Economic informatics- a field of knowledge that considers as a subject - information systems used to prepare and make decisions in the field of economics and business. As a method of "Economic Informatics" considered business processes. Performance information systems includes a description of the architecture of information technology (programming, hardware, telecommunications and data), business applications (, DSS, SCM, CRM) and information systems management. In addition, an important component is IS, which discusses the problems of assessing costs and benefits at the stages of implementation, operation and development of IS within the framework of the adopted management structure.
Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 .
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Introduction.
Always and in all spheres of his activity, a person made decisions. Important area decision making is related to production. The larger the volume of production, the more difficult it is to make a decision and, therefore, it is easier to make a mistake. A natural question arises: is it possible to use a computer to avoid such errors? The answer to this question is given by a science called cybernetics.
Cybernetics (derived from the Greek "kybernetike" - the art of management) is the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, transmitting and processing information.
The most important branch of cybernetics is economic cybernetics - the science that deals with the application of ideas and methods of cybernetics to economic systems.
Economic cybernetics uses a set of methods for studying management processes in the economy, including economic and mathematical methods.
At present, the use of computers in production management has reached a large scale. However, in most cases, with the help of computers, so-called routine tasks are solved, that is, tasks related to the processing of various data, which, before the use of computers, were solved in the same way, but manually. Another class of problems that can be solved with the help of computers are decision-making problems. To use a computer for decision-making, it is necessary to make a mathematical model.
Is it necessary to use computers when making decisions?
Human capabilities are quite diverse. If they are ordered, then two types can be distinguished: physical and mental. Man is so arranged that what he possesses is not enough for him. And the endless process of increasing its capabilities begins. To raise more, one of the first inventions appears - a lever, to make it easier to move the load - the wheel. For the time being, only the energy of the person himself is used in these tools. Over time, the use of external energy sources begins: gunpowder, steam, electricity, atomic energy. It is impossible to estimate how much the energy used from external sources exceeds the physical capabilities of a person today. As for the mental faculties of a person, then, as they say, everyone is dissatisfied with his condition, but satisfied with his mind. Is it possible to make a person smarter than he is? To answer this question, it should be clarified that all human intellectual activity can be divided into formalizable and non-formalizable.
Formalizable is an activity that is performed according to certain rules. For example, the performance of calculations, searches in directories, graphic work, undoubtedly, can be entrusted to a computer. And like everything that a computer can do, it does it better, that is, faster and better than a person.
Non-formalizable is such an activity that occurs with the application of any rules unknown to us. Thinking, reasoning, intuition, common sense - we still do not know what it is, and naturally, all this cannot be entrusted to a computer, if only because we simply do not know what to entrust, what task to put before a computer.
Decision making is a kind of mental activity. It is generally accepted that decision-making is a non-formalized activity. However, this is not always the case. On the one hand, we do not know how we make a decision. And the explanation of some words with the help of others like "we make a decision with the help of common sense" does not give anything. On the other hand, a significant number of decision-making tasks can be formalized. One of the types of decision-making problems that can be formalized are optimal decision-making problems, or optimization problems. The optimization problem is solved using mathematical models and application of computer technology.
Modern computers meet the highest requirements. They are capable of performing millions of operations per second, they can have everything in their memory. necessary information, the display-keyboard combination provides a dialogue between a person and a computer. However, one should not confuse successes in the creation of computers with advances in the field of their application. In fact, all that a computer can do is, according to a program given by a person, ensure the transformation of the initial data into a result. It must be clearly understood that the computer does not and cannot make decisions. The decision can only be made by a person-manager, endowed with certain rights for this. But for a competent manager, a computer is an excellent assistant, able to develop and offer a set of various solutions. And from this set, a person will choose the option that, from his point of view, will be more suitable. Of course, not all decision-making problems can be solved with the help of a computer. Nevertheless, even if the solution of a problem on a computer does not end with complete success, it still turns out to be useful, since it contributes to a deeper understanding of this problem and its more rigorous formulation.
Solution steps.
Task selection
Building a Model
Drawing up an algorithm
Programming
Entering initial data
Analysis of the resulting solution
In order for a person to make a decision without a computer, often nothing is needed. I thought and decided. A person, good or bad, solves all the problems that arise before him. True, there are no guarantees of correctness in this case. The computer does not make any decisions, but only helps to find solutions. This process consists of the following steps:
1. Selecting a task.
Solving a problem, especially a rather complex one, is a rather difficult task that requires a lot of time. And if the task is chosen unsuccessfully, then this can lead to loss of time and disappointment in the use of computers for decision-making. What are the basic requirements that the task must satisfy?
There must be at least one solution to it, because if there are no solutions, then there is nothing to choose from.
We must clearly know in what sense the desired solution should be the best, because if we do not know what we want, the computer will help us choose best solution can not.
The choice of the task is completed by its substantive formulation. It is necessary to clearly formulate the problem in ordinary language, highlight the purpose of the study, indicate the limitations, raise the main questions that we want to get answers as a result of solving the problem.
Here we should highlight the most significant features of the economic object, the most important dependencies that we want to take into account when building a model. Some hypotheses for the development of the object of study are formed, the identified dependencies and relationships are studied. When a task is selected and its meaningful statement is made, one has to deal with specialists in the subject area (engineers, technologists, designers, etc.). These specialists, as a rule, know their subject very well, but do not always have an idea of what is required to solve a problem on a computer. Therefore, the meaningful formulation of the problem often turns out to be oversaturated with information that is completely unnecessary for working on a computer.
2. Compilation of the model
An economic-mathematical model is understood as a mathematical description of the studied economic object or process, in which economic patterns are expressed in an abstract form using mathematical relationships.
The basic principles for compiling a model boil down to the following two concepts:
When formulating the problem, it is necessary to cover the phenomenon being modeled sufficiently broadly. Otherwise, the model will not give a global optimum and will not reflect the essence of the matter. The danger is that the optimization of one part can be carried out at the expense of others and to the detriment of common organization.
The model should be as simple as possible. The model must be such that it can be evaluated, tested and understood, and the results obtained from the model must be clear to both its creator and the decision maker.
In practice, these concepts often conflict, primarily because there is a human element involved in data collection and entry, error checking, and interpretation of results, which limits the size of the model that can be satisfactorily analyzed. The size of the model is used as a limiting factor, and if we want to increase the breadth of coverage, then we have to decrease the detail and vice versa.
Let's introduce the concept of model hierarchy, where breadth increases and detail decreases as we move to higher levels of the hierarchy. At higher levels, in turn, restrictions and goals are formed for more low levels.
When building a model, it is also necessary to take into account the time aspect: the planning horizon mainly increases with the growth of the hierarchy. If the long-term planning model of the entire corporation may contain few everyday details, then the production planning model of an individual division consists mainly of such details.
When formulating a task, the following three aspects should be taken into account:
Factors under study: The objectives of the study are rather loosely defined and depend heavily on what is included in the model. In this regard, it is easier for engineers, since the factors they study are usually standard, and the objective function is expressed in terms of maximum income, minimum costs, or, possibly, minimum consumption of some resource. At the same time, sociologists, for example, usually set themselves the goal of "public utility" or something like that, and find themselves in the difficult position of having to attribute a certain "utility" to various actions, expressing it in mathematical form.
Physical boundaries: Spatial aspects of the study require detailed consideration. If production is concentrated in more than one point, then it is necessary to take into account the corresponding distribution processes in the model. These processes may include warehousing, transportation, and equipment load scheduling tasks.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic task;
Data - these are messages about objects and processes presented in a structured or unstructured form, on any material carrier (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for the data to be processed by a computer, a number of input operations must be performed on them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on a material carrier (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, data are transferred to a computer, where they are structured and stored in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information is defined as information about one or another side of the material world and the processes taking place in it. The term “information” is most often understood as the content aspect of data, as opposed to data (“data” is a fact).
From the point of view of science, information is a measure of the elimination of uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of the implementation of an event.
Information cannot exist on its own, therefore, the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects, and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storage, transmission and transformation of information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by subject content, it is one of the main resources for the life of society, but, unlike natural resources its volume does not decrease with time, but rather only increases.
There are the following information properties:
1. Reliability and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of affairs. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making.
2.Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what tasks are solved with its help. Up-to-date information is important to have when working in the constantly changing conditions of our world.
3.Clarity and understandability.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
According to the type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, industrial, managerial, economic, social, legal, etc. Each of the areas of human knowledge operates with its own type of information. Economy, economic activity operates with economic information, which is subject to both the general properties of information and properties that reflect its characteristic features arising from its nature.
Economic Information- this is information that reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered as a kind of management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
Quality Management economic processes impossible without detailed information about them. The improvement of management and the increase in production volumes are accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows.
· Cyclicity.
Most production and economic processes are characterized by the repetition of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information allows you to reuse once created a program for data processing.
· Variety of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the variety of production and economic activity of people.
· Specific gravity logical operations during processing.
Boolean operations provide the appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant, and variable). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as ordering, distribution, selection, selection, association.
Economic Information- characterizes production relations in society (economic information about resources, management processes, financial processes). Properties: alpha-civr characters, val volume and post characters; discreteness, heterogeneity, persistence, reusability, long shelf life, change)
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
object economic informatics are information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems ( economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Subject: technology and stages of development of systems for automated processing of economic information and justification for the feasibility of such processing, functional analysis of the subject area, algorithmic representation of the problem and its software implementation.
Peculiarities: presentation and reflection in the form of primary and summary documents, repetition of the stages of processing information, the predominance of arithms and a log of operations in the processing process
Analysis and design of business processes. Functional modeling, which describes the sequence of operations of a business process, as well as modeling the data used in it.
Analysis and design of enterprise information systems architecture. Here, the model apparatus is somewhat wider, along with the modeling of functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting IS performance, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc.
Improving IP management solved by methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Methods and models of project management are of great importance.
Analysis and improvement of the economic efficiency of IP various methods of economic analysis are used. Currently, we are talking about neoclassical tools, new institutional economics and management theory.
15. Technology. Information Technology. Information processes.
Technology- a set of methods, processes and materials used in any industry, as well as a scientific description of the methods of technical production.
Information Technology (information technology, IT)– a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to control and data processing technologies using computer technology.
information process - the process of obtaining, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing, using information.
Coding (recording to a media), signal transmission over a communication channel, decoding (converting to a received code), code processing.
Characteristic features of modern IT are:
Less processing labor, more quality;
the interactive nature of information processing, a wide range of users and the collective nature of work with information and computing resources;
providing a single IT information space, collective work with information and computing resources based on computer networks and telecommunications systems;
support for multi-environment (multimedia) IT, paperless technology.
Information technology can be divided into classes:
1. General purpose IT (working with text documents, calculations in spreadsheets, maintaining databases, working with computer graphics, etc.).
2. Method-oriented IT, providing the use of special models and algorithms for solving problems (mathematical apparatus, statistics, project management, etc.).
3. Problem-oriented IT, taking into account the specifics of the subject area, information needs of users.
Information technologies are developing in the following areas: computer technology; means of communication and communication; software; methodology for organizing design work on the creation of IS.
IT development is connected with:
progress in the field of data processing hardware (computers, information carriers, means of communication and communication, etc.), industrial technologies for the production of the element base of computers;
development of methods and tools for software development, methods for storing and retrieving data on machine media;
16. Information society. Informatization of society at the present time. The concept of the information society was formed at the end of the 20th century, it is closely related to the concept of a post-industrial society, a new phase in the development of our entire civilization. Distinctive features of the information society: Information/knowledge is the main product of production; increase in employment in IT, communications and services; continuous informatization (Internet, TV), globalization of the information space; the growth of the role of the individual in the management of social and eco-relations, the development of digital markets, e-democracy/state
Project "Information Society" of the Russian Federation: e-government, improving the quality of life of citizens, overcoming the digital divide, security, digital content for museums and archives, developing the ICT market
Informatization is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the way of life of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including the elimination of computer illiteracy, the formation of a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The driving force behind the development of society should be the production of information, not a material product. In the information society, not only production is changing, but the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values is increasing. In the information society, intellect and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. The ability to be creative will be required from a person, the demand for knowledge is increasing. The material and technological base of the society's information will be various kinds of systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, and telecommunications.
Informatization of society- an organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and exercising the rights of citizens, public authorities, local governments, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
The purpose of informatization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
The main criteria for the development of the information society are the following:
Availability of computers; level of development of computer networks Possession of information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology
Theoretical foundations of economic informatics
Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
The intensive introduction of information technologies in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the areas in informatics - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between informatics, economics and mathematics.
The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is informatics. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automatics), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing.
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Informatics consists of three interrelated components: informatics as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.
The main objects of informatics are:
Information
· computers;
· Information Systems;.
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
Information
number systems;
coding;
algorithms.
The structure of modern informatics:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems(economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and management of information systems. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
The subject of the discipline "Economic Informatics" - technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of the discipline "Economic Informatics" is the study theoretical foundations computer science and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge.
The basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts.
The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.
Data- this is a set of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.
Knowledge- this is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making.
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. Decisions are made on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge.
Making decisions- this is the choice of the best solution in a certain sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information.
The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure.
To solve the problem, fixed data are processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information obtained is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision is the best in some sense. The results of the decision replenish knowledge.
Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, managerial, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
