the land fund (land cadastre and land monitoring, forecasting and planning of land use, organization of rational land use, land reclamation, reclamation and protection, control over land use and resolution of land disputes), show the importance of land management in solving management problems . Attention should also be paid to the functions of land management as an organizational and economic event, the need to provide and withdraw land, to consider the economy and its territory as an object of land management, to substantiate the relationship between land management and resettlement, to analyze the role of land management as a factor in increasing the efficiency of the economy and labor productivity. When studying the issue of the importance of land management in a market economy, it is necessary to give the concept of land privatization, show the procedure and methods for the formation of the land market and the real estate market, the creation of a market land infrastructure (land banks, land exchanges, agencies for the formation, transfer and registration of real estate), land courts , one should also consider the categories of payment for land ownership and land use, the cost of land, the price of land, tax rates, analyze the procedure for buying and selling, pledging land, obtaining loans and benefits. Attention should be paid to the features of the formation of land management bodies and their financing in a market economy, features and basic methods of land management. 19 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. Give the concept of land relations. 2. What is the land system, land policy? 3. What are the measures of state influence on the land system. 4. What are the purpose and objectives of land management bodies? 5. What is the state nature of land management? 6. What explains the objective nature of land management? 7. What determines the socio-economic content of land management? 8. Name the types of economic laws. 9. What laws are general, specific, special? 10. Explain the operation of the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces in land management, the operation of the law of proportionality. 11. What parts does the mechanism for regulating land relations consist of? 12. What are the main elements of the economic regulation of land relations. 13. How is the movement of the land fund? 14. What are the functions of land administration? 15. What land management activities correspond to certain functions? 20 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 3 MAIN QUESTIONS OF THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - types and indicators of assessing the economic efficiency of land management; - methodology of economic substantiation of land management decisions in schemes and projects and organization of land management. Guidelines for the study of the topic One of the most important conditions taken into account when substantiating land management design decisions is the territorial factor, which is closely related to the properties of land as a means of production. The territorial conditions of agricultural production are predetermined by the location of land, the terrain, the area and configuration of land masses, their length and disunity of contours, remoteness and the nature of communication with economic centers. It is necessary to see the connections between these conditions and such technical indicators of the territorial organization of production as the length of the rut, the weighted average distance from the serviced lands to economic centers, etc. hauls of agricultural machinery, loss of time for transitions and moving workers to service production, etc. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that a feature of agricultural production is the conduct of basic field work within the boundaries of working plots, fields, and natural land contours. Therefore, the dimensions of the contours, their configuration, the dissection of land by ravines, gullies, hydrographic and road networks, other obstacles, as well as remoteness from economic centers are the most important characteristics of land use. The spatial forms of the earth are largely determined by the totality of the forms of the earth's surface, its relief, which are characterized by the depth of the dissection of the territory, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, etc. It should be emphasized that among the various characteristics of the relief, the slope of the earth's surface is of particular importance as the most important factor the occurrence of water erosion and limiting the plowing of agricultural land, the placement of tilled crops and the arrangement of the territory as a whole. It is necessary to take into account the above indicators in land management. When studying the impact of land management on the organization and efficiency of production, it is necessary to reveal the impact of decisions on various components and elements of land management projects on the organization and efficiency of production: the number, size and location of production units and economic centers; placement of the main on-farm roads; organization of land and crop rotations; arrangement of agricultural land. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the impact of organizing the territory of an agricultural enterprise on reducing the costs of organizing labor, using equipment, capital investments, labor resources and production assets. Considering the main approaches to methods for assessing land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents on land management, it should be noted that pre-plan and pre-project developments include, first of all, the main directions and general schemes for the use of the country's land resources, the main directions for the use of land resources of the region, land management schemes of the region and administrative districts, as well as master plans organization of the territory of agricultural organizations. The methodological basis for the development and evaluation of decisions made in them is dialectical materialism with the well-known general laws of dialectics, such as the law of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, unity and struggle of opposites, negation . It is important to show that the methodology for evaluating land management decisions is a set of principles and methods for their implementation. It assumes the logic of evaluation of developments, characterizes the content of individual stages and the sequence of their implementation. Methods and methods of economic, technical, environmental and social assessments should be distinguished from the methodology for assessing land management developments. It should be remembered that the method of evaluating land management decisions is only one of the methods or methods of evaluating results, while the methodology is a set of private rules and working methods for implementing specific calculations. Methods and methodology are included in the methodology for assessing land management decisions as its components. The most important condition for comparing and evaluating pre-planned and pre-project land management developments is the need for the functioning of the objects under consideration in the same natural and economic conditions and the same specialization of production. It is necessary to dwell on the essence and reveal the content of the systematic and integrated approaches to the evaluation of decisions, on the statistical, monographic, abstract-logical, calculation-constructive and other methods used in their adoption. It is necessary to reinforce your understanding of the issue with examples of specific developments. Opening the issue of organizing and planning land management, first of all, it is necessary to name who initiates and finances land management, what land management organizations are responsible for and what rights they have in exercising designer supervision over the implementation of land management projects. Next, it is necessary to establish the content of land management planning, paying special attention to the complexity and sequence of development project documents, to reveal the methods of planning the structure and objects of land management, including the implementation of new types of land management works, the use of modern methods, technologies and means of information land management support. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the main features of assessing the economic efficiency of land management? 2. Give the concepts of environmental, social and economic efficiency of land management. 3. What is the difference between absolute and comparative economic efficiency? 4. How is the calculated and actual efficiency of land management determined? 5. For what reasons can the estimated and actual efficiency of land management not coincide? 6. What do the national economic and self-supporting (commercial) efficiency of land management reflect? 7. What indicators can be used to identify the economic efficiency of land management? 8. How can the main indicator (criterion) of the total efficiency of on-farm land management be determined? 9. Name the components of the system of indicators for a complete assessment of various aspects of land management. 10. What properties of the earth must be taken into account in land management? 11. What is meant by the productive territorial properties of the land? 12. What is meant by the reproduction of soil fertility? 13. How does land management affect the organization and efficiency of production? 14. Basic methods for evaluating land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents. 15. Who organizes, conducts and pays for land management work? 16. What is taken into account when planning land management? 24 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 4 EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS TO IMPROVE THE USE AND DESIGN OF LAND When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - types and stages of development of investment projects; - basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects; - evaluation of the commercial efficiency of investment projects. Guidelines for studying the topic An investment project is a plan or program for investing in order to make a profit. Investments are long-term investments of money (capital) in various areas economy in order to generate income (profit). According to the scale of implementation, the following types of investment projects are distinguished: global, large-scale, regional, sectoral, local and local. According to the direction, investment projects are distinguished: commercial, environmental, social, affecting state interests. Depending on the length of the investment period, projects are divided into short-term (the investment period does not exceed one year) and long-term, with a longer investment period. According to the nature and degree of state participation, investment projects are distinguished with state budget financing, with the use of tax incentives, state guarantees or other forms of its participation. The generally accepted sign of classification is the attachment object. In accordance with it, investments are divided into real and financial, capital-forming and portfolio investments. Real investments are long-term investments in the industry material production. Financial investments are long-term and short-term capital investments in various financial instruments for the purpose of generating income. Capital-forming investments are most often identified with capital investments in fixed capital, namely: in new construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, purchase of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, intangible assets innovative nature, directly related to the operating activities of the enterprise. Portfolio investments are investments in long-term securities(shares, bonds, bills and other debt securities). According to participation in the investment process, investments are divided into direct and indirect. Direct investments include investments made by legal and individuals who own enterprises or have the right to participate in their management. They are subdivided: - into contributions to the statutory fund; - loans received from the co-owner of the enterprise. Indirect investments include investments made through financial intermediaries. The process of developing and implementing an investment project usually includes the following stages: - pre-investment stage, during which investment decision on the feasibility of the project; - the investment stage at which funds are invested in investment objects; - the operational stage, which begins from the moment of obtaining the first results from the investment of funds and ends at the end of the investment period; - stage of liquidation of the object. 26 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service When considering the basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects, it should be remembered that determining the economic efficiency of an investment project is a check of the compliance of the project with the goals and interests of its participants. There are two types of economic efficiency of the investment project: - efficiency of the project as a whole; - effectiveness of participation in the project. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the project as a whole is the determination of the potential attractiveness of the project for all possible participants and sources of funding. It includes: - public (socio-economic) efficiency of the project; - commercial efficiency of the project. When determining social efficiency, the socio-economic consequences of the implementation of an investment project for society as a whole, environmental, social and other effects are taken into account. Commercial efficiency is the effectiveness of the implementation of an investment project for the participants implementing it, on the assumption that it incurs all the necessary costs and uses all its results. The effectiveness of participation in the project, determined to identify the interest in it of all its participants, includes: - the effectiveness of the participation of enterprises in the project (the effectiveness of investment projects for participating enterprises); - efficiency of investing in the shares of an enterprise (efficiency for shareholders of joint-stock enterprises - participants in an investment project); - the efficiency of participation in the project of structures of a higher level in relation to the enterprises participating in the investment project, including regional and national economic efficiency - for individual regions and the national economy of the Russian Federation, as well as sectoral efficiency - for individual LLC “Kniga-Service Agency” of branches of the national economy, financial and industrial groups, associations of enterprises and holding structures; - budgetary efficiency of investment projects (effectiveness of state participation in the project in terms of expenditures and revenues of budgets of all levels). When considering the issue of assessing the commercial effectiveness of investment projects, one should take into account the complexity of its implementation, determined by the fact that investment and income are separated in time. The following methods are used to assess the effectiveness of investments: a) static, fairly simple to calculate; b) dynamic, more complex, based on the theory of change in value over time. Indicators for evaluating the commercial effectiveness of investment projects are given in the guidelines for solving problems. Questions for self-examination 1. What is an investment and an investment project? 2. What types of investments are distinguished in domestic practice? 3. What stages does the process of development and implementation of an investment project include? 4. What does the assessment of the effectiveness of the investment project as a whole include? 5. What does the evaluation of the effectiveness of participation in the project include? 6. What are the indicators for evaluating the commercial effectiveness of investment projects? 28 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 5 ECONOMY OF INTER-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - the need for inter-farm land management and its main tasks; - maintenance of inter-farm land management; - socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management; - basic principles and conditions for the formation of land uses (land holdings) for agricultural purposes. Guidelines for studying the topic When starting to study the issue of the need for inter-farm land management, it is necessary to give the concept of the land fund, characterize the main categories of land, then analyze land use and land use on present stage , to identify the main reasons causing the need for distribution and redistribution of land between categories, sectors of the national economy, land users and landowners: political, socio-economic, organizational and economic. It is necessary to define inter-farm land management and define its objects. Inter-farm land management is characterized as one of the types of land management, through which the rational use and protection of land resources is organized. Next, we should consider inter-farm land management as a set of legal, economic, social and technical measures. It is important to reveal the main tasks of inter-farm land management: determining the main purpose of land; provision of all sectors of the economy and individual land users (land owners) with the necessary land plots, their expedient placement on the territory; 29 Copyright OAO Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service creation of equal territorial conditions for the development of all forms of land management; exact observance of land legislation, ensuring the certainty of the boundaries of land plots; territorial organization of production, creation of conditions for its successful development and efficiency increase; formation and improvement of a rational system of land use and land tenure; development of land use and land ownership, strengthening and improvement of land relations; organization of rational use and protection of lands, development of measures aimed at improving and restoring lands, increasing their fertility, protecting against erosion, recultivation, as well as conservation of lands whose fertility cannot be restored; preparation of data for the establishment of land tax and rent, compensation for losses of agricultural production in the event of land withdrawal. The main land management activities related to inter-farm land management: the formation of new land holdings and land uses of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) households; streamlining the existing land holdings and land use of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) households; formation of non-agricultural land uses; creation of special land funds; redistribution of lands of agricultural enterprises during their reorganization and privatization; establishing and changing the boundaries of cities and towns; establishing the boundaries of rural settlements; justification for the placement and establishment of the boundaries of specially protected areas; 30 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" establishment (restoration) on the ground of the boundaries of administrative-territorial formations, land uses and land ownership. The socio-economic nature of land management must begin with a study of the economic prerequisites for the provision and withdrawal of land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Next, it is necessary to analyze the factors of inter-farm land management, reveal the reasons for the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management, prove the economic essence of inter-farm land management and its social nature. Inter-farm land management is divided into two varieties: 1) organization of land use of agricultural enterprises; 2) organization of land use by non-agricultural enterprises. Starting to characterize these varieties, it is necessary to understand that the division is based on differences in the intended purpose of the main parts of the unified state land fund, in the use of land as a means of production in agriculture and other sectors of the national economy. These differences are of great importance: agricultural and non-agricultural land uses should include lands of different quality. Accordingly, the content and methodology for the formation of land uses for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes will differ significantly. It should be noted that agricultural land use is characterized by: location in general, the location of its individual parts relative to the estates and their mutual location relative to each other, the number and ratio of land, configuration and compactness, the location of the boundaries. Each of these characteristics has an impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. It should be proved that the change in the above parameters affects the manageability, production volume, size capital investments , transport and other annual costs, land productivity, production costs, soil erosion, social conditions. 31 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Given the above factors, it is important to formulate the basic principles for the formation of rational agricultural land use: all land users located in the given territory; - ensuring the size of production and land use, corresponding to zonal conditions and specialization of agricultural production; - inclusion in the composition of each land use of types, areas and ratio of lands that correspond to the specialization of farms and allow rational and efficient use of land; - ensuring the compactness of land use, the convenience of its configuration for the organization of production and territory; - the correct location within the land use of economic centers and their convenient connection with the land, among themselves and with external economic and administrative centers. When considering the tasks and content of the formation of land uses for non-agricultural purposes, one should focus on the diversity of non-agricultural objects, their different sizes and locations, and the degree of impact on the environment. When forming land uses for non-agricultural purposes, the principle of priority of agricultural land use established by land legislation must be observed: lands suitable for agriculture, first of all, must be provided for agricultural purposes, for non-agricultural needs, non-agricultural lands or agricultural land of poorer quality shall be provided. It is necessary to explain how this principle is achieved. In conclusion, the main conditions that must be observed in the formation of agricultural land use are formulated: - placement of the provided plot in a place where there are the necessary conditions for the fulfillment of special purposes and tasks of the land user taking into account the interests of other industries and enterprises; - compliance of the area, configuration and natural conditions of the site with the purposes for which it is provided; - rational use and protection of land and other natural resources; - the most rational use of the costs incurred for land improvement, maximum preservation of valuable lands, intra-farm organization of the territory, prevention of land use shortcomings; - Ensuring environmental protection. Questions for self-examination 1. Define the concept of "off-farm land management". 2. What reasons (factors) necessitate inter-farm land management? 3. In accordance with what principles is inter-farm land management carried out? 4. Expand the reasons for the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. What is its economic essence? 5. What tasks are performed during inter-farm land management? 6. What do the concepts mean: land acquisition, provision of land, land acquisition? 7. What are the principles of formation of rational land use for agricultural purposes. 8. List the main conditions that must be observed when forming agricultural land uses. 33 Copyright OJSC «Central Design Bureau «BIBCOM» & LLC «Agency Kniga-Service» Topic 6 ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PEASANT FARMS When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - economic requirements for calculating the optimal area of ​​land use (land ownership); - conditions and factors affecting the size of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - methods used in determining the estimated optimal size of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - assessment of land use (land ownership) of agricultural enterprises; - assessment of the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of the formed agricultural organization; - assessment of the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural organizations. Guidelines for the study of the topic When forming new or reorganizing existing agricultural organizations, land should be allocated to them in optimal sizes. At the same time, the calculation of the optimal area is based on the requirements of rational construction and management of the economy, without which it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to list and analyze the most important of these requirements: - the main conditions and factors of production - land, material resources, labor force - must be in certain proportions and be balanced; - the production direction of the economy, its specialization and structure must necessarily be established taking into account soil fertility, the degree of land cultivation, the possibility of subsequent transformation and improvement of land; 34 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - sustainable development of any economy is possible only on the basis of expanded reproduction; - in order to reduce various kinds of costs, the farm, if possible, should be located on the same land mass, have the correct shape, rational configuration with an ecologically and economically justified placement of borders and an economic center; - in terms of the size of the land area and the organizational and production structure, the economy should be manageable; - all sectors of the economy must be provided with the necessary areas of land of the appropriate composition; - when determining the size of the farm in terms of land area, it is necessary to take into account a set of requirements for agricultural production (seasonality, technological interdependence of crop and livestock industries, agronomic, zootechnical, biological, environmental, construction and planning, sanitary conditions and restrictions). Without taking into account these requirements, it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to characterize the main factors and conditions affecting the size of land use (land ownership) of an agricultural enterprise: - production direction (specialization) of the economy, composition and combination of its industries; - natural conditions characterizing soil fertility, ameliorative and cultural-technical state of lands, their contours, dissection, remoteness from economic centers, main roads, etc.; - security of the economy with labor resources, the composition and skill level of administrative and managerial personnel and other employees, the possibility of attracting labor from outside; - the presence of fixed and circulating production assets, monetary and material resources, the possibility of attracting bank loans; 35 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - availability and condition of the road network, vehicles, communication facilities, conditions of resettlement, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to show which conditions affect the increase, and which conditions decrease land use area. As a result, it is necessary to define the optimal (rational) area of ​​land use (land ownership), which will ensure maximum economic efficiency, rational use and protection of land resources. To determine the estimated (initial) optimal size of land use (land ownership), various methods are used: the method of analogues, economic-statistical, design-constructive, analytical, economic-mathematical. Applying these methods, it is necessary to take into account the territorial and natural conditions when establishing the final size of land use (land ownership) and its boundaries, land structure and production. In more detail, it is necessary to dwell on the economic-statistical and calculation-constructive methods, to study the functional relationships between the optimal value of the size of land use (land ownership) and the value of gross output, as well as the value of production costs and net income. Studying the application of the economic-mathematical method, it is necessary to give general concept economic and mathematical model, methods and rules for its construction, methods of applying models to solve specific problems. When assessing land use (land holdings) of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to understand the essence of land use (land tenure) assessment, name the main factors and conditions that characterize land use (land tenure), conclude that land use assessment should be reduced to determining their suitability for performing production tasks, and as well as the requirements of nature conservation and the creation best conditions for the work and life of the rural population. 36 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" It is necessary to understand that the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use should provide: qualitative characteristic all positive and negative properties of land uses; - the ability to determine the compliance of land uses with the basic requirements for them; - a comprehensive comparison of various land uses with each other with the determination of how this land use is better or worse than another; - determination of the state expediency of introducing certain changes in land use, as well as the compliance of these changes with the objective interests of interested land users; - evaluation of emerging decisions, changes in land use and determination of their economic efficiency. It is advisable to subdivide land use assessment indicators into three levels: - the first level is a comprehensive land use assessment, which collectively characterizes the compliance of land uses with the requirements for them; - the second level should include indicators that are independent of each other and characterize land use; - the third level should include indicators that are independent and dependent on each other, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing all the positive and negative properties of land use. Indicators top level , as a rule, are determined on the basis of indicators of the lowest. When assessing the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of an agricultural organization being formed, it is important to show the need for economic efficiency of production of an organized enterprise, establish a list of evaluation indicators, and set out a methodology for calculating a generalizing indicator - the expected level of profitability of the farm or the rate of return. Next, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of capital investments, if they are provided for in the land management project. 37 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service When evaluating the economic efficiency of the production of a newly organized agricultural enterprise, it is first necessary to prove the feasibility of establishing a new or reorganizing production and the territory of an existing farm. To this end, it is necessary to characterize the system of indicators of the project of inter-farm land management in the formation of land holdings and land uses for agricultural purposes, which makes it possible: - to compare project data with the results of production activities achieved by the farm, or a control standard level that ensures expanded reproduction; - assess the impact on agricultural production of all measures for the organization of the territory, choose the optimal size of the farm and the best option for its land management; - to provide the final selected version of the project with digital material that characterizes the design structure and the level of development of production, the organization of the territory of the enterprise. When studying the issue, it is necessary to characterize the indicators of gross, marketable and net output, the level of profitability of the economy, the level of land and labor resources use, the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments, and other indicators of production efficiency. As a result, it should be concluded that it is necessary to support projects of inter-farm land management with appropriate economic calculations. When assessing the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural organizations, it is necessary to determine the conditions under which the reorganization is economically feasible. Next, it is necessary to outline the sequence of actions in the reorganization of farms, the formation of new or streamlining existing land uses (land holdings). At the same time, to establish what gives a comprehensive assessment of the territory, taking into account what recommendations the reorganization project is being developed and what methodology of land management design is used in this case. Considering the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, it is required to justify the economic feasibility of such withdrawal, to provide for minimizing possible damage and creating organizational and territorial conditions that contribute to increasing production efficiency. To assess the possibility of land withdrawal, it is necessary to use indicators that characterize the degree of production decline at the enterprise during its reorganization and the formation of new land holdings and land uses within its boundaries: a decrease in the area of ​​arable land, a change in the volume of gross output and its value, the amount of costs for the cultivation of crops, additional costs for maintenance of soil fertility, the cost of idle moving of agricultural machinery, an increase in the cost of mechanized field work, additional investment in new residential and industrial construction, road construction, an increase in annual costs, a decrease in net income and profitability. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the basic requirements for the rational construction and management of the economy. 2. What conditions and factors affect the size of land use (land ownership) of the economy? 3. Describe the main methods used to determine the calculated optimal size of land uses (land holdings) for agricultural purposes. 4. What are the main parameters of land use (land ownership)? 5. What is the essence of land use (land ownership) assessment? 6. On what principles should the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use (land ownership) be built? 7. What are the main requirements taken into account when calculating the optimal area of ​​land ownership (land use). 8. What indicators are used to evaluate the economic efficiency of the production of a newly formed enterprise? 39 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service 9. Name the conditions under which the reorganization of the economy is not economically feasible. 10. What is the sequence of actions in the reorganization of farms? 40 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 7 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF LIQUIDATION OF LAND USE DEFECTS (LAND OWNERSHIP) AND PROVISION OF LAND FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - economic efficiency of eliminating shortcomings of land tenures (land uses); - content of the project of withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes; - losses (losses) of agricultural organizations in connection with the withdrawal of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination; - the procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production. Guidelines for the study of the topic When considering the issue of economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land ownership (land use), these shortcomings should be noted: - striped (inter-farm); - elongation of land use; - inconvenient external borders; - the presence of extraneous land uses that impede the use of land; - small-contour agricultural land; - short specific gravity agricultural land; - inconvenient location of production units; - inconvenient placement of arrays of land; - inconvenient location of the territory in relation to the on-farm main road network; - division of the territory by natural and artificial barriers (internal striping); 41 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" - irrational amount of land use (land ownership); - poor condition of the on-farm road network; - irrational structure of agricultural land; - fragmentation of production; - limited rights of the land user (land owner); - little or a lot of land; - absence on the territory of the main cultural and household institutions; - the presence of conditions that impede the sustainability of land use; - inconvenient location in relation to the points of delivery of products and supply points; - inconvenient location in relation to administrative and cultural centers; - inconvenient location in relation to the public road network; - neglect of agricultural land; - complex relief; - presence of danger of soil erosion; - great diversity of the soil cover; - low soil fertility; - unfavorable climatic conditions; - poor water supply; - unfavorable hydrographic and hydrogeological conditions; - unfavorable sanitary-hygienic and veterinary zootechnical conditions; - poor natural vegetation cover; - lack of minerals for on-farm needs; - Flooding of the territory. Under specific conditions, the composition of shortcomings and their impact on the socio-economic activity of farms can be different. Therefore, it is necessary to identify not only their presence, but also to determine the degree of negative impact, to establish the causes of their occurrence and methods of elimination. It is expedient to classify the shortcomings. Firstly, it is carried out according to the signs of manifestation: shortcomings in the location and configuration of land uses (external, internal, mixed), production and social shortcomings, location shortcomings, natural shortcomings. Secondly, the classification is carried out according to the elimination methods: inter-farm land management, intra-farm organization of the territory, their combination. In addition, there are hard-to-remove, as well as shortcomings, which are almost impossible to get rid of. In more detail, it is necessary to dwell on methods for eliminating the shortcomings of land tenures (land uses) in projects of inter-farm land management simultaneously for a group of land tenures and land uses: - exchange of equal and equivalent land plots; - exchange of unequal and unequal land plots; - gratuitous or paid (for a fee) transfer of land from one farm to another; - formation of new or reorganization of existing land holdings and land uses. It is necessary to study the indicators for assessing the economic damage caused by shortcomings in land use (land tenure), and the methodology for calculating the values ​​of the economic justification indicators and determining the effectiveness of eliminating such shortcomings. Elimination of their negative impact on economic activity and land use. Considering the content of the project for the withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes, it is important not only to name the content of the project for the acquisition of land for non-agricultural purposes, but also to analyze the issues of the project in terms of the complexity of both the project as a whole and for solving its individual components and issues. When calculating the losses (losses) of agricultural organizations in connection with the seizure of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination, it is necessary to provide explanations for the definition (calculation) of each of them, based on legislation of the Russian Federation. It should be borne in mind that the following are subject to compensation: the cost of residential buildings, cultural and community facilities, industrial and other buildings and structures or the costs of their transfer to a new location, the cost of reclamation and anti-erosion structures; the cost of fruit and berry, protective and other perennial plantations grown by the landowner and land user (including the tenant), including cultivated forest plantations; the cost of work in progress (plowing, fertilizing, sowing and other work); the value of crop yields and various types of non-timber forest products; the costs of improving the quality of land during the time of possession or use of land plots and other losses associated with the withdrawal or temporary occupation of land plots, restriction of land users' rights or deterioration of land quality; the costs of restoring buildings and structures damaged as a result of subsidence of the earth's surface during the development of mineral deposits, as well as additional costs for the implementation of measures to protect buildings and structures located in the established order on the areas of mineral deposits from possible settlements of the earth's surface. Disclose the procedure for determining losses (costs) caused by inconveniences in the use of land, deterioration in quality, restriction of the rights of land users, lost profits. When considering the issue of the procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production, it is necessary to use the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and regulatory documents. The procedure for compensating for losses in agricultural production should be outlined: by whom, to whom, how they are compensated, how these funds are used, in what cases losses are not compensated, etc. Questions for self-examination 44 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 1. List the disadvantages of land use. 2. What are the ways to eliminate the shortcomings of land use (land ownership)? 3. The content of the project of land acquisition for non-agricultural needs. 4. What losses (losses) are reimbursed to agricultural organizations in connection with the withdrawal of land for non-agricultural needs? 5. What is the procedure for compensation for losses (losses)? 6. By whom, to whom and how are the losses of agricultural production compensated? 7. In what cases are losses of agricultural production not compensated? 45 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 8 BASIS OF ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF LAND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN INTERNAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the relationship between the forms of organization of production and the territory at various levels of the production process; - differentiation of the economic effect of the organization of the territory; - a system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the relationship between the forms of organization of production and the territory, first of all, it must be understood that in order to build a system of indicators for the economic evaluation of land management projects, it is necessary to take into account: - the structure and stages of the production process, within which the organization of land use is carried out, starting from the territorial organization of the process labor and ending with the process of reproduction of a socially necessary product at the level of the economy as a whole; - the role of land at various levels (stages) of the production process, when land can act as an object of labor, the main means of production and a spatial operating basis; - a list of the main issues to be substantiated in various components of the project and its elements. It is necessary to show that each part (stage) of production corresponds to its own form of land use. It must be emphasized that the differentiation of the production process leads to a differentiation of the effect of the organization of the territory, depending on the role of the land and the nature of its use. 46 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show what is the main effect of the on-farm organization of the territory in solving various components of on-farm land management, how the generalizing indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of the project is determined, taking into account the development, improvement and land protection, construction of facilities and structures, and others, i.e. works requiring capital and additional production costs. When determining the system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects, it should first be shown that increasing production efficiency is associated with improving specialization, clarifying the number and boundaries of production units, the composition and location of land and crop rotations, reducing the annual costs of transporting goods, crossings and moving people, moving equipment , cultivation of fields, an increase in the yield of agricultural crops due to a better consideration of predecessors, soil and other conditions, an increase in animal productivity due to a better fixation of pastures for livestock, a reduction in transhumance, and a complete supply of livestock with fodder. Since land management projects are of a complex nature, the economic assessment must necessarily be coordinated with the environmental and social. In addition, the development of land management projects requires the solution of specific (technical) and production (technological) issues. In this regard, the economic justification for on-farm land management projects includes the following parts: - engineering and technological (technical and economic); - production and technical (agro-economic); - economic; - socio-economic. Further, it is necessary to disclose the main content and objectives of each named part of the economic justification. 47 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. What should be taken into account when building a system of indicators for the economic evaluation of land management projects? 2. What are the stages of the production process of an agricultural enterprise? 3. What forms of land use correspond to each stage of production? 4. What is the main effect of the on-farm organization of the territory? 5. How is the general indicator of the project effectiveness evaluation determined? 6. Name the parts that make up the economic justification for on-farm land management projects. 7. What is the main purpose of each of the parts of the business case for projects? 48 Copyright OJSC «Central Design Bureau «BIBCOM» & «Agency Kniga-Service» Ltd. Topic 9 COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT OF ON-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - economic efficiency of measures of the project of on-farm land management that do not require capital expenditures; - economic efficiency of measures of the on-farm land management project associated with significant capital costs. Methodological guidelines for studying the topic Considering the first question, it is necessary to understand that the effectiveness of activities not related to capital costs is established by comparing project indicators with normative or corresponding indicators of an agricultural enterprise before land management. In the system of such indicators, groups can be distinguished that characterize the conditions: the organization of production and its management; road communication; organization of land and crop rotations; arrangement of the territory of agricultural lands; nature conservation. Specific indicators of these groups make it possible to identify the organizational, economic and technical efficiency of the on-farm land management project, as well as its validity in agro-economic terms. Next, you need to name the technical economic indicators (activities) that do not require capital costs for implementation, and show the expected effect of these activities; technical indicators and methods for their determination. When studying the second question, it is necessary to clearly identify activities that require capital expenditures; additional annual costs; product growth, cost savings. Capital costs are calculated for the following activities: transformation and improvement of agricultural land, development of new lands engineering equipment of the territory; anti-erosion measures; design and survey work. The annual production costs associated with the implementation of project activities include: depreciation; operating costs; production costs; transportation costs for the transportation of additional products, lost income; an increase in the cost of field work. Increase in production, savings in annual costs, prevention of product losses must be analyzed according to the following indicators (measures): increase in production due to the development, improvement, implementation of anti-erosion measures and reduction of areas under production facilities; reduction of transport costs due to reduction of average distances and improvement of transport conditions; reduction (increase) in the cost of idle runs and turns of agricultural machinery; additional net income from the elimination of fine contouring; placement of agricultural crops, taking into account the quality of soils, predecessors in crop rotation; reducing losses in livestock productivity due to the approach of pastures to farms, etc. It is necessary to provide a methodology for determining costs, income, savings for each indicator (measure). At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the main indicator for evaluating an on-farm land management project is the ratio of the increase in net income to the reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. What are the technical and economic indicators of the on-farm land management project. 2. List the groups of organizational and economic activities and the expected effect as a result of their implementation. 3. What technical indicators can justify the effectiveness of activities? 4. What activities require capital expenditures in the implementation of the on-farm land management project? 50 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 5. What are the additional annual costs in the implementation of the activities of the on-farm land management project. 6. What project activities can generate additional income? 7. What activities can reduce costs, product losses? 51 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 10 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF PLACEMENT OF PRODUCTION UNITS, ECONOMIC CENTERS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - main criteria and economic indicators of justification of the location of production units and economic centers; - methodology for calculating one-time costs when justifying the placement of production units and economic centers; - methodology for calculating annual costs when justifying the placement of production units and economic centers. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the first question, it is necessary to form criteria and indicators for the economic justification of the location of production units and economic centers, the assessment of new construction and the location of settlements and production centers, the economic efficiency of investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production (one-time costs, annual costs, losses and gains in production, etc.). When disclosing the second question, one should consider the methodology for calculating one-time costs for new production, housing, cultural and domestic construction and engineering equipment of the territory, the amount of capital investments for the reconstruction or re-equipment of buildings, as well as related depreciation and operating costs. Studying the third question, it is necessary to understand the methodology for calculating the annual costs of transporting goods and workers; prime cost52 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service of crop and livestock production depending on the level of specialization and concentration of production and general business expenses; loss of products from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction; additional costs associated with the formation of a new herd; calculation of the cost of additional production, depending on the growth of livestock and the increase in manure yield. Next, it is necessary to calculate the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments, reduced costs, the amount of additional net income per unit of reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. List the indicators used in the economic justification for the placement of production units and economic centers of an agricultural enterprise. 2. How to evaluate the effectiveness of new construction, location of settlements and production centers of the economy? 3. How to determine the loss of products from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction? 4. How to determine the increase in production due to the concentration of livestock on farms and crops of leading crops in production units? 5. How to evaluate the economic efficiency of investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing industries? 6. What are the criteria for the economic justification of the placement of production units and economic centers? 53 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 11 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE LOCATION OF MAIN INTERNAL ROADS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - indicators for assessing options for locating the main road network; - methodology for calculating one-time and annual costs and losses; - a method for determining the loss of farm products due to off-road. Guidelines for the study of the topic On-farm roads include roads connecting the central estates with the centers of their divisions, livestock farms, field camps, points for the procurement, storage and processing of products by other agro-industrial facilities, as well as providing transport links with public roads. Roads are divided into five categories. Depending on the intensity of traffic, according to SNiP P-D-572, access roads of farms belong to category IV, and permanent on-farm roads to category V. They are divided into four groups: main on-farm roads; entrances; main field roads; roads and passages in the territory of rural settlements. Group I includes roads connecting the central estates of agricultural enterprises with the estates of production units, other rural settlements, as well as the estates of production units with each other, with highways public, railway stations. Group II includes roads connecting the farmsteads of production units and other rural settlements with livestock farms, auxiliary workshops, points of procurement, storage and primary processing of products with warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, construction sites, quarries of local building materials. Group III included permanent field roads connecting the estates of production units, farms, other settlements and production centers with agricultural land and individual economic plots, field camps. IV group of roads - the subject of design in the preparation of master plans for the development of settlements. When placing an on-farm road network, the following issues are resolved: determining the direction of roads; establishing the category and type of coverage; placement of tracks and artificial structures on them. In conclusion, the cost and sequence of construction, the economic efficiency of capital investments are determined. The road network on the territory of an agricultural enterprise should provide: - convenient transport links with the greatest economic effect, year-round and timely implementation transport work at their lowest cost; - increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production; - a minimum of capital investments in the organization of transport work, reducing the loss of agricultural production from off-road; - creation of a unified system of cargo transportation and cargo-free movements, satisfaction of cultural, community and other social needs. On-farm roads should create conditions for year-round transport links. When studying the options for locating the main road network, it is necessary to find out the location of the main on-farm roads and road structures, to disclose the methodology for calculating capital investments for the construction of roads and road structures. 55 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When calculating one-time and annual costs and losses, one should consider the calculation methods: depreciation deductions, annual operating costs for the maintenance and repair of road structures, costs for the transportation of goods by road and tractors , loss of products from the area of ​​agricultural land withdrawn for road construction. When studying the volume of losses of farm products due to impassability, it is necessary to understand the methodology for determining these losses (due to overconsolidation of the soil, a decrease in the productive area due to damage to crops near unpaved field roads in broken, rutted areas, due to dustiness of crops, due to loss of production during transportation, violation of production technology, etc.). Next, it is important to show how the calculation of the coefficients of efficiency of capital investments and reduced costs. Questions for self-examination 1. What indicators are used in the analysis of options for the placement of roads on the territory of the economy? 2. How to calculate the amount of capital investment in road construction? 3. What indicators of annual costs are used in the economic justification of the placement of main roads? 4. What causes product losses due to off-road? 56 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 12 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, TRANSFORMATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF LAND When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: , improvement of natural fodder lands and the creation of cultivated pastures, the implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures; - calculation of the value of gross crop production and production costs, net income increments, investment efficiency indices; - the criterion of the best variant of the organization of the land of the economy. Guidelines for the study of the topic The main task of the transformation of lands is to bring their composition and ratio in line with new production and environmental requirements. The main goal is to increase economic efficiency and ensure the environmental feasibility of further use of land. As a result of the transformation of land plots, their new location is determined. Therefore, the transformation and placement of land is a complex and interrelated task. Increasing the intensity of land use is possible through their radical improvement, either as a result of complex reclamation work, or through cultural and technical measures (uprooting shrubs and small forests, clearing bumps and stones, plastering, anti-erosion measures, etc.). The complex task also includes land improvement. The establishment of a new structure of lands by means of transformation, their improvement and placement are closely related and form a single whole. 57 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service Thus, the organization of land means the establishment of an economically efficient and environmentally sound composition, correlation and placement of them on the territory. The projected composition and ratio (structure) of lands, their placement on the territory must meet the following requirements: - rational use of all lands in accordance with their natural properties; - termination and prevention of erosion processes and improvement of landscapes; - systematic restoration and improvement of soil fertility; - compliance of the designed organization of lands with the established specialization of industries and their rational combination; - ensuring the sustainability of the forage base for livestock; - minimum costs for transportation and storage of products without significant losses; - creating favorable conditions for increasing labor productivity and highly efficient use of machine and tractor units. Compliance with the above requirements is the starting point in determining the volume of land transformation and improvement, land allocation, taking into account natural and economic factors. It is necessary to disclose the methodology for calculating capital investments for the development of new lands, the transformation and reclamation improvement of agricultural lands, the improvement of natural fodder lands and the creation of cultivated pastures, and the implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures. Show how the cost of gross crop production and production costs, net income increments, and investment efficiency ratios are calculated. Explain the mechanism for establishing the priority of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land, depending on the coefficient of efficiency of capital investments of measures. 58 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show how the indicators of comparative efficiency of capital investments are calculated, to study the methodology for calculating the costs of capital repairs, depreciation, current repairs and operation, the implementation of technological measures, technological processes in crop production. It is also important to understand the peculiarities of the method of economic substantiation of the elimination of small contour and fragmentation of land, to substantiate the criterion for the best variant of the organization of farm land. Questions for self-examination 1. What groups of activities are distinguished when assessing the development, transformation and improvement of land? 2. What indicator is used as a summary when choosing the best option for the development, transformation and improvement of land? 3. How to calculate the increase in net income from land transformation and improvement? 4. What are the features of the assessment of the development, transformation and improvement of land in conditions of small contours? 59 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Topic 13 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SYSTEM OF CROPPED ROTATION OF THE FARM When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - analysis, environmental and technological characteristics and assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas for cultivation agricultural crops; - economic evaluation of the efficiency of cultivation of agricultural crops in working areas; - substantiation of the crop rotation system; - assessment of options for organizing a crop rotation system. Guidelines for the study of the topic Organization of ecological crop rotations, their justification are carried out on the basis of the formation, analysis, environmental and technological characteristics, assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas and economic assessment of the effectiveness of cultivating crops on them. It is necessary to provide technical and environmental indicators for assessing working areas, to show the methodology for their determination, to consider the methodology for assessing the relative suitability of working areas for the cultivation of crops. At the same time, it is necessary to establish groups of factors that affect the suitability of working areas for various crops, explain how the data of such an assessment are used in the formation of environmental and technological groups, and then crop rotations. In the presence of materials for on-farm land assessment, the organization of crop rotations is carried out on the basis of the results of grouping working plots according to the estimated net income when cultivating various crops on them. In the absence of such materials, the main economic information about plots can be obtained as a result of their assessment of the efficiency of cultivating crops on a computer using a special program. Such an assessment can be expressed in the form of conditional income or conditional energy efficiency of crop cultivation by working areas. In this case, only those types of costs that depend on the spatial and technological properties of the working areas, as well as land fertility, can be taken into account. Next, it is necessary to show how soils, predecessors and other conditions affect the cost of gross crop production, technological properties and the remoteness of working areas from economic centers on production costs (for intra-field work, transportation of goods, people, hauls of equipment), to study the methodology for calculating the costs of reproduction soil fertility. It is also important to consider the methodology for assessing the efficiency of labor organization, the concentration of crops and the use of agricultural machinery, the impact of the timing of harvesting crops on product losses. It is necessary to name the conditions and factors influencing the choice of the form of crop rotation (in time and space or only in time), types, species, quantity, composition and alternation of crops. These are, on the one hand, cultivation technology, requirements for the natural environment, labor intensity, load intensity, on the other hand, various conditions of land plots (soils, relief, water regime, compactness, remoteness from economic centers, area, configuration), on the third, economic conditions (specialization of the economy and the concentration of livestock, the structure of agricultural land, the location and size of arable land, erosion of land, etc.). It should be shown how all these conditions affect the organization of the system of crop rotations, what options are possible in this connection for the number, types, types, forms and placement of crop rotations. When presenting the issue of assessing options for organizing crop rotations, technical and economic indicators should be listed. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that it is impossible to compare crop rotation options with alternation of crops in time and space (by fields) and alternation only in time (by working areas) according to technical indicators. According to this, the options are finally evaluated according to economic criteria, which can be the average annual conditional income or energy output. Further, it is necessary to show how this indicator is determined, what other requirements, besides the economic effect, must be taken into account. Questions for self-examination 1. What is the basis for the organization of ecological and technological crop rotations? 2. What indicators are used to characterize work sites? 3. How is the relative suitability of work sites for crop cultivation determined? 4. What is the assessment of working plots for the efficiency of cultivating crops on them? 5. What is taken into account when calculating the conditional income and energy efficiency of crop cultivation by working areas? 6. What conditions and factors influence the choice of types, types, forms, quantity and placement of crop rotations? 7. Options for organizing a crop rotation system. 8. What technical indicators are used when evaluating options for organizing crop rotations? 9. What is the criterion for choosing the best option for organizing crop rotations? 62 Copyright OJSC «Central Design Bureau «BIBKOM» & LLC «Agency Kniga-Service» Topic 14 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OPTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF CROPPED ROTATIONS, PERMANENT PLANTS AND FORAGE LANDS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the placement of fields and working areas; - economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures; - assessment of the location of shelterbelts, field camps and sources of field water supply; - assessment of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. Guidelines for the study of the topic Considering the assessment of the placement of fields and working areas, it is necessary to state the methodology for calculating the loss of crop production on headlands and wedges, from the area occupied by additional field roads; savings in production costs by reducing slopes in working directions, increasing the length of the run, reducing downtime of agricultural machinery for organizational and technical reasons, reducing the number of intra-shift moving equipment from site to site. When studying the economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures, it is necessary to consider additional annual production costs, i.e. not related to capital investments and carried out on the basis of attracting additional investments. Considering the economic justification for the placement of shelterbelts, one should study the methodology for calculating one-time costs for laying forestbelts and caring for them, calculating net income (increase in production) due to the agro-climatic influence of forestbelts, taking into account their water-regulating role, the angle of approach of the prevailing winds and shadow oppression 63 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" of plants, loss of production from the area occupied by forest belts, as well as from the area of ​​​​turning lanes, increase in net income per unit of capital investment when creating forest belts. It is also necessary to consider the procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of the construction of field camps and sources of field water supply. When evaluating the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands, one should study the methodology for the costs of mechanized cultivation of orchards and vineyards; loss of products from areas occupied by additional inter-quarter and intercellular roads, auxiliary economic centers, forest belts; the cost of additional production due to the positive impact of horticultural forest belts, grassing between rows of perennial plantations, as well as assessing the effectiveness of investments in the design of horticultural forest belts, roads, economic centers (team yards, container sites, areas allocated for storage and preparation of pesticides, etc.). Next, it is necessary to study the methodology for calculating capital investments for pasture fencing, the construction of cattle passes, summer camps, annual production costs and losses: depreciation and maintenance costs; loss of animal productivity and crop production due to significant cattle drives and damage to crops in the absence of cattle drives; loss of products from the area occupied by cattle drives and summer camps; determining the output of gross additional production through the introduction of pasture rotations, standardized and driven pasture, investment efficiency ratios and reduced costs. On the arrangement of the territory of hayfields, consider the calculation of the cost of additional production due to the introduction of hay rotations, the determination of agricultural production losses from the area occupied by additional roads, the calculation of cost savings for mechanized processing of hayfields due to a decrease in working areas and an increase in the length of the rut. 64 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Questions for self-examination 1. Why do we need a comparative assessment of the organization of the territory of arable land? 2. What indicator is used as a summary for such an assessment? 3. What indicators are used in calculating the efficiency of the use of equipment in this component and why? 4. What is the economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures? 5. How to evaluate the options for the territorial placement of forest belts, field camps, sources of field water supply? 6. State the methodology for the economic justification of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. 7. What types of losses occur and how to calculate them when organizing a pasture area? 65 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 15 FEATURES OF ECONOMIC SUBSTANTIATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN VARIOUS NATURAL ZONES When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-erosion organization of the territory; - substantiation of land management projects in the areas of drainage and irrigation measures; - the effectiveness of the organization of special crop rotations; - substantiation of land management decisions in working projects; - use of the energy approach in the evaluation of land management solutions. Guidelines for the study of the topic When considering the issue of anti-erosion organization of the territory, it should be clarified which types of protective measures from the entire complex of anti-erosion measures require capital expenditures and, therefore, an assessment of their economic efficiency, which additional indicators are used. Next, it is necessary to understand what key indicators are used in the economic justification of soil-protective crop rotations, how the cost of field production is determined, taking into account the placement of crops in areas with varying degrees of erosion, the cost of purchasing and applying fertilizers, depending on the estimated volume of washed soil. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the values ​​of soil erosion under various crops depending on the category of land, the effectiveness of various anti-erosion measures (increase in grain yield - centner/ha, prevention of soil loss - t/ha, material costs - rub./ha, net income from measures - rub./ha). 66 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When studying the issue of land management projects in the areas of drainage and irrigation measures, it is necessary to find out the main indicators of the economic efficiency of land management decisions in the areas of melioration, then show what costs are included in the calculation of each indicator How is the payback period determined? It is also important to understand how the best variant of design solutions is chosen, if any are developed. Considering the effectiveness of the organization of special (specialized) crop rotations, first of all, it is necessary to understand the condition under which their introduction will be economically justified and what indicators are used in the analysis of options for introducing special crop rotations. Next, we should consider the cases of location of lands suitable for special crop rotations relative to economic centers and the corresponding design solutions, giving the effect of concentration of crops on the best soils and nearby lands, especially labour-intensive and load-intensive crops. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze possible options organization of the crop rotation system. It is also necessary to consider the cases of introducing fodder crop rotations, indicators of their economic justification, and the methodology for calculating transport costs. The study of the issue of substantiating land management decisions in working projects must begin with an understanding of the main tasks of working projects, their composition in connection with the use and protection of land, differences in the content and indicators of the economic justification of working projects of areal and linear objects. It is important to further establish a criterion for the efficiency of investment. Considering the issue of using the energy approach in assessing land management decisions, it is necessary to analyze the reasons for using the energy approach in land management, to establish measures that allow achieving resource saving and achieving a positive energy effect in the production process. Next, it is necessary to name the land management measures that allow to reduce energy costs for the maintenance of the territory and the operation of production. Questions for self-examination 1. What indicators can be used to evaluate various options for the anti-erosion organization of the territory of an agricultural enterprise? 2. How to economically justify the need to introduce a soil-protective crop rotation on the washed-out lands? 3. List the main indicators of the economic justification of on-farm land management projects in areas of intensive drainage and irrigation activities. 4. What indicators are used in the justification: the creation of special crop rotations on the farm; introduction of two crop rotations with differentiated placement of crops instead of one field crop rotation; introduction of near-farm crop rotations? 5. What indicators are used to evaluate the effectiveness of measures related to the use and protection of land in working land management projects? 6. How can the energy approach be used to justify on-farm land management projects? 68 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Section 3 METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL WORK The implementation of an individual control task is the result of a student's independent work on studying the discipline "Economics of Land Management" in the intersessional period. This task is one of the ways to organize the student's independent work on the study of the most important problems based on the socio-economic patterns of development of land management, its importance in the regulation of land relations, land management, organization of rational use and protection of land. The student's control task consists of two parts: in the first part, he gives answers to a number of theoretical questions on the topics of the discipline; in the second part, the student is asked to solve the problem with a full explanation of the solution procedure. For the first part of the assignment, the student must prepare in writing the answers to two questions (from various topics of the discipline) posed by the teacher in the orientation classes. During the interview on the control work, the student gives explanations on the materials presented to him, and must also be prepared to answer any question of the teacher on the topics of the discipline. The numbers of the theoretical part of the task are determined by the penultimate and last digits of the student's record book cipher (Table 2). Completed by a student test presented to the academy for verification and interview. Table 2 – Determination of the numbers of the theoretical part of the assignment according to the student's code 7 8 9 0 1.34 11.24 17.32 31.3 21.13 11.21 21.31 9.22 19.32 12.25 2.33 12.23 18.31 30.4 20.14 12 .22 22.32 10.23 20.33 13.26 3.32 13.22 19.30 29.5 19.15 13.23 23.33 11.24 21.34 14.27 4.31 14.21 20.29 28.6 18.16 14.24 24.34 12.25 5.18 15.28 5.30 15.20 21.28 27.7 5.15 15.25 3.16 13.26 6, 19 16.29 6.29 16.19 22.27 26.8 6.16 16.26 4.17 14.27 7.20 17.30 7.28 17.34 23.26 25.9 7.17 17 .27 5.18 15.28 8.21 18.31 8.27 18.33 24.25 24.10 8.18 18.28 6.19 16.29 9.22 19.32 9.26 15.34 33.1 23.11 9.19 19.29 7.20 17.30 10.23 20.33 10.25 16.33 32.2 22.12 10.20 20.30 8.21 18.31 11, 24 21.34 List of questions of the theoretical part of the task 1. The economic essence of land management. 2. Land reforms and land management in Russia. 3. Subject, methods and objectives of the course "Economics of land management" 4. The objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content. 5. Economic laws and their impact on land management 6. Economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 7. Land management as an integral part of the economic mechanism of the country. 8. Ownership of land and its transformation. 9. Experience in carrying out and content of agrarian and land reforms abroad. 10. The value of land management in a market economy. 70 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 11. Essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management. 12. Criteria and indicators for assessing the national economic efficiency of land management. 13. Organization and planning of land management 14. The content and socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. 15. Optimal sizes of land holdings (land uses) of agricultural enterprises. 16. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of production and the competitiveness of the newly organized enterprise. 17. Assessment of the consequences of land withdrawal during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises. 18. Economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land tenure and land use. 19. Economic justification for the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes. 20. Methodology for constructing a system of indicators for economic evaluation of the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. 21. Economic substantiation of projects of on-farm land management. 22. Economic justification for the placement of production units and economic centers. 23. Economic justification for the placement of the main road network. 24. Economic evaluation of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land. 25. Methods of ecological and economic substantiation of the organization of the crop rotation system of the economy. 26. Comparative evaluation of variants of the arrangement of the territory of crop rotations. 27. Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands. 28. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the anti-erosion organization of the territory. 71 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service 29. Substantiation of land management projects in areas of drainage and irrigation melioration. 30. Typical solutions for the organization of crop rotations. 31. Justification of land management decisions in working projects. 32. Types and stages of development of investment projects. 33. Development of investment projects in domestic practice. 34. Basic principles for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects List of numbers of the practical part of the task Table 3 - Determination of the numbers of the practical part of the task according to the student's cipher Penultimate digit of the cipher 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1(1) 8(1) 6(1) 4(1) 2(1) 6(1) 8(1) 4(1) 8(4) 1(3) 1(2) 8(2) 6 (2) 4(2) 2(2) 6(2) 8(2) 4(2) 8(5) 1(4) 1(3) 8(3) 6(3) 4(3) 2(3) ) 6(3) 8(3) 4(3) 7(1) 1(5) 1(4) 8(4) 6(4) 4(4) 2(4) 6(4) 8(4) 4 (4) 7(2) 2(1) 1(5) 8(5) 6(5) 4(5) 2(5), 6(5) 8(5) 4(5) 7(3) 2( 2) 2(1) 7(1) 3(1) 5(1) 3(2) 7(1) 4(1) 5(1) 7(4) 6(1) 2(2) 7(2) 3(2) 5(2) 3(3) 7(2) 4(2) 5(2) 7(5) 6(2) 2(3) 7(3) 3(3) 5(3) 3( 4) 7(3) 4(3) 5(3) 2(4) 6(3) 2(4) 7(4) 3(4) 5(4) 3(5) 7(4) 4(4) 5(4) 2(5), 6(4) 2(5), 7(5) 3(5) 5(5) 3(1) 7(5) 4(5) 5(5) 3(2) 6(5) Note: in parentheses are options for tasks. Task 1. A land plot with an area of ​​α ha is sold for the construction of a sports complex. The base rental rate is β rub. per 1 sq.m. in year. The ratio of the type of activity of the tenant is equal to γ; the coefficient of commercial value of the location of the land plot is equal to δ. The required rate of return72 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service is κ 15%. Determine the cost of the land plot, using the data in Table 4. Table 4 - Initial data for task 1 Indicator Land area (α), ha Base rental rate (β), rub. for 1 sq. m. Coefficient of the type of activity of the tenant (γ) Coefficient of commercial value of the location of the land plot (δ) 1 Task 2 3 4 5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.9 14 16 18 22 15 2.5 0 2.1 1.8 2.4 3 2 2.8 3.5 2.6 Task 2. Determine the efficiency of agricultural land use before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 5. Task 3. Determine the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in table 6. Task 4. Determine the efficiency of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in table 7. Task 5. Determine the efficiency of the use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 8. Task 6. Calculate the indicators of absolute e efficiency of capital investments in modernization according to the initial data presented in Table 9. in table 10. Task 8. Calculate the indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in new construction according to the initial data presented in table 11. Guidelines for solving problems The economic efficiency of land use in agriculture is determined by the system of indicators: a) natural: - produced per 100 hectares arable land, c: grain, sugar beet, sunflower, live weight gain of pigs; - produced on 100 hectares of agricultural land, q: milk, live weight gain of cattle; - produced per 100 ha of grain crops, q: increase in live weight of poultry, eggs. b) cost indicators: - output of gross and marketable output, gross income, net income and profit per unit area (land yield), - land intensity - the inverse of land yield, characterizes how much land is needed to produce a unit of output or receive 1 ruble. arrived; c) indirect indicators characterizing the intensity of land use: - the degree of land development is determined by the share of agricultural land area of ​​the entire land fund of the economy, - the degree of plowing of land is determined as the ratio of arable land to the area of ​​agricultural land, expressed as a percentage, - the share of crops in the area of ​​arable land, - the share of pure fallow in the area of ​​arable land. In domestic practice, four indicators are traditionally used to calculate the effectiveness of capital-forming investments. 74 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service 1. Comparative efficiency with a limited number of capital investment options (Ec): where C2 and C1 are current costs (cost) for the first and second options; K2 and K1 - capital investments for the second and first options. 2. Reduced costs (3pr): Cpr = Сi + ENKi, where Сi – current costs (cost) for the i-th option; Ki - capital investments according to the i-th option; EN is the normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments. The option with the minimum value of the reduced costs is selected. 3. Payback period of capital investments (Current): , where K - capital investments; C1 and C2 - the cost of production before the implementation of capital investments and after. 4. The overall economic efficiency of capital investments (EOBS): , where P is the annual profit; K - capital investments. Discounting is used to compare multi-temporal values ​​(bringing them to the value of the present moment in time). To bring to the initial moment of time, the discount factor (αi) is used, defined as the reciprocal of interest calculation: 1 , i t 1 Е where Е is the discount rate; t is the calculation step number (t = 0; 1; 2; ...T); T is the calculation horizon. 75 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service To compare various investment projects and select the most effective of them, a set of indicators is used, which includes the following. Net present value (NPV). It is defined as the difference between the results from investments and the costs incurred in the investment process, reduced to the initial calculation step: T NPV Rt Зt t 0 αt T Кt αt , t 0 where Rt are the results achieved at the t-th calculation step; 3t - costs incurred at the t-th calculation step; Kt - capital investments at the t-th calculation step; αi is the discount factor; T is the full calculation period. If E changes by calculation steps, then α 1 . 1 Е1 1 Е 2 ... 1 Е t The positive value of net present value (NPV > 0) shows that this project option is profitable at the selected discount rate, i.e. the investor will receive a rate of return higher than the calculated discount rate. Yield index (ID). The yield index, unlike the net present value, is a relative value and therefore shows a real result when evaluating projects that are independent of each other. It allows you to compare projects with different costs and revenue streams. At the same time, the calculation of the profitability index is closely linked to the calculation of the NPV and is based on a comparison of the sum of the reduced effects to the amount of capital investments: T T ID R t Зt α t / К tα t . t 0 t 0 If ID › 1, then the project is efficient. If ID ‹ 1, then the project is considered ineffective. 76 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Internal rate of return (IRR). In some cases, the determination of GNI precedes investment calculations. This is determined by the fact that it reveals the boundary separating all profitable investment projects from unprofitable ones. It is calculated in the case when the real value of the discount rate is known to the investor. By calculation, the interest rate of the internal rate of return is determined, at which the value of the given results will be equal to the given capital investments, i.e. t T T R t Zt K t / 1 E VN 0, t 0 t 0 where EVN is the internal rate of return. If the internal rate of return is greater than the rate of return on capital required by the investor, the investment will be profitable, if less, it will be unprofitable. Thus, at the initial stages of the calculation, it is possible to separate effective project proposals from unprofitable ones and, in the process of further calculations, choose the most acceptable option for the investor. Payback period (Current). The payback period indicator reflects the period of time during which the sum of the net results of the investment, discounted at the time of completion, will be equal to the amount of financial resources invested in the project. Thus, the payback period of the investment project is determined by the formula: Current Rt Зt α t Kt , t 0 where TOK is the payback period of the investment project; Kt - total investment in the project. 77 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 5 - Initial data for task 2 Indicators 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. The arable land area was produced, T: Mell beet grains of milk to the land management project Option 2 3 4 5 after the land management project option 1 2 3 4 5 3500 3250 3800 4200 2700 3500 3250 3800 4200 2700 2630 2710 2735 3680 1350 2850 2850 2735 3820 23820 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2150 2800 1290 2320 2410 2400 2910 1960 1470 6200 976 1735 5120 879 1658 4630 953 1832 5620 890 950 3650 783 1820 7450 1250 6200 1180 1865 5915 1168 19814 968 1350 4500 890 78 Copyright "" -Service" Table 6 - Initial data for task 3 Indicator 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. area of ​​arable land area of ​​grain crops Produced, t: sunflower grains increase in live weight of pigs increase in live weight of poultry increase in live weight of sheep Before the land management project Option 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Option 1 2 3 4 5 3208 2900 2730 2850 3880 2680 3100 2810 2930 3950 2860 1850 1650 1684 98 95 102 88 105 159 125 135 120 165 56 54 60 65 98 88 78 68 80 110 60 56 70 69 79 65 68 75 73 85 79 Initial data for task 4 Indicator 1 Total land area, ha Agricultural land area, ha incl. area of ​​arable land Produced, t: sunflower grains of live weight gain of pigs Before the land management project Task variant 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Task variant 1 2 3 4 5 3450 2980 2920 2680 3350 3200 3100 3111 2850 3600 3600 3350 1250 1640 987 1450 1200 1600 1890 1365 1630 1340 1850 1750 1350 1450 1690 1587 1390 256 310 210 185 289 325 230 258 168 80 COPYRID OAO "TSKB" " LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 8 - Initial data for task 5 Indicator Total land area, thousand hectares Agricultural land area, thousand hectares incl. area of ​​arable land Gross production value, mln. rub. Production costs, million rubles Net income, million rubles Profit from the sale of products, million rubles Before land management project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 4.20 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 After land management project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 4.2 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 3.50 3.80 3.68 3.95 3.92 3.8 3.98 3.85 4.20 4.10 3.25 3.40 3.45 3.78 2.88 3.5 3, 51 3.58 3.82 3.56 75.2 79.6 76.2 78.5 77.52 180.3 178.6 78.3 79.3 78.30 25.1 28.6 26.12 26 .80 24.56 60.8 67.8 24.3 28.3 25.65 40.0 41.8 45.5 44.3 56.13 42.1 98.3 70.8 56.6 58.18 81 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Table 9 - Initial data for task 6 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Selling price of 1 centner of milk, rub. General production costs, million rubles Per land management year Target option 2 3 4 5 1 Upgrade project Target option 2 3 4 5 400 430 460 500 510 400 430 460 500 510 - - - - - 7.82 6.35 6.89 8.10 7.89 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 620 652 615 700 685 620 652 615 700 685 3.89 3.58 3.15 4.85 4.56 3.11 3.15 2.84 2.85 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Table 10 - Initial data for task 7 Indicator 1,400 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles Average annual milk yield 4000 per cow, kg Sale price 660 1 quintal of milk, rub. General 9.32 production costs, million rubles For land management year Target option 2 3 4 420 415 410 5 435 - - - - 4100 4250 4318 4200 Upgrade project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 450 470 468 460 480 6.81 4000 7.05 4100 6.55 4250 6, 15 4318 7.15 4200 658 670 656 685 660 658 670 656 685 9.56 9.25 9.18 9.88 9.76 9.62 9.84 9.68 10.05 83 & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Table 11 - Initial data for task 8 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, head. Reconstruction and construction costs (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles The cost of forming a herd, million rubles Total one-time costs, million rubles Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Selling price of 1 centner of milk, rub. General production costs, million rubles Per land management year Target option 2 3 4 5 Upgrade project Target option 1 2 3 4 5 400 420 415 420 405 600 620 615 625 622 - - - - - 6.56 6.88 6.75 6.58 6.28 - - - - - 3 3.2 3.5 3.85 2.98 - - - - - 4150 4250 4000 4100 4200 4000 710 10.04 4100 715 10.55 4200 4150 708 720 708 710 715 708 10.25 10.25 18 10.26 14.16 14.65 14.68 15.01 84 720 4,250 708 14.85 .N. Land management: textbook. allowance: in 9 volumes / S. N. Volkov. – M.: Kolos, 2001-2009. T.5. Economics of land management. – M.: Kolos, 2001. – 452 p. 2. Volkov, S.N. The concept of modern land management. (Theoretical and methodological foundations of land management in the context of the transition to new land relations) / S. N. Volkov. - M., 2000. - 459 p. 3. Pimenov, V.V. Economics of land management: workshop / V.V. Pimenov; ed. S.N. Volkov; State University of Land Management. - M., 2007. - 112 p. 4. Stroev, E.S. Land issue in Russia at the beginning of the XXI century (problems and solutions) / E.S. Stroev, S.N. Volkov. - M.: GUZ, 2001. - 55 p. 5. Terzova, G.V. Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. - Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2014. - 101 p. Legislative and regulatory literature 1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation: official. text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. 2. Russian Federation. The president. Directions, main activities and parameters of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex": approved by the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of priority national projects. Yu Electronic resource] URL: http://www.rost.ru/agriculture_doc_1.doc. 3. Russian Federation. Land Code of the Russian Federation: official. text: [adopted by State. Duma 28 Sept. 2001: Approved Federation Council 10 Oct. 2001]. – M.: Prospekt, KnoRus, 2010. – 96 p. 4. Russian Federation. Laws. About land management: feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma May 24, 2001: approved. Federation Council on June 6, 2001]. - M.: Gross Media, 2004. - p. 90. 5. Russian Federation. Laws. On the development of agriculture: Feder. law: [adopted December 29, 2006]. – M.: Ros. gas. - 2007. - January 11. 6. Russian Federation. Laws. On the turnover of agricultural land: Feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma 85 Copyright OAO Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service June 26, 2002: Approval. Federation Council on July 10, 2002]. - M.: GressMedia, 2004. - p. 72. 7. Russian Federation. Laws. About investment activity in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments. - M.: Os-89, 1999. - 16 p. 8. Russian Federation. Government. About the federal target program "Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agricultural landscapes as national treasure Russia for 2006 - 2010 and for the period up to 2012": Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.06.2007 No. No. 345. [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.mcx.ru/documents/document/show/9226.172.htm. 9. Russian Federation. Government. Regulations on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.06.2008 No. 450 / / Ros. gas. - 2008. - June 15. 10. Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects and their selection for financing /second edition/: Official publication. Approved by: Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction, Architectural and Housing Policy No. VK 477 dated 06/21/1999 - M .: Economics, 2000. - 421 p. Databases, information reference and search systems www.mcx.ru, www.economy.gov.ru, www.kadastr.ru, www.mgi.ru, www.msh.mosreg.ru, www.roscadastre.ru 1. www.mcx.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation 2. www.economy.gov.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation 3. www.kadastr.ru/ Official website of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency of the Russian Federation 86 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 4. www.mgi.ru/ Official website of the Federal Agency for Management state property of the Russian Federation 5. www.msh.mosreg.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Moscow Region 6. www.roscadastre.ru/ Official website of the Cadastral Engineers non-commercial partnership 87 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book -Service» CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………… Section 1 General guidelines to the study of discipline………………………………………………………………. Section 2 The content of the topics of the discipline and questions to test knowledge……………………………………………………. Topic 1 Economics of land management as a science…………………………. Topic 2 Land management in the system of social production …………………………………………………………….. Topic 3 Main issues of the theory of economic efficiency of land management…………………………… ……………… Theme 4 Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land………………… Theme 5 Economics of inter-farm land management……………… Theme 6 Economics of education of agricultural organizations and peasant farms……… …………………………... Theme 7 Economic justification for the elimination of deficiencies in land use (land ownership) and the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes…………………………………………. Topic 8 Fundamentals of the economic justification of land management decisions in on-farm land management projects………… Topic 9 Comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of the on-farm land management project……………………………….. Topic 10 Economic justification for the placement of production units, business centers…… ………………………….. Topic 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads…………………....................... ................... Topic 12 economic evaluation of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of lands…………………………………… Topic 13 Methodology of ecological and economic substantiation of the organization of the system of crop rotations of farms………………………………………… Topic 14 Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands…………. Topic 15 Features of the economic justification and evaluation of the effectiveness of land management decisions in various natural areas…………………………………………………………. Section 3 Guidelines for the performance of the control work List of recommended literature for the performance of the control work………………………………………………............. Contents………… ……………………………....................................... 88 3 8 11 11 15 21 25 29 34 41 46 49 52 54 57 60 63 66698588 direction of training 21.03.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor") Computer layout G.V. Terzovoi __________________________________________________________ Put into production Format 60×84 1/16 Writing paper Cond. oven l. Circulation copies. Order No. ________________________________________________________ RIO PGSHA 440014, Penza, st. Botanicheskaya, 30 89