By the beginning of the 20th century, the most important characteristic of world development was its extreme unevenness.
Metropolitan, colonial and dependent countries. The first industrial power at the beginning of the 19th century was Great Britain, the industrial "workshop of the world." Follow her on the path industrial development France entered.
Highly industrialized were also the states, the pace of development of which accelerated sharply in the last third of the 19th century: the USA and Germany. They developed most dynamically, crowding out competitors both in terms of production volumes and their role in the world market. The share of the UK in the world industrial production, which was 36% in 1860, fell by 1913 to 14%. The share of France over the same period decreased from 12% to 6%. During the same time, the United States, which in 1860 produced 17% of the world's industrial output, by 1913 reached the line of 36%. Germany maintained its position at the level of 16% of world industrial production.
A group of countries stood out that also developed along the path of industrialization, although by the beginning of the 20th century their economy was still agro-industrial. These included Russia and Japan. Italy and Austria-Hungary were in the second echelon of industrial modernization. To industrial world belonged to Belgium, Holland, as well as the states of Scandinavia (Sweden, which was with it until 1905 in the union of Norway, Denmark).
In general, out of a total world population of 1680 million people, about 700 million people lived in industrial and agro-industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century. About 600 million lived in the colonies (including approximately 400 million in the British). A special place was occupied by a group of states with a total population of 380 million people, which were formally independent, but in fact were in the position of semi-colonies of the great powers. At the beginning of the century, these included China, Persia (Iran), Turkey, Siam (Thailand), Egypt, Korea, etc. The signs of a semi-colony were, as a rule, the adoption by its authorities of unequal trade conditions, the provision of special benefits and privileges foreign citizens, including their lack of jurisdiction over local authorities in case of crimes. Often, foreign troops and naval bases were located on the territory of the semi-colonies. Semi-colonies became countries that, due to military-technical backwardness, the weakness of the central government, were unable to resist colonial empires, but at the same time different reasons escaped complete conquest.
The close interaction of peoples living, as it were, in different historical times, adhering to different traditions and customs, in itself has always generated friction and collisions. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, additional reasons for the aggravation of the contradictions of world development arose.
Economic crises and competition in the international arena. The most important reason for the growth of contradictions was the acceleration of the pace of industrial development, the increase in the number of industrialized countries. Even during the period when England was the main industrial "workshop of the world", she faced crises of overproduction. In 1825, 1836, 1847 all the markets it opened could not absorb its products. In 1857, the first world industrial crisis broke out, which struck not only Great Britain, but also other countries that embarked on the path of modernization. Between the industrial capital of these countries, a struggle began for foreign markets, on the possession of which the well-being of the becoming industrialized countries depended.
The capacity of world markets gradually increased. Firstly, this was due to the gradual increase in the standard of living of the population of industrialized countries. The domestic market of the United States was considered especially capacious and dynamic at the beginning of the century. Secondly, commodity-money relations gradually developed in the territories of the colonies and dependent countries. This determined the expansion of the system of the world capitalist economy at the expense of these countries.
However, increasing production opportunities outpaced the development of markets. This led to the deepening of economic crises. Crises followed each other with increasing frequency. They marked 1866, 1873, 1882, 1890, 1900, 1913. Slipping to the crisis was outlined after the First World War, in 1922-1923. In 1929-1932. the most devastating world economic crisis in the history of industrialized countries broke out.
Crises accelerated the concentration and centralization of capital, contributed to the ruin of weak and inefficient enterprises. From this point of view, they contributed to the development of the economy, increasing its competitiveness. At the same time, causing an increase in unemployment and exacerbation of social conflicts, they created serious problems for the industrialized countries.
The crises prompted the ruling circles of the industrial countries to try to solve the social and economic problems through external expansion.
The interests of the state, which is called upon to ensure stability in society, and big capital, which is looking for ways to obtain the greatest profit, did not always and not always coincide. The largest financial and industrial groups dominating the national markets, often agreed with their foreign competitors on the division economic spheres influence in third countries without the participation of governments. At the same time, capital sought to rely on the diplomatic and military support of "its own" state in order to protect its own interests with its might.
In turn, each state sought to maintain "its" capital, create incentives for it to invest in the national economy, and strengthen its position in world markets. As a result, although the specific aspirations of each of the industrial powers differed, similar motives turned out to be the basis of their foreign policy. It was aimed at preserving and expanding markets for products for "their" entrepreneurs, areas of capital investment, access to natural resources sources of cheap labor. Much attention was paid to preventing the rise of competing powers and suppressing attempts to liberate the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries from the power of the mother countries.
Colonialism and its consequences for industrialized countries. As the foreign policy of the industrial countries was subordinated to the goals of supporting the expansion of their industrial and financial capital, colonial policy became more active, and the rivalry of the leading powers on the world stage intensified. At the same time, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, their confrontation escalated. This was due to the fact that the primary division of the world between the industrial countries was basically completed, vast colonial empires were formed.
By conquest, bribery, and promises of protection to feudal princes and tribal leaders, Great Britain, the first to embark on the path of colonial expansion, created the most extensive colonial empire in the world. More than a quarter of the world's population lived in it, the territory of its colonies exceeded the territory of the metropolis by almost a hundred times. The second colonial power in the world was France, which put under its control North and Equatorial Africa, Indochina.
The possession of colonies had an ambiguous impact on the development of metropolitan areas. To make it possible to use them as a source of cheap agricultural products, raw materials, markets for products, it was necessary to at least minimally develop the economy of the colonies. The construction of a network of communications, the creation of an extractive industry, plantations, the training of a local workforce - all this required capital investment. The poor, the unemployed, unable to find work in the metropolises, emigrated to the colonies, which was facilitated by the emerging diamond and gold rushes, the distribution of land on preferential terms.
The wealth exported from the colonies, the ability to monopolize their markets, receiving super profits, enriched both the ruling elite and the general population of the metropolises. The constant outflow of surplus labor force, reducing the number of poor and unemployed, reduced the level of social tension.
The flip side of prosperity was the constant flight of capital and the lack of incentives to update the range of manufactured goods - the monopolized markets of the colonies were not too demanding on the range and quality of products. An increase in the standard of living led to a rise in the cost of labor, which made it unprofitable to invest capital in the economy of the metropolitan countries proper. British bankers preferred to invest in colonies, dominions (colonies inhabited mainly by immigrants from the metropolis and given self-government opportunities: Canada - in 1867, Australia - in 1901, New Zealand - in 1907), as well as to the US economy. French capital invested in government loans in foreign countries, where you could quickly get high profits, in particular in Russia.
In the economy, first of all, the most developed countries the world tends to stagnate, it has lost its dynamism, its growth rates have slowed down. On the contrary, in states that did not create vast colonial empires (Germany, the USA, Japan), most of the capital was directed to the development of their own national economies. Later, having embarked on the path of industrial development, they equipped the emerging industry with the most advanced technology, which also provided advantages in the fight against competitors. Due to the rapid development of these states, a discrepancy arose between the development of their military and economic potential and the distribution of spheres of influence in the world.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the desire of these most dynamically developing powers to seize new colonies and markets by invading the spheres of influence of their competitors was clearly manifested. The first imperialist war of the new era was the Spanish-American (1898), as a result of which the United States captured the Philippines, the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam, granting independence to Cuba. The struggle for the redivision of the world has become the most important factor that determined the content of world politics.
The contradictions between the mother countries and the colonial and dependent countries have acquired increasing importance. In these countries, commodity-money, market relations developed, which was associated with their involvement in the orbit of the world capitalist economy. A stratum of the national bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, who received a European education, arose. Their protest against colonial status began to be combined with aspirations for modernization. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were often supported by industrial powers competing with the mother countries, who sought to weaken their rivals and counted on expanding spheres of influence. Thus, on the eve of the war with Spain, the United States showed solidarity with the liberation movement in the Philippines and Cuba, which, however, did not prevent them, after the victory over Spain, from including these countries in the orbit of their own influence.
Documents and materials
From the speech of E. Etienne, vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies, on the goals of the colonial policy of France, 1894:
"The idea of a homeland is based on the concept of duty, while the idea of a colony can and should be based solely on profit, which alone compels a nation of good will to go beyond its borders and voluntarily expand. Therefore, any colonial undertaking must be approached with the only criterion is the degree of its usefulness, the advantages and benefits that the mother country can receive. What is our goal? We have created, and we intend to maintain and develop a colonial empire in order to secure the future of our country on new continents, to provide markets for our goods, and our industry - sources of raw materials.This is indisputable.
I must say that if there is any justification for the expense and loss of life required by the establishment of our colonial possessions, it lies in the hope that the French industrialist, the French merchant, will be able to send the surplus of French production to the colonies.
"We will not tolerate any foreign power, any foreign Jupiter, saying to us, 'What shall we do? The world is already divided!" We do not want to interfere with anyone, but we will not allow anyone to stand in our way. We will not passively stand aside<...>while others divide the world. We cannot and do not want to tolerate this. We have interests in all parts of the world<...>If the British are talking about Great Britain, the French are talking about a new France, the Russians are conquering Asia, then we demand the creation of a Greater Germany.<...>We will only be able to stay on top when we understand that prosperity is impossible for us without great power, without a strong army, without a strong navy.<...>In the coming century the German people will be either the hammer or the anvil."
US President McKinley on the status of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, 1898:
“One night the following thoughts came to my mind, I don’t know how:
Questions and tasks
Table 1.
Change specific gravity leading industrial countries in world industrial production (percentage)
Note. Until 1871, German kingdoms and principalities, which in 1871 became part of the German Empire.
Table 2.
Population of colonial possessions (in million people)
Table 3
Production of GNP (gross national product) in value terms, in % of world
|
COUNTRY (REGION) |
||||||
|
Europe (total) |
||||||
|
Great Britain |
||||||
|
Austria (Austria-Hungary) |
||||||
|
Germany (Germany, states) |
||||||
|
Italy (it. lands) |
||||||
Note. When calculating GNP, not only industrial, but also agricultural production is taken into account, including the cost of production. subsistence farming, produced services, including transportation.
Based on the analysis, compose a message: "The unevenness of the world economic development: Causes and Consequences.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the most important characteristic of world development was its extreme unevenness.
The first industrial power at the beginning of the 19th century was Great Britain, the industrial “workshop of the world”. Following her, France entered the path of industrial development.
Highly industrialized were also the states, the pace of development of which accelerated sharply in the last third of the 19th century: the USA and Germany. They developed most dynamically, crowding out competitors both in terms of production volumes and their role in the world market. The share of Great Britain in world industrial production, which in 1860 was 36%, fell by 1913 to 14%. The share of France over the same period decreased from 12% to 6%. During the same time, the United States, which in 1860 produced 17% of the world's industrial output, by 1913 reached the line of 36%. Germany maintained its position at the level of 16% of world industrial production.
A group of countries stood out that also developed along the path of industrialization, although by the beginning of the 20th century their economy was still agro-industrial. These included Russia and Japan. Italy and Austria-Hungary were in the second echelon of industrial modernization. Belgium, Holland, as well as the states of Scandinavia (Sweden, which was with it until 1905 in the union of Norway, Denmark) also belonged to the industrial world.
In general, out of a total world population of 1680 million people, about 700 million people lived in industrial and agro-industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century. About 600 million lived in the colonies (including approximately 400 million in the British). A special place was occupied by a group of states with a total population of 380 million people, which were formally independent, but in fact were in the position of semi-colonies of the great powers. At the beginning of the century, these included China, Persia (Iran), Turkey, Siam (Thailand), Egypt, Korea, and others. lack of jurisdiction to local authorities in the event of crimes. Often, foreign troops and naval bases were located on the territory of the semi-colonies. Semi-colonies became countries that, due to military-technical backwardness and the weakness of the central government, were unable to resist colonial empires, but at the same time, for various reasons, avoided complete conquest.
The close interaction of peoples living, as it were, in different historical times, adhering to different traditions and customs, in itself has always generated friction and collisions. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, additional reasons for the aggravation of the contradictions of world development arose.
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Text content of presentation slides: MAOU secondary school No. 8 named after. C.L. Kunikova Teacher: Grishina Oksana Alexandrovna By 1914 the whole world was divided between the colonial powers. The largest colonial empires were created by Great Britain (27,621 thousand sq. km; about 340 million people) and France (10,634 thousand sq. km; more than 59 million people); The Netherlands (2109 thousand sq. km; more than 32 million people), Germany (2593 thousand sq. km; more than 13 million people), Belgium (2253 thousand sq. km; 14 million people) also had extensive possessions. , Portugal (2146 thousand sq. km; more than 14 million people) and the USA (566 thousand sq. km; more than 11 million people). Having completed the partition of the "free" territories of Africa, Asia and Oceania, the great powers moved on to the struggle for the redivision of the world. 1900 - 11 powers - mother countries had colonies on 1/2 of the globe, where 2/3 of the total population lived. 34 colonies of the building of the Republic of the Colonial Empire- the Metropolis of the country of Inaroda, independence of the British colony-dominions: Australiakanadanovariyar self-government protruding- the patronage of the Chinesei Empire-Empire-central and South America defeats the purchase of fire weapons; the army of the army for Europe for Europe; INDUSTRY; ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION, CREATION OF PARLIAMENT (IN JAPAN) In INDIA - urbanization - The formation of civil society - National liberation movements (+ pan-Turkism, pan-Slavism, pan-Slamism) Contradictions in relations between countries, due to involvement in world economy colonies - frequent local conflicts Economic crises (invested capital where you can quickly make a profit) - the struggle for markets - the struggle for sources of raw materials - The process of modernization "+" - the expansion of commodity-money relations - the spread of ideas of technological progress in the countries of Asia, the East - introduction of achievements of European medicine - development of infrastructure in the colonies "-" Controllability - lack of own funds, specialists - breaking traditional societies - establishing control over sales markets (expansion - the desire to expand spheres of influence) Protection from competition - Suppression of possible uprisings in the colonies (by all available means ) in America: "Monroe Doctrine" - Non-intervention in the affairs of Europe Why did the Americans come to such a decision? in Asia: “open door policy” in China “brilliant isolation” in Japan Why did the Europeans pursue such a policy in China? The absence of free territories should have entailed a struggle for markets and spheres of influence. 2 ways to resolve conflicts: Peaceful Armed Paragraph 4pp. 39 task in a notebook
Attached files
EXAMINATION OF CONTRADICTIONS IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | EXAMINATION OF CONTRADICTIONS IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY |
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By the beginning of the 20th century, the most important characteristic of world development was its extreme unevenness.
Metropolitan, colonial and dependent countries. The first industrial power at the beginning of the 19th century was Great Britain, the industrial ʼʼworkshop of the worldʼʼ. Following her, France entered the path of industrial development.
Highly industrialized were also the states, the pace of development of which accelerated sharply in the last third of the 19th century: the USA and Germany. Οʜᴎ developed most dynamically, crowding out competitors both in terms of production volumes and in terms of their role in the world market. The share of Great Britain in world industrial production, which in 1860 was ᴦ. 36%, fell by 1913 ᴦ. up to 14%. The share of France over the same period decreased from 12% to 6%. During the same time, the United States, producing in 1860 ᴦ. 17% of world industrial output, by 1913 ᴦ. reached the line of 36%. Germany maintained its position at the level of 16% of world industrial production.
A group of countries stood out that also developed along the path of industrialization, although by the beginning of the 20th century their economy was still agro-industrial. These included Russia and Japan. Italy and Austria-Hungary were in the second echelon of industrial modernization. Belgium, Holland, as well as the states of Scandinavia (Sweden, which was with it until 1905 ᴦ. in the union of Norway, Denmark) also belonged to the industrial world.
In general, out of a total world population of 1680 million people, about 700 million people lived in industrial and agro-industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century. About 600 million lived in the colonies (including approximately 400 million in the British). A special place was occupied by a group of states with a total population of 380 million people, which were formally independent, but in fact were in the position of semi-colonies of the great powers. At the beginning of the century, these included China, Persia (Iran), Turkey, Siam (Thailand), Egypt, Korea, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
The signs of a semi-colony were, as a rule, the acceptance by its authorities of unequal terms of trade, the provision of special benefits and privileges to foreign citizens, including their lack of jurisdiction by local authorities in case of crimes. Often, foreign troops and naval bases were located on the territory of the semi-colonies. Semi-colonies became countries that, due to military-technical backwardness and the weakness of the central government, were unable to resist colonial empires, but at the same time, for various reasons, avoided complete conquest.
The close interaction of peoples living, as it were, in different historical times, adhering to different traditions and customs, in itself has always given rise to friction and collisions. At the same time, at the beginning of the 20th century, additional reasons for the aggravation of the contradictions of world development arose.
Economic crises and competition in the international arena. The most important reason for the growth of contradictions was the acceleration of the pace of industrial development, the increase in the number of industrialized countries. Even during the period when England was the main industrial "workshop of the world", she faced crises of overproduction. In 1825, 1836, 1847. all the markets it opened could not absorb its products. In 1857 ᴦ. the first world industrial crisis broke out, hitting not only Great Britain, but also other countries that embarked on the path of modernization. Between the industrial capital of these countries, a struggle began for foreign markets, on the possession of which the well-being of the becoming industrialized countries depended.
The capacity of world markets gradually increased. First of all, this was due to the gradual increase in the standard of living of the population of industrialized countries. The domestic market of the United States was considered especially capacious and dynamic at the beginning of the century. Secondly, commodity-money relations gradually developed in the territories of the colonies and dependent countries. This determined the expansion of the system of the world capitalist economy at the expense of these countries.
Nonetheless, Increasing opportunities for production outpaced the development of markets. This led to the deepening of economic crises. Crises followed each other with increasing frequency. They marked 1866, 1873, 1882, 1890, 1900, 1913. Slipping to the crisis was outlined after the First World War, in 1922-1923. In 1929-1932 he. the most devastating world economic crisis in the history of industrialized countries broke out.
Crises accelerated the concentration and centralization of capital, contributed to the ruin of weak and inefficient enterprises. From this point of view, they contributed to the development of the economy, increasing its competitiveness. At the same time, causing an increase in unemployment and exacerbation of social conflicts, they created serious problems for the industrialized countries.
Crises pushed the ruling circles of industrialized countries to try to solve social and economic problems through external expansion.
The interests of the state, which is called upon to ensure stability in society, and big capital, which is looking for ways to obtain the greatest profit, did not always and not always coincide. The largest financial and industrial groups dominating national markets often negotiated with their foreign competitors on the division of economic spheres of influence in third countries without the participation of governments. At the same time, capital sought to rely on the diplomatic and military support of its "own" state in order to protect its own interests with its might.
In turn, each state sought to support "its" capital, create incentives for it to invest in the national economy, and strengthen its position in world markets. As a result, although the specific aspirations of each of the industrial powers differed, similar motives turned out to be the basis of their foreign policy. It was aimed at preserving and expanding sales markets for products for ʼʼʼʼʼ it, areas for investing capital, access to natural resources, and sources of cheap labor. Much attention was paid to preventing the rise of competing powers and suppressing attempts to liberate the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries from the power of the mother countries.
Colonialism and its consequences for industrialized countries. As the foreign policy of the industrial countries was subordinated to the goals of supporting the expansion of their industrial and financial capital, colonial policy became more active, and the rivalry of the leading powers on the world stage intensified. At the same time, in the late XIX - early XX century, their confrontation escalated. This was due to the fact that the primary division of the world between the industrial countries was basically completed, vast colonial empires were formed.
By conquest, bribery, and promises of protection to feudal princes and tribal leaders, Great Britain, the first to embark on the path of colonial expansion, created the most extensive colonial empire in the world. More than a quarter of the world's population lived in it, the territory of its colonies exceeded the territory of the metropolis by almost a hundred times. The second colonial power in the world was France, which put under its control North and Equatorial Africa, Indochina.
The possession of colonies had an ambiguous impact on the development of metropolitan areas. To make it possible to use them as a source of cheap agricultural products, raw materials, markets for products, it was extremely important to at least minimally develop the economy of the colonies. The construction of a network of communications, the creation of an extractive industry, plantations, the training of local labor - all this required capital investment. The poor, the unemployed, unable to find work in the metropolises, emigrated to the colonies, which was facilitated by the emerging diamond and gold rushes, the distribution of land on preferential terms.
The wealth exported from the colonies, the ability to monopolize their markets, receiving super profits, enriched both the ruling elite and the general population of the metropolises. The constant outflow of surplus labor force, reducing the number of poor and unemployed, reduced the level of social tension.
The flip side of prosperity was the constant flight of capital and the lack of incentives to update the range of manufactured goods - the monopolized markets of the colonies were not too demanding on the range and quality of products. An increase in the standard of living led to a rise in the cost of labor, which made it unprofitable to invest capital in the economy of the metropolitan countries proper. British bankers preferred to invest in colonies, dominions (colonies populated mainly by immigrants from the metropolis and given self-government opportunities: Canada - in 1867 ᴦ., Australia - in 1901 ᴦ., New Zealand - in 1907 ᴦ.), as well as in the US economy. French capital was invested in government loans in foreign countries, where high profits could be quickly obtained, in particular in Russia.
In the economy of the most developed countries of the world, there have been tendencies towards stagnation, it has lost its dynamism, and its growth rates have slowed down. On the contrary, in states that did not create vast colonial empires (Germany, the USA, Japan), most of the capital was directed to the development of their own national economies. Later, having embarked on the path of industrial development, they equipped the emerging industry with the most advanced technology, which also provided advantages in the fight against competitors. As a result of the rapid development of these states, discrepancy between the development of their military and economic potential and the distribution of spheres of influence in the world.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the desire of these most dynamically developing powers to seize new colonies and markets by invading the spheres of influence of their competitors was clearly manifested. The first imperialist war of the new era was the Spanish-American (1898), as a result of which the United States captured the Philippines, the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam, granting independence to Cuba. The struggle for the redivision of the world has become the most important factor determining the content of world politics.
have gained increasing importance contradictions between mother countries and colonial and dependent countries. In these countries, commodity-money, market relations developed, which was associated with their involvement in the orbit of the world capitalist economy. A stratum of the national bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, who received a European education, arose. Their protest against colonial status began to be combined with aspirations for modernization. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were often supported by industrial powers competing with the mother countries, who sought to weaken their rivals and counted on expanding spheres of influence. Thus, on the eve of the war with Spain, the United States showed solidarity with the liberation movement in the Philippines and Cuba, which, however, did not prevent them, after the victory over Spain, from including these countries in the orbit of their own influence.
DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS
From the speech of E. Etienne, vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies, on the goals of the colonial policy of France, 1894 ᴦ .:
“The idea of a homeland is based on the concept of duty, while the idea of a colony can and should be based solely on profit, which alone forces a nation to willingly go beyond its borders and voluntarily expand. Consequently, any colonial undertaking must be approached with a single criterion - the degree of its usefulness, the advantages and benefits that the mother country can receive. What is our goal? We have created, and we intend to maintain and develop, a colonial empire in order to secure the future of our country in new continents, to provide markets for our goods, and sources of raw materials for our industry. This is undeniable.
I must state that if there is any justification for the expense and loss of life required by the establishment of our colonial possessions, it is in the hope that the French industrialist, the French merchant, will be able to channel the surplus of French production into the colonies.
ʼʼWe will not tolerate any foreign power, any foreign Jupiter saying to us: ʼʼWhat to do? The world is already divided!ʼʼ We do not want to interfere with anyone, but we will not allow anyone to stand in our way. We will not passively stand aside<...>while others divide the world.
Hosted on ref.rf
We cannot and do not want to tolerate this. We have interests in all parts of the world<...>If the British are talking about Great Britain, the French are talking about a new France, the Russians are conquering Asia, then we demand the creation of a Greater Germany<...>We will only be able to stay on top when we understand that prosperity is impossible for us without great power, without a strong army, without a strong navy.<...>In the coming century the German people will be either the hammer or the anvil.
US President McKinley on the status of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, 1898 ᴦ.:
ʼʼOne night the following thoughts came to my mind, I myself do not know how:
1) We cannot return Philippine Islands to Spain. This would be a cowardly and dishonorable act for us;
2) we cannot transfer the Philippines to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the East. This would be a bad and disadvantageous economic policy for us;
3) we cannot leave the Filipinos to themselves, for they are not prepared for self-government and the independence of the Philippines would soon lead to such anarchy and such abuses that would be worse than the Spanish war; 4) there is nothing left for us but to take the Philippine Islands, educate, raise and civilize the Filipinos and instill in them Christian ideals, for they are our brothers in humanity, for whom Christ also died. After that, I got into bed and fell into a deep sleep.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1. Explain the reasons for the aggravation of the problem of uneven development of the countries of the world. Why did only a small group of countries become leaders in development?
2. Analyze the data of tables 1,2,3.
Table 1.
Change in the share of leading industrial countries in world industrial production (percentage)
Note. Until 1871 ᴦ. - German kingdoms and principalities, in 1871 ᴦ. incorporated into the German Empire.
Table 2.
Population of colonial possessions (in millions)
Table 3
EXAMINATION OF CONTRADICTIONS OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "EXAMINATION OF CONTRADICTIONS OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY" 2017, 2018.
The main feature of world development in the first half of the 20th century was extreme unevenness. Significantly exacerbated the contradictions of world development and the fact that different states were at different stages of cultural development.
While Germany, England and France experienced the heyday of spiritual development, in many countries the majority of the population remained completely illiterate.
Great Britain was the first state that took the path of industrial development back in the 19th century. The country was able to maintain its leading position even by the beginning of the 20th century, despite the dynamic development of its competitors France, the USA, Austria. - Hungary, Germany and Italy.
The main factor that contributed to the growth of industrial and agricultural production in many states was the presence of colonial lands. The semi-colonial relations of European states with Egypt, Korea, China, Turkey and Iran were also very common.
The beginning of the 20th century was the period of the greatest political and economic exacerbations in the world, provoked by colonial relations.
The peoples of the colonial lands were deprived of the opportunity to enjoy the social benefits of medicine and education, 80% of the population was below the poverty line, as the metropolises robbed them of all their products through open robberies.
Contradictions were also traced between the metropolitan states, which continuously fought for the right to own colonial lands.
At the same time, states such as Germany and Italy began to express their claims to Great Britain and France, as they were completely deprived of dependent lands, which was a significant obstacle to industrial development. The conflicts that arose on this basis, already in 1914, were transformed into the First World War.
By the mid-1920s, the number of industrialized countries had increased significantly. The achievements of science and technology were actively introduced into production, which contributed to a significant increase in the volume of products. The proposed supply far exceeded the actual demand.
The first prerequisites for a crisis were felt already in 1922, but for another seven years the industrial states were able to maneuver on international market. The first victim of industrial growth was the United States.
The famous October collapse on stock exchange was the result of the fact that the volume of production did not meet the needs of the population at all, the surplus of production caused large-scale inflation national currency. In a chain reaction following the United States, the crisis overtook all the European capitalist states.
The world was swallowed up by the Great Depression for five years. Neglecting the only way out of economic crisis, which was the general cooperation on the regulation of the market, the states took the path of open confrontation.
