ESSAY
Characteristics of the resources of an educational organization, their effective use
Introduction
management educational institution
The relevance of the chosen topic is manifested in identifying the relationship of issues effective use educational resources in connection with the modernization of education, ongoing changes in the economy, science, engineering, technology.
Many modern economists believe that now in importance as a factor economic growth the “knowledge” factor came out on top, calling it differently - technology, scientific and technological progress, science, information.
That is why, a distinctive feature of modern world development is the formation in developed countries the world of the information society, the basis of which is the production of services in the field of information technology. The central place in the production of services is occupied by educational services, personal development and the formation of new knowledge. Education is considered as the leading factor in the country's economic growth and in ensuring the economic balance of the economic system of the Russian Federation. Educational activities are carried out in educational organizations, and its effectiveness will be associated with the resources of such an organization.
In accordance with the order of the Government Russian Federation dated April 29, 2014 No. OG-P8-111 pr, section II, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia On October 9, 2014, a draft concept of the Federal Target Program for the Development of Education for 2016-2020 was prepared.
The main goal of the developed Program is to ensure the implementation of the federal state educational policy through the mechanisms of involving educational organizations, municipal and regional education systems in the development and dissemination of effective business modelsto achieve goals and objectives state program Russian Federation "Development of Education" for 2013-2020. The problem of education in Russia takes on a special meaning, due to a sharp reduction in public funding, traditionally low level resource saving, typical for domestic technologies. The purpose of this work: to systematize the understanding of the question of the characteristics of the resources of an educational organization and their effective use. .Systematize the conceptual and terminological apparatus; .Classify the resources of an educational organization according to the subject of application; .To identify factors for the effective use of resources of an educational organization. Let us briefly outline the general idea and logic of constructing the abstract. Effective educational activity is always aimed at obtaining an objectively new or subjectively new result, and almost always, in conditions of a budget deficit. All resources, regardless of their class, have a common property - they are limited. And the needs are endless. This combination of two situations typical for the economic life of an educational organization - limitless needs and limited resources - forms the basis for the efficient use of resources. Naturally, it is necessary to consider the content of the concept of "organization", and the problem of effective management of the organization's educational resources as the creation of effective models of activity. The work reveals economic entity the concepts of "Resource of the organization" and "Potential of the organization". The balance of the sources of resources of an educational organization and the directions of their use is largely an art, the art of managing development, controlling the rationality of spending resources. The material for writing the abstract was articles from scientific and practical periodicals, the constitution, law, and educational literature. 1. Definition of the concept of "educational organization"
One of the main concepts that operate in management is the concept of "organization". In accordance with the definition given by various scientific psychologists, educators, economists, organization .
internal orderliness, consistency in the interaction of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of the whole, due to its structure; .
a set of processes or actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole; .
an association of people who jointly implement a certain program or goal and act on the basis of certain procedures and rules. In our work, we use the concept of "organization" as a process (second meaning), and organizational system (third meaning) - when describing the management and use of resources. According to the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation": "Educational organization - non-profit organization carrying out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created. Thus, by an educational organization we mean a system in which the state and public order is purposefully implemented on the basis of programs and other documents; as well as a network of organizations that carry out educational and educational functions, based on available resources. In the Soviet system of education, the resource base was strictly regulated and determined by party bodies (Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR The leading role of the party in governance). For example, with targeted recruitment to pedagogical institutes, the objective need for teaching staff was ignored. The redistribution of state resources went into the sphere of industry, education played the role of an accessory link. But at the same time, it was distinguished by stability and stability in the content of educational programs, paradigm, funding, high social role institution of education as a whole. Nowadays, the possibilities of attracting additional resources for the development of an educational organization (investments, sponsorship, etc.) have expanded. The openness of the system for the exchange and use of advanced pedagogical experience, the experience of interaction between social partners (for example, the Bologna process), orientation to the needs of the market (private educational organizations), the emergence of such a thing as the "market of educational services". But at the same time, risks of a new nature have emerged, for example, the instability of attracting financial resources, high competition among educational organizations, non-compliance of employers' requirements with a set of competencies and the level of competence of graduates. That is, the employer, for all the focus of the education system on him, does not guarantee the provision of resources to the educational institution, since under the law he is not obliged to do this if there are no written agreements. . Definition of the concept "Resource of the organization"
The functioning of any organization begins with the processes of using its resources. Resource from French word recourse- an aid. There are various approaches to the classification of organizational resources. V.S. Efremov allocates material, labor, financial, information resources, production and management technologies, as well as material, intangible and intellectual capital. In the Big economic dictionary the main groups of resources are people (human resources), capital, materials, technology and information. As can be seen from the above classifications, the differences between them are not fundamental and are associated solely with the severity of the choice of the classification feature and the depth of decomposition. The resources of any enterprise are classified into five groups: .natural - potentially suitable for use in production, natural forces and substances, among which there are inexhaustible and exhaustible; .material - all the means of production created by man, which are the result of production; .labor - the population of working age; .intellectual and informational - an intellectual product and information created by the creative work of a person and used directly in the production process and in the process of making managerial decisions; .financial - cash, which are allocated for the organization of the production of the product and its implementation. Financial resources play a special role. In practice, there are long-term financial resources in the form of fixed assets and short-term financial resources. The significance of certain types of resources changed as the transition from pre-industrial to industrial, and from it to post-industrial technology. In pre-industrial society, priority belonged to natural and labor resources, in industrial society - to material resources, in post-industrial society - to intellectual and information resources. Natural, material and labor resources inherent in any production, so they are called "basic"; the financial resources that arose at the “market” stage began to be called “production”. The basic resources necessary for the work of an educational organization include: engineering and pedagogical, administrative and support staff (human resources) They can be defined as reserves of the creative energy of the individual. They are inexhaustible, and it is no coincidence that their reserves are compared with the reserves of the atomic nucleus. As P. Drucker once noted: “Only human resources can produce economic results. All other resources obey the laws of mechanics. They can be better used, but their output will never be greater than the sum of the inputs.". To date, only knowledge, intelligence, and not muscular strength determine the economic success of the organization. Without rejecting the importance of other types of resources, this thesis emphasizes that people who have certain information and are endowed with certain abilities to transform it are a key resource, correct use which allows in any functional area to obtain high results in combination with significant savings in other types of resources; educational and material resources(land, buildings, premises, mechanisms, equipment, transport, communications, educational software, educational and visual aids, etc.). Material resources are defined by many authors as objects of labor. Resources that have a material nature: both objects and means of labor. The role of these resources in modern education, is huge, because without a material base it simply cannot function effectively. The quality and quantity of the use of material resources is closely related to the use of other types of resources, primarily financial and human. For example, having enough financial resources may encourage management to re-equip, but at the same time, unlike enterprises, in an educational organization this will not lead to a reduction in staff, but it will qualitatively change teaching. At the same time, the presence of highly professional personnel creates the prerequisites for saving material resources. For example, a modern teacher uses not only presentations in the learning process and accompanies the entire workflow with ICT technologies, but also saves paper using network technologies. Recently, energy and technological resources, which make up certain types of material resources, have acquired particular importance for enterprises. Significance energy resources(all types of energy carriers - electricity, steam, gas, etc.) is associated with a sharp increase in the share of costs for them. This required a more careful approach to the choice of energy carrier and its more economical use. financial resources(own and borrowed money, investments, etc.) The movement of finances in general, their distribution between subsystems and functional areas, financing investment projects, settlements with suppliers and consumers, the formation of financial resources, etc. is a daily management task. A feature of financial resources is their absolute liquidity. That is why they are able to compensate for the lack of other types of resources, especially material and human; Information and pedagogical technologies (learning technologies, technologies for working with information of the subjects of the educational process, technologies for updating the potential of the subjects of the educational process, expert evaluation technologies) Information resources - a set of data and knowledge. Each functional area assumes the presence of certain information resources. So, for example, teaching should have the most complete and reliable information about the external environment (employers, consumers, partners, competitors), production - information about new technologies and know-how, etc. The efficiency of the management system of the entire organization depends on the level of organization of the processes of collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, transmitting and processing information. Modern economics and management are characterized by a sharp increase in the importance of information, which is becoming a key success factor not only for management in an educational organization; legal support The current legislative framework is an indirect factor that ensures the educational process. The quality of the formulated laws, their clarity, accessibility, understanding, and enforceability are the necessary basis for regulating relations in the education system, regulating the activities of the education system. The key to the effective management of an educational organization is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of the Child, on the basis of which the Charter of the NGO, instructions for the functioning of the NGO, educational and educational projects based on the principles of humanism and democracy in education are developed. - time resources Time is a limited source, like raw materials, materials, finances. It is irreversible and cannot be stretched or restored. It is of fundamental importance for a leader to manage both his own time and the time of other people. In general, the economy has resource cycles in which special attention is paid to one or another group of resources. Thus, organizational resources - the resources of the organization give an idea of the means of organizational activity. These funds include employees, as well as those used in practical activities information, technical means, investments. That part of organizational resources, which is involved in the organization process, forms the total costs or expenses for organizational activities. The high efficiency of the functioning of the organization is possible if the necessary resources are available and the cost of obtaining the required results is reduced. The resources of any educational organization in relation to the external environment can be divided: explicit (good reputation, long history, tradition); implicit (material and technical base, teaching staff, finance, legal support). In general, resources are characterized by four components: The nature of the educational organization; Stage of its life cycle; Potential for adaptation; Explicit resources and market assets. The resources of an educational organization are everything that is directly involved in the educational process: labor resources of education, information resources (textbooks, manuals, computer programs and other teaching aids), pedagogical technologies and know-how, capital resources (availability of premises for training, security , teaching aids, computers, etc.) That, according to this, the resources meet modern requirements, the level of technical and technological development of society, speaks of their ability to influence the quality of the educational process. It is the resources and their quality characteristics largely determined by the result of education. . Correlation and proportionality of educational resources, resulting principles
In accordance with the law of composition and proportionality, each educational organization, when considered as a system, strives in its structure to contain all resources in a given composition (correlativity and proportionality). Resources are intertwined. For example, a resource such as knowledge is used when Natural resources strive to consume more rationally on the basis of new knowledge (scientific achievements). Knowledge is an important element of such a resource as labor, when it is evaluated from a qualitative point of view and attention is paid to the qualifications of workers, which depends primarily on the education (knowledge) they have received. Knowledge (primarily technological) provides an increase in the level of equipment use, i.e. real capital. Finally, managerial knowledge allows the leaders of educational organizations to organize the production of goods and services in the most rational and efficient way. A number of principles follow from the law of composition and proportionality: planning, coordination, coordination, completeness. Planning principle. Each organization must plan the use of its resources, its activities and development. Action without a plan is meaningless. Planning has three steps: strategic, or prospective (for 3-5 or more years); tactical, or current (for 1-2 years); operational (per quarter, month, week, day). Principle of coordination. Each organization must constantly coordinate the work of its resources and make the necessary adjustments to the set and order of their work. Corrections should be made not only after the failure of plans, but also after minor disruptions in the work of the organization. The principle of agreement.The organization's resources must fit together and work in harmony. The joint work of resources should lead to the effect of synergy or emergence. The principle of completeness. Any organization must perform the full range of functions assigned to it, regardless of the availability and state of resources. If the organization does not have enough material and financial resources - you need to find, buy, borrow them, if there are not enough specialists - attract from outside, but the organization must work and fulfill its mission. In my opinion, the principles listed above can be applied to educational organizations, regardless of the type of their funding (budgetary and autonomous NGOs), the method of management (municipal and private) and the level of the educational organization (general educational and professional). . Potential of an educational organization
Each resource has some potential (from Latin potential - strength), i.e. having the opportunity to do some work or participate in the work of the organization. Resources in aggregate and interaction make up the total resource potential of the organization - its ability to operate effectively. The presence of sufficient resource potential is a necessary condition for the work of an educational organization. The task of management is to ensure the effective use and transformation of the organization's potential to achieve the goals for which the organization itself was created. The following potentials are currently of particular importance: The spiritual potential of a society (state), which includes the level of general culture, the creative qualities of peoples (hard work, perseverance, adherence to progressive traditions and customs, mutual respect for peoples, racial and religious tolerance, law abidance, etc.). This potential is determined by the physical and mental health of peoples. The intellectual potential of the state, which is part of the spiritual potential and is determined by the level of general educational culture of the population, vocational training personnel, progressive historical traditions of the people, established trends economic activity, interstate relations, etc. An important element intellectual potential is the system of education and advanced training of personnel. An integral part of the spiritual potential is the scientific and technical potential, which is characterized not only by the level of development of science and technology, but also by the professional and qualification composition of scientists, engineers, workers, etc. Information potential, which is a systematized and classified information suitable for effective use in all areas of socially useful activities and inclusion in the system of world intellectual potential. Demographic potential - a potential that characterizes the degree of prospective renewal of human resources. There is a process of gradual obsolescence of teaching staff, on the example of a college, the average age of teaching staff is 57 years. In the future, in 10 years, if this process is not changed, the efficiency of the use of the human resource will drop sharply. Ecological potential - a potential that characterizes the degree of conservation of natural (ecological) systems, the purity of the aquatic environment, air basin, soil cover. In an environment with an ecologically low potential, it is impossible to effectively create and develop agricultural and industrial production, providing the population with environmentally friendly food, water, air and, as a result, maintaining a high level of public health and maintaining its active longevity. Socio-economic potential - characterizes the possibility of financing or co-financing of educational programs, projects, innovations at various levels (regional, city, district, as well as structural for a given NGO). Authorized education structures distribute funds between regions, individual subsystems and institutions, types of activities, positions. For example, earlier - financial assistance was provided to students, their families, patrons, playgrounds were improved, recreation was organized, etc., now - commercial, research, design and other structures are supported. Defining value for choosing what, how and for whom to use educational resources, has the most efficient use of resources. This means that with the available resources of the organization, the existing technology and the level of knowledge of the teaching staff, it is impossible to educate and educate a larger number of young professionals, for example, specialists in the construction industry, without sacrificing the opportunity to educate and educate a certain number of gas industry specialists. The number of gas workers that must be abandoned in order to produce any number of builders is called opportunity (opportunity) costs. The cost of the means of production, which have to be sacrificed in order to obtain an additional unit of specialist, increases. Thus, the community of educators in an educational organization must choose how to use resources more efficiently in order to get the most out of it and meet their needs. In order for the organization to achieve its goals, the costs of resources received from the external environment are necessary. Resources received from the external environment: human resources (students), staffing (graduates of professional educational institutions), social partners. The resources of the organization are cash or necessary funds, opportunities, values, stocks that ensure the stable operation of the organization to achieve its main goals. . Factors of effective resource management of an educational organization
The main resource for effective education is teaching staff. The quality of their training, the correctly chosen system of stimulating their work (not only material), working conditions, prestige, competitiveness, desire for self-realization. The effectiveness of the professional activity of the teaching staff is determined by the level of pedagogical culture of its members, the nature of interpersonal relations, the understanding of collective and individual responsibility, the degree of organization and cooperation. Factors that determine the effectiveness of the quality of education: .the quality of teaching programs, methods, teaching aids; .structure of the educational organization; .models of education in the organization; .the presence of a self-development mechanism; .scientific base; .methods and qualified management specialists. For practical implementation effective use of the resources of an educational organization, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors: .Regulation of activities (establishment of unambiguous rules of conduct within the framework of educational activities). For teaching staff, these are, first of all, technologies for the implementation of educational programs. Sometimes regulatory documents (regulations of processes, regulations on divisions, job descriptions) adopted by the company are ineffective. The reasons for this are not the structured system of activity regulation and, in particular, educational programs. Many regulations become outdated and become irrelevant, and some processes are overly regulated and delay the necessary changes. That is why it is necessary to create a system of activity regulation and to do it most effectively on the basis of a process approach. If you formalize the processes and fix the boundaries of responsibility for the execution of the process through the creation of process regulations, then the effectiveness of the process can be increased. .Rules (method of regulation; models of behavior officially recorded in regulatory documents, performance standards, compliance with which is monitored, and violation is punished). .The subjects of pedagogical activity are pedagogical workers, parents, guardians and persons replacing them, performing educational and educational functions. To regulate the activities of subjects, organizational documents are usually used: educational and educational programs, job descriptions, regulations on divisions, programs for the development of public organizations. .Curricula are officially approved documents that reflect the content and level of development of competencies and are implemented in educational organizations of various types. .Traditions are unofficial and, as a rule, not fixed, but strictly observed patterns of behavior, the observance of which is controlled by the employees of the organization, and their violation is condemned. Employees of the organization who take an active part in the preservation, dissemination and control over the implementation of norms become its leaders (formal or informal). .The organization of activity processes are parts of the activity during which the subjects organize the educational process using resources. To regulate the activities of processes, regulatory documents are used (regulations on the direction of activities, programs, guidelines and etc.). .Technological instruction for technical personnel - an instruction that establishes the requirements for the implementation of organizational procedures. In the instructions, more deeply than in the operating regulations, the methods for performing the actions (performance technology) that the performer must perform to obtain the desired result are revealed. For example, the actions list that the performer fills out the examination sheet, record book, etc., and the technological instructions will disclose how he should fill it out (what data and in what sequence he should enter in certain fields of the form). .Synergy means giving the activities of all members a single focus, striving for a common goal and effective use of the total potential of the organization. For example, chronic underfunding of education, insufficient professional level of staff, hiring an employee who is incompatible with the team can affect the effectiveness of the use of resources. Resources in any educational organization are closely interconnected and complement each other. To successfully unleash the potential of synergy, a number of conditions must be taken into account: 1.concentration and massive use of previously dispersed resources; .increasing the coherence and coordination of the actions of the parts of the educational organization. .consistency and direction towards the desired result; .increasing the productivity of some participants due to the effect of the presence of others; .modularity of parts; .attractiveness of the set goal and good organization (as a process); .thorough knowledge of the capabilities of employees, the psychological climate in the team; .thoughtful motivation. External evaluation allows you to highlight the signs of the efficiency of using the resources of an educational organization: .Positive feedback from employers; .Low Interest employment of graduates not in specialties; .High rating among educational organizations of the same type; .Successful state licensing and accreditation of educational activities; .Availability of confirming quality certificates (One Hundred Best Educational Institutions of Russia, STO quality mark); .Investment attractiveness (Social partnership, creation of resource centers and retraining centers for specialists); .State prizes and awards; .Recognition of certificates and diplomas of NGOs outside the region and the state. Internal assessment of the effectiveness of the use of resources of an educational organization: .Staff stability; .High level of positive team motivation; .High percent re-certified and certified teachers, teachers with a scientific degree who have completed an internship at the enterprise, etc.; .The best pedagogical experience is regularly summarized and broadcast; .Effective use of modern educational technologies, including ICT technologies; .Attracting the best specialists from production to review programs and graduation projects? .A well-thought-out and flexible system of stimulating employees of an educational organization for performance; .The material and technical equipment complies with the requirements for the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard and the Bologna process. Conclusion
As a result of the analysis of resource efficiency approaches, we came to the conclusion that the resources of an educational organization are a combination of material and financial resources and non-material resources that can potentially be used in educational activities. The extent to which these resources meet modern requirements, the level of technical and technological development of society, speaks of their ability to influence the quality of the educational process. It is the resources and their qualitative characteristics that are largely determined by the result of education. Firstly, we managed to reveal the content of the concepts "organization", "educational organization", "resources of an educational organization", "potential", "synergy" (see paragraphs 1.1-1.3.); Secondly, we analyzed the classification of resources: human (people), material, energy, financial, information, technological and time resources. Thirdly, we identified factors for the effective use of the resources of an educational organization: .Regulation of activities; .Rules; .Subjects of pedagogical activity; .Learning programs; .Traditions; .Organization of activity processes; .Technological instruction for technical personnel; .Synergy. Literature
1.Constitution of the Russian Federation. Anthem of the Russian Federation. Emblem of the Russian Federation. Flag of the Russian Federation. - M.: Publishing house "Omega-L", 2013. - 63 p. 2.Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2014) "On Education in the Russian Federation" (Codes. Laws. Norms) Novosibirsk: NORMATICS, 2013. - 128 p. .Pavlovskaya E.V. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as an instrument for the security of the rights of the child // Human rights and freedoms and effective mechanisms for their implementation in the world, Russia and Tatarstan: materials of the international scientific and practical conference, November 28-29, 2013 - Kazan: Knowledge, 2014. - pp. 570-572 .Borisov E.F. Fundamentals of Economics. M.: Yurist, 2011. - 336 p. .Vesenin V.R. Management. - M.: KnoRus, Prospekt, 2011. - 592 p. .Drucker P. Effective management. Economic tasks and optimal solutions, Per. from English. - M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2008. - 288 p. .Publishing house "Accreditation in Education". Electronic journal about education. #"justify">. Kartashova, Larisa Vasilievna Human Resource Management: textbook / ed. IN AND. Vidyapin [and others]; Institute of Economics and Finance "Synergy". - M.: INFRA - M, 2012. - 235 p.
Material and technical resources of an educational institution
For the implementation of the educational process, the school has: 27 study rooms, including a computer science room, a physics, chemistry, music room, a technology room, as well as a sports hall located in a separate building (623.0 sq. m.), one sports ground. The school has offices of a psychologist, dentist, doctor and procedural, which are equipped with modern equipment. Students receive hot meals in the canteen for 130 seats. The material and technical condition of the school is changing for the better every year.
To provide safe conditions the requirements of all participants in the educational process, some work has been done. A refreshing cosmetic overhaul was carried out in eight rooms for compliance with the requirements oversight bodies, finishing was carried out with modern certified materials, new student furniture was purchased and installed:
There is a fire safety system, voice notification;
Has a panic button
Implementation of a video surveillance system for 32 cameras continued;
An electronic scoreboard was purchased for sports competitions;
The computer class is equipped with 16 personal computers with LCD monitors, licensed software has been purchased; a projector with a laptop is installed and an MFP is connected.
The equipment of the specialized classrooms of the school allows in full, in accordance with the curriculum, to carry out laboratory and practical work in physics, biology and chemistry.
The chemistry cabinet is equipped with modern chemical tables with a retractable lockable unit for storing dishes and reagents; a portable projector with a laptop is installed; purchased sets of interactive teaching aids in chemistry.
The physics classroom is equipped with a comprehensive laboratory set (in mechanics, molecular physics, optics, electricity, quantum physics), a hanging projector with a screen is permanently installed; 12 virtual laboratory workstations purchased
A SMART board is installed in the biology room, there is a set of microscopes and preparations for laboratory work.
A hanging projector with a screen, a mixing console, two portable microphones, a music center are installed in the music room;
Purchased a mobile language laboratory for 10 workstations;
The technology room is equipped with modern kitchen appliances, sewing machines with a programmable device have been purchased;
Primary school classrooms are all equipped with modern whiteboards, educational and methodological literature, visual aids have been purchased; projection equipment and laptops are installed, two SMART boards are connected; acquired modern equipment for natural science subjects in primary school; purchased sets of interactive teaching aids for the disciplines of elementary school.
All classrooms are 100% equipped with computer equipment (multimedia complexes, interactive whiteboards, etc.), which allows for multimedia "support" of almost all lessons, the introduction of both ready-made and newly created software products in all subject areas,
Works school the local network, there is Internet access, including wireless Internet;
To create comfortable conditions in the primary classes, a separate wardrobe is equipped.
To improve the quality of knowledge of students and the methodological growth of teachers, educational and methodological literature, visual aids were purchased.
In accordance with federal legislation, an energy audit was carried out and an energy saving program was drawn up.
In order to attract additional resources and make the most efficient use of the building, part of the premises has been leased out. The proceeds are used to strengthen the material and technical base of the school.
It is obvious that the improvement of the educational process, the increase in the efficiency of training qualified workers and specialists in educational institutions are directly dependent on the level of development of their material and technical base, its compliance with the requirements of a modern market economy.
Material and technical base in the field of education– a set of material elements necessary for the functioning and development of an educational institution and the education system as a whole. It includes all the tangible assets assigned to educational institutions, intended for educational activities, to ensure the working and living conditions of students and teachers (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. The structure of the material and technical base
All material resources of the institution have natural and value forms of expression, and depending on the characteristics of their functioning, they are divided into two groups: main and circulating.
Fixed assets they occupy the main place in the structure of the material and technical base and serve the educational and educational and production processes for a long time, transferring their cost in parts, as they wear out, to the product being produced. These include buildings where the educational process is directly taking place, buildings of auxiliary services, industrial purposes; educational and production equipment, vehicles, library fund, etc.
The legal regulation of assigning property to an educational institution in operational management is carried out by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with Art. 296 of the Civil Code, in relation to the property assigned to it on the right of operational management, within the limits established by law, in accordance with the objectives of its activities, the tasks of the owner and the purpose of the property, the right to own, use and dispose of it. At the same time, the institution is not entitled to alienate or otherwise dispose of the property assigned to it and property acquired at the expense of funds allocated to it according to the estimate.
Property, plant and equipment includes tangible assets with a useful life of more than 12 months and a cost per unit as of the acquisition date that is above 50 times the minimum wage established by applicable law.
Fixed assets are accounted for in kind and in cash.
Accounting using natural indicators is carried out separately for each group of fixed assets. Cash accounting is carried out to determine the total value of fixed assets, their dynamics, structure, depreciation calculation, economic efficiency of capital investments.
Unit of Accounting for Fixed Assets- an inventory object, which is an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that are a single whole, designed for a specific job.
A complex of structurally articulated objects - this is one or more items of the same or different purposes, having common fixtures and accessories, general control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each item included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently. If one object has several parts with different terms of use, each such part is taken into account as an independent inventory object.
Fixed assets in educational institutions are reflected in accounting at historical cost, including the actual costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture, including value added tax. For objects constructed or acquired at the expense of funds from entrepreneurial activity, value added tax is subject to offset or reimbursement on a general basis.
Books, textbooks and other publications included in the library fund are accounted for at a nominal price, including the cost of their original binding. Expenses for the repair and restoration of books, including secondary binding, are not included in the increase in the cost of books and are written off to the corresponding expense items according to the estimate of income and expenses of the institution.
The fixed assets involved in the process of any production gradually lose their original characteristics due to their operation and natural wear.
Under wear and tear means the loss of their original qualities by the means of labor. At the same time, fixed assets undergo obsolescence(depreciation) - means of labor depreciate, lose value until they are physically worn out, until the end of their physical service life. Obsolescence comes in two forms:
1) machines of the same design are depreciating due to the reduction in the cost of their production in modern conditions;
2) old, physically fit machines and equipment depreciate due to the appearance of new, technically more advanced and productive machines.
Obsolescence is most clearly manifested in the case of computer technology. Bought in the mid 90s. 20th century computers (with the 386th processor) are already hopelessly outdated.
Depreciation- the process of gradual transfer of the value of the means of production to the product produced. In the conditions of market relations, the value of depreciation increases the value of production costs and reduces the competitiveness of products, reduces the amount of profit. However, an underestimated share of deductions lengthens the turnover period of funds invested in the acquisition of fixed assets, leads to their aging and reduced competitiveness, loss of market positions.
In commercial organizations, the cost of fixed assets is repaid by depreciation during their useful life. After the accrued depreciation reaches the level of the original (replacement) cost, further depreciation is terminated. However, this does not give the right to a budgetary institution to write off this fixed asset, since property is written off only if its further operation is impossible due to its physical condition.
In budgetary institutions, fixed assets are extremely rarely written off, even because of their obsolescence.
Depreciation of fixed assets is charged in accordance with the Annual Depreciation Rates for the fixed assets of institutions and organizations that are on the state budget and instructions on the procedure for determining and reflecting in accounting the depreciation of fixed assets of institutions and organizations that are on the state budget.
Depreciation (amortization) rates should be economically justified and aimed at timely reimbursement of fixed assets. When calculating them, it is important to correctly determine the economically viable life of fixed assets, taking into account the following factors:
P durability of fixed assets;
P obsolescence;
P long-term plans for technical re-equipment;
P equipment balance;
P opportunities for modernization and overhaul.
There are two types of physical wear:
P removable physical wear, when repair costs are less than the value added of the facility;
P is fatal when the cost of fixing the defect exceeds the cost that would be added to the object. To determine the irremovable physical wear and tear, building elements are divided into long-term and quickly worn out. For each type of elements there are methods for calculating physical wear.
Moral obsolescence is also called functional depreciation - the object ceases to meet modern standards, in terms of its functional usefulness. For buildings, this manifests itself in outdated architecture, planning conveniences, volumes, engineering support (elevators, air conditioning), etc. For computer technology, it manifests itself in the inability to use modern software.
Functional wear can be removable and irremovable (the criteria are the same as for physical wear).
External (or economic) depreciation – this is a decrease in the value of a building due to a negative change in its external environment, due to economic, political or other external factors. The reasons for external wear and tear can be: the general decline of the territory on which the object is located; actions of the government, regional or local administration in the field of taxation, insurance; as well as changes in the market of employment, recreation, education.
An important factor influencing the amount of external wear is the proximity of the object to unattractive natural or artificial objects: swamps, sewage treatment plants, restaurants, gas stations, railway stations.
External depreciation is estimated most often from the analysis of paired sales in the real estate market of objects that are similar in characteristics, but located in a different external environment. External wear is usually irreparable.
In conditions of inflation, there is a need for periodic revaluation of fixed assets and determination of their replacement cost, corresponding to real economic circumstances. Recalculation indices differ by types of fixed assets, as well as depending on the timing of the creation, construction or acquisition of fixed assets.
Revolving funds, sometimes also referred to as an accounting term low-value and fast-wearing items, the transfer of working capital to the IBE is not entirely correct, since in addition to the actual low-value and fast-wearing items, revolving funds include inventories. Material reserves include materials for educational purposes, food, household materials and stationery, fuel, medicines and dressings, feed and fodder, containers and other materials. fully and simultaneously transferring its value to the product of labor. In fact, such a
As part of low-value and fast-wearing items items with a useful life of less than 12 months are taken into account, regardless of their value; items with an acquisition value of not more than 50 minimum wages per unit.
All property values must be in the custody of officials appointed by order of the director, who monitor the safety of the entrusted values and keep records of all changes. The change of persons responsible for the storage of property and material assets must be accompanied by an inventory and the preparation of acceptance certificates approved by the director.
Buildings and structures, classroom and office furniture, household inventory and equipment, fuel, household and Construction Materials and other valuables similar in purpose are, as a rule, in the custody of the head of the school's housekeeping or the assistant director for the economic part.
Educational equipment, devices, models, dummies, transparencies, films, laboratory glassware and accessories, printed materials, tools and devices, reagents and materials for educational purposes are kept by the persons who are entrusted with the management of classrooms, educational and experimental sites, masters, laboratory assistants, librarians.
The inventory number assigned to an item of fixed assets is retained by it for the entire period of stay in an educational institution. The numbers of inventory items retired or liquidated due to dilapidation should not be assigned to other newly incoming fixed assets.
There are various methods for assessing the property of enterprises. For budgetary educational institutions, as a rule, only the balance sheet method is used, that is, the total cost of material resources reflected in the balance sheet.
The property approach to assessing the value of an educational institution makes it possible to more accurately determine the actual value of an educational institution and includes:
P adjusted book value assets (index method);
P asset method;
P substitution method (determining the cost of a new enterprise comparable in terms of functions);
P replacement cost method (construction of a complete analogue);
P salvage value method.
All these methods are engaged in the evaluation of the assets of an educational institution and its property complex and are used in determining the liquidation value of an educational institution, as well as in determining the necessary costs for the construction and commissioning of new institutions.
To calculate the current value of assets, the company's balance sheet data as of the valuation date is used. In this case, the following main stages are distinguished:
P verification (inventory as of the valuation date) and adjustment of the balance sheet accounts are carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial liabilities, approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on June 13, 1995;
P determining the value of a land plot (two evaluation options are used: determining the standard value (land tax multiplied by 200) and determining the market value);
P determination of the residual replacement cost of fixed assets;
P determination of the current value of other assets.
For rate market value of a land plot for current use, the following information is required:
– title of ownership and registration data on land plot;
– physical characteristics of the site;
- data on the relationship of the site with the environment;
The following main methods are used to determine the full replacement cost of real estate objects.
1. Method of comparative unit. The current value chosen to calculate the unit of measure of the property being valued is multiplied by the number of units contained in the property being valued. Units can be: cube. m, sq. m, one seat, etc. There are corresponding tables of specific cost indicators for various types of buildings and structures, according to which it is possible to make an assessment.
2. The element-by-element method of calculating the value of a real estate object (the method of breakdown into components) is to determine the unit cost of a unit of measurement of an object, based on the element-by-element costs: for materials, labor, earthworks, installation and other works.
3. An estimate method for calculating the value of a real estate object consists in compiling object and summary estimates construction of this facility, as if it were being built again at current prices.
4. The index method of real estate appraisal consists in determining the replacement cost of the appraised object by multiplying its book value by the corresponding index, in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for revaluation of fixed assets (funds) of enterprises and organizations. Indices for the revaluation of fixed assets are periodically approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The appraisal of equipment of machines and mechanisms is carried out as an assessment of the residual replacement cost, based on the full replacement cost minus depreciation.
Full replacement cost is determined in one of the following ways:
P at the initial book value, taking into account revaluation indices;
P at replacement cost (at the cost of analogues);
P at exchange prices (plus transport costs).
Depreciation of equipment is best calculated for all three types of depreciation: physical, moral and economic.
Intangible assets– these are scientific and technical products, licenses, know-how, patents, highly qualified personnel, clientele, trademark, computer programs, etc. They are assessed using:
P cost approach (the cost is determined by the purchase and balance price, taking into account revaluation indices);
P income approach (net income is calculated and discounted, which can give an intangible asset in the relevant market);
P market approach (the value is determined by the price of comparable assets sold on the market);
P comparison method - sales analysis.
Evaluation of construction in progress objects is carried out according to actual costs, taking into account the index of price changes for construction and installation works as of the date of evaluation.
Inventories are valued at current prices, including transportation and warehousing costs.
Evaluation of receivables begins with the compilation of a list of debtors, an analysis of the terms of repayment and the possibility of repayment of the debt. Further, the necessary reminders are made, and the corresponding claims are filed, or the debts are written off as uncollectible.
Directly, receivables are estimated by the ratio of future payments on debts to their current value, i.e. by discounting costs. Discounting costs - bringing future costs to the current period, establishing today's equivalent of the amount paid in the future. The present value of the future amount is determined using a discount factor that depends on the rate of bank interest and the term, discount period.
Investments may include securities invested in the authorized capital of other enterprises, in real estate. Investments are valued based on market value at the date of valuation.
Cash in a foreign currency account is valued at the exchange rate as of the date of valuation.
As a result of the operations described above, it is possible to obtain an estimate of the actual value of the educational institution.
At the end of the section, we emphasize that the material and technical base is the basis of the education system, without the improvement of which it is impossible to ensure its transition to a qualitatively new level of development that meets the requirements modern economy and the task of raising industry.
31. The main areas of development are: preservation and development of the material and technical base of educational institutions and other organizations of the education system in accordance with the requirements of state educational standards, social norms and regulations; transition to new standards and mechanisms for equipping educational institutions and other organizations of the education system with teaching aids, inventory, teaching and visual aids, machine, laboratory and scientific equipment, instruments, computers, information and copying equipment, printed educational and methodological products using modern forms of management in the form of tenders, competitions and auctions; development and implementation of a set of measures to support manufacturers of educational and laboratory, scientific and industrial equipment for educational purposes, soft and hard equipment and other means of equipping educational institutions and other organizations of the education system; construction, repair of buildings and structures of organizations of the education system; equipping educational institutions with protective equipment that ensures the protection of pedagogical and other employees of educational organizations studying in emergency situations and martial law; optimization of the range of teaching aids, teaching and laboratory and scientific equipment; development of new building codes and rules, norms for the design of all types and types of educational institutions.
32 . In accordance with Article 21 of the Law on Education, the training of teaching staff is carried out through the system of postgraduate education in postgraduate, residency, adjuncture and doctoral studies at educational and scientific institutions. A prominent place is occupied by many research institutes of the Russian Academy of Education (RAO) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
Goals, structure and forms of postgraduate education
Postgraduate education is designed to ensure the maximum realization of the abilities and intellectual and creative potential of the individual and aims to train highly qualified scientific personnel, gain new knowledge about nature, man, society, as well as develop new technological ideas and technology foundations.
The structure of postgraduate education includes the following steps:
training of highly qualified scientific workers with the award of the degree of candidate of sciences (postgraduate studies, postgraduate studies, assistantship-internships);
training of highly qualified scientific workers with the award of the scientific degree of doctor of science (doctoral studies).
Obtaining postgraduate education is carried out in full-time and part-time forms, as well as in the form of competition.
Institutions providing postgraduate education
Institutions providing postgraduate education include higher educational establishments(regardless of the form of ownership), scientific and other organizations that, in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Republic of Belarus, have received the right to engage in postgraduate education.
The education sector, like any other sector of the national economy, is able to function normally if it is provided with trained personnel specialists.
The education sector is the only area that trains qualified personnel for all other sectors of the economy, as well as for itself. The training of teachers and educators, who replenish the detachment of teachers at all levels of educational institutions, is carried out by scientific and pedagogical workers of higher educational institutions.
How is the process of training certified young university teachers organized? Quite often, university graduates who have shown a tendency to scientific work in a particular specialty, the departments recommend for continuing education in graduate school. In addition, anyone who has worked for two years after graduation can enter graduate school on a competitive basis according to the profile of the university education received. During your postgraduate studies, you have to pass the so-called "candidate's minimum" exams, prepare and defend a candidate's dissertation.
Persons who have the degree of Candidate of Science and are enrolled in doctoral studies to prepare a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science become doctoral students. This dissertation should be a scientific qualification work, in which, on the basis of the research performed by the author, theoretical provisions have been developed, the totality of which can be qualified as a new major achievement in the development of the corresponding scientific direction,
The expansion of market relations in the economy affects the process of reproduction of personnel in the field of education. The role of economic methods of influence is increasing, elements of the market structure of the economy are emerging, including the formation of a labor market, integral part which becomes the professional labor market of education workers. However, in education, as noted earlier, market relations are modified by the budgetary nature of financing and the non-commercial position of most educational institutions. Market regulation does not fully cover the process of training specialists and providing them to the education sector, but has an active influence on it. Here it is implemented through the following economic levers: the cost of labor, wage teaching staff, tuition fees, supply and demand, market prices for educational and scientific services.
To raise the scientific and pedagogical potential of the country, it is necessary to ensure the further development of postgraduate and doctoral studies, which will expand the reproduction of highly qualified personnel in the leading areas of scientific and technological progress.
An important feature of the modern process of personnel reproduction for the education industry is the training of generalists, which is associated with the system of continuous education. With its formation, the previously prevailing mechanistic method of transferring an increasing amount of knowledge is being replaced by the method of their constant updating throughout the entire period of professional activity of specialists.
The training of teachers and other generalists implies their desire and ability to independently draw information from various sources, self-education, breadth of outlook, gift and ability not to focus on the problems of their specialty. In order to successfully adapt to the rapidly and rapidly changing situation in the education system and the service market, one must not only have theoretical knowledge and a vision of the future, but also be versed in economics, sociology, psychology and law.
Of great importance in this regard is the introduction multilevel specialist training systems. Such a system is based on programs of various complexity and level of qualification. It stimulates the academic and professional mobility of students in the educational services and labor market, and contributes to the social security of our citizens.
Some universities in Russia have switched to a two-stage system of education: 2 and 4 years. After completing the first stage, which gives a broad general education, the student receives a bachelor's degree. Those who want to continue their education and show their abilities can receive more in-depth special knowledge and a master's degree at the second stage. Along with this, many universities and their faculties have retained full-scale student education in the traditional, well-established form in our country.
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
"Concept resource provision educational process" "Analysis of the state of the educational and methodological resource of an educational institution in terms of the formation of methodological competence among students, pupils"
The resources of the educational system are everything that is directly involved in the educational process: labor resources of education, information resources (textbooks, manuals, computer programs and other teaching aids), pedagogical technologies and know-how, capital resources (availability of premises for training, security , teaching aids, computers, etc.) If the resources meet modern requirements, the level of technical and technological development of society, this indicates their ability to influence the quality of the educational process. It is the resources and their qualitative characteristics that are largely determined by the result of education. The resources of any educational institution include: material and technical base, teaching staff, finance, legal support.
Components of the educational process Indicators of resource support of the educational process Decision Responsible requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard Available in the educational institution Information and methodological support Activities of the educator Ensuring the activities of educators information resources(work programs, educational program, teaching aids, teaching materials) Availability educational program Availability of work programs Availability of a plan of educational work Availability of teaching materials normative documents and methodological aids) Under development Under development Available Available not in full Available not in full Develop an educational program that takes into account the specifics of a general education institution Develop work programs (in the areas: health, labor, moral and ethical, leisure activities). To replenish the teaching materials with abacuses, counting sticks To form a package of regulatory, software and educational and methodological support for the content of the new standards Rakovskaya S.V. , Andreeva A.M. Motorina Yu.P. , Kutueva F.L. Abdurakhmanov R.R. , Ilnitskaya V.A. Andreeva A.M. , Motorina Yu.P. Kutueva F.L. , Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A. Rakovskaya S.V., Andreeva A.M. , Motorina Yu.P. , Kutueva F.L. , Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A. Rakovskaya S.V., Andreeva A.M. , Motorina Yu.P. , Kutueva F.L. , Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A.
Ensuring the activities of the educator in the transfer of educational information: - audiovisual: means; - printed visual aids; - demonstration aids Available Not available in full Available not in full Purchase printed visual aids Purchase demonstration aids. Andreeva A.M. , Motorina Yu.P. Kutueva F.L. , Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A. Educational and material support Printed aids Screen and sound aids Sets of plot pictures. Reproductions of paintings and artistic photographs. Children's books different types and genres from the circle of children's reading. Portraits of poets and writers. Audio recordings of the artistic performance of the studied works. Videos relevant to the content of the lesson. Available not in full Available not in full Purchase benefits (if possible) Purchase benefits (if possible) Rakovskaya S.V. , Andreeva A.M. Motorina Yu.P. , Kutueva F.L. Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A. Rakovskaya S.V. , Andreeva A.M. Motorina Yu.P. , Kutueva F.L. Abdurakhmanov R.R. Ilnitskaya V.A.
Conclusion: If the state of the educational and methodological resource is improved, then the students and pupils will be formed: conscious acceptance of the values of a healthy lifestyle; regulation of their behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms; desire and ability to learn, readiness for education and self-education; initiative, independence, cooperation skills in different types activities. The planned results are built on the basis of the requirements for the results of education, including: subject results (knowledge and skills, experience in creative activity); meta-subject results (methods of activity mastered on the basis of one or more subjects, areas of educational activities applicable both within the framework of the educational process and in solving problems in real life situations); personal results (system of value relations, interests, motivation of students).
Methodological recommendations "Software and methodological support of the educational process of a teacher of additional education"
WORKING PROGRAM OF THE PROFESSIONAL MODULE PM.04 Methodological support of the educational process
The work program of the professional module (hereinafter working programm) - is part of the working basic professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialty SPO ...
Various resources are used to carry out different activities. But these resources, that is various means, values, stocks, opportunities available are limited.
Man generally lives in a world of limited possibilities. His physical and intellectual abilities are limited. The time that he can devote to this or that occupation is limited, as well as the means that can be used to achieve this or that goal. And not only an individual, the whole society, even if it is considered on a planetary scale, is limited in its pursuit of well-being. Over the centuries and millennia of their history, people have significantly expanded the scope of these restrictions. But even today, as at any other time in the past or future, a very strict condition is imposed on the growth of social and personal well-being.
The scarcity of resources is relative. It lies in the fundamental impossibility of simultaneously and completely satisfying all the needs of all people. As a rule, first of all, priority needs are met - in food, housing, health, family and social well-being, but for this it is necessary to take care of the best, optimal distribution of resources between various goals, save resources, improve their use.
To ensure production processes, various resources (potentials) are required: material and technical, labor, natural, financial, etc. The following potentials are currently becoming of particular importance:
The spiritual potential of a society (state), which includes the level of general culture, the creative qualities of peoples (hard work, perseverance, adherence to progressive traditions and customs, mutual respect for peoples, racial and religious tolerance, law abidance, etc.). This potential is determined by the physical and mental health of peoples.
The intellectual potential of the state, which is part of the spiritual potential and is determined by the level of general educational culture of the population, professional training of personnel, progressive historical traditions of the people, established areas of economic activity, interstate relations, etc. An important element of the intellectual potential is the system of education and advanced training of personnel.
An integral part of the spiritual potential is the scientific and technical potential, which is characterized not only by the level of development of science and technology, but also by the professional and qualification composition of scientists, engineers, workers, etc.
Information potential, which is a systematized and classified information suitable for effective use in all areas of socially useful activities and inclusion in the system of world intellectual potential.
Ecological potential - the potential that characterizes the degree of conservation of natural (ecological) systems, the purity of the aquatic environment, air basin, soil cover. In an environment with an ecologically low potential, it is impossible to effectively create and develop agricultural and industrial production, provide the population with environmentally friendly food, water, air and, as a result, maintain a high level of public health and maintain its active longevity.
Currently, resource provision is associated with the potentials available to society. In connection with the unfolding scientific and technological revolution, the scientific and technical potential, as well as the technological potential, which is a system of technologies used or planned for use by society, is extremely important. It is not surprising that countries that have a high scientific, technical and technological potential sometimes achieve much greater success than countries that have large raw material resources. Developed countries, increasing their scientific and technical potential, seek to "poach" major scientists, which has already become a serious international problem.
A consequence of limited resources is competition for their use. It is a rivalry between alternative (different) purposes of resource use. After all, almost all resources can be used to meet a wide variety of needs. For example, oil can serve as a raw material for fuel production, the production of synthetic fibers, plastics, dyes, detergents, and much more. In addition, foreign exchange earnings from the export of oil and refined products can be used to purchase food, medicines, equipment for light, food, chemical industry etc. (Export is the sale of a commodity to a foreign partner with its export abroad.) And all these alternative purposes compete for the use of the always limited amount of crude oil produced.
In other words, society, as well as an individual, is always faced with the task of choosing directions and methods for using limited resources for various competing purposes. Methods for solving this problem are included in the subject of the science of economics.
Many modern economists are inclined to believe that now the “knowledge” factor has come to the fore in terms of importance as a factor in economic growth, calling it differently - technology, scientific and technological progress, science, information.
Knowledge is an important element of such a resource as labor, it is evaluated from a qualitative point of view and attention is paid to the qualifications of workers, which depends primarily on the education (knowledge) they have received. Knowledge (primarily technological) provides an increase in the level of equipment use, i.e. real capital. Finally, they (especially managerial knowledge) allow entrepreneurs to organize the production of goods and services in the most rational way.
Internal distribution of economic and other resources. Authorized education structures distribute funds between regions, individual subsystems and institutions, types of activities, positions. As a result, such areas of the position are provided with resources that are also oriented to the "non-educational" space (earlier - financial assistance to students, their families, patrons, landscaping sites, organizing recreation, etc., now - maintaining commercial, research, design and other structures ). This distribution sometimes reinforces social inequality, perpetuates the advocacy of groups due to the fact that some subsystems of education receive less resources.
The education system is able to modify economic incentives and make such adjustments to the practice of financial support that entail a change in the socio-economic status of its participants. One way or another, the process of resource allocation in education is always determined by its social organization.
The resources of the educational system are everything that is directly involved in the educational process: labor resources of education, information resources (textbooks, manuals, computer programs and other teaching aids), pedagogical technologies and know-how, capital resources (availability of premises for training, security , teaching aids, computers, etc.) The fact that these resources meet modern requirements, the level of technical and technological development of society, indicates their ability to influence the quality of the educational process. It is the resources and their qualitative characteristics that are largely determined by the result of education.
The resources of any educational institution can be divided into:
explicit (good reputation, long history, tradition);
implicit (material and technical base, teaching staff, finance, legal support), (Fig. 1). In general, resources are characterized by four components:
1. The nature of the educational institution;
2. Stage of its life cycle;
Potential for adaptation;
Explicit Resources and Market Assets.
Fig.1. Resources of an educational institution.
Economic theory does not give an unambiguous and clear definition of the quality of a product or service. We consider product quality as - a set of product properties that determine its suitability, satisfaction of needs in accordance with its purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to talk about quality not in general, but strictly in relation to this purpose. In accordance with the requirement of suitability, based on the purpose of the product, from the intended purpose, quality is established. It is worth changing the goal, in relation to which the quality is determined, and the assessment changes dramatically. .
Quality measurement requires a special approach. It is produced with varying degrees of detail, on various scales. The least detailed measurement gives name scale. It is also called the classification scale. To do this, in order to evaluate the quality using this scale, it is enough to divide the objects being evaluated according to some criteria. The scale of names is clearly insufficient for a complete and comprehensive assessment of quality. Therefore, to order objects according to some criteria, a more detailed scale is used, the so-called order scale. This scale does not have the ability to give a detailed description of the quality. It only shows the sequence, the order of this characteristic in a number of others. Numbers order scales, in contrast to the scale of names, help to evaluate the quality, for example, student achievement. The scale of order, the measure of quality, is very approximate. It is used when there is not enough data to establish the exact numerical value of each quality indicator (school grades).
In those cases where it becomes possible to assign a certain number to each quality value, the most complete scale is used. interval scale, on which equal intervals are set between numbers and between the corresponding properties of objects.
Complex of overall quality assessment. The assessment takes into account various, sometimes contradictory features. Methods have been developed to obtain a comprehensive quality assessment. One method is based on the fact that the quality is assessed by the main indicator of a given product, namely the one that is associated with its main purpose, for the purpose for which the product exists. In cases where the quality of a product is determined not by one, but by several main indicators, an average rating is used, obtained from all indicators. Moreover, the so-called weight coefficients, allowing to take into account the degree of importance of each indicator. This method of obtaining a generalized quality indicator makes it possible to influence the development process. Quality should be formed in such a way that the generalized indicator is the highest of all possible.
In cases where quality is determined not by one, but by several indicators, they resort to average rating obtained from all these indicators.
Along with generalized indicators, a relative indicator is also used.
The experimental method determines. The most commonly used methods of peer review are ranking, pairwise comparison, direct evaluation.
Ranging is done using the order scale - the measured objects are arranged in order according to the sign of interest to us.
Pair comparison- here the order scale is used, however, the preference is established between all objects in pairs - each with each. However, the most widespread direct assessment. It is estimated approximately. This assessment is of a higher class than ranking and pairwise comparison. It is performed using a scale of intervals in absolute numbers or in percentages.
Previously, the merits or demerits of a particular product were judged only by the level of demand: a high level means that everything is in order, a low level means that it is bad to do something. In modern conditions, if an entrepreneur does not reveal the shortcomings of his product, even before the client noticed them, his competitors are ahead of him, and the enterprise is threatened with a complete collapse. Production is developing so intensively that the product (production results) becomes obsolete even at the development stage.
